Academic literature on the topic 'Experimenteel toneel'
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Journal articles on the topic "Experimenteel toneel"
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Laucirica, Ana. "L'oreille absolue partielle chez les musiciens: une compétence assez générale." Musicae Scientiae 9, no. 2 (July 2005): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102986490500900206.
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Pour un grand nombre d'auteurs l'oreille absolue constitue une modalité perceptive indépendante et opposée à l'audition relative. Il y a, cependant, d'importantes recherches qui au cours des dernières années ont découvert que l'audition musicale humaine présente une grande complexité et que les participants d'une ou autre tendance montrent des traits de la modalité perceptive opposée. L'existence de l'oreille absolue partielle, établie depuis les premières recherches sur cet objet, contribue de měme à ratifier l'idée d'une plus grande extension de l'audition absolue que ce qui jusqu'il y a quelques années avait été envisagé. Si nous considérons l'oreille absolue limitée par le registre, le timbre, les sons altérés ou les combinaisons de ces paramètres, la population musicale avec oreille absolue augmente de façon considérable. Ce travail expose un test d'identification tonale à 88 étudiants de niveau supérieur d'un conservatoire de musique et montrent un important pourcentage de personnes qui présentent quelque type d'oreille absolue. Ces résultats nous permettent de proposer une unification du traitement qu'on attribue aux paramètres du son qui touchent l'identification tonale dans le but d'utiliser cette information comme instrument d'évaluation pour l'amélioration des cours de développement auditive dans les conservatoires et écoles de musique.
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XU, RENMEI, and CELESTE M. CALKINS. "Estimating ink mileage of dry toners in electrophotography." March 2013 12, no. 3 (April 1, 2013): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj12.3.9.
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This work investigates the ink mileage of dry toners in electrophotography (EP). Four different substrates were printed on a dry-toner color production Xerox iGen3 EP press. The print layout contained patches with different cyan, magenta, yellow, and black tonal values from 10% to 100%. Toner amounts on cyan patches were measured using an analytical method. Printed patches and unprinted paper samples, as well as dry toners, were dissolved in concentrated nitric acid. The copper concentrations in the dissolved solutions were analyzed by a Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. Analytical results were calculated to determine the toner amounts on paper for different tonal values. Their corresponding reflection densities were also measured. All data were plotted with OriginPro® 8 software, and four mathematical models were used for curve fitting. It was found that the C-S model fitted the experimental data of the two uncoated papers better than the other three models. None of the four models fitted the experimental data of the two coated papers, while the linear model was found to fit the data well. Linear fitting was the best in the practical density region for the two coated papers. Ink mileage curves obtained from curve fitting were used to estimate how much ink was required to achieve a target density for each paper; hence, the ink mileage was calculated. The highest ink mileage was 3.39 times the lowest ink mileage. The rougher the paper surface, the higher the requirement for ink film weight, and the lower ink mileage. No correlation was found between ink mileage and paper porosity.
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Xie, Xian Song, Fang Tian, and Yi Hong Hong. "Experimental Investigation into the Impact of Polypropylene Fibers and SRA on the Early Crack Resistance of Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 858–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.858.
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Early shrinkage of concrete includes plastic shrinkage before the final setting, drying shrinkage during hardening process and autogenous shrinkage. Concrete drying shrinkage which is caused by evaporation is a major factor for the concrete volume change. By ring constrained test and free shrinkage TONCEN test, this paper studies the impact of polypropylene fibers and SRA on the shrinkage properties of concrete at the early age. The test shows that the polypropylene fibers and SRA can significantly reduce the early shrinkage of concrete, and SRA works more evidently than polypropylene fibers.
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Mazur, A. D., D. V. Yurin, V. N. Skvortsov, and Yu V. Tarasova. "Acute toxicity and comparative thera-peutic efficacy of levofloxacin in experimental colibacillosis of chickens." International bulletin of Veterinary Medicine 3 (2020): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2072-2419.2020.3.89.
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Development and improvement of treatment modes for colibacillosis in chickens is very important as this disease is rather prev-alent in bird population. Fluoroquinolones are drugs that are very effective in treating bacterial infections, associated with Gram- negative microorganisms, in animals. The goal of the present research was to evaluate acute toxicity of Levofloxacin in chickens and to study its comparative therapeutic effi-cacy in experimental colibacillosis of chick-ens. For the experiment aimed at evaluating acute toxicity of Levofloxacin all the chick-ens were assigned to a total of 18 groups, 10 chickens were assigned to each group. The drug was administered by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 100 to 950 mg/kg body weight. In our research median lethal dose (LD50) of Levofloxacin, in case of intraperi-toneal introduction to chickens, was as high as 470 mg/kg body weight (276.4–799 mg/kg body weight). For the experiment aimed at studying comparative therapeutic efficacy of Levofloxacin in experimental colibacillosis all the chickens were assigned to a total of 8 groups, 25 chickens were assigned to each group. In the course of the experiment every chicken was challenged with Escherichia coli, by intraperitoneal introduction of 150 million CFUs (E. coli had been cultured in suspension for 24 hours). Antimicrobial drugs (Levofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, Colistin, Ditrim, Doxycycline, Chloramphenicol) were first administered 24 hours before the challenge, at a concentration of 200 mg/L, via drinking water. The treatment continued 5 days. The chickens were monitored 3 weeks. The results of the experiments show the high therapeutic effect in cases of Levofloxacin (100%) and Enrofloxacin (92%). Administration of other antimicrobial drugs did not lead to the expected results. The survival rate was in the range 12 to 20%
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Kuang, Yutong. "Synchronic Variation and Diachronic Evolution of Tone Patterns in Kunming Dialect." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 8, no. 4 (December 2022): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2022.8.4.365.
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An acoustic experiment was conducted to analyze the tonal patterns of single characters in the Kunming dialect. The experimental results show that the Kunming dialect has a semi-high flat tone for the first tone, a low descending tone for the second tone, a high descending tone for the third tone, and a low tone for the fourth tone. The first and third tones are both high, while the second and fourth are both low tones, as opposed to the tonal patterns of "flat" and "low". The newer Kunming dialects show variation. The first tone starts and ends at a higher level, the third tone's bent section disappears, and the fourth tone starts and ends at a lower level, with a shorter tone duration. The variation in tone pattern starts in the middle-aged group in the old urban, and the degree of variation is female > male, old urban > old suburban, and the youth and middle-aged group > senior group, respectively. The female tone pattern has more similar vocal tone characteristics to those in the middle-aged and youth groups.
