Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Experimentel'

No presente trabalho foi estudado o efeito do consumo de soja geneticamente modificada e de sua parental em parâmetros nutricionais e hematológicos em ratos em crescimento. Farinha de soja, desengordurada e autoclavada, foi incorporada em rações experimentais: 12% de proteína para o 1° ensaio e 10% para 2° ensaio. As rações com soja foram suplementadas com aminoácidos essenciais (Ieucina, lisina, metionina e vali na) no 2° ensaio, devido a menor concentração desses aminoácidos nas rações do 1° ensaio quando comparadas ao grupo controle, perfil confirmado pelo aminograma. Ratos Wistar (n=64) foram alimentados, ad libitum, com rações controle (AIN-93G) e rações com a farinha de soja por 28 (1° ensaio) e 32 dias (2° ensaio). Para avaliação do aproveitamento biológico da proteína da dieta e da qualidade protéica, foram realizadas análises de nitrogênio na carcaça dos animais, nas fezes e na urina que foram coletadas ao longo de 2 períodos de balanço de 6 dias cada ensaio. Os parâmetros nutricionais avaliados foram : Coeficiente de eficácia alimentar (CEA), Coeficiente de eficácia protéica (PER), Coeficiente de eficiência líquida da proteína (NPR), Valor biológico da proteína (BV), Coeficiente de utilização líquida da proteína (NPU), digestibilidade protéica e o \"Escore químico corrigido pela digestibilidade real da proteína\". Para avaliação do estado nutricional foram avaliadas as concentrações de albumina, proteínas totais e IGF-1 no plasma. Como parâmetros hematológicos, foram avaliados o hemograma completo, mielograma e esplenograma. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que animais alimentados com soja GM e sua parental apresentaram desenvolvimento semelhante ao grupo controle (caseína). Os valores de CEP e NPR encontrados nos 2 ensaios mostram que a proteína de soja é nutricionalmente adequada. A oferta protéica de 10% com suplementação com aminoácidos essenciais favoreceu no desenvolvimento dos animais, visto que foi observado aumento de peso em média de 50g, PER e NPR melhores quando comparados com a oferta protéica de 12% sem suplementação. Nos dois ensaios, os valores de digestibilidade dos grupos alimentados com soja foram inferiores aos do grupo controle, resultado evidenciado pela maior dificuldade das enzimas digestivas em digerirem a proteína vegetal, maior perda de aminoácidos endógenos e quantidade de fibra insolúvel presente na soja. O valor de POCAA de 85% demonstra bom aproveitamento dos grupos com soja. Não houve diferença estatística nos parâmetros plasmáticos estudados, bem como nos resultados hematológicos sugerindo que o consumo de soja, convencional ou GM, não altera o estado nutricional dos animais.
In the present work, the effects of genetically modified (GM) soybean and its parental on nutritional and hematological parameters in growing rats were studied. Autoclaved, fat-free soybean flour was added to experimental diets: 12% protein in the first assay and 10% in the second assay. The soybean diets were supplemented with essential amino acids (Ieucine, Iysine, methionine and valine) in the second assay, since such amino acids presented a lower concentration in the diets of the first experiment, as confirmed by the aminogram. Wistar rats (n= 64) were fed a control diet (AIN-93G) and diets supplemented with soybean flour (parental and GM) ad libitum over 28 days (1st experiment) and 32 days (2nd experiment). For evaluating the biological utilization of dietary protein and protein quality, nitrogen analyses were carried out on the animal carcasses, feces and urine. Feces and urine were collected along two 6-day periods within each assay. The following nutritional parameters were evaluated: feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR), biological value (BV), net protein utilization (NPU), protein digestibility and protein digestibility corrected by amino acid (POCM) score. For evaluating the nutritional status, plasma albumin, total proteins and IGF-1 were analysed. Complete hemogram, myelogram and splenogram were used as hematological parameters. The results indicate that animals fed the GM soybean and its parental showed a similar growth rate to the control group (casein). PER and NPR values found in both assays show that soybean protein is nutritionally adequate. A diet containing 10% protein supplemented with essential amino acids favored the growth of the animals in comparison to a diet containing 12% protein without amino acid supplementation. In both assays, the protein digestibility in soybean-fed groups was lower than in the control group, a result evidenced by a greater difficulty of enzymes in digesting vegetal proteins, a greater loss of endogenous amino acids and the presence of insoluble dietary fiber in the soybean. A POCM value of 85% showed a good protein utilization in the soybean-fed groups. No statistically significant differences were observed in the plasmatic and hematological parameters among the groups, suggesting that consumption of soybean (either GM or parental) does not alter the nutritional status of the animals.

The diploma thesis deals with analysis of risks in relation to various focus (or types) of economic experiments. On the basis of background research suggests entirely new classification of economic experiments and subsequently examines general structure of economic experiment. Performed analysis then identifies major risks of experimental economics, analyses them and proposes possible countermeasures. Outputs of the work substantially enrich and extend current theory. Their utilization is expected in theory and practice, for purpose of scientific research or specific objectives of companies and institutions.

This essay discusses different opinions about experimental archaeology. To start with literature was examined and a questionnaire was sent out to students and working archaeologists. The possibility for experiments to mediate archaeology to people without an education in archaeology is lifted and is also mentioned in the questionnaire. In the discussion part of the essay the results from the questionnaire and the literature are used to see what opinions are the strongest. The mediating is also discussed and the result is compiled in the conclusion. There are different opinions about experimental archaeology, but no prominent difference between what students and archaeologists answered. It is possible to see different opinions in the literature, but concerning the mediating most of the writers agree that the experimental archaeology is a good method to communicate with the laymen.

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Neste trabalho, foi pesquisada uma forma alternativa de aplicação de experimentos em sala de aula, na qual os alunos foram responsáveis pela confecção deles e não meros expectadores que observaram o professor realizar a atividade experimental. Assim, os estudantes produziram, executaram e tiraram suas conclusões acerca das atividades propostas. Propôs-se, neste trabalho, a aplicação de uma sequência didática para abordar eletrostática utilizando atividades experimentais, como metodologia de aprendizagem significativa, proposta por David Ausubel. Antes da realização dos experimentos, o tema foi contextualizado através de vídeos que mostravam situações intrigantes no cotidiano dos alunos, envolvendo eletrostática. Também foi abordada a história da eletricidade com suas principais descobertas e como os conceitos científicos foram evoluindo ao longo do tempo. Em seguida, utilizando materiais de baixo custo e fáceis de serem encontrados e seguindo roteiros experimentais, os alunos construíram experimentos que permitiram a verificação dos três processos de eletrização: atrito, contato e indução. Também, verificaram a distribuição de cargas em condutores em equilíbrio eletrostático, a blindagem eletrostática e o poder das pontas. O trabalho visou despertar o interesse e motivação dos alunos nas aulas de Física, desenvolvendo suas habilidades em seguir roteiros simples, coletar e analisar dados, além de aplicar os conceitos, abordados em sala, em situações de seu cotidiano.
In this work, an alternative way of applying experiments in the classroom has been investigated, in which the students were responsible by their confections and not mere spectators who observed the teacher to perform an experimental activity. Thus, students produced, performed, and concluded on the proposed activities. It was proposed, in this work, the application of a Didactic Sequence to approach electrostatic using experimental activities, as significant learning methodology, proposed by David Ausubel. Before the experiments, the theme was contextualized through videos that showed intriguing situations in the daily life of students, involving electrostatics. It was also discussed the electricity history with its main discoveries, and how scientific concepts were developed over time. Then, using inexpensive, easy-to-find materials and following experimental script, the students constructed experiments that allowed the verification of the three electrification processes: friction, contact and induction. Also, they verified the charges distribution in conductors in electrostatic equilibrium, the electrostatic shield and the power of the tips. The aim of this work was to arouse student’s interest and motivation in physics classes, developing their skills in following simple scripts, collecting and analyzing data, and applying the concepts, addressed in the classroom, in everyday situations.

O interesse pela clorofila vem crescendo recentemente devido a divulgação de dados que atribuem a esta substância muitos efeitos benéficos à saúde, introduzindo a possibilidade desta molécula oferecer proteção contra o desenvolvimento de doenças crônico-degenerativas e cânceres, agindo como um antioxidante e inibindo a mutagênese. Entretanto, as evidências científicas destas ações são ainda controversas. Perguntas estão surgindo a cerca do local de ocorrência de tais propriedades, se no intestino, antes da absorção, ou se devido a uma ação sistêmica, após absorção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as mudanças químicas da clorofila durante sua passagem pelo trato gastrointestinal, a absorção aparente e a detecção de derivados da clorofila no sangue. O estudo foi realizado durante 10 dias com 12 cães (Canis familiaris) divididos em 2 grupos. O grupo controle recebeu uma dieta comercial atendendo as exigências nutricionais, enquanto que o grupo teste recebeu a mesma dieta adicionada de 0,8% de espinafre liofilizado e 0,35% de óxido do cromo (como um indicador não absorvível). Foi realizada coleta parcial das fezes e após análise, a absorção aparente foi calculada. Em um segundo ensaio, o sangue foi coletado em 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 e 150 minutos após a ingestão da dieta que continha 10% de espinafre liofilizado. Os pigmentos do espinafre, da dieta, das fezes e do sangue foram extraídos com acetona 80%, isolados e quantificados por CLAE. Os resultados mostraram que a feofitinização foi a via predominante. Somente feofitinas a e b foram encontradas nas fezes. A absorção aparente da clorofila variou entre 4 e 6%. Entretanto, não foi possível detectar a presença de clorofila nem de seus derivados no plasma sanguíneo. Estes achados sugerem que os eventuais efeitos benéficos da clorofila devem ocorrer predominantemente no intestino e caso haja alguma passagem para o sangue, esta molécula parece ser rapidamente metabolizada a fim de prevenir efeitos tóxicos relacionados com a atividade fotossintética.
In recent years there has been a growing interest on chlorophyll due to disclosing reports attributing to this substance manifold health benefits, introducing the possibility of this molecule protecting against the development of chronic-degenerative diseases and cancer, acting as an antioxidant and by inhibition of mutagenesis. However, the scientific evidences of these actions are still controversial. Questions have been raised about where these properties take place, if in the gut before absorption or if they are due to a post-absorption systemic action. The purpose of this research was to study the chemical changes of chlorophyll during its passage through the gastrointestinal tract, the apparent absorption and the appearance of any chlorophyll derivative in blood. The study was carried out during 1 O days in twelve dogs (Canis familiaris) divided into 2 groups. The control group received a commercial diet attending their nutritional requirements, while the test group received the same diet to which 0.8% of freeze-dried spinach and 0.35% of chromium oxide (as a non-absorbable indicator) were added. Partial collection and analysis of excreta was carried out and apparent absorption was calculated. ln a second experiment, blood was collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min after the intake of the diet, which contained 10% freeze-dried spinach. Pigments in spinach, diet, excreta and blood were extracted with 80% acetone, isolated and quantified by HPLC. The results showed that pheophitinization was the predominant pathway. Only pheophytins a and b were found in excreta. Apparent absorption of chlorophyll ranged from 4 to 6%. However, it was not possible to detect the presence of chlorophyll or any of its metabolites in blood plasma. These findings suggest that eventual beneficial effects of chlorophyll may occur predominantly in the gut and in case that some uptake occurs, the molecule seems to be metabolized fast enough in order to prevent toxic photosynthetic activity related effects.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A mecânica quântica é uma das áreas da Física que surgiu em meados de 1900 e permanece em desenvolvimento até os dias atuais. Diversos aparatos tecnológicos são consequência deste importante ramo da Física que também contribui com a Medicina, Matemática, Filosofia, Literatura e Biologia. Logo, é imprescindível que o contato com esta ciência ocorra no contexto do ensino médio. Para inserir o estudante no mundo da mecânica quântica, isto é, na física do infinitamente pequeno, o aluno deve abandonar o pensamento clássico e pensar em termos do comportamento quântico e do indeterminismo no processo de medida, isto é, desenvolver a capacidade de abstração. Sendo este, o objetivo deste trabalho. Para tanto, foi escolhido o experimento da dupla fenda que permite trabalhar com a dualidade onda-partícula do elétron e do fóton. Por meio deste experimento, o aluno pode ser inserido paulatinamente numa trajetória rumo a descrição quântica necessária para o exame dos fenômenos subatômicos. A análise experimental é cuidadosamente realizada com o auxílio de laboratórios virtuais, disponibilizados gratuitamente em sítios eletrônicos, os quais representam um recurso que permite realizar procedimentos experimentais que necessitariam de grande aparato laboratorial. O experimento da dupla fenda é analisado em três etapas, relatadas a seguir: (i) a dupla fenda com partículas clássicas; (ii) a dupla fenda com ondas clássicas e; (iii) a dupla fenda com objetos quânticos como elétrons e fótons. O objetivo é demonstrar o comportamento dual do elétron. Posteriormente, para concluir de forma precisa e justificar o comportamento quântico do elétron é apresentado o princípio da indeterminação de Heisenberg e suas implicações filosóficas. Sendo assim, o objetivo central desta pesquisa é buscar integrar o comportamento quântico, que acontece na escala atômica, principalmente no contexto do ensino médio. Algumas orientações sobre como aplicar este trabalho em outros níveis de ensino aparecem no decorrer do texto e nos apêndices. Apresentando o comportamento dual, onda–partícula, do elétron, a interpretação probabilística e o princípio de incerteza. Acreditamos que o aluno será capaz de compreender um grande número de fenômenos que acontece em escalas que não são do domínio da mecânica clássica quando, em contato com estes temas. Este tema faz parte do conteúdo de física moderna contemporânea que vem sendo abordado em livros textos e vestibulares. Além disso, algumas das novas tecnologias utilizam a física quântica, desde microscópios eletrônicos, nanotecnologia, computação quântica, semicondutores, diodos (incluindo o LED), transistores, computadores, tablets, GPS, satélites, radares, aviões, lasers, scanners de código de barras, sistemas militares de defesa, CD e Blu-Ray players, criptografia, células fotoelétricas, sensores diversos, basicamente, tudo que é eletrônico. Um dos objetivos do trabalho é verificar quais os conhecimentos prévios o corpo discente possui, antes do contato com o conteúdo de física quântica, ou seja, o que faz parte do senso comum sobre este tema. Além disso, pretendemos verificar se o aluno consegue: i) distinguir, no final da aplicação desta pesquisa, que as leis da física em escalas atômicas são diferentes das leis da física clássica, ii) a importância da mecânica quântica na tecnologia e na sociedade.
Quantum mechanics is one of the areas of physics that emerged in mid-1900 and remains in development to the current day. Several technological devices are a result of this important branch of physics that also helps to Medicine, Mathematics, Philosophy, Literature and Biology. Therefore, it is essential that contact with this science occurs at the high school level, what actually occurs in a limited way, when it happens. To place the student in the world of quantum mechanics, that is, the infinitely small of physics, the student must leave the classical thought and think in terms of the quantum behavior and indeterminacy in the measurement process, namely to develop the capacity for abstraction. This is accurately the aim of this work. Thus, the double-slit experiment that lets you work with the wave-particle duality of the electron and the photon was chosen. Through this experiment, students can be gradually inserted on a path toward quantum description necessary for the examination of subatomic phenomena. The experimental analysis is carefully performed with the aid of virtual laboratories, available for free in electronic sites, which represent a resource to perform experimental procedures that would require large laboratory apparatus. The double slit experiment is analyzed in the following three steps, reported: (i) the slit paired with classical particles; (ii) the double slit and with classical waves; (iii) the double slit with quantum objects such as electrons and photons. The goal is to demonstrate the electron dual behavior. Later to complete accurately and justify the electron quantum behavior shows the principle of indeterminacy of Heisenberg and its philosophical implications. Thus, the main objective of this research is to seek to integrate quantum behavior, which takes place at the atomic scale, especially in the high school level. Some guidance on how to apply this work in other levels of education appear throughout the text and in the appendices. Introducing the dual behavior wave-particle, the electron, the probabilistic interpretation and the uncertainty principle. We believe that students will be able to understand a number of phenomena that occurs on scales that are not the classical mechanics of the domain when in contact with these topics. This topic is part of the contemporary modern physics content that is being addressed in texts and entrance exam books. In addition, some of the new technologies using quantum physics, from electronic microscopes, nanotechnology, quantum computing, semiconductors, diodes (including LED), transistors, computers, tablets, GPS, satellites, radar, aircraft, lasers, code scanners bars, military defense systems, CD and Blu-Ray players, encryption, photoelectric cells, various sensors, basically, everything is electronic. One of the goals of the work is to check what prior knowledge the student body has, before contact with quantum physics content, so the part of common sense on this issue. In addition, we intend to verify that the student is able to: i) distinguish, at the end of the application of this research, that the laws of physics at atomic scales are different from the laws of classical physics, ii) the importance of quantum mechanics in technology and society.

