Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Expert industriel'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Expert industriel.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Marrakchi, Maledh. "Représentation des connaissances pour l'aide au diagnostic industriel application au système expert S.E.DIAG." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375994637.
Full textMarrakchi, Maledh. "Représentation des connaissances pour l'aide au diagnostic industriel : application au système expert S.E.DIAG." Valenciennes, 1986. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/2e0d283c-3b03-4afb-981b-a5886a86ee0e.
Full textIppolito, Serge. "Commande numérique d'un processus industriel et aide à la conduite au moyen d'un système expert." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37614352m.
Full textIppolito, Serge. "Commande numérique d'un processus industriel et aide à la conduite au moyen d'un système expert." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30017.
Full textTabbakh, Rafik. "L'anticipation dans la pratique des enseignants de technologie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0019.
Full textThis research studies the activity of technology teachers. By activity, we mean the prediction of the level of difficulty of the industrial drawing exercises, before the session, and the anticipation of the difficulties that the pupils may meet to solve their tasks during the session. The analysis will concern the clarity and certainty of the explanatory elements of the process of prediction and anticipation, and the reasons for the choices made by teachers in terms of difficulty.First, we determine the specific characteristics of the industrial drawing exercises on which teachers rely to predict the level of difficulty, based on the results of a questionnaire submitted to about hundred teachers. Next, we explain factors specific to the interaction situation that allow teachers to anticipate learning difficulties for students from a video analysis of three teaching sessions, followed by interviews. Finally, a mixed methodology will enable us to analyze the articulation of the results obtained during the process of prediction and anticipation.The obtained results highlight the concept of anticipation during the process of teaching and learning:The identification of the prediction and anticipation process helps to identify contrivances for the future realization of a training plan for novice teachers
Vaxivière, Pascal. "Interprétation de dessins techniques mécaniques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL032N.
Full textKolski, Christophe. "Contribution à l'ergonomie de conception des interfaces graphiques homme-machine dans les procédés industriels : application au système expert SYNOP." Valenciennes, 1989. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/48d8d47d-0900-46b2-8537-b0a89714a0d9.
Full textThe doctoral thesis concerns the development and validation of the SYNOP expert system for the ergonomic evaluation and improvement of graphic views used in control rooms of industrial processes SYNOP uses a first-order inference engine and the concepts of frame and semantic network for knowledge representation. It is written in LISP language. Its knowledge bases contain ergonomic concepts for information presentation on graphic screens. Its evaluation module, as well as its expert and user interfaces, are detailed. The principles for developing and validating its ergonomic knowledge bases are explained. The thesis also describes the contribution of the SYNOP expert system to the evaluation and improvement of a graphical user interface in an industrial context. The thesis ends with several research perspectives
Michaud, Frédéric. "Aide à la conduite d'un atelier chimique complexe proposition d'une méthodologie de guide-opérateur et application sur un site industriel : contribution de l'approche système-expert au diagnostic d'incidents /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37608010m.
Full textMichaud, Frédéric. "Aide à la conduite d'un atelier chimique complexe : Proposition d'une méthodologie de guide-opérateur et application sur un site industriel, contribution de l'approche système-expert au diagnostic d'incidents." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ECAP0073.
Full textTamayo, Giraldo Simon. "Exploitation des informations de traçabilité pour l'optimisation des choix en production et en logistique." Thesis, Metz, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011METZ049S/document.
Full textThe recent product traceability requirements demonstrate an industrial need to improve the information management strategies within traceability systems in order to evolve from reactivity to proactivity. The aim of this work is to exploit the recently available real-time access to traceability information. We propose the utilization of artificial intelligence and operational research techniques to analyse the information and therefore suggest improvement actions. This research project is composed of two main activities: first, the diagnosis of the criticality value associated to a production regarding the traceability information and second, the actions to undertake as a result of this diagnosis. One of the issues studied in this thesis is the problem of minimizing the size of products recall. Initially the problem of raw materials dispersion minimization is analysed. Then a result of the dispersion rate along with other production criteria are evaluated in order to determine a risk level criterion in terms of quality and security that we name “production criticality”. This criterion is used subsequently to optimize deliveries dispatch with the purpose of minimizing the number of batch recalls in case of crisis. This is achieved by implementing flexible and reactive tools
Goodall, Amanda. "Does it take an expert to lead experts? : professionals versus managers in universities." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2849/.