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Oenning, Lilian Isana Gonçalves Rocha, Morgana Schotten, Ivanir Antunes Cardoso, and Anderson Soprana. "ARTE E GEOMETRIA." Revista Contemporânea 3, no. 8 (August 25, 2023): 12985–3005. http://dx.doi.org/10.56083/rcv3n8-167.
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Este artigo tem como objetivo compartilhar um relato de experiência sobre a utilização das novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação no contexto educacional proposta na disciplina de Tópicos Especiais em Tecnologias Educacionais (Utilização de Laboratórios Virtuais e Remotos na Educação), no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (PPGTIC) - Mestrado, onde vivenciamos na prática o ambiente virtual de aprendizagem (AVA-Moodle). Como ação prática pedagógica foi proposta a criação de um plano de aula interdisciplinar (Artes, Língua Portuguesa e Matemática) em uma turma experimental do 4º ano (vespertino) dos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental da Escola de Educação Básica Municipal Inês Toneli Napoli (Meleiro/SC), com o objetivo de implantar o ambiente virtual de aprendizagem (AVA-Moodle). As atividades foram desenvolvidas no segundo semestre de 2018, totalizando 8 horas/aulas ocasionalmente nas quartas-feiras no período vespertino, conforme metodologia aplicada pela professora titular/Artes usaremos (PBL) por meio de uma sequência didática/resolução de problemas tendo como conteúdo: polígonos, cores, linhas, formas fundamentados por artistas brasileiros, através de problematizações em sala de aula e do uso dos recursos tecnológicos (aplicações para computadores, tablets e smartfones).
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AOKI, Toshiyuki, Hiroyuki MARUBAYASHI, and Nobuaki KONDO. "3E1 Experimental investigation of transonic tone in supersonic nozzle." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2013 (2013): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2013.153.
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Sulyok, Endre. "Új szempontok a sószenzitív hypertoniák patomechanizmusában." Orvosi Hetilap 160, no. 2 (January 2019): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2019.31308.
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Abstract: This article shortly outlines the evolution of hypertonia from risk factors to end-organ damage. The pathogenetic role of salt intake is underlined and in the light of recent clinical and experimental observations, the importance of renal and extrarenal mechanism in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension is analysed. The generally accepted concept that the inefficient renal sodium excretion and the subsequent expansion of the extracellular space is the major factor in blood pressure elevation is challenged. Evidences have been provided that the retained sodium dissociates from the volume of extracellular space and, also from the blood pressure. It has been shown that the negatively charged macromolecules in the subcutaneous interstitium bind sodium ions in osmotically inactive form and store sodium reversibly. The local tissue hypertonicity induces monocytes/macrophages invasion and activation that causes increased expression of tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) and the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor C that result in enhanced lymphangiogenesis. The expanded lymphatic system drains the excess sodium and volume back to the circulation. The reduction of buffer function of this system may contribute to the development or to worsening of hypertension. Similar buffer and barrier functions are attributed to the glycocalyx that covers the luminal surface of vascular endothelium. It is also recognised that the high sodium intake alone is an important pathogenetic factor in end-organ damage independent of hypertension. This may be accounted for by the induction and activation of Th17 cells as well as by the increased production of several pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(2): 43–49.
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Ruiz, Jorge A., and Cristina G. Guerrero Sánchez. "Análisis molar del comportamiento en contingencias de emparejamiento tono-agua en ratas." ACTA COMPORTAMENTALIA 29, no. 4 (November 19, 2021): 07–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/ac.v29i4.80311.
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Se analizaron las dimensiones molares del desplazamiento en ratas bajo condiciones de entrega no contingente de agua, mientras se manipuló la presentación de un tono emparejado con la entrega de agua. Se expuso a cuatro ratas privadas de agua a la presentación de agua cada 30 segundos en un espacio experimental ampliado. En una fase se presentó un tono de 5 segundos inmediatamente antes de la entrega de agua para dos ratas y para otras dos ratas se presentó aleatoriamente en alguno de seis periodos en los que se segmentaba el intervalo entre entregas, en la siguiente fase se presentó sólo la entrega de agua para todas las ratas, en una tercera fase se invirtieron las condiciones de la primera fase para cada par de ratas, mientras que en la cuarta fase se volvió a presentar únicamente el agua. Se encontró que las diferentes medidas molares del desplazamiento mostraron cambios progresivos con una tendencia descendente a través del experimento, independientemente de las condiciones programadas. Mientras que la frecuencia de respuestas discretas (entradas al bebedero) siguieron una tendencia ascendente. Se discuten los resultados en el contexto de los estudios antecedentes sobre el uso de medidas molares en el análisis del comportamiento.
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Borisov, V. A., A. A. Kolomiets, I. Yu Vasyuchkov, and A. R. Bebris. "Productivity and quality of onions when using mineral fertilizers, biocompost and growth regulators." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 5 (October 14, 2021): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2021-5-39-43.
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Relevance. Onion is one of the most important vegetable crops of the borscht group, in the NonChernozem zone it is cultivated mainly through sowing, but modern technologies of cultivation of new varieties and hybrids of intensive type, drip irrigation, new types of mineral and organic fertilizers and plant growth regulators allow to obtain a high yield of onions (50 – 70 t/ha) in an annual crop in conditions of fertile alluvial soils and dramatically increase the profitability of production. Onions grown from seeds, as a rule, respond poorly to the use of large doses of mineral tuks due to the increased concentration of soil solution and a decrease in the density of standing plants.Material and methods. Research in 2014-2020 were carried out on the experimental field of the Department of Agriculture and Agrochemistry of VNIIO – a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution of the Federal Scientific Research Center on the alluvial meadow soil of the central part of the Moskvoretskaya floodplain (Ramenskiy district, MO). The experiments were carried out in 3 replicates, with a systematic distribution of replicates. As the main mineral fertilizer, nitroammophoska was used, containing 16% of ae. nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. As organic fertilizers, we used biocompost of cattle, horse and chicken manure from TONEKS LLC, a domestic manufacturer of agrochemically and agronomically valuable bioorganic products of the BIUD family.Results. These studies made it possible to find out that biocompost from cattle manure, horse and chicken manure in balanced doses with mineral fertilizers for nitrogen, as well as growth regulators Zircon and Argolan, can significantly increase the yield of annual onions to 58.8-66.4 t/ha while increasing the standard of bulbs without reducing the biochemical quality indicators. The most effective were chicken manure (16% increase), Argolan (21% increase) and Zircon (10-21% increase in the yield of different hybrids).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Experimenteel toneel"
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Kam, Man Fung. "An experimental study of tones in Hong Kong Cantonese /." View abstract or full-text, 2008. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?HUMA%202008%20KAM.