The normative moral code is considered to be such that it applies universally to all or at least to all who can understand and govern their behavior by it. All or almost all common folk think of and use their own moral codes as them being normative in that for example there simply seem to them to exist “oughts” that apply to all and that there simply, straightforwardly are “things” that are right and wrong, good and bad. Gert Bernard and Gert Joshua have written an article on the topic of defining morality, with the title of “The Definition of Morality”. The authors suggest that the terms ‘normative morality’ refer to a code of conduct that, given some specified conditions, would be put forward by all rational persons. The authors take this formulation as entailing true and important definitional features of what normative morality is, although the authors think of this basic definition, conception as not being complete and that some additional feature hence is lacking but that any such candidate addendum to the definitional basic schema that they surveyed within the article seemed to be controversial, contested. Normative morality seems apt to investigate by creating thought-experiments wherein the participants are for example, envisioned choosing to endorse, put forward or act in accordance with a moral code. Within this large investigative project into normative morality with the help of thought-experiments it seemed to me that there was an under-representation of thought-experiments exhibiting some worthwhile and relevant features and I felt that it was a warranted project to create a thought-experiment which concurrently exhibited these features. Such an experiment could be thought of as an unusual “puzzle-piece” which could be valuable in contributing to furthering the completion of the “puzzle”, i.e. what normative morality is and its moral code. These three features were: i) a high degree of aptness for investigating a major part of or the complete normative moral code and ii) a high degree of freedom pertaining to the participants, e.g. their actions, thoughts etc., as well as iii) a high degree of confidence or warrant concerning what the participants would do, think, feel etc. within the thought-experiment. A thought-experiment, the Normative Moral Codes Workshop (NMCW) was hence created, which was aimed at investigating normative morality and its code and which exhibited these features. It is a thought-experiment mimicking an actual empirical study wherein the participants are given the task to together put forward the moral code for them, that would apply to them and that would cover a major or complete part of what they consider their moral codes to entail. The participants employed within my run of the NMCW thought-experiment were all currently living adult persons who I knew well. The core or main aim of this essay was to investigate whether it would or would not be the case that most or all participants within my run of the thought-experiment the NMCW would decide to put forward the code together with the chosen formulation of the thesis being, that it would not be the case that most or all participants would put forward the code within my run of the NMCW thought-experiment. Part of the core aim was also to elucidate why the thesis was supported or not supported as well as how strong the support was for the outcome of the experiment, i.e. the outcome of a code being put forward or not. The essay also has some minor aims which radiate out from the core aim (see below). As the thought-experimenter, I then reported on the events that I envisioned as happening within my run the NMCW thought-experiment as my selected participants grappled with the task and their decision to put or not put forward the code together that would apply to them. The finding was that the thesis was supported and that the support was robust in that I could identify several reasons the participants had against putting forward the code and I found very little in terms of reasons among the participants for putting forward the code. The essay also had some minor aims to selectively discuss a few further relevant and interesting issues radiating out from the core aim. These minor aims revolved around discussing some selected salient features of the NMCW including how they could relate to the outcome. One such selected salient feature was the feature of the employed participant sample of my run of the NMCW. I for example, discussed the potential extension of it not being the case that most or all participants would decide to put forward the code, if the participant sample would have been modified but still employed currently living5adults and I ended up being of the opinion that pertaining to most potential samples a similar outcome as the one envisioned within my run of the NMCW would be expected. I also wanted to discuss some further selected salient features of the NMCW within the context of addressing whether the NMCW, given its features ought to be considered an unsound, inapt experiment for investigating normative morality, given Gert’s and Gert’s conception of normative morality, since if this was the case the outcome of the experiment ought to be disregarded, given no weight. Although, I did find potential targets for criticism of the NMCW experimental design I did not find any reasons strong enough to disqualify the NMCW experiment as an experiment inapt, unsound for investigating normative morality, given the features of normative morality entailed within the suggested basic definition provided by Gert and Gert. Finally, I also aimed to selectively discuss some aspects of what it could mean pertaining to the conception of normative morality, according to Gert and Gert, that the thesis was supported. For example, given one interpretation the outcome could be taken to provide support for the non-existence of a normative moral code, but given another be taken to mean that addenda has to be identified and added to the basic conception of normative morality and that such addenda would be such that they would disqualify the NMCW (and its outcome) as a sound and apt thought-experiment to be employed in investigating normative morality. I also attempted to briefly illustrate how the NMCW thought-experiment could be used as a substratum facilitating the identification and clarification of such potential addenda to the basic conception of normative morality, suggested by Gert and Gert, and I also suggest some potential candidate features of the NMCW that further potential specifications added to the basic conception of morality ought to be able to disqualify, exclude as acceptable features of experiments aimed at investigating normative morality. In this way, an unusual, under-represented kind of thought-experiment, “puzzle-piece” when it comes to the large investigative project of employing experiments in order to acquire further insight into normative morality, i.e. “the puzzle”, can regardless of whether it seems to fit or does not seem to fit the “puzzle”, still be employed in such a way as to potentially provide further insight into “the puzzle”. This since even when a “puzzle-piece” does not seem to fit the “puzzle”, “seeing” and understanding how and why could provide us with information about the “puzzle”.
Den normativa moraliska koden anses vara sådan att den gäller universellt för alla eller åtminstone för alla som kan förstå den och reglera sitt beteende i enlighet med den. Alla eller nästan alla vanliga människor tänker och använder sig av sina moraliska koder som om dessa koder vore normativa, normerande genom att det t. ex. för dem helt enkelt verkar finnas ”måsten” som gäller alla och att det ”rakt upp och ner” verkar finnas ”saker” som helt enkelt är rätt och fel, gott och ont. Gert Bernard och Gert Joshua har skrivit en artikel kring ämnet hur man kan definiera moralen med titeln “The Definition of Morality” (sv. ”Moralens Definition”). Författarna föreslår att termen ’normativ moral’ (eller den ’normativa moralen’ i bestämd form) gäller en kod som reglerar hur man bör uppföra sig som givet vissa specificerade förhållanden är sådan att alla rationella personer skulle omfamna och förespråka den. Författarna anser att denna formulering innehåller viktiga och sanna egenskaper hos definitionen kring vad normativ moral är, även om författarna anser att denna basala, grundläggande definition, konception inte är fullständig och att därför vissa ytterligare definitions egenskaper, specifikationer saknas men att alla granskade kandidat-tillägg till denna basala definition som undersöktes inom artikeln verkade vara kontroversiella, enligt författarna. Normativ moral verkar lämplig för att undersökas genom att skapa tankeexperiment inom vilka deltagarna tex kan föreställas stödja, lägga fram eller agera i enlighet med en moralisk kod. Inom detta stora undersökande projekt av normativ moral med hjälp av tankeexperiment så verkade det enligt mig som om det fanns en under-representation av tankeexperiment som uppvisade vissa värdefulla och relevanta egenskaper och jag ansåg att det var ett rättfärdigat projekt att skapa ett tankeexperiment som uppvisade dessa värdefulla och relevanta egenskaper. Ett dylikt experiment kunde anses vara en ovanlig ”pusselbit” som kunde vara ett värdefullt bidrag till slutförandet av ”pusslet”, dvs vad normativ moral är och dess kod. De tre under-representerade egenskaperna var i) en hög grad av lämplighet för att undersöka en stor del av den normativa moraliska koden6eller den kompletta koden och ii) en hög grad av deltagarfrihet, exempelvis avseende deltagarnas handlingar, tankar osv samt iii) en hög grad av förtroende eller rättfärdigande avseende vad deltagarna skulle göra, tänka, känna osv inom tankeexperimentet. Tankeexperimentet, den Normativa Moraliska Kods Workshoppen (NMKW) skapades därför med målsättningen att undersöka den normativa moralen, dess kod samt att experimentet då skulle uppvisa de ovan nämnda egenskaperna. Det är ett tankeexperiment som liknar, ”speglar” en riktig empirisk studie inom vilka deltagarna ges uppgiften att tillsammans stödja och lägga fram den moraliska kod som skulle gälla för dem, reglera deras uppförande och som till en stor del eller fullständigt skulle täcka, innehålla det som de ansåg att deras moraliska koder innehöll. Deltagarna som användes inom min körning av tankeexperimentet var alla nu levande vuxna person som jag ansåg att jag kände väl. Kärn- eller huvudmålsättningen med uppsatsen var att undersöka huruvida det skulle eller inte skulle vara fallet att de flesta eller alla deltagare inom min körning av NMKW tankeexperimentet skulle bestämma sig för att tillsammans lägga fram och stödja en kod, med den valda formuleringen för tesen enligt, det skulle inte vara fallet att de flesta eller alla deltagare skulle lägga fram och stödja koden inom min körning av NMKW experimentet. Som en del av kärnmålsättningen var det att utreda varför tesen var eller inte var stödd samt utreda hur starkt stödet var för utfallet av experimentet, dvs utfallet att en kod lades fram eller inte lades fram. Uppsatsen har även mindre eller bi-målsättningar som strålar ut från uppsatsens huvudmålsättning (se nedan). I min roll som tanke-experimenteraren så rapporterade jag sedan kring vilka händelser som jag föreställde mig, som jag ”såg” uppträda inom tanke-experimentet NMKW då mina valda deltagare tog sig an uppgiften som de ombads att utföra, dvs att tillsammans lägga fram och stödja den kod som skulle komma att gälla dom själva, att appliceras på dom själva. Fyndet var att tesen stöddes och att detta stöd var robust eftersom jag kunde identifiera flera skäl hos deltagarna mot att lägga fram koden medan jag fann mycket litet i form av skäl hos deltagarna för att lägga fram koden. Uppsatsen hade även en del mindre målsättningar att selektivt diskutera några ytterligare relevanta och intressanta spörsmål som strålade ut från uppsatsens huvud-målsättning. Dessa mindre målsättningar kretsade kring att diskutera vissa valda tydliga, centrala egenskaper hos NMKW experimentet samt hur dessa kunde tänkas vara relaterade till experimentets utfall. En sådan egenskap vara den specifika deltagargruppen som användes vid min körning av experimentet. Jag diskuterade till exempel, den potentiella extensionen av utfallet att det inte var fallet att de flesta eller alla deltagare valde att lägga fram koden, ifall deltagargruppen modifierades men fortfarande bestod enbart av nu levande vuxna människor och min värdering var att ett liknande utfall, som vid min körningen av NMKW, verkade troligt för de flesta potentiella grupper av deltagare. Jag ville också diskutera vissa valda tydliga, centrala egenskaper hos NMKW experimentet inom kontexten kring huruvida NMKW experimentet givet dessa egenskaper, borde anses vara ett osunt, olämpligt experiment för att undersöka den normativa moralen, givet Gerts och Gerts konception av denna. Detta, eftersom om detta vore fallet så borde utfallet av experimentet förkastas och inte ges någon vikt. Trots att jag hittade potentiella saker att kritisera hos den experimentella designen hos NMKW så hittade jag inte några tillräckligt starka skäl för att diskvalificera NMKW experimentet som ett olämpligt, osunt experiment för att undersöka den normativa moralen, givet den normativa moralens egenskaper beskrivna, täckta inom Gerts och Gerts föreslagna basala, grundläggande definition av denna. Slutligen så ville jag även selektivt diskutera vissa aspekter kring vad det kunde betyda för konceptionen av den normativa moralen, enligt Gert och Gert, att tesen stöddes. Exempelvis, så givet en tolkning så kunde utfallet ses som ett stöd för icke-existensen hos den normativa moraliska koden, medan givet en annan tolkning så kunde utfallet anses betyda att ytterligare addenda till den basala definitionen av den normativa moralen måste identifieras och adderas till definitionen och att dylika addenda skulle komma att vara sådana att de skulle diskvalificera NMKW experimentet och dess utfall som ett sunt och lämpligt experiment att användas för att studera den normativa moralen, nu med dess extenderade specifikation. Jag försökte sedan att illustrera hur NMKW tankeexperimentet kunde användas som ett substrat för att underlätta identifieringen och förtydligandet av dylika potentiella tillägg till den basala konceptionen av den normativa moralen enligt Gerts och Gerts förslag, och jag föreslog även vissa potentiella kandidat egenskaper hos NMKW experimentet som dylika ytterligare tillägg till den basala konceptionen borde kunna diskvalificera, exkludera som acceptabla egenskaper hos experiment designade för att undersöka den7normativa moralen. På detta sätt så kan en ovanlig, underrepresenterad typ av tankeexperiment, ”pusselbit” när det gäller det stora undersökningsprojektet som använder sig av experiment för att erhålla ytterligare insikter inom den normative moralen, dvs ”pusslet”, oberoende om det verkar passa eller inte passa in i ”pusslet”, ändå användas på ett sådant sätt så att det potentiellt kan leda till ytterligare insikter kring ”pusslet”. Detta eftersom även när en ”pusselbit” inte verkar passa in i ”pusslet” så kan ”seendet”, förtydligandet och förståelsen kring hur och varför, ändå potentiellt förse oss med information om ”pusslet”.

Avaliou-se a atividade quimiopreventiva da tributirina (TB), e da vitamina A (VA) administradas em associação ou não, antes, durante e após a iniciação em ratos submetidos a modelo de carcinogênese de cólon. Ratos Wistar receberam VA [1 mg/100 g de p.c (grupo VA)], tributirina [200 mg/100 g de p.c (grupo TB)] ou associação de VA com TB (grupo VA+TB). Ratos tratados com óleo de milho e maltodextrina serviram como controle (GC). Avaliou-se a presença de focos de criptas aberrantes (FCA) e sua localização nos cólons, além de danos e do padrão de metilação global do DNA na mucosa colônica. No cólon total, distal e proximal, o grupo TB apresentou menor (p<0,05) número de FCA com 4 ou mais criptas/cm2, considerados mais agressivos, em relação ao GC. Quanto aos danos no DNA, os grupos VA, TB e VA+TB apresentaram cometas de comprimentos menores (p<0,05) em comparação ao GC. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes quanto ao padrão de metilação global do DNA. Assim, TB consiste em agente quimiopreventivo promissor da carcinogênese de cólon quando administrada isoladamente, mas não em associação com a VA. 15
Chemopreventive activities of tributyrin (TB) and vitamin A (VA) were administered in combination or not, before, during and after the initiation in rats subjected to carcinogenesis model of colon. Wistar rats received VA [1 mg/100 g of b.w (group VA)], tributyrin [200 mg/100 g of b.w (TB group)] or association of VA with BD (group VA + TB). Rats treated with corn oil and maltodextrin were used as control (GC). The presence of aberrant foci crypts (ACF) was evaluated and their location in colon tissue was determined. In addition, DNA damages and the global pattern of DNA methylation in colonic cells was measured. In total colon as in distal and proximal portions, the TB group presented lower (p <0.05) number of ACF with 4 or more crypts/cm2 in comparison to the GC group. The number of ACF with 4 or more crypts /cm2 was used as criteria of aggressiveness. In relation to the damage of DNA, the VA, VA + TB and TB groups exhibits smaller nucleoids lengths (p <0.05) compared to the GC group. There were no statistically significant differences on the global pattern of DNA methylation. So TB is promising chemopreventive agent in carcinogenesis of the colon when administered alone, but not in combination with the VA.

Durch den Einsatz von CAD/CAM-Technologien sollen potenzielle Fehlerquellen der handwerklich-manuellen Herstellung zahnmedizinischprothetischer Restaurationen eliminiert werden. Grundlage für die Fertigung einer prothetischen Restauration mittels CAD/CAM ist eine möglichst genaue Digitalisierung der klinischen Situation. In dieser Studie wurde die Genauigkeit der digitalen Erfassung von Zähnen unter experimentellen sowie unter klinischen Bedingungen mit dem CEREC-3D® System (intraoral) im Vergleich zu konventioneller Abformung und Modellerstellung mit anschließender extraoraler Digitalisierung (Digiscan) untersucht. Von einem Schulungsmodell wurde mit einer Doppelmischabformung ein Modell mit präpariertem Zahn 16 erzeugt und extraoral digitalisiert. Dieses Modell wurde simuliert intraoral sowie nach erneuter Abformung und Modellherstellung extraoral digitalisiert. Im Anschluss daran erfolgte die Zuordnung der einzelnen Datensätze auf das Referenz-CAD-Modell und die dreidimensionale Differenzberechnung. Die durch die Ethik-Kommission genehmigte klinische Studie umfasste zehn Probanden. Bei diesen zehn Probanden erfolgte eine konventionelle und optische Abformung des Oberkiefers. Aus der konventionellen Abformung entstand ein Modell, welches extraoral-optisch digitalisiert wurde. Diesen Daten wurde die optische Abformung zugeordnet. Die dreidimensionale Auswertung erfolgte analog der in-vitro Studie. Die Auswertung der in-vitro Daten lieferte mittlere dreidimensionale Abweichungen von ±17-35μm bei der Betrachtung vom präparierten Zahn 16 und seinen Nachbarzähnen. Betrachtete man nur den präparierten Zahn 16, zeigten sich mittlere Abweichungen um ±17μm. Im Vergleich dazu lag die berechnete mittlere Differenz bei der intraoralen Digitalisierung eines Quadranten mit ±26-81μm erheblich darüber. Im Registrierzentrum konnte die geringste Abweichung gefunden werden. Der konventionelle Verfahrensweg (Abformung – Modellherstellung – extraorale Digitalisierung) hingegen liefert eine Genauigkeit von ±9-19μm. Anhand der gewonnenen Ergebnisse kann man sagen, dass die CEREC-3D®Kamera für die Erfassung von Einzelzahnrestaurationen sowie gegebenenfalls kleinerer mehrspanniger Restaurationen geeignet ist. Größere Restaurationen hingegen übersteigen den Indikationsbereich des Systems und sollten extraoral über den Umweg einer Abformung digitalisiert werden. Klinische Parameter beeinflussen die Genauigkeit der intraoralen Digitalisierung in einem akzeptablen Maß. Dies wird anhand des Vergleiches der in-vitro mit den in-vivo Daten ersichtlich. Dabei ist die Puderschicht von durchschnittlich 28,6μm (51) bei der intraoralen Digitalisierung zu berücksichtigen
Using CAD/CAM-technology in dentistry is supposed to reduce or eliminate potential sources of error resulting from the manual craftsmanship needed when making dental restorative restorations. For any CAD/CAM-made restoration, a digitalization as precise as possible is basic. In this study, the precision of the digital measurement of teeth was examined in-vitro and invivo. The intraoral CEREC-3D® system was compared with conventional impression taking and model making and subsequent digitalization (Digiscan). A one-stage putty-and-wash impression was taken from a training model. The first upper molar in this model was prepared for a full crown. The resulting gypsum model was extraorally digitized. This master model was digitized with simulated intraoral digitizing and, after taking again an impression and making a gypsum model, with extraoral digitizing. The data was then aligned to the reference CAD-model, and the threedimensional differences were calculated. The clinical trial included ten probands and was approved by the responsible ethical committee. From each proband, a conventional impression as well as an intraoral digitizing was made from the upper jaw. The gypsum model resulting from the impression was digitized extraorally, and the data was aligned to the data-sets of the intraoral digitizing. The threedimensional differences were calculated analogous to the in-vitro analysis. The threedimensional analysis showed mean differences between ±17 and 35 microns for the prepared tooth 16 and its neighboring teeth. Looking at tooth 16 alone, the mean differences were around ±17 microns. Compared to these values, the mean differences calculated for intraoral digitizing of a whole quadrant were considerably higher (±26-81 microns). The smallest mean deviations were found at the center of alignment. The conventional method (impression taking - model making - extraoral digitizing) showed a significantly higher precision (±9-19 microns). The results show that the CEREC-3D®camera is suitable for single tooth and short-span restorations. However, the indication is not given for long-span restorations using the intraoral system. Such restorations should always be made after conventional impression taking, model making and subsequent extraoral digitizing. The precision of the intraoral digitizing is influenced by clinical parameters in an acceptable way as shown by the comparison of invitro and in-vivo data. The powder-layer of average 28.6 microns (51) has to be taken into consideration, when using intraoral digitizing

