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Journal articles on the topic 'Experts internationaux'
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1
Wilén, Nina. "Entre souveraineté copartagée et coopération conditionnelle." Études internationales 42, no. 2 (September 13, 2011): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1005824ar.
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Cet article souhaite examiner la reconstruction de l'État du Liberia par les acteurs externes et propose d'analyser en particulier le Programme d'assistance à la gouvernance et à la gestion de l'économie (GEMAP). Ce programme repose sur des cosignatures par des experts internationaux pour des dépenses étatiques. L'argument soutenu ici est que le Liberia se trouve dans une situation paradoxale, à mi-chemin entre une coopération conditionnelle et une cosouveraineté avec ses partenaires internationaux qui n'est ni volontaire, ni clairement imposée. Pour comprendre ce phénomène, l'auteure adopte un cadre théorique basé sur la path dependency . Cet article étudie donc le fondement et le fonctionnement du GEMAP afi n d'illustrer ce propos.
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VANDYCKE, Robert. "Le statut de minorité en sociologie du droit. Avec quelques considérations sur le cas québécois." Sociologie et sociétés 26, no. 1 (September 30, 2002): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/001822ar.
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Résumé La gestation d'un droit international des minorités apparaît à la fois indispensable et semé d'embûches, tant les intérêts en la matière sont divergents. Rien ne l'illustre mieux que l'incapacité, celle des États autant que des experts internationaux, de s'accorder sur la définition même de la notion de minorité. Au point que l'on se contente assez facilement d'une approche purement quantitative de la question, quand ce n'est pas de l'évidence et du bon sens. À ces prénotions, l'auteur oppose une définition en termes de domination (dont le nombre n'est qu'un facteur), puis distingue différents types de positions minoritaires et esquisse les stratégies identitaires qui s'y rattachent au Québec.
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Guignant, M., D. Murrell, E. Schimdt, D. Zillikens, C. Prost, F. Caux, and P. Joly. "Comment les experts internationaux traitent-ils les patients atteints de pemphigoïde bulleuse à travers le monde ?" Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie 146, no. 12 (December 2019): A62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annder.2019.09.039.
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Abu-Goura, Ahmad. "Dixième annivèrsaire des Protocoles additionnels de 1977-Point de vue jordanien." Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge 69, no. 765 (June 1987): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100088778.
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Vingt ans après l'adoption des quatre Conventions de Genève de 1949, les organisations humanitaires concernées, notamment le CICR, ont ressenti la nécessité de développer ces traités humanitaires. Au terme de plusieurs rencontres préliminaires avec des experts de différents gouvernements et de Sociétés nationales, le CICR est parvenu à la conclusion qu'il n'était pas approprié de réviser les Conventions de 1949, mais qu'il conviendrait d'élaborer deux Protocoles additionnels. Le premier serait consacré aux «conflits armés internationaux», le deuxième aux «conflits armés non internationaux». L'un et l'autre des Protocoles étaient destinés à servir de complément, ou de supplément, aux Conventions de Genève. Ils sont le résultat des longues et multiples discussions engagées entre les hauts responsables de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge et les représentants gouvernementaux qui, ensemble, ont tenté de trouver de nouvelles solutions face aux lacunes des Conventions de Genève, prenant ainsi en compte les développements intervenus sur la scène politique mondiale.
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Momzikoff, Sophie. "Quatre experts internationaux du PCUS?: formations et parcours politiques avant leur entrée au service de Mikhaïl Gorbatchev." Relations internationales 170, no. 2 (2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ri.170.0091.
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Desy, Janeve, Vicki E. Noble, Andrew S. Liteplo, Paul Olszynski, Brian Buchanan, Renee Dversdal, Shane Arishenkoff, Gigi Liu, Elaine Dumoulin, and Irene W. Y. Ma. "Minimal Criteria for Lung Ultrasonography in Internal Medicine." Canadian Journal of General Internal Medicine 16, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22374/cjgim.v16i2.507.