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Parvin, Elizabeth. "Further support for tonal schemas evidenced by altered short-term memory of pitches within a distorted musical scale context." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110646.
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The study revisits the stretched scale experiment presented in Shepard and Jordan (1984), in which they found that the major scale can act as a perceptual schema that overrides short-term pitch memory. Here, we examine the effect of musical background on listeners' pitch judgments. 72 participants from McGill University (n = 24: non-musicians, quasi-musicians, and musicians) listened to a stretched ascending major scale (spanning a minor ninth), followed by the initial tone of the sequence, or a decoy one half-step above the original starting tone. In a parallel condition, we presented a stretched descending major scale. All tones were sinusoidal. Participants were asked to judge the test tone in relation to the initial tone of the sequence, by describing the test tone as lower, the same, or higher. Overall, the results suggest that a shifting pitch template can affect listeners' pitch judgments. These results are consistent with Shepard and Jordan's (although our distributions of judgments significantly vary from theirs.) In the subgroup analysis, non-musicians and musicians did not significantly differ in their pitch judgment accuracy, however, significantly more musicians than non-musicians judged at least two of the four test tones correctly. Taken together, these results suggest that the pitch judgments of both non-musicians and musicians can be influenced by a shifting pitch template. Keywords: auditory perception, pitch, music, memory, schemas, cognition, cognitive neuroscience, psychoacoustics, musical trainingCette étude revisite l'expérience de la gamme étirée de Shepard et Jordan (1984). Ces auteurs ont observé que la gamme majeure peut agir comme un schème perceptuel qui surpasse la mémoire à court terme des hauteurs musicales. Nous avons examiné l'effet de l'expertise musicale sur les jugements de hauteur des auditeurs. Soixante-douze participants de l'Université McGill (n = 24: non-musiciens, quasi-musiciens, et musiciens) ont écouté une gamme majeure ascendante étirée (étendue sur une neuvième mineure), suivie par la note initiale de cette séquence ou par une note un demi-ton plus basse que cette note de départ. Dans une condition parallèle, nous avons présentée une gamme majeure étirée descendante. Toutes les notes étaient sinusoïdales. Les participants devaient indiquer si la note de test était plus basse, identique, ou plus haute que la note initiale de la séquence. Les résultats suggèrent que les jugements de hauteur des auditeurs peuvent être influencés par les manipulations de la gamme-contexte. Ces résultats sont cohérents avec ceux de Shepard et Jordan (bien que la distribution des jugements dans notre étude soit très différente de celle qu'ils ont observée). Dans l'analyse par sous-groupe, les non-musiciens et les musiciens ne différaient pas significativement dans l'exactitude de leurs jugements de hauteur, cependant, plus de musiciens que de non-musiciens jugeaient au moins deux des quatre notes de test correctement. Dans l'ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que les jugements de hauteur musicale des non-musiciens et des musiciens peuvent être influencés par des manipulations de la gamme-contexte. Mots-clés: perception auditive, hauteur musicale, musique, mémoire, schèmes, cognition, neurosciences cognitives, psychoacoustique, pratique musicale
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François, Paul. "Étude expérimentale et contrôle du couplage hydroélastique de bord de fuite d’un hydrofoil en régime de transition." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, HESAM, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024HESAE008.
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La majorité des bruits anthropiques dans les océans sont dus à la navigation motorisée commerciale, militaire ou de tourisme. Les enjeux de défense et la préservation des écosystèmes sont au cœur de ces préoccupations.Les structures portantes telles que les hydrofoils, les pales d'hélices, les gouvernails, les stabilisateurs et les barres de plongée peuvent vibrer sous écoulement et, sous certaines conditions, produire de fortes émissions sonores au caractère tonal. Diminuer les vibrations et le bruit généré par ce type de structures, très présentes dans le domaine de la construction navale, est donc un enjeu important pour limiter la pollution sonore et améliorer la furtivité des navires.Cette étude, menée à l'Institut de Recherche de l'École Navale (IRENav), a permis de mettre en évidence le mécanisme de couplage hydroélastique responsable des vibrations de bord de fuite et du bruit tonal d'un profil portant, évoluant en régime de transition laminaire-turbulent. Ces recherches expérimentales ont été réalisées dans un tunnel hydrodynamique sur un hydrofoil de profil NACA0015, pour des angles d'incidence allant de 0° à 12° et des nombres de Reynolds variant de 200 000 à 1 200 000. Des moyens expérimentaux avancés tel que la Vélocimétrie par Image de Particules Résolue en Temps (TR-PIV), la Vélocimétrie Laser par effet Doppler (LDV) ou la vibrométrie laser ont été utilisés pour préciser les caractéristiques de l'écoulement en proche paroi ainsi que le comportement vibratoire de l'hydrofoil en fonction de l'incidence et du nombre de Reynolds. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de montrer que le bruit tonal était associé à un régime de couplage fort entre les ondes de Tollmien-Schlichting se développant dans la couche limite en régime de transition et un mode structurel de bord de fuite de l'hydrofoil, produisant un lâcher alterné de tourbillons dans le sillage. Ces travaux ont également permis de préciser qu’un tel couplage hydroélastique est conditionné d’une part, par l’occurrence d’une zone de transition de couche limite proche du bord de fuite et, d’autre part, par l’existence d’un mode structurel de bord de fuite dont la fréquence propre se situe dans la gamme d'amplification des ondes de Tollmien-Schlichting. Enfin des solutions de contrôle passif telles que la modification géométrique du bord de fuite et le forçage de la turbulence de la couche limite ont été comparées, autant du point de vue de leur efficacité que de leur impact sur les performances hydrodynamiques de l'hydrofoilThe majority of anthropogenic noise in the oceans is due to commercial, military or tourist motorized navigation. In that respect, defense issues and preservation of ecosystems are matters of great concerns.Lifting surfaces such as hydrofoils, propeller blades, rudders, stabilizers and dive bars can vibrate under flow and, under certain conditions, can produce tonal noise. Reducing the vibrations and noise generated by this type of structure, which are present in the field of shipbuilding, is therefore an important issue to limit noise pollution and to improve the acoustic discretion of ships.This study, carried out at the French Naval Academy Research Institute (IRENav), highlights the hydroelastic coupling mechanism responsible of trailing edge vibrations and of lifting surface tonal noise evolving in laminar to turbulent transition regime. This experimental research was carried out in a hydrodynamic tunnel on a NACA0015 hydrofoil, for angles of incidence ranging from 0° to 12° and Reynolds numbers varying from 200,000 to 1,200,000. Advanced experimental set ups such as Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (TR-PIV), Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) or laser vibrometry were used to specify the characteristics of the near-wall flow as well as the vibrational behavior of the hydrofoil depending on the incidence and the Reynolds number. The results obtained show that the tonal noise was associated with a strong coupling regime between the Tollmien-Schlichting waves developing in the boundary layer regime and a structural mode of the trailing edge of the hydrofoil, producing a vortex shedding in the wake. This work also made it possible to show that such hydroelastic coupling is conditioned by the occurrence of a boundary layer transition zone close to the trailing edge and by the existence of a trailing edge structural mode whose natural frequency is in the amplification range of Tollmien-Schlichting waves. Finally, a comparison of passive control solutions such as geometric modification of the trailing edge and forcing of boundary layer turbulence was done, considering for both their effectiveness and their impact on the hydrodynamic performances of the hydrofoil
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Werner, Maike [Verfasser]. "Experimental Study on Tonal Self-Noise Generation by Aeroacoustic Feedback on a Side Mirror / Maike Werner." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1164293540/34.