Full textChirot, Laura H. "The politics of new industrial policy : sectoral governance reform in Vietnam's agro-export industries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107539.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 167-184).
Research on new industrial policy suggests that developing economies' ability to enter and upgrade in new export industries in the context of globalization depends significantly on the existence of supporting institutions and services, developed through public-private collaboration. Yet despite the consensus that "good" sectoral governance matters, we have little understanding of how it emerges, particularly in countries that lack the prerequisites for successful industrial policy. What drives sectoral governance reforms - defined as shifts in sector-specific institutional arrangements or regulations that lower barriers to entry and/or provide collective resources to support firm-level upgrading - in export industries in developing economies? Through a comparative and longitudinal study of variation in governance outcomes within and across the seafood and rice export sectors in Vietnam, this dissertation develops a political framework to explain why some export sectors, at some moments in time, develop nimble, market-responsive governance and others do not. The argument revolves around three factors: industry stakeholder pressure and buy-in, bureaucratic space, and sectoral policy entrepreneurs. By examining variation in governance outcomes, this research moves beyond describing new industrial policymaking to explaining its political origins. It seeks to update literatures on business-government relations and the politics of industrialization to account for a broader set of cases, and in so doing to identify new opportunities for developing economies to take advantage of trade liberalization and globalization, particularly in the growing global food trade. The dissertation draws on data collected during eight months of fieldwork in Vietnam involving 160 interviews with firms, government officials, industry associations and global buyers..
by Laura Helene Chirot.
Ph. D.
Debray, Bruno. "Systèmes d'aide à la décision pour le traitement des déchets industriels spéciaux." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00850534.
Full textShenassa, M. Hassan. "Expert tuners for PI control." Thesis, University of Salford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327897.
Full textWarr, Christine. "From industrial expert to vocational tutor : stories of transition." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633458.
Full textFu, Shuai. "Inverse problems occurring in uncertainty analysis." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112208/document.
Full textThis thesis provides a probabilistic solution to inverse problems through Bayesian techniques.The inverse problem considered here is to estimate the distribution of a non-observed random variable X from some noisy observed data Y explained by a time-consuming physical model H. In general, such inverse problems are encountered when treating uncertainty in industrial applications. Bayesian inference is favored as it accounts for prior expert knowledge on Xin a small sample size setting. A Metropolis-Hastings-within-Gibbs algorithm is proposed to compute the posterior distribution of the parameters of X through a data augmentation process. Since it requires a high number of calls to the expensive function H, the modelis replaced by a kriging meta-model. This approach involves several errors of different natures and we focus on measuring and reducing the possible impact of those errors. A DAC criterion has been proposed to assess the relevance of the numerical design of experiments and the prior assumption, taking into account the observed data. Another contribution is the construction of adaptive designs of experiments adapted to our particular purpose in the Bayesian framework. The main methodology presented in this thesis has been applied to areal hydraulic engineering case-study
Jabrouni, Hicham. "Exploitation des connaissances issues des processus de retour d'expérience industriels." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INPT0084/document.
Full textContinuous improvement of industrial processes is increasingly a key element of competitiveness for industrial systems. Management of experience feedback takes place in this framework to build, analyze and facilitate the reuse of immaterial potential of an organization in order to make it better in achieving its processes and / or products. For several years, the need for continuous improvement of products and processes has led many companies to set up standardized problem solving processes. For this purpose, different Problem Solving Processes are commonly used in the industrial field such as: 8D, PDCA (Plan Do Check Act), DMAICS (Define Measure Analyze Improve Control Standardize) or, more recently, the 9S process (9Steps). The main activities in the problem solving process are: The composition of the problem solving team, the description and assessment of the problem highlighted by events, the analysis of events to identify their root causes and their validation, the formulation of the problem solutions and their application checking (corrective actions), the action suggestions to prevent from a new occurrence of the problem (preventive actions, lessons learned, etc.). During the Problem Solving Processes, the intellectual investment of experts is often considerable. We propose to define mechanisms to reuse previously performed analysis (already solved issues) to guide the resolution of a new problem. The main contributions of this research work are : The structuring of a cognitive experience feedback framework allowing a flexible exploitation of expert knowledge: we propose a formal representation of an experience (according to the problem solving processes). - The definition of two mechanisms to exploit the context and analysis in these experiences. The specification and development of Experience Feedback Support Framework ProWhy offering methodological and software support for knowledge management (KM), and in particular for capitalization and exploitation phases of experience feedback processes
Elson, John L. "Expert and novice performance in an industrial engineering scaled world simulation." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1067371218.