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Esta pesquisa é fruto do desenvolvimento de uma sequência didática sobre o comportamento das entidades físicas: partícula, onde e partícula-onda no Experimento da Supla Fenda, numa versão adaptada de Feynman e colaboradores e foi desenvolvida com estudantes de terceira série do ensino superior do curso de Química, disciplina Química Quântica, de uma universidade pública estadual. O objetivo geral do estudo foi discutir os fundamentos e práticas de experimentos mentais, tendo como parâmetro a utilização de diversas alternativas didáticas e seus desdobramentos para o ensino nas disciplinas científicas. A pesquisa de cunho qualitativo ancora-se nos fundamentos dos experimentos mentais e tem por base as teorias que visam promover a comunicação verbal e escrita dos conhecimentos científicos. O problema de pesquisa originou-se das dificuldades que os estudantes demonstravam em sala de aula para explicar e debater suas idéias, de maneira significativa, inteligível e dinâmica, quando estas exigiam deles o domínio da verbalização de conhecimentos científicos sobre o experimento da dupla fenda. Para interpretação e análise dos dados, utilizou-se a vertente interpretativa por meio de instrumentos e técnicas que permitem, principalmente, a descrição e interpretação de fatos e fenômenos, a recuperação de sentidos, tendo como base a investigação interpretativa do conjunto de materiais empíricos que se transformaram em textos. Os resultados revelam que os procedimentos didáticos utilizados são relevantes por possibilitarem a problematização, a discussão, o uso da imaginação e da linguagem verbal e escrita, pouco usuais em contextos de aulas de Química Quântica. Com relação aos textos, tanto aqueles transcritos das discussões e das falas dos estudantes quanto os que foram produzidos durante o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, por solicitação do professor...
This research is the result of the development of a didactic sequence on the behavior of physical entities: particle, wave and wave-particle in the Double-Slit Experiment, in an adapted version from Feynman and assistants, which was developed with university students from the third grade of the Chemistry course, in the discipline of Quantum Chemistry, at a Brazilian public state university. The study aimed to discuss the fundaments and practices of thought experiments by using several didactic alternatives and its unfoldings to the teaching of scientific disciplines. The research, of qualitative basis, is anchored to the fundaments of thought experiments grounded on theories aiming to promote verbal and written communication of scientific knowledge. The research problem focuses on the difficulties that the students show in the classroom in order to explain and discuss their ideas when theses require that they master verbalization of scientific knowledge on the double-slit experiment in a meaningful, significant and dynamic manner. To the purpose of data interpretation and analysis, we used the interpretative perspective by means of the methodological and theoretical. Results revealed that the didactic procedures used are relevant since they allow problematization, discussion, the use of imagination and of verbal and written language, quite rare in classroom contexts of Quantum Chemistry. Regarding the texts, both the ones transcribed during the discussions and the students' speeches and those produced during the development of the research, required by the teacher, deserve attention. The text productions were found considerably reduced, fragmented, lacking progression and continuity of ideas, and also lacking the interconnected sequence of the parts that constitute an articulated whole. By means of discourse analysis, we detected loss of the line of unity that assures its interpretability... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

El Large Hadron Collider (LHC) en la Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear (CERN), Ginebra, interrumpirá su operación en 2023 para ser mejorado a High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) y proporcionar colisiones entre protones con una energı́a en el centro de masa de √s = 14 TeV con una luminosidad de 1035 cm−2 s−1. ATLAS es uno de los experimentos alojados en el LHC que tendrá que ser mejorado para cumplir los nuevos requisitos impuestos por la mayor luminosidad. Las obras de mejora de ATLAS prevén la sustitución del Inner Detector por un detector de trazas interamente de silicio, el Inner Tracker (ITk), con una granularidad más pequeña y una mayor resistencia a la radiación, y la introducción del High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD), que proporcionará información temporal de las trazas y de los vértices. Combinando las medidas de ITk y HGTD será posible resolver vértices cercanos en el espacio pero con suficiente separación temporal, lo cual mejora las prestaciones de ATLAS. En esta tesis se investigan dos nuevas tecnologı́as de detectores de silicio para aplicaciones en el HGTD y el ITk, la tecnologı́a de Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) y la de HV-CMOS. La tecnologı́a LGAD consiste en detectores planares de silicio n-on-p con un implante altamente dopado de tipo p debajo del electrodo de tipo n. Originalmente fue desarrollada para detectores de trazas resistentes a la radiación, pero la segmentación del electrodo demostró afectar al mecanismo de multiplicación y no se ha observado ganancia en los primeros dispositivos. Por otro lado, detectores LGAD delgados han mostrado una resolución temporal de aproximadamente 30 ps y fueron elegidos como de base para los sensores del HGTD. Estudios de sensores LGAD, antes y después de la irradiación, se realizaron por primera vez en el contexto de esta tesis. La tecnologı́a HV-CMOS originalmente aspriaba a producir sensores con pı́xel activo, con la ventaja, en comparación con los dispositivos hı́bridos estándar, de poder optar por el acoplamiento capacitivo. Sin embargo, durante el proceso de IyD, resultó claro que los dispositivos monolı́ticos en tecnologı́a HV-CMOS ofrecen las ventajas más prometedoras: una moderada resistencia a la radiación y la reducción de costos. Esta tesis incluye la caracterización de la primera muestra a escala completa de un chip HV-CMOS para el experimento ATLAS. Actualmente, esta tecnologı́a se tiene en cuenta como una opción de inserción para la capa externa del detector de pı́xeles del ITk.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, will interrupt its operation in 2023 to be upgraded to high luminosity (HL-LHC) and provide proton-proton collisions with a center of mass energy of √s = 14 TeV at a luminosity of 1035 cm−2 s−1. ATLAS, one of the two general purpose experiments at the LHC , will have to be upgraded to meet the new requirements given by the larger luminosity. Among other things the ATLAS upgrade foresees the replacement of the Inner Detector with a full silicon Inner Tracker (ITk), with finer granularity and improved radiation tolerance, and the introduction of the High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) that will provide timing information of tracks and vertices. Combining the measurements of ITk and HGTD it will be possible to resolve vertices close in space but separated in time, improving the ATLAS reconstruction performance. In this thesis two novel silicon detector technologies are investigated for applications in the HGTD and ITk, the Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD) and the HV-CMOS technologies. The LGAD technology consists of planar n-on-p silicon detectors with a highly doped p-type implantation underneath the n-type electrode. It was originally developed for radiation hard tracking detectors but the fine segmentation of the electrode proved to affect the charge multiplication mechanism and no gain has been observed on segmented devices. On the other hand, thin LGAD detectors have shown a time resolution of about 30 ps on the detection of minimum ionizing particles and it was chosen as baseline technology for the HGTD sensors. Studies of LGAD sensors, before and after irradiation were first performed in the context of this thesis. The HV-CMOS technology was originally aimed to provide active pixel sensors with the advantage, compared to the standard hybrid devices, of the AC coupling capability. However, during the R&D effort, it become clear that monolithic HV-CMOS devices offered the most promising advantages: moderate radiation hardness and cost reduction. This thesis includes the characterization of the first full scale HV-CMOS chip prototype for the ATLAS experiment. This technology is currently taken into account as a drop-in option for the outer layer of the ITk pixel detector.

A decisão estratégica é tipicamente não estruturada, no sentido de que não existe processo semelhante na memória da organização. Essa estruturação corresponde ao cenário exposto de forma clara, com suas questões, hipóteses e objetivos. A qualidade da decisão estratégica depende principalmente do processo e da competência daqueles que participam dela. Gerar alternativas criativas e viáveis é uma etapa fundamental do processo de tomada de decisão, responsável em grande parte pela qualidade almejada. Entretanto, as pesquisas sobre geração de alternativas têm indicado consistentemente que as pessoas não são eficientes nessa atividade. Buscando-se as explicações para esse fato surgiram lacunas na literatura que serviram de inspiração para o presente estudo. Qual a influência das heurísticas e da isolação entre as etapas convergente e divergente na geração de alternativas? Para explorar essas lacunas e conhecer o desempenho do administrador brasileiro ao gerar alternativas foi realizado um experimento com 174 alunos de cursos MBA, de 4 escolas da Grande São Paulo. O resultado desse experimento propiciou algumas conclusões interessantes como a confirmação do baixo desempenho em geração de alternativas. O desafio para preencher as lacunas observadas permanece e as hipóteses da pesquisa, relacionando as heurísticas e a isolação como fatores que influenciam o desempenho, não foram aceitas. O estudo é uma confluência da pesquisa experimental, oriunda da psicologia cognitiva da decisão, com a visão da ciência da decisão organizacional. Essa linha de pesquisa se mostrou praticamente inexplorada nos estudos em administração desenvolvidos no Brasil.
The strategic decision-making is typically non-structured because there is no similarity process in the memory of the organizations. This structural model would involve a context of elements such as questions, hypotheses and objectives exposed in a quite clear way. The quality of the strategic decision-making depends mainly on its own process and on the competence of the individuals involved. An essential part of the making decision process is to generate creative and viable options that are also responsible for the quality of the process. However, researches on option-generating procedures have consistently suggested that people are not efficient in this kind of task. The present study was inspired by the fact that the current literature lacks studies explaining the reasons why this happen. What is the influence of the heuristics and isolation strategies on the convergent and divergent phases for generating options? In order to investigate this issue and understand the performance of the Brazilian managers for generating options, an experiment was conduct in 174 individuals studying in MBA courses at 4 educational institutions in the urban city area of São Paulo. The results led to some interesting conclusions such as the confirmation of the poor performance for generating options. The challenge and the lack remain mainly because the hypotheses tested, i.e., the heuristic and isolation strategies for generating options, were not effective. The present study is a confluence of two different decision approaches: the experimental research (based on cognitive psychology) and the management science. This line of research hasn’t been explored in the management field in Brazil.

Many problems in science and engineering are solved through experimental investigations. Because experiments can be costly and time consuming, it is important to efficiently design the experiment so that maximum information about the problem can be obtained. It is also important to devise efficient statistical methods to analyze the experimental data so that none of the information is lost. This thesis makes contributions on several aspects in the field of design and analysis of experiments. It consists of two parts. The first part focuses on physical experiments, and the second part on computer experiments. The first part on physical experiments contains three works. The first work develops Bayesian experimental designs for robustness studies, which can be applied in industries for quality improvement. The existing methods rely on modifying effect hierarchy principle to give more importance to control-by-noise interactions, which can violate the true effect order of a system because the order should not depend on the objective of an experiment. The proposed Bayesian approach uses a prior distribution to capture the effect hierarchy property and then uses an optimal design criterion to satisfy the robustness objectives. The second work extends the above Bayesian approach to blocked experimental designs. The third work proposes a new modeling and design strategy for mixture-of-mixtures experiments and applies it in the optimization of Pringles potato crisps. The proposed model substantially reduces the number of parameters in the existing multiple-Scheffé model and thus, helps the engineers to design much smaller experiments. The second part on computer experiments introduces two new methods for analyzing the data. The first is an interpolation method called regression-based inverse distance weighting (RIDW) method, which is shown to overcome some of the computational and numerical problems associated with kriging, particularly in dealing with large data and/or high dimensional problems. In the second work, we introduce a general nonparametric regression method, called kernel sum regression. More importantly, we make an interesting discovery by showing that a particular form of this regression method becomes an interpolation method, which can be used to analyze computer experiments with deterministic outputs.

No presente estudo avaliou-se o potencial quimiopreventivo da goiaba vermelha (GV) e da goiaba branca (GB) quando administradas a ratos Wistar durante as etapas de iniciação e promoção do modelo de hepatocarcinogênese de Ito et al. (1988) (DEN-HP). De acordo com o Protocolo Experimental 3, os animais receberam durante 8 semanas consecutivas, continuamente durante as etapas de iniciação e promoção, água de beber (grupo AG= controle) ou suco com 10% de goiaba vermelha (grupo GV) ou goiaba branca (grupo GB). Um grupo permaneceu no mesmo local e não foi submetido ao modelo (grupo normal). Duas semanas após o início dos tratamentos, os grupos foram submetidos ao modelo de hepatocarcinogênese de lto (Ito et al., 1988) (DEN-HP), exceto pelo grupo normal. Esse modelo consistiu na aplicação intraperitoneal de uma dose do agente iniciante dietilnitrosamina (DEN, 20 mg/100 g de p.c.), seguida, 3 semanas após, de uma hepatectomia parcial (HP) a 70%. Decorridas 6 semanas após a iniciação com DEN, todos os animais foram sacrificados. De acordo com a análise morfométrica das lesões pré-neoplásicas (LPN) hepáticas positivas para a enzima glutationa S-transferase forma placentária (GST-P), não foram constatadas diferenças (p>0,05) entre os grupos controle, GV e GB quanto ao número bem como quanto à área média das LPN GST-P positivas e área agregada do corte ocupada por estas. Com relação ao índice de apoptose, também não foram constatadas diferenças (p>0,05) entre os grupos controle, GV e GB. Houve acúmulo de licopeno hepático por parte de ambos os grupos GV e GB em relação ao grupo AG constatado pela detecção e quantificação por meio da técnica por HPLC. De acordo com os resultados do estudo, quando administradas a ratos Wistar continuamente durante as etapas de iniciação e promoção do modelo de hepatocarcinogênese de Ito (DEN-HP), a GV ou a GB não foram capazes de apresentar atividade quimiopreventiva efetiva, apesar do acúmulo de licopeno hepático nos animais desses grupos.
Lack of chemopreventive activitie of white guava and red guava when administered to Wistar rats submitted to hepatocarcinogenesis model. In the present study, the chemopreventive activity of red guava (RG) and white guava 0NG) was evaluated when administered to Wistar rats during the initiation and promotion phases of Ito\'s hepatocarcinogenesis model (DEN-HP) (Ito et a/., 1988). In the Experimental Protocol 3, animals received during 8 consecutive weeks, continuously during the initiation and promotion phases, drinking water (control group= W) ar 10% red guava juice (group RG) or 10% white guava juice (group WG). A group was kept in the same place as the others and was not submitted to the model (normal group= N). Two weeks after the beginning of the treatments, the groups were submitted to Ito\'s hepatocarcinogenesis model (DEN-HP) (Ito et al., 1988) except by the normal group. Initiation was obtained by administration of a single intraperitoneal dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN; 20 mg/100 g b.w.) followed, 3 weeks after, by a partial (70%) hepatectomy (PH). Six weeks after DEN initiation, the animals were anesthetized and sacrificed by exsaguination. According to morphometrical analysis of placental form of glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) positive PNL, no differences (p>0,05) were observed among the W, RG, and WG groups regarding the number, average area of GST-P positive PNL, and area of the liver section occupied by these GST-P positive PNL observed. According to apoptosis index, there where also no differences (p >0,05) observed among the W, RG, and WG groups. Lycopene was stored in the livers of animals from both RG and WG groups compared to W, as it was detected and measured using HPLC. According to the results of the study, RG and WG did not present chemopreventive activity when administered to Wistar rats continuously during the initiation and promotion phases of Ito\'s hepatocarcinogenesis model (DEN-HP) (Ito et al., 1988).

Durch den Einsatz von CAD/CAM-Technologien sollen potenzielle Fehlerquellen der handwerklich-manuellen Herstellung zahnmedizinischprothetischer Restaurationen eliminiert werden. Grundlage für die Fertigung einer prothetischen Restauration mittels CAD/CAM ist eine möglichst genaue Digitalisierung der klinischen Situation. In dieser Studie wurde die Genauigkeit der digitalen Erfassung von Zähnen unter experimentellen sowie unter klinischen Bedingungen mit dem CEREC-3D® System (intraoral) im Vergleich zu konventioneller Abformung und Modellerstellung mit anschließender extraoraler Digitalisierung (Digiscan) untersucht. Von einem Schulungsmodell wurde mit einer Doppelmischabformung ein Modell mit präpariertem Zahn 16 erzeugt und extraoral digitalisiert. Dieses Modell wurde simuliert intraoral sowie nach erneuter Abformung und Modellherstellung extraoral digitalisiert. Im Anschluss daran erfolgte die Zuordnung der einzelnen Datensätze auf das Referenz-CAD-Modell und die dreidimensionale Differenzberechnung. Die durch die Ethik-Kommission genehmigte klinische Studie umfasste zehn Probanden. Bei diesen zehn Probanden erfolgte eine konventionelle und optische Abformung des Oberkiefers. Aus der konventionellen Abformung entstand ein Modell, welches extraoral-optisch digitalisiert wurde. Diesen Daten wurde die optische Abformung zugeordnet. Die dreidimensionale Auswertung erfolgte analog der in-vitro Studie. Die Auswertung der in-vitro Daten lieferte mittlere dreidimensionale Abweichungen von ±17-35μm bei der Betrachtung vom präparierten Zahn 16 und seinen Nachbarzähnen. Betrachtete man nur den präparierten Zahn 16, zeigten sich mittlere Abweichungen um ±17μm. Im Vergleich dazu lag die berechnete mittlere Differenz bei der intraoralen Digitalisierung eines Quadranten mit ±26-81μm erheblich darüber. Im Registrierzentrum konnte die geringste Abweichung gefunden werden. Der konventionelle Verfahrensweg (Abformung – Modellherstellung – extraorale Digitalisierung) hingegen liefert eine Genauigkeit von ±9-19μm. Anhand der gewonnenen Ergebnisse kann man sagen, dass die CEREC-3D®Kamera für die Erfassung von Einzelzahnrestaurationen sowie gegebenenfalls kleinerer mehrspanniger Restaurationen geeignet ist. Größere Restaurationen hingegen übersteigen den Indikationsbereich des Systems und sollten extraoral über den Umweg einer Abformung digitalisiert werden. Klinische Parameter beeinflussen die Genauigkeit der intraoralen Digitalisierung in einem akzeptablen Maß. Dies wird anhand des Vergleiches der in-vitro mit den in-vivo Daten ersichtlich. Dabei ist die Puderschicht von durchschnittlich 28,6μm (51) bei der intraoralen Digitalisierung zu berücksichtigen.
Using CAD/CAM-technology in dentistry is supposed to reduce or eliminate potential sources of error resulting from the manual craftsmanship needed when making dental restorative restorations. For any CAD/CAM-made restoration, a digitalization as precise as possible is basic. In this study, the precision of the digital measurement of teeth was examined in-vitro and invivo. The intraoral CEREC-3D® system was compared with conventional impression taking and model making and subsequent digitalization (Digiscan). A one-stage putty-and-wash impression was taken from a training model. The first upper molar in this model was prepared for a full crown. The resulting gypsum model was extraorally digitized. This master model was digitized with simulated intraoral digitizing and, after taking again an impression and making a gypsum model, with extraoral digitizing. The data was then aligned to the reference CAD-model, and the threedimensional differences were calculated. The clinical trial included ten probands and was approved by the responsible ethical committee. From each proband, a conventional impression as well as an intraoral digitizing was made from the upper jaw. The gypsum model resulting from the impression was digitized extraorally, and the data was aligned to the data-sets of the intraoral digitizing. The threedimensional differences were calculated analogous to the in-vitro analysis. The threedimensional analysis showed mean differences between ±17 and 35 microns for the prepared tooth 16 and its neighboring teeth. Looking at tooth 16 alone, the mean differences were around ±17 microns. Compared to these values, the mean differences calculated for intraoral digitizing of a whole quadrant were considerably higher (±26-81 microns). The smallest mean deviations were found at the center of alignment. The conventional method (impression taking - model making - extraoral digitizing) showed a significantly higher precision (±9-19 microns). The results show that the CEREC-3D®camera is suitable for single tooth and short-span restorations. However, the indication is not given for long-span restorations using the intraoral system. Such restorations should always be made after conventional impression taking, model making and subsequent extraoral digitizing. The precision of the intraoral digitizing is influenced by clinical parameters in an acceptable way as shown by the comparison of invitro and in-vivo data. The powder-layer of average 28.6 microns (51) has to be taken into consideration, when using intraoral digitizing.