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Persson, Eric, and Magnus Bernhardsson. "Suppression av Ljud - En experimentell studie som undersöker effekten av att tänka bort ljud." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-89675.
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Många människor har påträngande tankar och uppfattar dessa som jobbiga. En vanligt förekommande copingstrategi är att tränga bort dessa upplevelser. Detta kallas suppression eller bortträngning och har kopplingar till psykiatriska besvär. Tidigare studier visar att bortträngning har en ironisk effekt som gör att de tankar en person önskar undvika studsar tillbaka in i medvetandet. I denna experimentella studie används en inomgruppsdesign för att undersöka huruvida denna ironiska effekt går att återfinna hos externa stimuli i form av sinustoner. Testdeltagare (n=40) instruerades att tränga undan eller fokusera på en av två toner. Den första hypotesen var att deltagarna under en tone-in-noise uppgift skulle indikera fler falska positiva på den bortträngda tonen, jämfört med den ton de fokuserade på eller vid ingen ton alls. Detta skulle då indikera på en ironisk effekt. Ytterligare hypoteser var att deltagare kommer ha fler sanna positiva på den bortträngda tonen jämfört med en kontrollton, även detta under brus. Sista hypotesen var att deltagarnas upplevelse av den bortträngda tonen skulle förändras och skattas som mer aversiv efter experimentet. Resultaten stödde ej någon av hypoteserna. Explorativa analyser visade att deltagarna upplevde båda tonerna som mer irriterande, uppjagande och att de lät högre efter en minnesuppgift. Studiens begränsningar diskuteras och förändringar i studiedesign föreslås.Many people have intrusive thoughts that they experience as aversive. A common coping strategy is to suppress these thoughts. This practice has connections to psychiatric problems. Previous studies have shown that suppression has an ironic process, where the suppressed material has a rebound effect and re-enters consciousness. Furthermore, suppression can have an effect on the emotional perception of the suppressed material. In this experimental study a within-subjects design was used to examine if this ironic effect can be found when suppression is used on external stimuli such as sine tones. Participants (n=40) were instructed to either suppress or focus on two different tones. The hypothesis was that they would indicate more false positives on the suppressed tone during a tone-in-noise task, which would be a sign of a rebound effect. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that participants would have more correct identifications when the suppressed tone was present during the tone-in-noise task. Lastly it was hypothesized that participants would rate the suppressed tone as more aversive. The results did not support any of the hypotheses. Explorative analyses showed that participants rated both tones as more arousing, annoying, and loud after a recall task. Limitations of the study are discussed and changes to the study for further research design are proposed.
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Lee, Gina Maureen. "Comparative, diachronic and experimental perspectives on the interaction between tone and vowel in standard Cantonese /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487848078450871.
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Yakhina, Gyuzel. "Experimental study of the tonal trailing-edge noise generated by low-reynolds number airfoils and comparison with numerical simulations." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEC008/document.