Full textTitle from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 230 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Clark Mount-Campbell, Dept. of Industrial, Welding and Systems Engineering. Includes bibliographical references (p. 224-230).
Elson, John L. II. "Expert and novice performance in an industrial engineering scaled world simulation." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1067371218.
Full textFu, Shuai. "Inversion probabiliste bayésienne en analyse d'incertitude." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00766341.
Full textGhasemshahi, Mehrdad. "PIKBES : expert system for welding process quality control." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1991. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/28017.
Full textShraim, Mustafa S. "An expert system for designing statistical experiments." Ohio : Ohio University, 1989. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1182516879.
Full textGranér, Mats. "Essays on trade and productivity : case studies of manufacturing in Chile and Kenya /." Göteborg : Dept. of Economics, School of Economics and Commercial Law (Nationalekonomiska institutionen, Handelshögsk.), 2002. http://www.handels.gu.se/epc/data/html/html/PDF/GranerdissNE.pdf.
Full textBenzeltout, B. "An expert system approach to robot rig controller design." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376633.
Full textKretzberg, Alena. "Market entry strategies for emerging economies /." Frankfurt am Main : Peter Lang, 2008. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0805/2008386959.html.
Full textDescamps, Véronique. "Contribution aux langages de 4ème génération, orientés vers les systèmes de conduite et de diagnostic de pannes d'installations industrielles." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112312.
Full textUsually, expert systems are derived from the application of formal nevertheless; they can be tackled in another way, the one of automatons. Through such a new approach, we have dealt with the study of control and failure diagnosis systems for industrial plants and manufactures. The peculiarities of such a trend have led us to using a ternary logic, in which the basic implication symbol points to a right of deduction, this meaning being completed according to the application, of which we have given two examples: the GRAFCET and the monotonous logic. Moreover, this ternary representation will permit us, through a binary modelization, like modalities, to establish a powerful inference procedure, as well for execution time as for memory volume. However, this procedure operating on canonical logic forms, a conversion must be made on the rules, during the compilation phase. This conversion operating through meta-rules, can take into account, in addition to many properties of logical operators, a definition of incompatibility, as well for logical aspects as for physical one. Finally, an input language, clear and easy to use for those who are dealing be defined for a control system, described through GRAFCET. Being highly distributed, this language permits in an easy and natural way, to cope with analysis and utilization phases of the process to be automated
Li, Sai-keung. "Export marketing of Hong Kong electronic products : a relationship approach /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13497844.
Full textKuong-Lau, Kok-kin. "Quality assurance resource allocation using expert opinion and optimization." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24331.
Full textBesong, Fred Tanyi. "BUSINESS PLAN : Import, Export and Car Trading Company." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, EMM (Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Management), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-896.
Full textBeing entrepreneurial is pathly being creative. This Master thesis presents a business plan of BEFCO Trading Ltd geared towards solving a problem in the Cameroonian Economy. The English speaking Cameroonians of South West and North West provinces of Cameroon are presently underserved with car sales offerings as there is presently no registered Company in this section of the Country.
An attempt is presently being made through this business plan thanks to the peaceful and favourable circumstances sorrounding the entrepreneurs and the opportunity gap of a niche market. The business plan shows a win to win situation in which the founding entrepreneurs become self employed by solving a problem in the market through novel business combinations.
Akladios, Magdy. "Safety by design-- an expert systems approach /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1033.
Full textTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 238 p. : ill. (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 231-238).
Vargas-Carcamo, Allen Hugo. "Export market selection process by small- and medium-sized mid-western export manufacturers of industrial goods." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1261483505.
Full textLai, Hsuan-Hsien. "An analysis of the financial ratios of Taiwan's export industries." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA304349.
Full textAbou-Ali, Mohamed. "An expert system for optimised process planning in fabrication and welding." Thesis, Open University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303548.
Full textViaud, Bernard. "Etude de faisabilité de systèmes - experts dans l'industrie pharmaceutique." Paris 9, 1988. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1988PA090042.