Abstracts of the 44. Tagung experimentell arbeitender Psychologen TeaP in Chemnitz, March, 25 to 27
Zusammenfassungen der Beiträge der 44. Tagung experimentell arbeitender Psychologen TeaP 2002 in Chemnitz vom 25. - 27. März 2002

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A Engenharia apresenta como uma de suas características, a necessidade de investigação de sistemas, para se obter o máximo de resultado destes. E Planejamento de Experimento é um método, que pode suportar esta necessidade, porém a complexidade intrínseca ao método cria barreiras no entendimento, e consequentemente no uso, podendo se considerar a estatística um dos agentes mais significativos, portanto faz-se necessário utilizar abordagens mais eficientes, para o ensino deste método. As tradicionais abordagens pedagógicas não se mostram suficientes para favorecer a assimilação da essência do Planejamento de Experimento, pois ou seu foco se direciona quase que totalmente a estatística ou, quando se usa recursos tecnológicos, a ferramenta se torna protagonista, por se tratar de softwares complexos para análises, e adequado ao uso por especialistas. Assim essa dissertação vem com o objetivo de propor um software com características essencialmente didáticas, que venha a preencher esta lacuna, o qual foi denominado “The Cake”, metáfora que faz alusão à variabilidade total de um experimento, e que tem suas partes tomadas pelos efeitos controláveis e incontroláveis. Desta forma, este software foi desenvolvido, buscando interfaces amigáveis e similares aos livros texto, para ser de fácil uso e proporcionar interação com o usuário, e apresentar as análises de maneira gradativa.
The Engineering presents as one of its characteristics, the need of investigation of systems, in order to obtain the maximum result of these. Design of Experiments is a method that can support this need, but the intrinsic complexity of the method creates barriers in its understanding, and consequently on the use and statistic can be considered one of the most significant agents, therefore it is necessary to use more efficient approaches, for the teaching of this method. The traditional pedagogical approaches are not sufficient enough to favor the assimilation of the essence of Design of Experiments, since its focus is almost entirely on statistics or, when using technological resources, the tool becomes a protagonist because it is software complex for analysis, and suitable for use by specialists. So this dissertation comes with the objective of proposing software with characteristics essentially didactic that will fill this gap, which was denominated "The Cake", metaphor that alludes to the total variability of an experiment, and that has its parts taken by the controllable and uncontrollable effects. In this way, this software was developed, searching for friendly interfaces and similar to text books, to be easy to use and provide user interaction, and present the analyses in a gradual way.

Consumers make purchasing decisions every day. Among their purchases, consumers shop for hedonic and utilitarian products. In general, hedonic consumption is related to fun, pleasure, excitement, fantasy, experimental situations, or sensual pleasure. On the other hand, utilitarian consumption is related to instrumental and functional needs or products. Studies in psychology have shown that the information processes used to understand words and pictures are different. Since marketing researchers employ both types of stimuli, it is necessary to test how different stimuli can influence consumer behavior. Therefore, this study verified the influence of hedonic and utilitarian purchases and presentation types (pictures versus words) on consumers\' perceptions of justice and price fairness based on anger as a mediators and construal level theory. Because discriminatory pricing is a widely employed market practice, it was used the price changing (increasing or decreasing) contexts in the studies to manipulate perception of justice and price fairness. Based on that, ten hypotheses were developed and divided into sub items, which were tested with behavioral or physiological studies. The physiological data were collected by an electrocardiogram, electrodermal, and electromyography. The data analyses were done with analyses of variance (ANOVA), analyses of covariance (ANCOVA), and generalized estimation equations (GEE). The main result was that in picture presentations (low construal level), when consumers pay more than others to purchase utilitarian products, they perceive the situation as less just and more price unfairness compared to when the product is hedonic. In a word presentation (high construal level), the perceptions of justice, price fairness, perception of value, and the intention to repurchase are lower with the presentation of utilitarian products compared to hedonic products. In terms of physiological analyses, attention, arousal, and valence were tested to compare the product and presentation types. This study is relevant to marketing theory, as many academics utilize words and pictures as stimuli, but few address the differences due to representation types. By studying different products, such as hedonic and utilitarian, and using consumers\' affective and rational properties, it was found that the anger evoked in consumers by products are mediators in price fairness perception. This dissertation also contributes to understanding product evaluations in post-purchase situations, as opposed to during the choice process, which is found in the literature most often. For practitioners, this study makes important contributions by showing that the way a product is exposed (with words or pictures) influences the perception of justice when consumers realize that discriminatory pricing is being practiced.
Os consumidores tomam decisões de compra frequentemente, envolvendo produtos hedônicos e utilitários. Em geral, o consumo hedonista está relacionado com diversão, prazer, excitação, fantasia, prazer sensitivo até mesmo experienciar a compra. Por outro lado, o consumo utilitário está relacionado com as necessidades ou produtos instrumentais e funcionais. Estudos em psicologia têm mostrado que os processos de captação das informações para o entendimento das palavras e imagens são diferentes. Já que os pesquisadores de marketing empregam os dois tipos de estímulos em seus estudos, é importante testar como as diferentes formas de estímulos podem influenciar o comportamento do consumidor. Desta forma, esta dissertação buscou verificar a influência de diferentes formas de apresentação dos produtos (por figuras e palavras) hedônicos e utilitários na percepção de justiça e na justiça de preços, e seu mediador (raiva) com base na teoria de construal level quando existe uma mudança de preço pago pelo consumidor. Como preços discriminatórios é uma prática amplamente utilizada no mercado, é relevante entender como os consumidores percebem e reagem em situações de mudança (aumento ou diminuição) de preços. Com base neste contexto, dez hipóteses com subitens foram desenvolvidas. Estas foram testadas por meio de estudos comportamentais ou fisiológicos. Os dados fisiológicos foram coletados por meio de eletrocardiograma, condutância da pele e eletromiografia. As análises de dados foram realizadas com análise de variância (ANOVA), análise de covariância (ANCOVA), e equações de estimação generalizadas (GEE). Os principais resultados desse estudo foram que quando o estímulo foi a apresentação de produtos por figura (baixo nível de interpretação), e quando os consumidores pagaram mais que outras pessoas, em compras de produtos utilitários, eles perceberam a situação como menos justa e o preço mais injusto quando comparados a compras de produtos hedônicos. Entretanto, em apresentações de produtos por palavras (alto nível de interpretação), a percepção de justiça, de justiça de preço, percepção de valor e de intenção de recompra foram menores quando os produtos eram utilitários comparados aos produtos hedônicos. Em relação às análises fisiológicas, foram testados os produtos e a forma de apresentação quanto a sua atenção, excitação e valência. Ao estudar os diferentes tipos de compra hedônicas e utilitárias e as propriedades afetivas e cognitivas dessa compra, verificou-se que a raiva evocadas pelos consumidores na situação de preço mais elevado é um mediador da percepção de justiça de preço. Esta dissertação contribui para a compreensão das avaliações de produtos em situações de pós-venda, ao contrário da maioria dos estudos da literatura que focam no processo de escolha de um produto. Para o mercado, este estudo faz importantes contribuições ao mostrar que a forma como o produto é exposto (com palavras ou imagens) influencia na percepção de justiça quando os consumidores percebem que preços discriminatórios estão sendo praticados.

Die Willensfreiheit ist ein zentraler Bestandteil des alltäglichen menschlichen Denkens und bildet eine wichtige Grundlage für Mechanismen unserer Gesellschaft. Trotz dieser zentralen Stellung herrscht unter Philosophen und Psychologen Uneinigkeit darüber, was Willensfreiheit eigentlich bedeutet. Dies wird besonders bei Experimenten zur Untersuchung der Willensfreiheit wie das Libet-Experiment deutlich. In dieser Arbeit wird in drei Surveys empirisch untersucht, ob der Freiheitsbegriff, mit dem die Libet-Experimente operieren, von den Freiheitsintuitionen der Laien gestützt wird, oder ob Laien eher den konträren Freiheitsintuitionen der Philosophen zuneigen. Die Ergebnisse der vorgestellten Untersuchungen zeigen, dass Laien eine von den philosophischen Vorstellungen abweichende Vorstellung von Freiheit haben.
Free will is one of the most crucial concepts in our daily life. It represents one of the most important aspects of daily human behaviour and has crucial importance in societal mechanism. However, despite its importance and long tradition philosophers still disagree on a definition. At the heart of the problem lie diverging intuitions about what is important for the concept of freedom. This is particular obvious in neuroscientific experiment, like the famous Libet-Experiment. Here I investigate in three empirical surveys whether the lay intuitions about freedom match freedom intuitions on which the Libet-experiment are based or rather the classical philosophical intuitions about freedom. For this purpose I adopt the empirical approach of experimental philosophy. The results demonstrate that lay people’s intuitions are pretty much in line with assumption that are made by the Libet-Experiment and contradict common philosophical intuitions about free will.

Neurologic injuries are major causes of mortality and morbidity after cardiac surgery. This thesis aimed to investigate cerebral metabolism and perfusion abnormalities in pigs during hypothermic circulatory arrest, selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (SACP) and extracorporeal circulation following progressive venous stasis. Hypothermic circulatory arrest induced a metabolic pattern consistent with overt ischaemia, which was absent following SACP. In contrast, metabolism during SACP was influenced by the perfusate temperature, where a colder perfusate (20 °C) preserved cellular metabolism and membrane integrity better than a warmer perfusate (28 °C). The minimum SACP flow required to maintain metabolism during hypothermia at 20 °C was investigated with magnetic resonance imaging, protein S100β, near infrared spectroscopy and microdialysis. The findings suggested an ischaemic threshold close to 6 ml/kg/min in the present models. Furthermore, regional differences in perfusion with a hemispheric distribution were apparent at all flow levels and differed from earlier studies where the differences were uniform and followed a neuranatomical pattern. Venus stasis following superior vena cava congestion produced measurable signs of impaired cerebral perfusion and patterns of cerebral ischaemia were evident in individual animals. As venous pressure increased, the mean arterial pressure stayed more or less unchanged, generating reduced cerebral perfusion pressure and consequently an increased risk of ischaemia, which may impair cerebral perfusion, especially in cases of compromised arterial flow during extracorporeal circulation. In conclusion, cerebral metabolism and perfusion are influenced by temperature, SACP flow levels and venous congestion. In clinical practice, the regional differences in perfusion during SACP may be of pathogenic importance in focal cerebral ischaemia. Furthermore, the reduced superior vena cava cannula flow may pass undetected during bicaval cardiopulmonary bypass if the superior vena cava flow is not specifically monitored.

Esta tesis se ha desarrollado como parte del proyecto VULCAN (Vulnerabibilty assessment of shrubland ecosystems under climatic changes), un proyecto de investigación llevado a cabo en seis ecosistemas de matorrales europeos (Gales-Reino Unido, Dinamarca, Holanda, Hungría, Cerdaña-Italia y Catalunya-España), distribuidos en un gradiente de temperatura (8.2 - 15.6 ºC) y precipitación (511 - 1427 mm). En ella se han incluido datos recogidos durante el periodo 1999-2005.
El objetivo global de la investigación fue el de aportar conocimientos y reducir incertidumbres acerca del funcionamiento de los matorrales europeos y del rol que pueden desempeñar éstos como fuente o sumidero de carbono bajo la perspectiva del cambio climático.
En las parcelas de los diferentes países se instalaron novedosas manipulaciones experimentales para aumentar la temperatura y para reducir el agua disponible en campo, simulando los efectos del cambio climático previstos para las décadas futuras.
En este trabajo se han estudiado los efectos de los tratamientos en la diversidad vegetal, en la productividad primaria aérea, así como en la fenología del crecimiento y en la elongación de ramas de las especies vegetales dominantes de los ecosistemas arbustivos europeos. Además en las parcelas experimentales de Garraf se investigó la sensibilidad de los procesos relacionados con la captación de carbono por la vegetación a nivel de hoja (fluorescencia, fotosíntesis, conductancia estomática) y se estudió la respuesta de la floración no primaveral de las dos especies arbustivas dominantes, Erica multiflora y Globularia alypum.
Los efectos del cambio climático a nivel de ecosistema fueron complejos debido a la gran variabilidad de respuestas de las plantas a los tratamientos según las variables medidas, las especies, estaciones u años, sitios y periodos de experimentación.
En Garraf, una zona que sufrió un incendio en 1994, encontramos una clara reducción en el número de especies por transecto en las parcelas de sequía respecto a las control, sin embargo no encontramos efectos similares en el resto de Europa lo que sugiere que la riqueza de especies en comunidades en proceso de recuperación después de una perturbación puede ser especialmente sensible al cambio climático respecto a otras comunidades en estadios más maduros. Concretamente, encontramos que los tratamientos de calentamiento y sequía redujeron la habilidad competitiva de Pinus halepensis (germinador obligado) frente a los arbustos rebrotadores y que la estrategia en el uso del agua pudo ayudar a G. alypum a mantener una posición dominante en las parcelas de sequía de Garraf.
En los países con menor aridez las respuestas de la biomasa anual acumulada al calentamiento fueron más positivas sin embargo, el hecho de que también encontremos especies mediterráneas como E. multiflora que respondieron positivamente al calentamiento, junto con el hecho de que fenómenos extremos como la ola de calor Europea en 2003 redujeran la productividad primaria, matizan la hipótesis de que sea en los ecosistemas más fríos en los que el calentamiento global de lugar a una mayor absorción de carbono. Concretamente, la respuesta a los tratamientos de la biomasa a nivel de cubierta en Garraf pudo anularse debido a respuestas opuestas de las especies dominantes.
En este estudio, el gradiente geográfico que dibuja los matorrales estudiados no determinó la sensibilidad de las especies al calentamiento ni la intensidad de la respuesta en lo que a fenología del crecimiento y elongación de ramas se refiere. La fenología del crecimiento de algunas especies mediterráneas fue tan sensible al calentamiento experimental (se avanzó) como algunas especies de distribución más septentrional.
Aunque nuestro estudió mostró que la floración de E. multiflora y G. alypum, que tiene lugar en otoño-invierno, dependió en gran medida de la lluvia acumulada y su distribución durante el periodo primavera-verano, los tratamientos experimentales no afectaron esta variable. Estos resultados se explican en parte por la mayor variación de humedad que hubo entre años respecto a la diferencia de humedad que hubo entre las parcelas de sequía y controles.
This PhD thesis has been developed as part of the VULCAN project (Vulnerabibilty assessment of shrubland ecosystems during climatic changes), a research project conducted in six European shrublands (Wales, United Kingdom, Denmark, Holland, Hungary, Italy-Cerdagne and Catalonia-Spain), distributed in a gradient of temperature (8.2 - 15.6 ° C) and precipitation (511 - 1427 mm). It includes data collected during the 1999-2005 period.
The overall objective of the research was to provide knowledge and reduce uncertainties about the functioning of the shrublands and the role that they can play as a source or sink of carbon under the prospect of climate change.
At each site, novel experimental manipulations were installed to increase the temperature and to reduce the water available in field, simulating the effects of climate change projected for the future decades.
In this work we have studied the effects of treatments on plant diversity, aboveground primary productivity, as well as on the phenology of growth and on the shoot elongation of dominant species. In addition, in Garraf we investigated other processes at leaf level such fluorescence, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and other at plant level such the response of the non-spring flowering species, Erica multiflora and Globularia alypum.
The effects of climate change at the ecosystem level were complex because of the great variability of plant responses to treatment according to the variables, species, seasons or years, sites and periods of experimentation.
In Garraf, an area which suffered a fire in 1994, we found a clear reduction in the number of species per transect on drought plots, but no similar effects were found in the rest of Europe, suggesting that communities in process of recovery after disturbance can be particularly sensitive to climate change compared to other communities in more mature stages. Specifically, we found that the experimental treatments reduced the competitive ability of the obligate seeder Pinus halepensis against native resprouter shrubs and that the water spender strategy of G. alypum may allow this species to maintain a dominant position in drought plots in Garraf.
In sites with lower aridity, the responses of the annual accumulated biomass to warming were more positive. However, the fact that we found Mediterranean species such as E. multiflora responding positively to global warming, coupled with the fact that extreme events such as the European heat wave in 2003 reduced primary productivity, challenge the assumption that it is in colder ecosystems where global warming will result in a greater carbon sequestration. Specifically, opposite responses of the dominant species could cancel out a clear response of biomass accumulation at canopy level in Garraf.
In this study, the geographical gradient did not determine the susceptibility of the species or the intensity of the response of the phenology of growth and shoot elongation to the warming treatment. The phenology of growth of some Mediterranean species was very responsive to warming treatment (mainly advances) as some species of northernmost distribution.
The study also shows that although flowering of E. multiflora and G. alypum, which takes place in the autumn-winter, depended largely on the accumulated rainfall and its distribution during the spring-summer period, the experimental treatments did not affect this variable. These results are explained in part by the greater range of soil moisture between years than between drought and controls plots.