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Le bruit tonal rayonné au bord de fuite des profils à faible nombre de Reynolds est un phénomène observé sur les ailes de drones ou micro-drones qui sont utilisés partout dans la vie quotidienne. La diminution de ce bruit va augmenter la survivabilité et l'efficacité des appareils dans le domaine militaire. De plus, cela va augmenter le champ des applications civiles et minimiser la pollution par le bruit. La réduction efficace du bruit est indispensable et, par conséquent, une compréhension complète du processus de rayonnement du bruit tonal du profil est nécessaire. Malgré le fait que des essais dédiés aient été réalisés depuis les années 70, il reste beaucoup de détails à expliquer. Le travail présenté est dédié à une étude expérimentale et analytique du bruit tonal. C'est une partie de collaboration entre l'Ecole Centrale de Lyon et Embry- Riddle Aeronautical University. Le but est de réaliser une caractérisation exhaustive des paramètres acoustiques et aérodynamiques du bruit tonal de bord de fuite d'un profil et de produire une base de données qui pourra être utilisée pour valider les simulations numériques réalisées dans le futur. Le profil symétrique NACA-0012 ainsi que le profil asymétrique SD7003 ont été testés pour une série d'angles d'incidence (de -10° à 10°) dans la soufflerie anéchoïque à jet ouvert de l'Ecole Centrale de Lyon pour des nombres de Reynolds modérés (0.6x105 < Rec < 2.6x105). Les mesures de pression aux parois et de pression acoustique en champ lointain pour différentes configurations ont permis d'observer une structure en escalier de la signature du bruit, de déterminer quelle face du profil a produit le bruit et de distinguer le rôle de la boucle de rétroaction. Des techniques supplémentaires de post-traitement comme l'analyse temps-fréquence ont montré l'existence de plusieurs régimes (un régime de commutation entre deux états, un régime d'une seul fréquence et un régime à plusieurs fréquences) de l'émission de bruit. L'analyse de bi-cohérence a montré qu'il y a des couplages nonlinéaires entre les fréquences. Une étude par l'anémométrie à fil chaud et par des techniques de visualisation de l'écoulement a montré que la formation d'une bulle de décollement est une condition nécessaire mais pas suffisante pour la génération du bruit. De plus, la localisation de la bulle est aussi importante et elle doit être suffisamment proche du bord de fuite. En outre, l'analyse de stabilité linéaire des résultats de simulations numériques a montré que des ondes de Tollmien-Schlichting sont transformées en ondes de Kelvin-Helmholtz dans la zone du décollement. Une prédiction analytique de l'amplitude des fréquences pures émises dans le champ lointain a été effectuée sur la base du modèle d'Amiet en supposant que le champ de pression pariétal est bidimensionnel. Les mesures de pression proches du bord de fuite du profil ont été prises comme données d'entrée. Les amplitudes prédites sont globalement en accord avec les mesures acoustiques. Après l'analyse de tous les résultats la description suivante du processus de rayonnement de sons purs peut être proposée. Les ondes de Tollmien-Schlichting qui se développent initialement dans la couche limite se transforment en ondes de Kelvin-Helmholtz le long de la couche de cisaillement de la bulle de décollement. Au bord de fuite du profil elles sont converties en ondes acoustiques qui forment un couplage fort avec les instabilités de couche limite plus en amont de l'écoulement, pilotant elles-mêmes le déclenchement de ces instabilitésThe tonal trailing-edge noise generated by transitional airfoils is a topic of interest because of its wide area of applications. One of them is the Unmanned Air Vehicles operated at low Reynolds numbers which are widely used in our everyday life and have a lot of perspectives in future. The tonal noise reduction will increase the survivability and effectiveness of the devices in military field. Moreover it will enlarge the range of civil use and minimize noise pollution. The effective noise reduction is needed and therefore the complete understanding of the tonal noise generation process is necessary. Despite the fact that investigation of the trailing-edge noise was started since the seventies there are still a lot of details which should be explained. The present work is dedicated to the experimental and analytical investigation of the tonal noise and is a part of the collaboration project between Ecole Centrale de Lyon and Embry-Riddle Aerospace University. The aim is to conduct an exhaustive experimental characterization of the acoustic and aerodynamic parameters of the trailing-edge noise and to produce a data base which can be used for further numerical simulations conducted at Embry-Riddle Aerospace University. A symmetric NACA-0012 airfoil and a slightly cambered SD7003 airfoil at moderate angles of attack (varied from -10° à 10°) were tested in an open-jet anechoic wind tunnel of Ecole Centrale de Lyon at moderate Reynolds numbers (0.6x105 < Rec < 2.6x105). Measurements of the wall pressure and far-field acoustic pressure in different configurations allowed to observe the ladder-type structure of the noise signature, to determine which side produced tones and to distinguish the role of the acoustic feedback loop. Additional post-processing techniques such as time-frequency analysis showed the existence of several regimes (switching regime between two tones, one-tone regime and multiple-tones regime) of noise emission. The bicoherence analysis showed that there are non-linear relationships between tones. The investigation of the role of the separation area by hot-wire anemometry and flow visualization techniques showed that the separation bubble is a necessary but not a suficient condition for the noise generation. Moreover the location of the bubble is also important and should be close enough to the trailing edge. Furthermore the linear stability analysis of accompanying numerical simulation results showed that the Tollmien-Schlichting waves transform to the Kelvin-Helmholtz waves at the separation area. An analytical prediction of the tone levels in the far-field was done using Amiet's model based on the assumption of perfectly correlated sources along the span. The wall-pressure measurements close to the trailing edge were used as an input data. The comparisons of the predicted levels and measured ones showed a good agreement. After analysis of all results the following description of the tonal noise mechanism is proposed. At some initial point of the airfoil the Tollmien-Schlichting instabilities start. They are traveling downstream and continued to Kelvin-Helmholtz waves along the shear-layer of the separation bubble. These waves reach the trailing edge, scatter from it as acoustic waves, which move upstream. The acoustic waves amplify the boundary layer instabilities at some frequencies for which the phases of both motions match and creates the feedback loop needed to sustain the process
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Wilson, Maura L. "Examining the effects of variation in emotional tone of voice on spoken word recognition." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1304093822.
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Walldén, Jakob. "The influence of opioids on gastric function : experimental and clinical studies." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Hälsoakademin, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-1762.