Full textMeadowcroft, Simon Richard. "The application of on-line expert systems in the control of pigment kilns." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305046.
Full textRosén, Malin, and Monica Lindmark. "Conditions for Successful Export : An Analysis of Bolivian Wooden Door Producers." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5619.
Full textBolivia, as the poorest country in South America, can gain a lot from international trade. It is an important factor for a country to build prosperity and gain economic growth and thereby reach a higher standard of living. But for a company to succeed in the international market is a demanding task. Both internal and external factors that influence a company’s competence need to be taken into consideration. This Master Thesis deals with two Bolivian wooden door producers’ possibilities to export to the Swedish market.
The demand of tropical wood products is expected to increase and the Bolivian wood industry has been identified as an export industry of the future. Another thing in favor for the Bolivian export is the fact that the country is number one in the world when it comes to sustainable management of forest resources. This gives the companies the possibility to offer an environmentally friendly and unique product and thereby create competitive advantages. There are though areas that need improvement. One of the most important improvement areas for both of the companies is marketing and understanding what the customers needs. They need to keep the costumer in focus in all of their activities and learn how to promote their products advantages.
The facts that both the studied companies have earlier experience in export and a high level of motivation support the possibility to succeed in this matter. But, these factors are not enough for the studied companies to succeed in export. The result of this study also shows that the instable situation in the country results in financial problems and lack of trust. Therefore the companies must focus on building trust to attract new customers and
investors. This should be done by keeping an even level of quality, fulfilling promises and finding ways to reduce the risk for potential investors.
The trend towards more individual and exclusive doors in the Swedish market results in the recommendation to focus on offering a niche product in the middle-price segment. It is also recommended for the Bolivian companies to use some kind of representative to reach the market. A good alternative is to work as a supplier to a door producing partner and help them widen their assortment and in turn get someone present in the market that can work close to the customers.
Md, Som Ayub. "Development of a process selection model for industrial wastewater treatment using an expert system." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244969.
Full textVenneti, Vikram V. "Texpert-expert system for evaluating product design for worker's safety and health." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=679.
Full textTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 161 p. : ill. (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 156-161).
Portafaix, Valérie. "Contribution à l'amélioration de l'évolutivité des systèmes à base de connaissances : tests en milieu industriel sur l'application IAPC." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX30070.
Full textChang, Cissie. "Assessing Hong Kong's marketing of service exports /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19909251.
Full textOlley, Peter. "Learning techniques for expert systems : an investigation, using simulation techniques, into the possibilities and requirements for reliable un-supervised learning for industrial expert systems." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320422.
Full textZampa, Nicholas Joseph. "Structured Expert Judgment Elicitation of Use Error Probabilities for Drug Delivery Device Risk Assessment." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10841440.
Full textIn the pharmaceutical industry, estimating the probability of occurrence for use errors and use-error-causes (here forth referred to as use error probabilities) when developing drug delivery devices is hindered by a lack of data, ultimately limiting the ability to conduct robust usability risk assessments. A lack of reliable data is the result of small sample sizes and challenges simulating actual use environments in simulated use studies, compromising the applicability of observed use error rates. Further, post-market surveillance databases and internal complaint databases are limited in their ability to provide reliable data for product development. Inadequate usability risk assessment hinders drug delivery device manufacturers' understanding of safety and efficacy risks. The current industry and regulatory paradigm with respect to use error probabilities is to de-emphasize them, focusing instead of assessing the severity of harms. However, de-emphasis of use error probabilities is not rooted in a belief that probability estimates inherently lack value. Rather, the status quo is based on the absence of suitable methodologies for estimating use error probabilities.
In instances in which data is lacking, engineers and scientist may turn to structured expert judgment elicitation methodologies, in which subjective expert opinions are quantified and aggregated in a scientific manner. This research is a case study in adapting and applying one particular structured expert judgment methodology, Cooke’s Classical model, to human factors experts for estimating use error probabilities for a drug delivery device. Results indicate that a performance-weighted linear pooling of expert judgments significantly outperforms any one expert and an equal-weighted linear pooling. Additionally, this research demonstrates that a performance-weighted linear pooling of expert judgments is statistically accurate, robust to the choice of experts, and robust to choice elicitation questions. Lastly, this research validates the good statistical accuracy of a performance-weighted linear pooling of experts on a new set of use error probabilities, indicating that good expert performance translates to use error probabilities estimates for different devices. Through structured expert judgment elicitation according to Cooke’s Classical model, this research demonstrates that it is possible to reinstall use error probability estimates, with quantified uncertainty, into usability risk assessments for drug delivery devices.