Orientador: Marcela Aparecida Guerreiro Machado
Resumo: A microalga Chlorella possui ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, vitaminas e alto conteúdo proteico. Desse modo, estudos recentes têm explorado o uso de microalgas para obtenção de lipídios, principalmente os de maior valor comercial como o ácido ɣ-linolênico. Estre trabalho objetivou propor um método de cultivo para a microalga Chlorella vulgaris e extração do óleo. Os experimentos foram realizados em duplicata de acordo com o arranjo ortogonal de Taguchi, a partir da qual foram organizadas duas etapas: na primeira foram viabilizados cultivos nos quais os fatores de interesse pudessem ser avaliados em dois níveis de operação: Aeração (1,67 e 3,33L/min), NO3 (0,25 e 0,50 g/L), PO4 -3 (0,35 e 0,65 g/L), NaHCO3 (0,25 e 0,50 g/L), intensidade de luz (0,85 e 14,50 K luz) e fotoperíodo (12 e 24 h). Em tal etapa correu também a colheita, floculação, secagem e moagem da biomassa. Na segunda etapa foram realizadas as extrações lipídicas de acordo com e uso de solventes como o clorofórmio e metanol, utilizou-se também o banho de ultrassom para as extrações dos teores lipídicos. Obteve melhor resultado a concentração de biomassa algal, a qual atingiu a concentração de nitrato (0,50 g/L), concentração de bicarbonato de sódio (0,50 g/L), fosfato (0,65 g/L) e fotoperíodo de 12 em 12hs. O melhor resultado para a extração lipídica ocorreu conforme a metodologia de Zorn (2017), com aproximadamente 2,5% mais eficiente e obteve o seguinte resultado para os fatores, no nível alto são: aeração (3,33... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The micro-algae Chlorella has polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins and high protein content. Thus, recent studies have explored the use of microalgae to obtain lipids, especially those with higher commercial value such as β-linolenic acid. The objective of this work was to propose a method of cultivation for the microalga Chlorella vulgaris and extraction of the oil. The experiments were carried out in duplicate according to Taguchi's orthogonal arrangement, from which two stages were organized: in the first, cultures were feasible in which the factors of interest could be evaluated at two levels of operation: aeration (1.67 e 3.33L/min), PO4 -3 (0.35 and 0.65 g / L), NaHCO 3 (0.25 and 0.50 g / L), NO 3 (0.25 and 0.50 g / L) , light intensity (0.85 and 14.50 K light) and photoperiod (12 and 24 h). In this stage also the harvest, flocculation, drying and milling of the biomass took place. In the second stage, the lipid extractions were performed according to the use of solvents such as chloroform and methanol, and the ultrasonic bath was used to extract the lipid contents. The best results were the algal biomass concentration, which reached the concentration of nitrate (0.50 g / L), sodium bicarbonate (0.50 g / L), phosphate (0.65 g / L) and photoperiod every 12 hours The best result for the lipid extraction occurred according to the Zorn (2017) methodology, with approximately 2.5% more efficient and obtained the following result for the factors, at the high level are: aerati... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Hidrolipodistrofia ginóide é uma alteração genuína e loco-regional do panículo adiposo subcutâneo determinante do formato corporal característico da mulher. Várias substâncias ativas podem ser empregadas como anticelulíticos, sendo selecionado para esse trabalho a cafeína e o silício orgânico da cafeína (Cafeisilane® C). Foram desenvolvidas formulações cosméticas (9 emulsões empregando como base cera emulsionante não iônica e 3 géis utilizando polímero carboxivinílico e 1 gel a base de hidroxietilcelulose) contendo cafeína 4,0% p/p; cafeína e benzoato de sódio, ambos a 4,0% p/p e Cafeisilane® C 6,0% p/p e, as mesmas foram submetidas ao estudo de estabilidade acelerada nas seguintes condições: 4° C, ciclos alternados gela/degela (-10° C/45° C), 45° C, -10° C, 22° C e luz solar indireta. Das formulações avaliadas foram selecionadas uma emulsão não iônica e um gel de hidroxietilcelulose para o estudo \"in vivo\" em modelo animal, a fim de avaliar a ação lipolítica da cafeína e Cafeisilane® C. Após análise histológica do dorso depilado das ratas de linhagem Wistar, tanto a cafeína como o Cafeisilane® C apresentaram melhor resposta quando incorporados em emulsão não iônica, ocorrendo redução no diâmetro das células adiposas em 17% para a cafeína e 16% para o Cafeisilane® C. Nesta última preparação, também ocorreu redução de 32% no número de células adiposas. Da forma cosmética gel, apenas o que utilizou como base a hidroxietilcelulose com Cafeisilane® C promoveu redução de 26% no número de adipócitos quando comparado com o gel controle.
Gynoid hydrolipodystrophy is a genuine and regional alteration of the hypodermis, a subcutaneous tissue that determines the characteristic format of the female\'s body. Several active substances can be added in anticellulite cosmetics and in this research there were selected caffeine and siloxanetriol alginate caffeine (Cafeisilane® C). There were developed different cosmetic formulations (9 emulsions with nonionic emulsifying wax, 3 gels with carboxyvinilic polymer and 1 gel with hydroxyethyl cellulose) employing caffeine 4,0% w/w; caffeine and sodium benzoate, both 4,0% w/w, and Cafeisilane® C 6,0% w/w. Formulations above were submitted to the stress testing: 4° C, alternate freeze/thaw cycles (-10° C/45° C), 45° C, -10° C, 22° C and indirect sunlight, as the conditions. We selected one nonionic emulsion and the hydroxyethyl cellulose gel for the in vivo study in animal model for the evaluation of the lypolitic activity of caffeine and Cafeisilane® C. After histological analysis of Wistar\'s depilated back (female rats), as much caffeine as Cafeisilane® C resulted better answers when incorporated in nonionic emulsion, with diameter reduction of the fatty cells in 17% for caffeine and 16% for Cafeisilane® C. Within the Cafeisilane® C emulsion, reduction of 32% in the number of fatty cells occurred. Only hydroxyethyl cellulose gel with Cafeisilane® C promoted the reduction of 26% in the adipocytes numbers, when compared with the control gel.

Bebês precocemente desmamados apresentam maior incidência de infecções, o que sugere que a ausência de ingestão de alguns fatores presentes no leite materno possa modificar processos de defesa. A glutamina (GLN) está presente em concentração significativa no leite materno, sendo o aumento de sua concentração diretamente proporcional ao período de aleitamento. Esse aminoácido é essencial para a funcionalidade de macrófagos, que apresentam aumento da utilização de GLN durante processos inflamatórios e infecciosos. Bebês apresentam necessidade aumentada de GLN, que é suprida pela ingestão do leite materno, enquanto bebês precocemente desmamados dependem da síntese endógena e do fornecimento exógeno de GLN; todavia, a concentração de GLN em fórmulas infantis artificiais é significantemente baixa ou inexistente. Diante desses fatos, o presente projeto avaliou: (i) o efeito do desmame precoce associado à ingestão de ração isenta e suplementada de GLN sobre a funcionalidade de macrófagos peritoniais e o estado nutricional de camundongos; (ii) o efeito da suplementação com GLN in vitro sobre a funcionalidade de macrófagos peritoniais de camundongos desmamados precocemente e alimentados com ração isenta de GLN; e (iii) o efeito da suplementação crônica com GLN in vivo sobre a funcionalidade de macrófagos peritoniais e o estado nutricional de camundongos desmamados precocemente e inoculados com bacilo de Calmette-Guérin (BCG). O desmame precoce associado à ingestão de ração isenta de GLN reduz o crescimento de camundongos e a concentração de proteína presente no fígado, no músculo esquelético e na carcaça, ao mesmo tempo em que diminui as concentrações plasmática e muscular de GLN e prejudica a resposta hematopoiética (leucopenia e linfopenia associada à redução da celularidade na medula óssea) e a funcionalidade de macrófagos peritoniais (redução da capacidade de adesão, espraiamento, fagocítica e fungicida e da síntese de óxido nítrico (NO), peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), fator de necrose tumoral (TNF)-α, interleucina (IL)-1β e IL-6). A suplementação com GLN, por meio da ração, reverteu a diminuição da concentração muscular e hepática de proteína, enquanto essa intervenção nutricional reverteu apenas parcialmente as alterações observadas no tocante à funcionalidade de macrófagos (capacidade de espraiamento e síntese de H2O2, NO, TNF-α, IL-1 e IL-6). A suplementação com GLN in vitro, similarmente ao efeito da suplementação in vivo, reverteu apenas parcialmente o prejuízo da função de macrófagos peritoniais de camundongos desmamados precocemente (capacidade de adesão, espraiamento e fagocítica e síntese de H2O2, NO e IL-6). A suplementação crônica com GLN acarreta em aumento da função de macrófagos peritoniais de camundongos previamente inoculados com BCG (capacidade de adesão, espraiamento e fungicida e síntese de H2O2, NO e TNF-α). A partir dos resultados obtidos neste estudo, conclui-se que a GLN modula a função de macrófagos peritoniais de camundongos desmamados precocemente, contudo, a ausência desse aminoácido na dieta é responsável parcialmente pelo prejuízo induzido pelo desmame precoce.
Precociously weaned infants present a higher incidence of infections, which suggests that the absence of ingestion of certain factors present in maternal milk may modify the organism\'s processes of defence. Glutamine (GLN) is present in a significant concentration in maternal milk, this concentration increasing proportionally with the duration of lactation. This amino acid is essential for the correct functioning of macrophages, which increase their demand for GLN during inflammatory and infectious processes. Infants present a high demand for GLN, which is supplied by the ingestion of maternal milk. Precociously weaned infants, on the other hand, depend on the endogenous synthesis and on the exogenous supply of GLN, however, the concentration of GLN in artificial formulations for infants is significantly low or nonexistent. In view of these facts, this study sought to evaluate: (i) the effect in mice of precocious weaning coupled with an ingestion of either a GLN-free or rich diet on the functionality of their peritoneal macrophages and their nutritional state; (ii) the effect of an in vitro supplementation with GLN on the functionality of peritoneal macrophages obtained from precociously weaned mice that were fed a GLN-free diet; and (iii) the effect of a chronic supplementation with GLN in vivo on the functionality of peritoneal macrophages and on the nutritional state of precociouslyt weaned mice that were previously inoculated with BCG. Early weaning coupled with the ingestion of a GLN-free diet slows down growth in mice and decreases the concentration of protein in the liver, in the skeletal muscle and in the carcass, and at the same time decreases the concentration of GLN in the plasma and in the muscle, hindering the haematopoietic response (resulting in leucopoenia and lymphopoenia associated to the decrease in bone marrow cellularity) as well as the functionality of peritoneal macrophages (decrease in their capacity to adhere, spread, phagocyte, kill fungi and synthesise nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6). The supplementation with GLN through ingestion of ration was able to reverse the fall in muscle and liver concentrations of protein, whereas it only partly reversed the alterations observed as to the functionality of macrophages (adhesion, spreading, and synthesis of H2O2, NO, TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6). The in vitro supplementation with GLN, like the effect of the supplementation in vivo, was able to only partly reverse the hindering of the functionality of peritoneal macrophage obtained from precociously weaned mice (as to adhesion, spreading, phagocytosis and synthesis of H2O2, NO and IL-6). The chronic supplementation with GLN leads to an increase in the functionality of peritoneal macrophages obtained from mice that were previously inoculated with BCG (as to adhesion, spreading, killing fungi and synthesis of H2O2, NO and TNF-α). We can therefore conclude, from the results obtained in this study that GLN modulates the functionality of peritoneal macrophages obtained from precociously weaned mice and that the absence of GLN in the diet is partly responsible for the damage induced by precocious weaning.

Two topics related to the experimental design are considered in this thesis. On the one hand, the uniform experimental design (UD), a major kind of space-filling design, is widely used in applications. The majority of UD tables (UDs) with good uniformity are generated under the centralized {dollar}L_2{dollar}-discrepancy (CD) and the wrap-around {dollar}L_2{dollar}-discrepancy (WD). Recently, the mixture {dollar}L_2{dollar}-discrepancy (MD) is proposed and shown to be more reasonable than CD and WD in terms of uniformity. In first part of the thesis we review lower bounds for MD of two-level designs from a different point of view and provide a new lower bound. Following the same idea we obtain a lower bound for MD of three-level designs. Moreover, we construct UDs under the measurement of MD by the threshold accepting (TA) algorithm, and finally we attach two new UD tables with good properties derived from TA under the measurement of MD. On the other hand, the problem of selecting a specific number of representative points (RPs) to maintain as much information as a given distribution has raised attention. Previously, a method has been given to select type-II representative points (RP-II) from normal distribution. These point sets have good properties and minimize the information loss. Whereafter, following similar idea, Fu, 1985 have discussed RP-II for gamma distribution. In second part of the thesis, we improve the discussion of selecting Gamma RP-II and provide more RP-II tables with a number of parameters. Further in statistical simulation, we also evaluate the estimation performance of point sets resampled from Gamma RP-II by making comparison in different situations.

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FACEPE
Contexto: Para que os leitores possam avaliar a validade de um estudo empírico, replicar seus resultados, ou para que editores possam julgar efetivamente o verdadeiro potencial de impacto da pesquisa, os autores devem relatar e documentar cuidadosamente elementos da pesquisa como: motivação, objetivo, método, análise dos dados, resultados, conclusões e limitações. Infelizmente autores têm indicado que a comunicação dos resultados de estudos empíricos (EE) na computação em nuvem (CN) omitem informações relevantes destes elementos de pesquisa.Tais inconveniências na comunicação dos resultados destes estudos, ampliadas a todo um campo de pesquisa, podem levar a um conjunto potencial de evidências fracas ou ilusórias para futuras pesquisas científicas. Objetivo: Apesar de críticas aos relatos dos estudos empíricos serem evidenciadas, até o presente momento, não foi realizada uma caracterização das informações omitidas pelos autores. Neste sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar um esforço primeiro que analisa nos relatos a apresentação dos elementos de pesquisa acima citados, considerados essenciais para a análise da validade e protencial de uma pesquisa empírica. Analisar a forma de apresentação dos resultados é um primeiro passo relevante para a compreensão do cenário atual da prática dos relatos dos estudos empíricos. Assim, foi analisado nos relatos o grau de completude: o quão presentes estão as informações dos elementos da pesquisa em seus relatos. Afim de realizar uma análise mais profunda, o foco inicial da pesquisa foi direcionado ao método empírico de experimentação, com foco nas avaliações da característica de elasticidade da CN. Método: Através de um mapeamento sistemático da literatura (MSL) foram identificados os experimentos em elasticidade na computação em nuvem e, através de instrumento de avaliação criado com base em orientações existentes para se reportar experimentos na engenharia de software experimental, a completude de seus relatos foi avaliada. Resultado: Após a avaliação inicial de 3.611 estudos, foram selecionados e analisados os relatos de 59 experimentos. Constatamos que em geral os autores omitem informações relacionadas ao planejamento da pesquisa, coleta dos dados, procedimentos de execução, instrumentação, análise dos dados, relação dos resultados com pesquisas anteriores, ameaças à validade e generalização dos resultados. Em relação ao índice de completude o maior grau foi 6.67 em uma escala de 0 a 10, sendo considerada baixa em valores quantitativos. Também foi realizada uma breve análise qualitativa que revela que, ainda que reportadas, muitas das informações apresentadas pelos relatos são superficiais e dificultam a interpretação, validação, generalização e replicação dos resultados dos estudos.
Context: To enable readers to assess the validity of an empirical study, replicate their results, or allow publishers to effectively judge its true potential impact of research, the authors should report and carefully document elements of research, such as: motivation, goal, method, data analysis, findings, conclusions and limitations. Unfortunately authors have indicated that communication of the results of empirical studies in cloud computing omit relevant information from these elements. Such inconveniences in reporting the results of these studies, expanded to an entire field of research, can lead to a potential set of weak or misleading evidence for future scientific research. Objective: Despite criticism of the reports of empirical studies are highlighted, to date, has not been performed a characterization of the information omitted by the authors. In this sense, this study aims to present a first effort which analyzes the reports presenting the research elements mentioned above, considered essential for the analysis of the validity and protencial of empirical research. To examine how to present the results is an important first step towards understanding the current state of the practice of the reports of empirical studies. Thus, it was analyzed in the reports of the studies the degree of completeness: which information from research elements in their reports. In order to conduct a deeper analysis of the reports, the initial focus of the research was directed to the empirical method of experimentation, focusing on evaluations of cloud computing elasticity characteristic. Method: Through a systematic mapping of literature were identified experiments on elasticity in the cloud computing and through an assessment instrument, created based on existing guidelines to report experiments in experimental software engineering, the completeness of their reports was evaluated. Results: After the initial evaluation of 3,611 studies, 59 experiments were selected and had their reports analyzed. It was found that in general the authors omit information related to the research design, data collection, execution procedures, instrumentation, data analysis, comparison of the results with previous research, threats to validity and generalizability of the results. In relation to the completeness index, the highest score reached was 6.67 on a scale of 0 to 10, and such completion is considered low in quantitative terms. A brief qualitative analysis was also conducted which reveals that, although reported, much of the information presented by the reports are superficial and difficult to interpret, validate, generalize and hinder replication of study results.

Most design of experiments assumes predetermined design regions. Design regions with uncertainty are of interest in the first chapter. This chapter proposes optimal designs under a two-part model to handle the uncertainty in the design region. In particular, the logit model in the two-part model is used to assess the uncertainty on the boundary of the design region. The second chapter proposes an efficient and effective multi-layer data collection scheme (Layers of Experiments) for building accurate statistical models to meet tight tolerance requirement commonly encountered in nano-fabrication. "Layers-of-Experiments" (LOE) obtain sub-regions of interest (layer) where the process optimum is expected to lie and collect more data in the sub-regions with concentrated focus. The third chapter contributes a new design criterion combining model-based optimal design and model-free space-filling design in a constraint manner. The proposed design is useful when the fitted statistical model is required to have both characteristics: accuracy in statistical inference and design space exploration. The fourth chapter proposes adaptive combined designs in the layers of experiments. This chapter also develops methods to improve model quality by combining information from various layers and from engineering models. Combined designs are modified to improve its efficiency by incorporate collected field data from several layers of experiments. Updated engineering models are used to build more accurate statistical models.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, 2009.
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O interesse na produção de astaxantina por fontes naturais vem aumentando significativamente nos últimos anos, devido a possibilidade de atuar como corante e sua capacidade antioxidante biológica potente. É o carotenóide principal encontrado na levedura Phaffia rhodozyma, sendo esse microrganismo adequado para o uso como fonte do pigmento industrial em razão de seu metabolismo heterotrófico, padrão de crescimento relativamente rápido, qualidade nutricional e seguro como aditivo alimentar. A presente dissertação teve como objetivo principal realizar cultivos utilizando a levedura Phaffia rhodozyma, estudando diferentes meios de cultura, empregando a água de parboilização do arroz como substrato. Inicialmente selecionou-se dentre 3 cepas de P. rhodozyma: NRRL Y-17268, NRRL Y-10921 e NRRL Y-10922, a mais promissora quanto a produção de astaxantina, utilizando glicose e sacarose como fonte de carbono. Os cultivos foram realizados em frascos agitados a 25ºC, 150rpm, por um período de 168h. Através do acompanhamento da bioprodução de astaxantina, a levedura P. rhodozyma NRRL Y-17268 foi selecionada, pois se destacou como boa produtora do carotenóide, alcançando 7,0g.L-1 de biomassa, 350,2μg.g-1 de produção de astaxantina específica e 2,4μg.mL-1 de astaxantina volumétrica, utilizando sacarose. Utilizou-se a metodologia de planejamento experimenta e análise de superfície de resposta para verificar os efeitos das variáveis em estudo e as condições que levaram a melhor bioprodução da astaxantina. Um planejamento experimental fracionário 2IV 6-2 foi realizado para determinar as variáveis que mais influenciavam na produção da astaxantina. As variáveis independentes estudadas foram concentrações de extrato de levedura (1 a 10g.L-1), extrato de malte (1 a 10g.L-1), peptona (1 a 10g.L-1), sacarose (5 a 20g.L-1), efluente da parboilização do arroz (0 a 180g.L-1) e o pH inicial do meio (4 a 6), tendo como resposta a produção de biomassa, produção de astaxantina específica e produção de astaxantina volumétrica. Os valores máximos obtidos foram 8,9g.L-1 de biomassa, 538,4μg.g-1 de astaxantina específica e 3,1μg.mL-1 de astaxantina volumétrica, em diferentes condições de composição de meio de cultivo. O extrato de levedura não apresentou efeito significativo em nenhuma das respostas avaliadas, sendo realizado um teste de Tukey na faixa de 0 a 1g.L-1. A concentração de extrato de levedura não apresentou diferença significativa, sendo retirado do meio de cultivo. No segundo planejamento foram ampliadas as faixas de estudo das variáveis selecionadas: concentrações de extrato de malte (8,75 a 16,25g.L-1), sacarose (15 a 35g.L-1), peptona (8,75 a 16,25g.L-1) e o pH mantido no ponto central 5,0. A partir dos resultados, verificou-se um incremento na concentração máxima de biomassa obtida, alcançando 10,9g.L-1 e na produção de astaxantina específica para 628,8μg.g-1. As melhores condições encontradas através das superfícies de resposta para maximização da produção de astaxantina volumétrica foram: 16,25g.L-1 de extrato de malte, 8,75g.L-1 de peptona, 15g.L-1 de sacarose e 87,5g.L-1 de água de parboilização do arroz, alcançando em torno de 5,4μg.mL-1.
The interest in astaxanthin production by natural sources has increased significantly in the last few years, because of its possibility of acting as corants and its powerfull biological antioxidant capacity. It’s the most important carotenoid found in the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma and this microorganism is appropriate to use in the source of industrial pigment due to its heterotrophic metabolism, relatively rapid growth, nutritional quality and safe as a food additive. The present dissertation had as main objective, through fermentation, using the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma studying different culture medium and the rice parboilization wastewater as a substrate. Firstly, the greatest astaxanthin producer, using glucose and sucrose as carbon source was selected amongst three strains of Phaffia rhodozyma: NRRL Y-17268, NRRL Y-10921 and NRRL Y-10922. The cultivation condition was realized in a rotatory flasks, at 25ºC, 150rpm, for 168h. Through the accompaniment of the bioproduction of astaxanthin, the yeast P. rhodozyma NRRL Y-17268 was selected, because it stood out as a good producer of the carotenoid, 7.0g.L-1 of biomass, 350.2μg.g-1 of specific production of astaxanthin and 2.4μg.mL-1 of volumetric production of astaxanthin, using sucrose. The techniques of experimental design and analysis of response surfaces were used to verify the effects of the studied variables and the condictions wich led to the best production of astaxanthin. A fractional experimental design 2IV 6-2 was used to determine the independents variables that most influenced in the production of astaxanhin. The studied independents variables were yeast extract concentration (1 to 10g.L-1), malt extract (1 to 10g.L-1), peptone (1 to 10g.L-1), sucrose (5 to 20g.L-1), rice parboilization wastewater (0 to 180g.L-1) and the initial pH (4 to 6), having as answer the biomass production, specific production of astaxanthin and volumetric production of astaxanthin. The highest values obtained were 8.9g.L-1 of biomass, 538.4μg.g-1 of specific astaxanthin and 3.1μg.mL-1 of volumetric astaxanthin, in differents conditions of composition of cultivation medium. The yeast extract didn’t show significant effect in any answer, being made a Tukey test in the range of 0 to 1g.L-1. In this test the yeast extract concentration didn’t show significant difference, then it was removed from the cultivation medium. In a second design the range were amplied: malt extract concentration (8.75 to 16.25g.L-1), sucrose (15 to 35g.L-1), peptone (8.75 to 16.25g.L-1) and the pH was maintained in the central point (5.0). From the results, verify an increased in the maximum biomass concentration obtained, reaching 10.9g.L-1 and in a specific production of astaxanthin to 628.8μg.g-1. The better conditions found through of response surface to the maximization of volumetric production of astaxanthin was: 16.25g.L-1 of malt extract, 8.75g.L-1 of peptone, 15g.L-1 of sucrose and 87.5g.L-1 of rice parboilization waste water, reaching around 5.4μg.mL-1.