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Efter operation och anestesi får patienter ofta en negativ påverkan på magsäck och tarmar. Illamående och kräkningar är ett stort problem och många har svårt att komma igång med intag av föda och normal tarmfunktion då magsäcken och tarmarna ”står stilla”. Flera faktorer bidrar- bl.a. smärtan, det kirurgiska traumat och de läkemedel vi ger i samband med anestesin. Av de senare är opioider, d.v.s morfin och morfinliknande läkemedel, starkt bidragande. I detta avhandlings- arbete har opioiders effekter på magsäckens motilitet studerats. Med ett absorptionstest (paracetamolmetoden) studerades hos frivilliga hur opioiden remifentanil påverkar magsäckstömning och om kroppspositionen har betydelse för tömningshastigheten ut i tarmen. Remifentanil fördröjde magsäcks-tömningen och under pågående opioid behandling hade kroppspositionen ingen större betydelse, vilket det däremot hade under kontrollförsöken. Med samma metod jämförde vi hos patienter två anestesimetoder och studerade magsäcks-tömning direkt efter en operation. Ingen skillnad kunde påvisas mellan en opioidbaserad och en opioidfri anestesi, men inom respektive grupp var det en stor variation i magsäckstömning mellan individerna. Med en barostat studerades tonus i övre delen av magsäcken. Hos hälften av de frivilliga orsakade remifentanil en ökning av tonus och hos den andra hälften en minskning av tonus. Vidare undersöktes hos en grupp patienter opioiden fentanyls påverkan på den elektriska aktiviteten i magsäcken. Med en elekroga-strograf (EGG) registrerades de långsamma elektriska vågor som koordinerar muskelrörelserna i magsäcken. Hos hälften av de undersökta påverkades aktiviteten av fentanyl med en sänkt vågfrekvens eller upphörande av vågor, medan aktiviteten var opåverkad hos den övriga hälften. För att finna en förklaring till variationen gjordes genetiska analyser av genen för opioidreceptorn hos de undersökta i barostat och EGG studierna. Variationer i genomet, s.k. polymorfism, var inte associerad till utfallen i studierna. Studierna har visat på att opioider har en uttalad effekt på magsäckens motilitet och att den varierar kraftigt mellan individer. Polymorfism i genen för opioid- receptorn förklarade inte skillnaden mellan individer. Direkt efter operation bidrar sannolikt andra faktorer än anestesimetod till det variabla utfallet i magsäckstömning.After anesthesia and/or surgical procedures, gastrointestinal motility is commonly impaired. The causes are multifactorial, with surgical trauma, pain and perioperative drugs playing a major role. This thesis explores opioid effects on gastric motility in healthy volunteers and patients undergoing surgery. Gastric emptying was studied by an absorption test (paracetamol method), and in healthy volunteers a remifentanil infusion delayed gastric emptying. Body position altered emptying during the control situations, but not during the remifentanil infusion. Further, two anesthetic methods were compared and no differences were found in immediate postoperative gastric emptying between a remifentanil/propofol based intravenous anesthesia and an opioid free inhalational anesthesia, although the interindividual variability was high. Proximal gastric tone was studied using a gastric barostat. An infusion of remifentanil caused two patterns of reaction regarding gastric tone, with half of the subjects increasing and half decreasing in gastric tone. Gastric myoelectrical activity was evaluated with electrogastrography (EGG), and a bolus dose of fentanyl caused a decrease in frequency of the gastric slow waves or disrupted this activity. However, the activity was unaffected in half of the investigated subjects. Analysis of polymorphisms (A118G and G691C) in the µ-opioid receptor gene was performed to find an explanation for the great interindividual variations seen in the barostat and EGG studies, but no association could be found. These studies have shown that opioids have pronounced effects on gastric motility with variable individual responses that are difficult to predict. Polymorphisms in the µ-opioid receptor gene could not explain the variations. Postoperatively, other factors might contribute more than opioids to the impairment in gastric motility.
ISSN 1652-4063
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King, Brian William, and n/a. "An experimental investigation of the effects of mouthpiece control on alto saxophone tone in the student player." University of Canberra. Education, 1993. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060814.133145.
Full textAbstract:
Good tone is one of an alto saxophone player's greatest assets and
consequently deserves high priority in training and pedagogy. The
current pedagogical literature gives little attention to tone production
on the saxophone. The mouthpiece is the link between the player and
the saxophone. This study examined the effect of the normal
mouthpiece pitch and the pitch range produced on the saxophone
mouthpiece on alto saxophone tone quality .
In this experimental study, recordings were made of forty-three
student alto saxophone players who performed tasks consisting of three
saxophone mouthpiece exercises and four short musical phrases on the
saxophone.
The tape recordings were used to provide a spectral analysis of the
tone samples by Fast Fourier Transform Analysis, and to allow
qualitative analysis by five expert judges. The judges used a
saxophone listening profile to provide qualitative evaluation of the
recordings.
Cluster analysis produced three groups of subjects according to
combinations of the mouthpiece pitch and range produced. The mean
sustained mouthpiece pitch and mouthpiece range of the groups were:
Cluster 1 - 790 Hz and 550 cents; Cluster 2 1023 Hz and 150 cents:
and Cluster 3 - 820 Hz and 1203 cents.
Analysis of variance was used to test for statistically significant
differences between the clusters. Discriminant analysis was used to
identify other variables which contributed to the formation of the three
clusters.
The quantitative analysis of both mouthpiece and saxophone tones
provided no insight into the spectra of the student subjects.
The qualitative analysis using bipolar descriptors provided valid
criteria which could be applied consistently for the analysis of student
saxophone tone. A Tonal Index was computed from the judges' ratings
in order to test for differences in tone between the clusters.
Analysis of variance tests showed significant differences in the tone
produced by the clusters on both the mouthpiece and the saxophone.
The tone produced by Cluster 3 was significantly different to that
produced by Clusters 1 and 2 at the p < .05 level.
Discriminant analysis identified the use of saxophone tone models
(through comparative critical listening) and small group performance as
significant predictor variables (at the p < .05 level) in the formation of
the clusters.
The results of this study suggest that tone production on the alto
saxophone is improved through the development of control on the
mouthpiece. It was concluded that routine practice with the
mouthpiece can serve in the development of a flexible and responsive
embouchure and oral cavity and that students need to develop a
mental concept of saxophone tone as part of the development of tone
production. Also, experience in small group performance needs to be
sought and provided for saxophone students. Finally, this study
focussed on an area of mouthpiece behaviour which can easily be
included into any instructional design and monitored by teachers.
Books on the topic "Experimenteel toneel"
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Joe, Kelleher, and Ridout Nick, eds. Contemporary theatres in Europe: A critical companion. New York: Routledge, 2006.
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Shank, Theodore. Beyond the boundaries: American alternative theatre. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press, 2003.
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Carson, Neil. Harlequin in Hogtown: George Luscombe and Toronto Workshop Productions. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995.
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Judith, Helmer, and Malzacher Florian, eds. Not even a game anymore: The theatre of Forced Entertainment = das theater von Forced Entertainment. Berlin: Alexander Verlag, 2004.
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Staging the Post-Avant-Garde: Italian Experimental Performance After 1970 (Stage and Screen Studies). Peter Lang Publishing, 2002.
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Ridout, Nicholas, and Joe Kelleher. Contemporary Theatres in Europe: A Critical Companion. Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.
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Ridout, Nicholas, and Joe Kelleher. Contemporary Theatres in Europe: A Critical Companion. Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.
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Ridout, Nicholas, and Joe Kelleher. Contemporary Theatres in Europe: A Critical Companion. Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.
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Pronko, Leonard Cabell. Avant-Garde: The Experimental Theater in France. University of California Press, 2021.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Experimenteel toneel"
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Anderson, Christina Z. "Applied Color and Abrasion Tone." In The Experimental Darkroom, 141–48. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003241942-20.
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Corke, Peter I., Graeme J. Winstanley, and Jonathan M. Roberts. "Modeling and control of a 3500 tonne mining robot." In Experimental Robotics V, 262–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0112968.
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Nelken, Israel, Amit Yaron, Ana Polterovich, and Itai Hershenhoren. "Stimulus-Specific Adaptation Beyond Pure Tones." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 411–18. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1590-9_45.