Grammig, Thomas. "Les relations entre savoirs et experts dans la cooperation industrielle." Paris, EHESS, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996EHES0506.
Full textThe analysis comprises the participant observation of two multilateral devlopment assistance projects. The first case study consists of an informal sector project, introducing new products and manufacturing processes to metal-working arti sans in westafrica. The second one concerns the introduction of power generation equipment in large-scale industry in mexico. The important difference in the sociocultural, political and technological contexts lead us to restrict the analysis to the internal logic of such development projects. First, the symbolic coherence of the communication between foreign experts and their counterparts is reconstructed, there by identifying the transformation of the nature of the technical know-how. The second step of the analysis shows how the communication dynamic determines the implementation of the technology and the degree of the transfer of know-how. The presence of the researcher is used by the participants to act upon the transfer and this utilisation allows in turn to identify their constraints on objectifying their relati onship. In both cases, the developmental content of these projects is effectively dematerialized in this relationship. This research proposes an alternative to the "intercultural situation" approach by demonstrating the hybrid nature of th e transactional relation in contemporary technical assistance
Nyambayo, James. "Expert system for the integrated approach to design and construction of ground bearing industrial floors." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360321.
Full textBaldeón-Apaestegui, Silvana-Vanessa. "Estudio de pre-factibilidad para la instalación de una planta piloto procesadora de oleorresina a partir de ají páprika para la exportación." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad de Lima, 2016. http://repositorio.ulima.edu.pe/handle/ulima/4268.
Full textIn this paper, has detailed the process of implementing a processing pilot oleoresin plant from paprika peppers for export, which should be taken into account engineering project, in his case, the production process oleoresin dye by the soxhlet extractor, which was used in the laboratory for extraction, considered the most important stage of the whole process and bottleneck.
Trabajo de investigación
Khaw, Fook Cheon. "An expert system for adaptive part routing in computer integrated manufacturing." Ohio : Ohio University, 1987. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1183047615.
Full textShen, Yan 1954. "ADVICE: AN EXPERT SYSTEM TO HELP EVALUATE GRADUATE STUDY PLANS OF SYSTEMS & INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291320.
Full textZERR, FABIEN. "Ariane : l'integration d'un mecanisme d'apprentissage par explications dans un generateur de systemes experts industriel." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112038.
Full textTriki, Mohamed-Ali. "Crédits à l'exportation et industrialisation de la Grande Bretagne durant le dix-neuvième siècle." Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE0035.
Full textThe industrial revolutions were characterized by a role of banks played mainly via the circulating capital, rather than via the financing of fixed capital. The weight of the foreign trade in the nineteenth century British economy raises the question of the importance of a category of credits, the export credits. The nineteenth century saw the growth of loan-financed exports, these loans meeting the craze of banks as well as that of companies. From the mid-nineteenth century, the role historically played by the discount witnessed a relative decline, concretized by a financing of the exports by loans which became dominant among bank activities. The proliferation of banks, in spite of the recurring crises and the interbank competition which ensued from it, resulted in a reduction of the rationing at the level of exports financing. The pressure on the rationing is more considerable than the structures of export credit-insurance began to assert themselves only at the end of nineteenth century, and began to benefit from state support only after World War I. Nevertheless, markets close to countries of continental Europe were exceeded in the direction of geographically remote markets, usually characterized by a level of higher risk. The interaction between export outlets extension and production growth benefited from the support of an export credits offer relatively less risk sensitive. Hence the possibility to speak about industrial, financial and commercial revolutions. From an institutional point of view, if the state has essentially acted in favor of the extension of access to markets for the British exports, the Bank Of England has played, for its part, the vital role of ultimate lender, allowing to maintain the flow of financing in the direction of companies, via the refinancing of banks
Mille, Alain. "Raisonnement basé sur l'expérience pour coopérer à la prise de décision : un nouveau paradigme en supervision industrielle." Saint-Etienne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STET4016.
Full text