A desnutrição altera o sistema imunológico, freqüentemente modificando a resposta do hospedeiro frente a patógenos e predispondo o indivíduo à infecções. Neste trabalho, utilizando ensaios clonogênicos e imunofenotipagem, avaliamos os efeitos da desnutrição protéica em precursores hematopoéticos esplênicos. Camundongos Swiss Webster, machos, com dois a três meses de idade, foram alimentados com ração contendo 4% e 20% de proteína constituindo os grupos desnutridos e controle, respectivamente. A fonte protéica das rações foi a caseína. Os animais foram mantidos em gaioleiros metabólicos, sob temperatura ambiente de 22° a 25°C e ciclo de luz de 12 horas. A desnutrição experimental foi induzida após período de adaptação às condições do gaioleiro metabólico. O consumo de ração, de água e a variação do peso corporal inicial, foram avaliados a cada 48 horas. Após a perda de 20-25% do peso corpóreo inicial, foram colhidas amostras sangüíneas para a verificação do perfil hematológico, determinação das concentrações séricas de proteínas e da albumina. As células esplênicas foram colhidas para a realização do esplenograma, dos ensaios clonogênicos e da imunofenotipagem, utilizando-se painel de anticorpos monoclonais. Para a obtenção de progenitores granulocíticos (CFC-GM), empregou-se a associação dos fatores de crescimento G-CSF (1ng) e GM-CSF (0,1ng). A obtenção de progenitores granulocíticos e eritróides (CFC-Mix) se deu pela associação dos fatores de crescimento IL-3 (1ng) e EPO (5UI). Os resultados obtidos indicaram redução significativa no grupo desnutrido, do consumo de ração e peso corpóreo, das concentrações séricas de proteínas totais e albumina, bem como do volume do hematócrito, concentração de hemoglobina e do número global de leucócitos. A celularidade esplênica também apresentou redução significativa no grupo desnutrido, quando comparada a do grupo controle. Nos ensaios clonogênicos, o grupo desnutrido apresentou menor formação de \"clusters\" e de colônias frente aos fatores de crescimento utilizados. Na imunofenotipagem, o mesmo grupo apresentou aumento na percentagem de células CD34+, bem como de precursores linfóides T, identificados por anti CD2 e anti CD5 e de precursores linfóides B, identificados por anti CD19 e anti CD22. Estes resultados sugerem que a desnutrição protéica induz, in vivo, a redução das células primitivas e bloqueio maturativo em células precursoras esplênicas. Os ensaios clonogênicos indicaram que as células de animais desnutridos não respondem adequadamente aos fatores de crescimento, sugerindo alterações em receptores e, ou processos transducionais e, ou transcricionais.
Malnutrition usually affects the immune system, most of the times modifying the immunological response to pathogens, predisposing the individuals to infections. In this work the effect of protein malnutrition on splenic hematological precursors were investigated by clonogenic assays and immunephenotyping. Two months old male Swiss Webster mice were fed with chow containing 4% and 20% casein, respectively the deprived and the control groups. The animals were observed in metabolic cages, at 22-25° C and light-controlled during 12 hours. The experimental procedure was started after the animals were accustomed to the environment. The chow and water consumption as well as the weight were recorded every 48 hours. Soon after a 20-25% weight loss, blood samples were collected in order to determine hematological parameters, and serum protein and albumin. The splenic cells were collected and used to do the splenogram, clonogenic assays and immunephenotyping with monoclonal antibodies. Growth factors G-CSG (1 ng) and GM-CSF(0.1 ng) combination were employed to obtain the granulocytic progenitors CFC-GM. The growth factors IL-3 and EPO (5 UI) association were used to obtain the granulocytic and erythroid progenitors (CFC-Mix). The obtained data indicated significative reduction of weight, chow consumption, serum proteins, blood hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and leucocytes in the deprived group. The deprived group splenic cellularity exhibited decrease in comparison to the control group as well. The clonogenic assays disclosed decreased formation of clusters and colonies at exposure to specific growth factors in the deprived group. In this group the immunephenotyping showed CD34+ cells increase, as well as linfoid T precursors, identified by anti CD2 and anti CD5, as well as linfoid B precursors, identified by anti CD19 and anti CD22. These data suggest that protein malnutrition leads, in vivo, to primitive cells reduction and progenitor cells maturative blocking. The clonogenic assays indicated that the hematopoietic cells from deprived animals did not respond to growth factors, suggesting that receptors, transduction and, or transcriptional modifications may have occurred.

The main aim of this thesis is to provide and explore main factors that affect a drying process. The first part contains brief description of the drying process and focuses on a convectional industrial drying process. The following section discusses the theory of an experiment planning followed by an experiment design of the compact tumble industrial dryer. The thesis also includes an exact description of the executed experiment, then outputs of the measurements and model characterizing the drying process of the tested dryer. The last part deals with the methodology and recommendations for the measurements in operating conditions.

Resums pendents
Les comunitats ecològiques són entitats dinàmiques l’estructura i composició de les quals està conformada per processos ecològics i per variabilitat ambiental. Degut a que les espècies interaccionen entre elles, els canvis en l’estructura i la composició de les comunitats poden alterar les xarxes d’interacció i el funcionament dels ecosistemes. En aquesta tesi estudio com un procés ecològic (la colonització d’un hàbitat per una nova espècie) i un component important de la variabilitat espacial (la grandària de l’hàbitat) afecta a les comunitats de pol·linitzadors, d’abelles i vespes, així com a les seves interaccions mutualistes i antagonistes. També investigo si aquests canvis afecten l’estructura de la xarxa d’interaccions i les conseqüències potencials sobre la funció ecosistèmica (pol·linització, reproducció de les plantes, i parasitisme).Els canvis en la composició de les comunitats de plantes són cada vegada més freqüents en el context actual de les invasions biològiques. Tot i així, les invasions de plantes normalment representen escenaris extrems de dominància ecològica i els seus efectes han sigut estudiats relativament bé. Contràriament, els efectes de la colonització dels hàbitats per espècies autòctones (per exemple, com a resultat dels canvis en la distribució geogràfica mediats pel canvi climàtic) han rebut molta menys atenció.Al Capítol 1 analitzem els efectes de l’arribada d’una nova espècie de planta autòctona a un matollar, incloent els canvis en la composició de la comunitat de pol·linitzadors, els patrons d’interacció i l’estructura de la xarxa planta-pol·linitzador, y les conseqüències per a la pol·linització i per a l’èxit reproductiu de les espècies de plantes residents. Per a això vam manipular experimentalment taques de matollar introduint una planta autòctona (planta colonitzadora d’ara endavant), ajustant el número de flors introduïdes a la quantitat de recursos florals localment disponibles. La planta colonitzadora va atraure borinots, facilitant les interaccions a les plantes residents. Les comunitats colonitzades van exhibir una generalització de la xarxa més gran, un aniuament més gran, i modificacions en la composició dels mòduls de la xarxa. Tots aquests canvis van resultar en una deposició de pol·len heteroespecífic (però no conespecífic) més gran, i va tenir efectes contrastats en l’èxit reproductiu de les plantes residents (neutral, positiu, o negatiu depenent de l’espècie). El nostre estudi mostra que les interaccions planta-pol·linitzador es reorganitzen ràpidament com a resposta a noves situacions (inclús quan la nova planta no és excessivament dominant), amb conseqüències funcionals importants en la pol·linització i en la reproducció de les plantes. La relació espècies-àrea (increment en la riquesa d’espècies amb l’àrea) és una de les lleis de l’Ecologia més antigues i fonamentals i, recentment, ha sigut estesa a la riquesa d’interaccions (relació enllaços-àrea) i a l’estructura de la xarxa (relació xarxa-àrea). Tot i així, tot i que les relacions espècies-àrea i enllaços-àrea han rebut un ampli suport d’estudis empírics, la relació entre l’estructura de la xarxa i l’àrea roman en gran part inexplorada. Entendre aquesta relació és important perquè la fragmentació antropogènica dels hàbitats està tenint impactes profunds en la configuració dels hàbitats i està reduint la grandària dels mateixos.Al Capítol 2 testem vàries hipòtesis relacionades amb les relacions espècies-àrea, enllaços-àrea, i xarxa-àrea utilitzant comunitats d’abelles i vespes nidificants en cavitats preestablertes així com la fauna associada als seus nius (hostes i parasitoides d’ara endavant, respectivament) com a sistema d’estudi. Per a obtenir nius d’abelles i vespes vam instal·lar estacions de niadors en taques d’hàbitat obert (favorable) –envoltats de bosc dens (hàbitat desfavorable)- de tres categories de grandària (petites, ~0.1 ha; mitjanes, ~5ha; i grans, hàbitat obert continu). Els nius obtinguts en cada taca van ser disseccionats i els seus contingut van ser analitzats anotant la identitat i l’abundància de cada espècie d’hoste i parasitoid. La riquesa d’hostes, parasitoides, i interaccions va incrementar de les taques petites a les mitjanes, però no de les taques mitjanes a les grans. Els enllaços per espècie van incrementar amb la grandària de la taca, però la taxa de parasitisme no va seguir cap tendència relacionada amb la grandària de la taca. L’especialització de la xarxa va disminuir de les taques petites a les mitjanes, però les taques grans van mostrar una especialització similar a la de les taques petites i mitjanes. La modularitat va disminuir de les taques petites a les mitjanes, però no va haver-hi diferències entre les taques mitjanes i les grans. El número de mòduls va incrementar amb la grandària de la taca. Els nostres resultats estan, majoritàriament, parcialment d’acord amb les relacions espècies-àrea i enllaços-àrea. L’absència de diferències entre les taques mitjanes i grans indica l’existència d’un llindar per damunt del qual la riquesa d’espècies i d’interaccions ja no està limitada per la grandària de l’hàbitat, amb implicacions importants per a la conservació. D’altra banda, els nostres resultats estan majoritàriament en desacord amb les prediccions de la relació xarxa-àrea. Suggerim que l’empobriment de les comunitats a les taques petites resulta en una limitació en l’elecció dels hostes per part dels parasitoides generalistes, donant lloc a nivells alts d’especialització ecològica i de modularitat.S’espera que els canvis en la composició de plantes afectin a les comunitats planta-pol·linitzador de múltiples maneres depenent del context floral, de l’abundància relativa de la planta colonitzadora, del seu grau de generalització, i del seu síndrome floral. La facilitació o la competència pels pol·linitzadors poden resultar en canvis predictibles en l’estructura de la xarxa i en la pol·linització, però s’espera que els efectes sobre la reproducció de les plantes siguin altament contingents a cada espècie. S’espera que la grandària de l’hàbitat afecti a les espècies i a les interaccions seguint les relacions espècies-àrea i enllaços-área. Unint les evidències empíriques amb les prediccions teòriques, desenvolupem un marc de referència per a la relació xarxa-àrea. Les respostes de les xarxes mutualistes i antagonistes als canvis són predictibles. Tot i així, les conseqüències sobre la funció ecosistèmica segueixen sent altament contingents.
Las comunidades ecológicas son entidades dinámicas cuya estructura y composición está conformada por procesos ecológicos y por variabilidad ambiental. Debido a que las especies interaccionan entre ellas, los cambios en la estructura y composición de las comunidades pueden alterar las redes de interacción y el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas. En esta tesis estudio cómo un proceso ecológico (la colonización de un hábitat por una nueva especie) y un componente importante de la variabilidad espacial (el tamaño del hábitat) afecta a las comunidades de polinizadores, de abejas y avispas, así como a sus interacciones mutualistas y antagonistas. También investigo si estos cambios afectan a la estructura de la red de interacciones y las consecuencias potenciales sobre la función ecosistémica (polinización, reproducción de las plantas, y parasitismo).Los cambios en la composición de las comunidades de plantas son cada vez más frecuentes en el contexto actual de las invasiones biológicas. Sin embargo, las invasiones de plantas normalmente representan escenarios extremos de dominancia ecológica y sus efectos han sido estudiados relativamente bien. Por el contrario, los efectos de la colonización de los hábitats por especies autóctonas (por ejemplo, como resultado de los cambios en la distribución geográfica mediados por el cambio climático) han recibido mucha menos atención.En el Capítulo 1 analizamos los efectos de la llegada de una nueva especie de planta autóctona en un matorral, incluyendo los cambios en la composición de la comunidad de polinizadores, los patrones de interacción y la estructura de la red planta-polinizador, y las consecuencias para la polinización y para el éxito reproductivo de las especies de plantas residentes. Para ello manipulamos experimentalmente parches de matorral introduciendo una planta autóctona (planta colonizadora de ahora en adelante), ajustando el número de flores introducidas a la cantidad de recursos florales localmente disponibles. La planta colonizadora atrajo a abejorros, facilitando las interacciones a las plantas residentes. Las comunidades colonizadas exhibieron una mayor generalización de la red, un mayor anidamiento, y modificaciones en la composición de los módulos de la red. Todos estos cambios resultaron en una mayor deposición de polen heteroespecífico (pero no conespecífico) y tuvo efectos contrastados en el éxito reproductivo de las plantas residentes (neutral, positivo, o negativo dependiendo de la especie). Nuestro estudio muestra que las interacciones planta-polinizador se reorganizan rápidamente en respuesta a nuevas situaciones (incluso cuando la nueva planta no es excesivamente dominante), con consecuencias funcionales importantes en la polinización y en la reproducción de las plantas.La relación especies-área (incremento de la riqueza de especies con el área) es una de las leyes de la Ecología más antiguas y fundamentales y, recientemente, ha sido extendida a la riqueza de interacciones (relación enlaces-área) y a la estructura de la red (relación red-área). Sin embargo, a pesar que las relaciones especies- y enlaces- área han recibido un soporte amplio de estudios empíricos, la relación entre la estructura de la red y el área permanece en gran parte inexplorada. Entender esta relación es importante porque la fragmentación antropogénica de los hábitats está teniendo impactos profundos en la configuración de los hábitats y está reduciendo el tamaño de los mismos.En el Capítulo 2 testamos varias hipótesis relacionadas con las relaciones especies-área, enlaces-área y red-área utilizando comunidades de abejas y avispas nidificantes en cavidades preestablecidas así como la fauna asociada a sus nidos (huéspedes y parasitoides de ahora en adelante, respectivamente) como sistema de estudio. Para obtener nidos de abejas y avispas instalamos estaciones de nidales en parches de hábitat abierto (favorable) –rodeados por bosque denso (hábitat desfavorable)- de tres categorías de tamaño (pequeños, ~0.1 ha; medianos, ~5 ha; y grandes, hábitat abierto continuo). Los nidos obtenidos en cada parche fueron diseccionados y sus contenidos fueron analizados anotando la identidad y la abundancia de cada especie de huésped y parasitoide. La riqueza de huéspedes, parasitoides, e interacciones incrementó de los parches pequeños a los medianos, pero no de los parches medianos a los grandes. Los enlaces por especie incrementaron con el tamaño del parche, pero la tasa de parasitismo no siguió ninguna tendencia relacionada con el tamaño del hábitat. La especialización de la red disminuyó de los parches pequeños a los medianos, pero los parches grandes mostraron una especialización similar a la de los parches pequeños y medianos. La modularidad disminuyó de los parches pequeños a los medianos, pero no hubo diferencias entre los parches medianos y los grandes. El número de módulos incrementó con el tamaño del parche. Nuestros resultados están, en su mayor parte, parcialmente de acuerdo con las relaciones especies-área y enlaces-área. La ausencia de diferencias entre los parches medianos y grandes indica la existencia de un umbral por encima del cual la riqueza de especies y de interacciones ya no está limitada por el tamaño del hábitat, con implicaciones importantes para la conservación. Por otro lado, nuestros resultados están mayoritariamente en desacuerdo con las predicciones de la relación red-área. Sugerimos que el empobrecimiento de las comunidades en los parches pequeños resulta en una limitación en la elección de los huéspedes por parte de los parasitoides generalistas, dando lugar a altos niveles de especialización ecológica y de modularidad.Se espera que los cambios en la composición de plantas afecten a las comunidades planta-polinizador de múltiples maneras dependiendo del contexto floral, de la abundancia relativa de la planta colonizadora, de su grado de generalización, y de su síndrome floral. La facilitación o la competencia por los polinizadores pueden resultar en cambios predecibles en la estructura de la red y en la polinización, pero se espera que los efectos sobre la reproducción de las plantas sean altamente contingentes en cada especie. Se espera que el tamaño del hábitat afecte a las especies y a las interacciones siguiendo las relaciones especies-área y enlaces-área. Uniendo las evidencias empíricas con las predicciones teóricas, desarrollamos un marco de referencia para la relación red-área. Las respuestas de las redes mutualistas y antagonistas a los cambios son predecibles. Sin embargo, las consecuencias sobre la función ecosistémica siguen siendo altamente contingentes.
Ecological communities are dynamic entities whose structure and composition are shaped by ecological processes and environmental variability. Because species interact with one another, changes in community structure and composition are likely to alter interaction networks and ecosystem functioning. In this thesis I study how an ecological process (the colonization of a habitat by a new species) and an important component of spatial variability (habitat area) affect pollinator and bee-wasp communities and their mutualistic and antagonistic interactions. I also investigate whether these changes affect interaction network structure and the potential consequences on ecosystem function (pollination, plant reproduction, and parasitism). Changes in plant community composition are becoming increasingly frequent in the current context of pervasive biological invasions. However, plant invasions usually represent extreme scenarios of ecological dominance and their effects have been relatively well studied. By contrast, the effects of habitat colonization by native species (for example, as a result of changes in geographical distribution mediated by climate change) have received much less attention.In Chapter 1 we analyze the effects of the arrival of a new native plant into a scrubland community, including changes in pollinator community composition, plant–pollinator interaction patterns and network structure, and the consequences for pollination and reproductive success of resident plant species. To do so, we experimentally manipulated patches of scrubland by introducing a native plant (henceforth colonizing plant), adjusting the number of flowers introduced to the amount of floral resources locally available. The colonizing plant attracted bumblebees, facilitating interactions to resident plants. Colonized communities exhibited higher network generalization, nestedness, and modifications in the composition of network modules. All these changes resulted in higher heterospecific (but not conspecific) pollen deposition and had contrasting effects on the reproductive success of resident plants (neutral, positive, or negative depending on the species). Our study shows that plant-pollinator interactions are rapidly rearranged in response to novel situations (even when the new plant is not overly dominant), with important functional consequences on pollination and plant reproduction.The species-area relationship (increasing species richness with area) is one of the oldest and most fundamental laws in Ecology and, in recent years, has extended to interaction richness (link-area relationship) and network structure (network-area relationship). However, although the species- and link-area relationships have received ample support from empirical studies, the relationship between network structure and area remains largely unexplored. Understanding this relationship is important because anthropogenic habitat fragmentation is having a profound impact on habitat configuration and effectively reducing the size of natural habitats.In Chapter 2 we test several hypothesis related to the species-area, link-area and network-area relationships using cavity-nesting bee-wasp communities and their nest associates (henceforth hosts and parasitoids, respectively), as a study system. To obtain bee-wasp nests we set up nest-trapping stations in patches of (favorable) open habitat -surrounded by dense forest (unfavorable habitat)- of three size categories (small, ~0.1 ha; medium, ~5 ha; and large, continuous open habitat). The nests obtained in each patch were dissected and their contents analyzed by noting the identity and abundance of each host and parasitoid species. Host, parasitoid, and interaction richness increase from small to medium patches, but not from medium to large patches. Links per species increased with patch size, but parasitism rate did not follow any patch-size-mediated trend. Network specialization decreased from small to medium patches, but large patches showed similar specialization to that of small and medium patches. Modularity decreased from small to medium patches but there were no differences between medium and large patches. The number of modules increased with patch size. Our results are mostly in partial agreement with the species-area and the link-area relationships. The lack of differences between medium and large patches indicates the existence of a threshold above which local species/link richness are no longer limited by habitat size, with important implications for conservation. On the other hand, our results are mostly in disagreement with the predictions of the network-area relationship. We suggest that community impoverishment in small patches results in limited host choice by generalist parasitoids, leading to high levels of ecological specialization and modularity. Changes in plant composition are expected to affect plant-pollinator communities in multiple ways depending on the flower context, the relative abundance of the colonizing plant, its degree of generalization, and its pollination syndrome. Facilitation or competition for pollinators may result in predictable responses in network structure and pollination, but the effects on plant reproduction are expected to be highly contingent on each species. Habitat size is expected to affect species and interactions following the species-area and the link-area relationships. Merging empirical evidence with theoretical predictions, we developed a framework for the network-area relationship. Mutualistic and antagonistic network responses to changes are predictable. However, consequences on ecosystem function remain highly contingent.