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Hart, Derek N. J., and Timothy C. R. Prickett. "Adhesion Molecules in Tonsil DC-T Cell Interactions." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 65–69. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2930-9_11.
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Gockel, Hedwig E., and Robert P. Carlyon. "Do Zwicker Tones Evoke a Musical Pitch?" In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 419–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25474-6_44.
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Rademakers, Louk H. P. M., and Henk-Jan Schuurman. "Ultrastructural Heterogeneity of Follicular Dendritic Cells in the Human Tonsil." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 353–58. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2930-9_59.
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Keef, Kathleen, and Caroline Cobine. "Generation of Spontaneous Tone by Gastrointestinal Sphincters." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 47–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5895-1_2.
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Willis, Erik W. "Tonal levels in Puebla Mexico Spanish Declaratives and Absolute Interrogatives." In Theoretical and Experimental Approaches to Romance Linguistics, 351–63. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.272.21wil.
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Carney, Laurel H., Angela D. Ketterer, Kristina S. Abrams, Douglas M. Schwarz, and Fabio Idrobo. "Detection Thresholds for Amplitude Modulations of Tones in Budgerigar, Rabbit, and Human." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 391–98. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1590-9_43.
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Werner, Maike, Werner Würz, and Ewald Krämer. "Experimental Investigations of Tonal Noise on a Vehicle Side Mirror." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 777–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27279-5_68.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Experimenteel toneel"
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Chang, Chiung-Yu, and Feng-fan Hsieh. "Tone-consonant co-occurrence probability in Mandarin." In 11th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2020/11/0017/000432.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates how statistical regularity concerning the distribution of lexical tones and consonantal onsets in Mandarin, formulated as the “tone-consonant cooccurrence probability (TCCP)” here, influences results of wordlikeness judgment task. Native speakers were asked to rate the wordlikeness of monosyllabic real words and pseudowords with existing segmental combinations. Overall, real words with high probability were considered more wordlike than those with low probability. On the other hand, the probability effect was not significant on the well-formedness ratings of the pseudowords. These findings suggest that speakers are sensitive to the toneconsonant co-occurrence patterns, which follow gradual tendencies rather than an “allor-nothing” manner, but such sensitivity is probably limited to existing forms and cannot be extended to hypothetical ones.
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Chen, Changhe. "The phonation types in Fuzhou Chinese." In 11th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2020/11/0018/000433.
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This pilot study provides an acoustic description of the phonation types in Fuzhou Chinese. Speech samples from 5 native speakers show that tones [21 242 24] are breathy, while [44 32 4] are mainly modal and [51] is modal-breathy. Acoustic measure HNR35 can distinguish these phonation types, while H1*-A1* can only differentiate [24] and the end of [51] from other tones.
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Wolfram, Daniel, and Thomas H. Carolus. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Unsteady Flow Field and Tone Generation in an Isolated Centrifugal Fan Impeller." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45244.
Full textAbstract:
In spite of low circumferential Mach number the sound of isolated centrifugal fan impellers is sometimes dominated by distinctive tones at blade passing frequency (BPF) and integer multiples. This paper reports on an experimental and numerical investigation intended to unveil the tone generating mechanism. The sound spectra from three impellers operating at a large range of speed were measured and decomposed into Strouhal and Helmholtz number dependent functions. This led to the preliminary conclusion that the BPF related tones are exclusively flow-induced. Based on hot-wire and blade pressure fluctuation measurements and a subsequent correlation analysis, coherent flow structures different from the one associated with the principal azimuthal flow pattern due to the blades were detected. Eventually, numerical three-dimensional unsteady flow simulation and experimental flow visualization revealed an inlet vortex. It takes on a helical form, with the vortex core slowly varying its position with respect to the impeller center. As the blades cut through that quasi-stationary helical vortex they encounter blade force fluctuations producing the BPF tones. The slow spin of the vortex core and the slow variation of vortex strength were identified as the reason for the amplitude modulation of the BPF tone.
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Botinis, Antonis, Christina Alexandris, and Athina Kontostavlaki. "Word stress and sentence prosody in Greek." In 11th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2020/11/0015/000430.
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The present study concerns the prosodic structure of Greek as a function of word stress and focus as well as statement and yes/no question sentence type distinctions. It is argued that the word stress distinction has a local domain whereas focus, statement and question distinctions have a global domain. Word stress has a lengthening effect on all segmental constituents of the stressed syllable and especially on vowel in combination with an intensity increase whereas the tonal pattern is variable in accordance with the global context. The focus distinction has no lengthening effect locally and may show variable tonal patterns locally and globally depending on the global context. The statement and yes/no sentence type distinction has variable prosodic patterns locally and globally and shows multiple interactions with variable focus applications.
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Nikolaenkova, Olga. "Perception of “tonal focus” in Greek." In 3rd Tutorial and Research Workshop on Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2010/03/0031/000151.
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Chaida, Anthi, Katerina Gioulaki, Angeliki Logotheti, and Nicolaos Neocleous. "Stress, tonal alignment and syllabification in Greek." In 5th Tutorial and Research Workshop on Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2012/05/0011/000217.
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Zeng, Yuyu, Robert Fiorentino, and Jie Zhang. "Experimental investigation of Mandarin lexical tone production." In 13th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2022/13/0051/000593.
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Wei, Yang. "Four-stage evolution of Jìn Chinese entering tones: from Lǚliáng to Bìngzhōu." In 13th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2022/13/0048/000590.
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Jannedy, Stefanie. "The effect of focus on lexical tones in Vietnamese." In 2nd Tutorial and Research Workshop on Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2008/02/0029/000088.
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Huang, Yishan. "Zhangzhou Yangping Tone and Its Variations: Going Beyond Convention." In 13th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2022/13/0021/000563.
Full textReports on the topic "Experimenteel toneel"
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Almutairi, Hossa, and Axel Pierru. Assessing Climate Mitigation Benefits of Public Support to CCS-EOR: An Economic Analysis. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2023-dp12.