Las emulsiones son dispersiones de dos líquidos inmiscibles que, generalmente están estabilizadas por moléculas tensioactivas. Cuando la fracción en volumen de fase dispersa es superior o igual a 0,74 (valor que corresponde al máximo empaquetamiento de gotas esféricas indeformables y monodispersas) se denominan altamente concentradas. Dichas emulsiones tienen una elevada relación superficie/volumen, además de regiones hidrófilas y lipófilas bien definidas que permiten la incorporación de moléculas de diferente naturaleza. Por todo ello, tienen aplicaciones en el campo farmacéutico, cosmético, alimentario, en síntesis de materiales, etc. En la mayoría de aplicaciones, los procesos de difusión desempeñan un papel importante y por este motivo, se han estudiado los mecanismos de difusión para determinar la influencia de las propiedades de las emulsiones en dichos mecanismos. Sin embargo, no se ha estudiado de forma simultánea la influencia que los factores de composición y formación podrían ejercer sobre los procesos de liberación. Por este motivo, el objetivo principal de esta tesis, ha sido el de modelizar la formulación de emulsiones altamente concentradas de tipo W/O estudiando la relación entre el tamaño de gota, sus propiedades reológicas y la liberación de moléculas activas, incorporadas en la fase dispersa, a soluciones receptoras. Para alcanzar dicho objetivo, se seleccionaron componentes biocompatibles y biodegradables para formar emulsiones altamente concentradas de tipo W/O. De este modo, se seleccionaron tensioactivos derivados de ésteres como el poligliceril-2 diisoestearato (IS-202P), el monoleato de sorbitán (Span80) y un polioxietileno de sorbitano (Tween80), de alcoholes etoxilados (Brij52), del aceite de ricino (CremophorWO7), y dos tensioactivos poliméricos de bloque o copolímeros (SynperonicL2 y PluronicL121). Como componentes oleosos, se seleccionaron hidrocarburos alifáticos (aceite de parafina y escualano), un éster derivado del ácido oleico (decil oleato) y un triglicérido derivado de los ácidos grasos caprílico/cáprico (triglicéridos de cadena media). Se realizaron estudios de formación de emulsiones altamente concentradas, caracterizando las emulsiones formadas, que permitieron seleccionar un sistema modelo (solución acuosa/Span80/aceite de parafina), además del método de adición del componente acuoso a la mezcla del componente oleoso y tensioactivo, como el más apropiado para formar las emulsiones. Asimismo, se seleccionaron tres moléculas activas modelo el metilparabeno, etilparabeno y propilparabeno, ya que se podían incorporar en la fase dispersa de emulsiones altamente concentradas seleccionadas, sin modificar las propiedades de dichas emulsiones. Una vez seleccionados el sistema y las moléculas activas modelo, se aplicaron dos diseños de experimentos. El primero, un diseño central compuesto, permitió relacionar el tamaño de gota y las propiedades reológicas con variables de composición y formación de las emulsiones en ausencia de parabenos. El segundo, un diseño factorial fraccionado permitió la obtención de un modelo empírico para modelizar la formulación de emulsiones altamente concentradas, optimizando su tamaño de gota, sus propiedades reológicas, así como la liberación de las moléculas activas incorporadas. Se realizó un estudio comparativo de la formulación optimizada variando el aceite y el componente tensioactivo, determinando que influía más la estructura del tensioactivo que la polaridad del componente oleoso. También se realizó un estudio preliminar de escalado de la formulación óptima poniendo de manifiesto que, a pesar de la complejidad de los procesos de difusión que tienen lugar en las emulsiones altamente concentradas, en el escalado se obtuvieron resultados de liberación razonablemente similares. Mediante la utilización de diseños de experimentos y seleccionado un sistema modelo de tipo componente acuoso/tensioactivo no iónico/componente oleoso, se ha optimizado la formulación de emulsiones altamente concentradas de tipo W/O, obteniendo un modelo empírico que ha permitido optimizar el tamaño de gota, propiedades reológicas y modular el perfil de liberación de moléculas activas incorporadas en el componente acuoso de dichas emulsiones.
Emulsions are dispersions of two immiscible liquids, generally stabilized with surfactants. When the volume fraction of the disperse phase exceeds 0.74 (the maximum packing of spherical, undistorted and monodisperse droplets), emulsions are classified as highly concentrated emulsions. In most applications of highly concentrated emulsions, diffusion processes have an important role, and as a consequence, diffusion of active molecules incorporated in the disperse phase of emulsions has been studied to find out their relationship with emulsion properties. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on the relationship among composition and formation factors with diffusion processes. The main objective of this thesis has been to model the formulation of highly concentrated W/O emulsions, studying the relationship between droplet size, rheological properties and the release of active molecules, incorporated in the dispersed phase, to receptor solutions. To achieve this objective, the selected surfactants were: sorbitane monooleate (Span80) and polyglyceryl-2 diisostearate (IS-202P). The oil components were aliphatic hydrocarbons (paraffin oil and squalene). Methylparaben, ethylparaben and propylparaben were chosen as model active molecules. Their incorporation in the aqueous phase of emulsions did not modify emulsion properties. An experimental design was performed to optimize the formulation of emulsions in the model aqueous solution/Span80/paraffin oil system. The optimized formulation was compared with other systems by varying oil and surfactant components, concluding that the influence of surfactant structure was more important than the oil polarity. Furthermore, a preliminary scale up study was carried out with the optimized formulation and the results for the two scales considered were reasonably similar. Using design of experiments and selecting a model aqueous/nonionic surfactant/oil system, an empirical model has been obtained that has allowed to optimize emulsion droplet size, their rheological properties and the release of active molecules incorporated in the aqueous phase of these highly concentrated W/O emulsions.

Esta tesis es una investigación sobre los retos en el uso de las ciencias de la sostenibilidad en la interfaz entre ciencia y política caracterizados por un alto nivel de incertidumbre y complejidad. En concreto, se analizan situaciones en las cuales se cuestiona el ideal de la ciencia como mejor conocimiento disponible y donde además se encuentran una pluralidad de arquetipos de conocimiento dentro de la propia ciencia. El objetivo de esta tesis es el de aportar un entendimiento más amplio de los retos de la complejidad e incertidumbre para la interfaz entre ciencia y política. Se argumenta que en el caso de problemas de sostenibilidad que no están bien gobernados, el desafío no es solo cuestión de ciencia mal hecha o de corrupción en los procesos científicos o políticos, sino que se necesita de (i) un entendimiento más amplio de las consecuencias de la complejidad e incertidumbre en la ciencia usada en los procesos de gobernanza, y (ii) una valoración de la calidad de las representaciones de los problemas de sostenibilidad usados para informar a la política. Para encarar este reto, se usan herramientas conceptuales y analíticas de la teoría de la complejidad para la evaluación de calidad. En concreto, el análisis se centra en los criterios de pertinencia y utilidad con el objetivo de efectuar una evaluación cualitativa epistemológica y pragmática a la vez. Se proporciona una representación multi-escala de los problemas analizados y se ubican las diferentes representaciones usadas en la gobernanza de esos problemas en la escala de análisis correspondiente. La aproximación así desarrollada no proporciona respuestas en relación a qué tipo de información se debe considerar pertinente o útil, sino una representación de la complejidad que permite adoptar una actitud reflexiva con respeto a la decisiones pre-analíticas y posiciones normativas que forman parte de diferentes representaciones. Estas herramientas se aplican a tres casos de estudio para analizar cómo los conceptos de pertinencia y utilidad se configuran en la práctica. En el primer caso de estudio, se analiza la pertinencia y la utilidad de las representaciones mono-escalares de la economía neo-clásica en el contexto de la crisis financiera de 2007-08. En el segundo, se analizan la pertinencia y utilidad de la pluralidad de representaciones y arquetipos de conocimiento usados en la gestión del agua en Israel. En el tercero, se analiza la pertinencia y la utilidad de las visiones futuras de las smart grids en el contexto de la Unión Europea en relación a la complejidad de los sistemas energéticos de sociedades modernas.
This dissertation is an investigation of science-policy issues in the field of sustainability science that are characterised by high levels of uncertainty and complexity. I focus on situations in which the view of scientific knowledge as the best available knowledge is questioned and a plurality of non-equivalent knowledge claims exists within science. The purpose of this dissertation is to contribute to a better understanding of the challenges of complexity and uncertainty for the science-policy interface. I argue that in the case of sustainability issues that are not well governed, the challenge is not just a matter of sloppy science or of corruption in either the scientific or political processes, but there is a need for (i) a better understanding of the implications of complexity and uncertainty for science for governance, and (ii) for a quality assessment of the representations of sustainability issues used to inform policy. In order to address this challenge, I apply the conceptual and analytical tools of complexity theory to quality assessment. I focus on the criteria of pertinence and usefulness as a way of carrying out both an epistemic and a pragmatic quality assessment. More specifically, I provide a multi-scale representation of the issues considered and allocate the plurality of representations used for the governance of those issues to different scales of analysis. The approach developed does not offer any answers as to what is to be considered pertinent of useful, but it provides a representation of complexity that makes it possible to adopt a reflexive stance with respect to the pre-analytical choices and normative stands implied by different representations. I apply these tools to three case studies in order to analyse how pertinence and usefulness unfold in practice. In the first case study, I analyse the pertinence and the usefulness of the mono-scale representations of the neo-classical economics knowledge base in the context of the financial crisis of 2007-08. In the second case study, I analyse the pertinence and usefulness of the plurality of representations and knowledge claims used in the governance of water in Israel. In the third case study, I analyse the pertinence and usefulness of the future visions of smart grids in the context of the European Union in relation to the complex energy systems of modern economies.

In science education the nature and value of science laboratory activities have become the subject of critical debate. Some science educators argue that a better understanding of what students do while purposefully engaged with materials would provide some answers. The intent of this study is to explore elementary students' actions and the knowledge they use while designing and conducting experiments. Four dyads each from grades 4 and 7 participated in three events. First, each pair was presented with a question (Which magnet is strongest?), two sets of magnets (one set at a time) and materials. The researcher observed and videotaped dyads' actions with materials until they made a conclusion for both magnet sets. Second, the researcher presented dyads with a selective set of materials to further explore their conceptions of magnetism. Finally, the pairs of students were interviewed while they watched the video of themselves experimenting during the first two events. The data were analyzed using an action theory perspective which emphasizes the cognitive nature of action. Students' models of magnetism were constructed from the data. Students used more than one model to explain different effects they observed. The designs of student experiments were grounded in their operational knowledge of the materials. Dyads generated data from a series of experiments whereby they manipulated different materials in a variety of ways. Dyads who obtained variable data did not repeat experiments to confirm or disconfirm results; rather they used specific strategies to make conclusions. The designs and procedures of experiments of students from both grades were similar, likely due to their common knowledge of the materials and their limited experience with open-ended tasks.
Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate

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CNPq
Software Engineering professionals need to have information about new support mechanisms to decide, not at random, what option is best adapting it needs. One way of obtaining this information is through empirical studies that make the mechanisms used to support the design and development of software, be evaluated in practice. Thus, scientific research through experiments and empirical studies are fundamental during the evaluation of any new technology to software development. In this context, researchers perform experiments to check their proposals under controlled conditions. Therefore, experiments are an important category of empirical studies and are the classical approach for identifying cause-effect relationships. The goal of this dissertation is qualitatively and quantitatively characterizes and analyze human-centric experiments in software engineering, published in three journals andthree conferences proceedings from 2003 to 2013. To reach this objective was performed a systematic mapping study that includes all full papers published at EASE, ESEM, ICSE, ESEJ, JSS, TSE. Based on manual searches in those important conferences and journals in Software Engineering, were analyzed 3671 papers. 244 primary studies were identified as relevant, reporting experiments. In these experiments, we obtained qualitative and quantified data about authors and institutions, subjects, tasks performed, environment, replication and threats to validity. From the analysis performed, this work conclude that despite guidelines exist now, there is a large gap in the report of the experiments. The main contribution of this work is to provide the reporting status of human-centric software engineering experiments and how this field has matured. This work also proposes a list of information that an experiment report expected to have.
Profissionais de engenharia de software precisam ter informações sobre os novos mecanismos de apoio, a fim de decidir sem ser ao acaso, qual é a melhor opção que se adapta ao que se precisa. Uma maneira de obter essas informações é através de estudos empíricos, que permitem que os mecanismos utilizados para apoiar a concepção e desenvolvimento de software sejam avaliados na prática. Assim, a pesquisa científica através de experimentos e estudos empíricos são de fundamental importância na avaliação de qualquer nova tecnologia para desenvolvimento de software. Pesquisadores realizam experimentos para verificar as suas propostas sob condições controladas. Portanto, os experimentos são uma categoria importante de estudos empíricos e são a abordagem clássica para identificar relações de causaefeito. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar qualitativa e quantitativamente, e analisar experimentos centrados em humanos em engenharia de software, publicados em três jornais e três conferências de 2003 a 2013. Para atingir este objetivo foi realizado um estudo de mapeamento sistemático que inclui todos os artigos completos publicados no EASE, ESEM, ICSE, ESEJ, JSS, TSE. Com base em pesquisas manuais nessas importantes conferências e periódicos em Engenharia de Software, foram analisados 3671 artigos. 244 estudos primários foram identificados como relevantes, relatando experimentos. Nesses experimentos foram obtidos dados qualitativos e quantificados sobre autores e instituições, participantes, tarefas realizadas, o ambiente, replicação e ameaças à validade. A partir da análise realizada, este trabalho conclui que apesar dos guias existirem agora, há uma grande lacuna no relatório desses experimentos. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é fornecer o status dos relatórios de experimentos centrados em humanos em engenharia de software e como este campo amadureceu. Este trabalho também propõe uma lista de informações que um relatório de experimento deve ter.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterized by a coordinated inflammatory attack on the myelin sheaths with ensuing damage to the underlying axons. Using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a MS model, it has been previously demonstrated that daily administration of the PDE-5 inhibitor sildenafil starting at peak disease rapidly ameliorates clinical symptoms whereas administration at the onset of symptoms prevents disease progression. These beneficial effects involved down-regulation of adaptive and innate immune responses and protection of axons and oligodendrocytes and promotion of remyelination. The aim of this work was confirm the remyelinating potential of sildenafil treatment and investigate mechanisms involved in this effect in CNS cells. Results show that sildenafil induces remyelination in EAE mice even when the administration of the drug starts during the chronic stage of the disease. Sildenafil also stimulates remyelination in cerebellar organotypic cultures demyelinated with lysophosphatidylcholine and this effect is prevented by inhibitors of nitric oxide-dependent guanylyl cyclase (NO-GC), NO synthase type 2 (NOS-2) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), indicating the involvement of the endogenous NO-cGMP-PKG pathway. Maturation of oligodendrocytes as a potential mechanism implicated in the remyelinating effect of sildenafil was investigated by immunostaining for transcription factors involved in different stages of oligodendrocyte development. Results in the EAE model show that sildenafil treatment increases oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs; Nkx2.2+ cells) and promotes the final stage of oligodendrocyte maturation (olig2-/MBP+ cells). These later result was confirmed in LPC-demyelinated cerebellar slices treated with cGMP increasing compounds. This work also shows that expression of the neurotrophic factor CNTF, that has been implicated in oligodendrocyte maturation, is increased in astroytes of sildenafil-treated EAE mice spinal cord, as well as in cerebellar slice cultures. Results also show that cGMP-increasing treatments alter expression of inflammatory phenotype markers (COX-2 and Arg-1) in microglia in demyelinated slice cultures. The potential of cGMP-increasing treatments for regulating the inflammatory phenotype of monocytes was confirmed in bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM). In these cells sildenafil treatment induces arginase activity and potentiates the effect of IL-4 suggesting the promotion of an M2 phenotype. Analysis by flow cytometry of BMDM confirmed that cGMP augments the number of cells expressing an M2 phenotype marker (CD206). This work further demonstrates that sildenafil significantly increases the myelin phagocytic capacity of microglia/macrophages in EAE mice and in BMDM. Taken together these data suggest that promotion of oligodendrocyte maturation, growth factor expression, modulation of the inflammatory process and clearance of myelin debris may be relevant mechanisms involved in sildenafil enhancement of remyelination in demyelinated tissue.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este trabalho tem por finalidade analisar uma ferramenta de ensino e aprendizagem que vem ganhando maior atenção nos últimos anos devido à modernização dos meios de comunicação e à facilidade da aquisição de equipamentos tecnológicos, são estes, os chamados vídeos educacionais. O corpus deste trabalho, contudo, não foi produzido por profissionais da área explicando determinado conteúdo, como a referência a esse tipo de vídeo sugere, mas, sim, pelos próprios alunos de física de ensino médio, tendo como tema central a utilização de experimentos, bem como sua montagem, realização e explicação. Essa metodologia auxilia na questão de o professor poder transformar duas aulas semanais de cinquenta minutos em várias horas de atividades extras, além permitir aos alunos a possibilidade de estudarem as variáveis de cada experimento, não ficando restritos a um molde de trabalho manuscrito e à simples pesquisa na internet. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Escola Estadual Iria Barbieri Vita de Mirassol – SP, no primeiro semestre de 2016, sendo aplicado em uma sala do terceiro ano do ensino médio, composta por 35 alunos que foram divididos em sete grupos de cinco alunos. A avaliação dos trabalhos foi realizada mediante a análise dos vídeos produzidos pelos grupos e por questionários elaborados por cada grupo, que foram aplicados aos demais alunos da sala após assistirem cada um dos vídeos produzidos por seus colegas. A análise dos vídeos foi feita de forma a verificar o conhecimento científico construído pelos alunos, também levando em conta sua interação com a câmera, além da oralidade, da desenvoltura, da capacidade de trabalhar em grupo, dentre outros fatores que ultrapassam os conteúdos, referindo-se ao lado atitudinal dos alunos.
This paper aims to analyze educational videos, i.e. a teaching and learning tool which has drawn increasing attention in the last years due to modernization of the means of communication and ease of purchasing technological devices. However, those videos were not produced by professionals explaining certain subject, as their reference might suggest, but by high school students of physics. Moreover, their main theme was the conduction of experiments, as well as their assembly, fulfillment and explanation. That methodology helps stretch two weekly fifty-minute classes into many hours of extra activities, considering the students should spend some time doing researches on the experiment, recording videos and editing them. Furthermore, this method gives the students the opportunity to study a wide range of possible experiments and their variables, avoiding being limited to a handwritten assignment format and the simple internet search. That project was developed at Escola Estadual Iria Barbieri Vita from Mirassol – SP, in the first semester of 2016, done by a group of 35 students from the last grade of high school, divided into seven groups of five students. The evaluation of the work was done through the analysis of videos recorded by students as well as questionnaires prepared by each group of students, which were applied to other students in the class after watching their classmates’ videos. The video analysis was made in order to check the scientific knowledge built by the students, considering their interaction with a camera, speaking skills, their resourcefulness, interpersonal skills, among other aspects that go beyond the content of the subject studied, involving students’ attitudinal side.