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By storing carbon dioxide CO2 captured from the atmosphere or point sources into oil fields, carbon capture and storage with enhanced oil recovery (CCS-EOR) increases the fields’ output by raising reservoir pressures. Since CO2-EOR has been experimented with for decades and the revenues from the additional oil production improve projects’ economics, CCS-EOR is the most readily deployable CCS technology. However, public support for CCS-EOR projects is sometimes contested on the grounds that the resulting increase in oil production undermines their environmental benefits. Addressing this concern requires determining the effects of implementing CCS-EOR on global CO2 emissions. This note presents a simple approach based on a marginal reasoning consistent with economic decision-making. It produces analytical formulas that account for the effects on the global oil market of incentivizing CCS-EOR. In addition, we quantify the volume of oil that can be decarbonized by storing a tonne of captured CO2 through EOR from different perspectives. We produce numerical results based on a first-cut calibration. Results suggest that, from an economic perspective, CCS-EOR is a technology that mitigates global emissions. However, after accounting for the need to decarbonize the EOR oil, the reduction in emissions is significantly less than the stored quantity of CO2. If fully allocated to oil production, the environmental benefits of capturing a tonne of CO2 and storing it through conventional EOR can allow the oil producer to decarbonize 3.4 barrels on a well-to-wheel basis and 14.4 barrels when offsetting its oil-upstream emissions only. Fiscal incentives granted by governments to support CCS-EOR as a climate-change mitigation technology should be sized accordingly. We compare our findings to the size of the subsidy in the revised Section 45Q of the 2022 United States Inflation Reduction Act.
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Buesseler, Buessele, Daniele Bianchi, Fei Chai, Jay T. Cullen, Margaret Estapa, Nicholas Hawco, Seth John, et al. Paths forward for exploring ocean iron fertilization. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/67120.
Full textAbstract:
We need a new way of talking about global warming. UN Secretary General António Guterres underscored this when he said the “era of global boiling” has arrived. Although we have made remarkable progress on a very complex problem over the past thirty years, we have a long way to go before we can keep the global temperature increase to below 2°C relative to the pre-industrial times. Climate models suggest that this next decade is critical if we are to avert the worst consequences of climate change. The world must continue to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and find ways to adapt and build resilience among vulnerable communities. At the same time, we need to find new ways to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in order to chart a “net negative” emissions pathway. Given their large capacity for carbon storage, the oceans must be included in consideration of our multiple carbon dioxide removal (CDR) options. This report focused on ocean iron fertilization (OIF) for marine CDR. This is by no means a new scientific endeavor. Several members of ExOIS (Exploring Ocean Iron Solutions) have been studying this issue for decades, but the emergence of runaway climate impacts has motivated this group to consider a responsible path forward for marine CDR. That path needs to ensure that future choices are based upon the best science and social considerations required to reduce human suffering and counter economic and ecological losses, while limiting and even reversing the negative impacts that climate change is already having on the ocean and the rest of the planet. Prior studies have confirmed that the addition of small amounts of iron in some parts of the ocean is effective at stimulating phytoplankton growth. Through enhanced photosynthesis, carbon dioxide can not only be removed from the atmosphere but a fraction can also be transferred to durable storage in the deep sea. However, prior studies were not designed to quantify how effective this storage can be, or how wise OIF might be as a marine CDR approach. ExOIS is a consortium that was created in 2022 to consider what OIF studies are needed to answer critical questions about the potential efficiency and ecological impacts of marine CDR (http://oceaniron.org). Owing to concerns surrounding the ethics of marine CDR, ExOIS is organized around a responsible code of conduct that prioritizes activities for the collective benefit of our planet with an emphasis on open and transparent studies that include public engagement. Our goal is to establish open-source conventions for implementing OIF for marine CDR that can be assessed with appropriate monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) protocols, going beyond just carbon accounting, to assess ecological and other non-carbon environmental effects (eMRV). As urgent as this is, it will still take 5 to 10 years of intensive work and considerable resources to accomplish this goal. We present here a “Paths Forward’’ report that stems from a week-long workshop held at the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories in May 2023 that was attended by international experts spanning atmospheric, oceanographic, and social sciences as well as legal specialists (see inside back cover). At the workshop, we reviewed prior OIF studies, distilled the lessons learned, and proposed several paths forward over the next decade to lay the foundation for evaluating OIF for marine CDR. Our discussion very quickly resulted in a recommendation for the need to establish multiple “Ocean Iron Observatories’’ where, through observations and modeling, we would be able to assess with a high degree of certainty both the durable removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide—which we term the “centennial tonne”—and the ecological response of the ocean. In a five-year phase I period, we prioritize five major research activities: 1. Next generation field studies: Studies of long-term (durable) carbon storage will need to be longer (year or more) and larger (>10,000 km2) than past experiments, organized around existing tools and models, but with greater reliance on autonomous platforms. While prior studies suggested that ocean systems return to ambient conditions once iron infusion is stopped, this needs to be verified. We suggest that these next field experiments take place in the NE Pacific to assess the processes controlling carbon removal efficiencies, as well as the intended and unintended ecological and geochemical consequences. 2. Regional, global and field study modeling Incorporation of new observations and model intercomparisons are essential to accurately represent how iron cycling processes regulate OIF effects on marine ecosystems and carbon sequestration, to support experimental planning for large-scale MRV, and to guide decision making on marine CDR choices. 3. New forms of iron and delivery mechanisms Rigorous testing and comparison of new forms of iron and their potential delivery mechanisms is needed to optimize phytoplankton growth while minimizing the financial and carbon costs of OIF. Efficiency gains are expected to generate responses closer to those of natural OIF events. 4. Monitoring, reporting, and verification: Advances in observational technologies and platforms are needed to support the development, validation, and maintenance of models required for MRV of large-scale OIF deployment. In addition to tracking carbon storage and efficiency, prioritizing eMRV will be key to developing regulated carbon markets. 5. Governance and stakeholder engagement: Attention to social dimensions, governance, and stakeholder perceptions will be essential from the start, with particular emphasis on expanding the diversity of groups engaged in marine CDR across the globe. This feedback will be a critical component underlying future decisions about whether to proceed, or not, with OIF for marine CDR. Paramount in the plan is the need to move carefully. Our goal is to conduct these five activities in parallel to inform decisions steering the establishment of ocean iron observatories at multiple locations in phase II. When completed, this decadal plan will provide a rich knowledge base to guide decisions about if, when, where, and under what conditions OIF might be responsibly implemented for marine CDR. The consensus of our workshop and this report is that now is the time for actionable studies to begin. Quite simply, we suggest that some form of marine CDR will be essential to slow down and reverse the most severe consequences of our disrupted climate. OIF has the potential to be one of these climate mitigation strategies. We have the opportunity and obligation to invest in the knowledge necessary to ensure that we can make scientifically and ethically sound decisions for the future of our planet.