Orientador: Roy Edward Bruns
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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esumo: Neste trabalho é apresentado o planejamento estatístico split-plot onde as unidades main-plots e sub-plots são planejamentos de misturas químicas. Main-plots e sub-plots são definidos de acordo com a estrutura simplex-centróide. O planejamento foi aplicado para a otimização simultânea de solventes extratores e fases móveis utilizados na separação cromatográfica de compostos químicos de plantas. O interesse foi determinar os melhores valores das respostas (maiores números de picos) em função dos extratores e fases móveis. A vantagem da blocagem dos experimentos segundo a estrutura split-plot é a conveniência por minimizar (ou facilitar) o trabalho experimental ou reduzir resíduos químicos ou ambos. A desvantagem é que o tratamento estatístico de tal sistema se torna mais complexo que os planejamentos com esquemas aleatórios. Gráficos normais foram utilizados para a escolha de modelos e assim, evitando a realização de replicatas dos experimentos
Abstract: A split-plot statistical design is proposed for which the main-plots and sub-plots are both chemical mixture designs. Main-plots and sub-plots are investigated using the simplex-centroid design. The composite mixture-mixture design was applied to the simultaneous optimization of extractor solvents and mobile phases used in the chromatographic separation of chemical compounds from plant materials. The main goal was to determine the best response values, largest number of peaks, as a function of the extractor and mobiles phase components. The advantages of using blocked experiments following the split-plot structure is to minimize (or facilitate) the experimental work as well as reduce the chemical residuals that must be discarded or both. The drawback is that the statistical treatment of the system becomes more complex than designs with random schemes. Normals graphs were utilized for choosing models so, the realization of replicate experiments could be avoided.
Doutorado
Quimica Analitica
Doutor em Ciências

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FACEPE
It is common sense in software engineering that well made experimental plans are recipes for successful experiments, and they help experimenters to avoid interferences during experiments. Although a number of tools are available to help researchers with writing experiments reports for scientific publications, few studies focus on how to assess study protocols with respect to completeness and scientific quality. As a result, designing controlled experiments using subjects has been a challenge for many experimenters in software engineering because of a large variety of factors that should be present in it to avoid introducing bias in controlled experiments. The main aim of this thesis is to define an instrument to help experimenters, specially beginners, to review their experimental planning for assessing whether they produced an experimental plan that is complete and includes all possible factors to minimize bias and issues. The instrument is a checklist whose design is based on experimental best practices and experts’ experience in planning and conducting controlled experiments using subjects. To collect the best practices, a systematic mapping study was conducted to identify support mechanisms (processes, tools, guidelines, among others.) used to plan and conduct empirical studies in the empirical software engineering community, and an informal literature review was carried out in order to find which support mechanisms are generally used in other fields. Moreover, we performed a qualitative study for understanding how empirical software engineering experts plan their experiments. The instrument has been evaluated through four empirical studies. Each one was explored from different perspectives by Software Engineering researchers at different levels of experience. The instrument was assessed regarding items that they find useful, inter-rater agreement, inter-rater reliability, and criterion validity using fully crossed design. Two controlled experiments were performed to assess if the usage of the instrument can reduce the chance of forgetting to include something important during the experiment planning phase compared to the usage of ad hoc practices. Additionally, the acceptance of the instrument was assessed by the four studies. In total, we had 35 participants who participated in four different kinds of assesment of the instrument. In the first study, 75.76% of the items were judged useful by two experts. The remaining items were discussed and adjusted. The second study revealed that the usage of the instrument helped beginners to assess experimental plans in the same way as the experts. We found a strong correlation between the overall completeness scores of the experimental plans and the recommendation that the experiment should proceed or not, and whether it is likely to be successful. In Studies 3 and 4, the proportion of the correct items found by participants using the instrument was greater than the results from participants using the ad hoc practices. The instrument has high acceptance from participants. Although the results are positive, performing more assessments including different settings is required to generalize these results. The usage of the instrument by experimenters, specially beginners, helps them to review the key factors included in the experimental plan, thus contributing to reduce potential confounding factors in the experiment. Revising an experimental plan is not a direct evaluation of the quality of the experiment itself but it allows changes to be made to improve the experiment before it is performed.
É comumente aceito pela comunidade de engenharia de software que planos experimentais bem planejados são receitas para experimentos bem sucedidos. Isso se deve ao fato que planos experimentais auxiliam experimentadores a evitarem interferências durante a execução dos experimentos. No entanto, embora existam ferramentas disponíveis para ajudar os investigadores a reportarem seus experimentos para publicações científicas, poucos estudos tem o objetivo de avaliar os protocolos de estudo no que diz respeito à completude e qualidade científica. Desta forma, planejar experimentos controlados utilizando participantes tem sido um desafio para muitos experimentadores em engenharia de software devido a grande variedade de fatores que devem estar presentes em um plano experimental a fim de evitar a introdução de viés nos experimentos controlados. O principal objetivo dessa tese de doutorado é definir um instrumento que auxilie experimentadores, principalmente inexperientes, a revisarem seus planejamentos experimentais a fim de avaliar se eles produziram um plano experimental completo, incluindo todos os possíveis fatores para minimizar viés e problemas. O instrumento é uma lista de verificação baseado nas melhores práticas experimentais e na experiência dos especialistas em engenharia de software experimental no planejamento e condução de experimentos controlados utilizando pessoas. Para coletar as melhores práticas, um mapeamento sistemático foi realizado para identificar os mecanismos de apoio (processos, ferramentas, guias, dentre outros) utilizados para planejar e conduzir estudos empíricos na comunidade de engenharia de software e uma revisão da literatura foi realizada para identificar mecanismos de apoio que são geralmente utilizados em outras áreas. Além disso, foi realizada um estudo qualitativo a fim de entender como os especialistas em engenharia de software experimental planejam seus experimentos. O instrumento foi avaliado por meio de quatro estudos. Cada estudo foi explorado através de diferentes perspectivas por pesquisadores de engenharia de software em diferentes níveis de experiência. O instrumento foi avaliado com relação a utilidade dos itens, a concordância e a confiabilidade entre os avaliadores e validade de critério. Dois experimentos controlados foram realizados para avaliar se o uso do instrumento pode reduzir a chance de esquecer algo importante durante a fase de planejamento do experimento em comparação com as práticas comumente usadas pelos pesquisadores. Além disso, os quatro estudos avaliaram a aceitação do instrumento para revisar planos experimentais de experimentos controlados utilizando participantes. No total, 35 participantes avaliaram o instrumento através de quatro diferentes tipos de objetivos. No primeiro estudo, 75,76% dos itens foram julgados uteis pelos dois especialistas envolvidos no estudo. Os itens restantes foram discutidos e ajustados. O segundo estudo revelou que a utilização do instrumento auxiliou iniciantes a avaliarem planos experimentais da mesma forma dos especialistas. Os resultados mostraram uma forte correlação entre os escores da completude global dos planos experimentais e as recomendações se o experimento deveria prosseguir e a probabilidade do experimento ser bem-sucedido. Nos estudos 3 e 4, a proporção dos itens corretos encontrados pelos participantes utilizando o instrumento foi significantemente maior do que os resultados utilizando as práticas comumente utilizadas pelos participantes. O instrumento teve alta aceitação por parte dos participantes. No entanto, embora os resultados sejam positivos, se faz necessário a realização de mais estudos de avaliação, incluindo outras configurações de ambientes a fim de que o resultado possa ser generalizado. A utilização do instrumento pelos experimentadores, especialmente os iniciantes, auxilia a revisão dos principais fatores que devem estar incluídos no plano experimental, contribuindo assim para reduzir potenciais fatores de confusão no experimento. Revisar um plano experimental não é uma avaliação direta da qualidade do experimento, mas permite que mudanças no experimento sejam realizadas antes que ele seja de fato executado.

In Sweden, physics education is supposed to contribute to developing the stu-dent's experimental skill. After a physics course, students should be able to plan, execute and evaluate an experiment. In this study, seven physics teachers are interviewed about their reasoning considering assessment of experimental skills. The study aims to describe teachers' stories about their work with as-sessment of laboratory work. The results of the study show a spread of how teachers, according to them-selves, are dealing with the assessment of experiments. Some teachers work thoroughly with getting a basis to be able to assess all parts of the laboratory skill, while others leave some parts out. The most common assessment is of reports that students write after a laboratory assignment. It is also possible to see tendencies that the school teachers work at influences how teachers reason about assessment.
I Skolverkets ämnesplan för fysik står det att fysikundervisningen ska bidra till att utveckla elevens experimentella förmåga. Efter en fysikkurs ska eleven kunna planera, utföra och även utvärdera en laboration. I denna studie har sju fysiklärare på gymnasiet intervjuats om hur de resonerar kring bedömning av den experimentella förmågan. Undersökningen ämnar åt att redogöra lärares berättelser om hur de arbetar med bedömning av laborationer. Resultatet i studien visar en spridning över hur lärare enligt dem själva arbetar med bedömning av experiment. Vissa lärare arbetar noga med att få bedöm-ningsunderlag av alla delar i den laborativa förmågan medan någon lärare väl-jer bort vissa delar. Det som är gemensamt är att de allra flesta bedömer labo-rationsrapporter som eleverna skriver efter ett utfört experiment. Det går också att se tendenser till att skolan som läraren jobbar på har betydelse för hur lära-ren resonerar kring bedömning.

An early and accurate diagnosis is the key to the effective and ultimately successful treatment of a large number of diseases, and only sensitive detection methods allow an early diagnosis. Current methods, employed in the clinical area, are often time-consuming, expensive, and require advanced instrumentation and high skilled professionals. Thus, more cost effective methods requiring user-friendly instrumentation that can provide an adequate sensitivity and accuracy would be ideal, and the most important challenge in biosensing is to combine the advances in nanomaterials and molecular biology, with new diagnosis methods in order to overcome the diagnosis difficulties Electrochemical biosensors can fulfil these requirements once they gather the selective biochemical recognition with the high sensitivity of electrochemical detection plus, they can be easily integrated in fluidic systems that enhance their overall manageability. To improve the electrochemical assay sensitivity and to achieve a better and more reliable analysis there is a great demand for labels with higher specific activity. The most used labels for electrochemical sensors up to date have been enzymes as well as small molecules like electro-active indicators. Nanoparticles can provide a novel platform for improving the specific activity of a label as well as its affinity to the tracer biomolecules (DNA probes, proteins and other biomolecules). They are within the same size range as biomolecules and in solution they present a similar behaviour. Therefore they can be used as electrochemical labels allowing more assay-flexibility, faster binding kinetics, high sensitivity and high reaction rates for many types of assays, ranging from protein immunoassays to DNA and cell analysis. The main objective of this thesis is the development of novel and improved electrochemical sensing systems for biomarker detection, using the electrocatalytic effects of nanoparticles. Several approaches were developed using gold nanoparticles as electrocatalytic labels in immunosensor and cell sensing systems, for the detection of proteins and cells with interest for the detection of biomarkers.

Aquesta tesis doctoral està centrada en desenvolupar noves rutes sintètiques per tal d’obtenir i funcionalitzar els següents tipus de nanoestructures: - Nanopartícules d’or i plata dispersables en aigua, funcionalitzades amb àcid 3-mercaptopropiònic i coordinades amb carbonils de reni. - Magnetita i ferrites del tipus MFe2O4 (M= Co, Mn, Cu, Zn) recobertes amb oleilamina, la qual les fa dispersables en medis orgànics tals com hexà, toluè i diclorometà. - Nanovaretes de goethita (i de maghemita) recobertes amb etilendiamina, sintetiztades en un reactor d’autoclau. - Nanoestructures “core-shell” del tipus Fe3O4@Au, sintetitzades mitjançant diferents mètodes. Apart de sintetitzar aquests tipus de nanopartícules, aquesta tesis també està centrada en dur a terme una caracterització completa de les nanopartícules obtingudes. Per a aquest propòsit, tècniques analítiques tant microscòpiques com no microscòpiques han estat utilitzades. El procés de caracterització, especialment la part basada en fer servir Microscopis de Transmissió d’electrons (MET) ha tingut lloc no sols a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) sinó també al “Center for Electron Nanoscopy” (CEN) durant una estada de quatre mesos a Dinamarca.
This PhD thesis is focused on developing new synthetic routes to obtain and functionalize the following kinds of nanostructures: - Water-dispersible gold and silver nanoparticles functionalized with 3-mercaptopropionic acid and coordinated to rhenium carbonyl species. - Magnetite and MFe2O4 (M= Co, Mn, Cu, Zn) ferrite nanoparticles capped with oleylamine, which makes them dispersible in organic solvents such as hexane, toluene and dichlorometane. - Water-dispersible goethite (and maghemite) nanorods capped with ethylenediamine, synthesized in an autoclave reactor. - Water-dispersible Fe3O4@Au core-shell nanostructures, synthesized via some different methods. Apart from synthesizing those kinds of nanoparticles, this thesis is also focused on carrying out a complete characterization of the obtained structures. To this purpose, both microscopic and no microscopic characterization techniques have been used. The characterization process, specially the part based on using Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM), has taken place not only at the “Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona” (UAB) but also at the “Center for Electron Nanoscopy” (CEN) during a four months stay in Denmark.

Diskriminering leder till en samhällsekonomisk ineffektivitet och tar sig uttryck både på individ- och samhällsnivå. Tidigare forskning har kartlagt och påvisat förekomst av etnisk diskriminering och könsdiskriminering på flera marknader i Sverige, men det har inte kunnat klargöras om diskrimineringen är statistisk eller preferensbaserad. Med kunskap om diskrimineringens karaktär kan beslutsfattare skapa effektivare policyinstrument för att motverka den diskriminering som visats förekomma i det svenska samhället. Ett problem på forskningsområdet är att det saknas empiriska metoder för att kunna särskilja diskrimineringen mellan olika förklaringsmodeller. Syftet med studien är att genomföra ett vinjettexperiment för att kunna särskilja den statistiska och preferensbaserade diskrimineringsteorin för diskrimineringsgrunderna kön och etnicitet. Studien syftar till att undersöka diskrimineringen i en svensk kontext i sammanhang som involverar tillit och generositet. Med hjälp av ett vinjettexperiment samlas primärdata in från en webbenkät. Vinjettexperimentet syftar till att utsätta respondenten för två hypotetiska scenarier som fokuserar på socialt kapital; ett som mäter generositet och ett som mäter tillit. Scenarierna konstrueras så att respondenten möter en okänd person vars etnicitet och kön varierar på ett randomiserat sätt. Genom att studera skillnader i respondenternas svar kan eventuell diskriminering påvisas och diskrimineringens karaktär kan undersökas. Studien visar att det förekommer både etnisk diskriminering och könsdiskriminering när det gäller respondenternas tilltro och generositet mot främmande personer. Våra resultat visar att den etniska diskrimineringen är mer omfattande än könsdiskrimineringen. Resultatet ger ett samtidigt stöd för den statistiska och preferensbaserade diskrimineringsteorin, vilket indikerar att policyinstrument bör konstrueras för att bemöta både den ofullständiga information som den statistiska diskrimineringen grundar sig på samt den animositet som den preferensbaserade diskrimineringen grundar sig på.