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BackgroundPoint-of-care lung ultrasound (LUS) examination is increasingly utilized in Internal Medicine. To improve the standardization of LUS education and clinical use, explicit minimal criteria for defining what is an acceptable and clinically useful image are needed.MethodsA 97-item online survey of potential minimal criteria for common uses of LUS in Internal Medicine was developed and sent to 10 international point-of-care ultrasound experts. Their opinion on the inclusion of each item was sought and items not achieving consensus (defined as agreement by at least 70% of the experts) were reassessed in subsequent rounds. A total of three rounds were conducted.ResultsSeventy-four minimal criteria were agreed upon for inclusion, 24 were agreed upon for exclusion, and two did not reach consensus.ConclusionsExperts agreed on 74 minimal criteria for Internal Medicine LUS. The use of these minimal criteria during teaching and clinical use is strongly recommended. RésuméContexteL’échographie pulmonaire au point d’intervention est de plus en plus utilisée en médecine interne. Pour améliorer l’uniformisation de la formation sur l’échographie pulmonaire et de son utilisation clinique, il faut des critères minimaux explicites pour définir ce qu’est une image acceptable et utile sur le plan clinique.MéthodologieUn sondage en ligne de 97 éléments portant sur des critères minimaux possibles dans l’utilisation courante de l’échographie pulmonaire en médecine interne a été élaboré et soumis à 10 experts internationaux en échographie au point d’intervention. Leur avis sur l’inclusion de chaque élément a été sondé, et les éléments pour lesquels il n’y avait pas de consensus (défini par l’accord d’au moins 70 % des experts) ont été réévalués lors de tours suivants. Au total, trois tours ont été effectués.RésultatsSoixante-quatorze critères minimaux ont été acceptés, 24 ont été exclus et deux n’ont pas fait consensus.ConclusionsLes experts se sont entendus sur 74 critères minimaux relatifs à l’échographie pulmonaire en médecine interne. L’utilisation de ces critères minimaux au cours de l’enseignement et de l’utilisation clinique est fortement recommandée.
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Cabero-Almenara, Julio, Rosalía Romero-Tena, and Antonio Palacios-Rodríguez. "Evaluation of Teacher Digital Competence Frameworks Through Expert Judgement: the Use of the Expert Competence Coefficient." Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research 9, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.7821/naer.2020.7.578.
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In this paper, different proposals made by national and international organizations and institutions on Teacher Digital Literacy are taken into account. The 7 most commonly used competence frameworks in international contexts are presented for evaluation through expert judgment. Next, the most suitable for the subsequent realization of a t-MOOC on Teacher Digital Literacy was selected. The selection of these experts was based on seven criteria that helped to establish the expert knowledge coefficient (EKC). This strategy served to obtain the viability of the selected sample. A total of 412 people, 155 experts and 257 non-experts participated in this study. After conducting the expert judgment, in a single round, it was concluded that the European Framework of Digital Competence for Teachers DigCompEdu is the most valued and adequate to be used as reference for the formative t-MOOC, followed by INTEF. This result is logical, since the latter is inspired by the former. These findings do not question the validity of the other competency frameworks, but the preferences granted by the judges.
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Rusetskyi, A. A. "ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION OF FORENSIC-EXPERT ACTIVITY: THE INTERNATIONAL ASPECT." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 17 (November 29, 2017): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2017.19.
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Issues of international cooperation in the field offorensic expert activity are always relevant both for judicial power in general and for itself. The importance of such cooperation has increased in connection with the reform of political, economic, social and law enforcement systems in Ukraine. The main reasons for the need of international forensic- expert cooperation are the integration and globalization of international scientific relations and the implementation of its results in its own legislative and other bases. The issues of international forensic-expert cooperation have found their reflection in the international treaties in the field of expert activity with European countries, countries of the near and far east. These agreements define the procedure for calling experts abroad, give guarantees for the protection of experts, provide the right of the expert to reimburse travel and stay costs, as well as the right to payfor the work done. An urgent issue of international cooperation of Ukrainian expert institutions in the field of forensic expert activity is the entrance to the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI). Since 2002, the State Research Expert-criminalistic Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine is a full member of ENFSI. To date, two expert institutions of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine are members of the ENFSI - it’s the Hon. Prof. M. S. Bokarius Kharkiv Research Institute of Forensic Examinations and Kiyiv Research Institute of Forensic Examinations. International cooperation in the field of forensic-expert activity in Ukraine is a dynamically developing system that meets the interests of not only forensic experts, but also all the subjects ofpublic and political life. Integration of international standards into the nationalforensic- expert activity is conditioned by the development of innovative expert methods and techniques, which, in their turn, enhance the prestige and professionalism of Ukrainian expert institutions.
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Hasparian, S. "DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF STAFFING OF FORENSIC INSTITUTIONS IN UKRAINE." Archives of Criminology and Forensic Sciences 1 (June 16, 2020): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/acfs.1.2020.11.
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The article stipulates that national forensic examination can not exist in isolation, only within a single state, it is essential for forensic institutions to promote international cooperation in order to exchange experience, take into consideration modern achievements of science and technology, create specialized areas for expert research. It is stressed that forensic institutions of Ukraine have chosen the path of joining the communities of international forensic institutions, making it possible to improve staffing. The author noted that the purpose of the community of European forensic institutions is to promote: science and research in the field of forensic science; international cooperation in the field of forensic activities; quality of expert research and competence of forensic experts; education and training of forensic experts; developments in forensic science.
It is emphasized that the realization of integration of forensic activities, as a result, always aims at harmonizing and improving expert legislation, deepening the theoretical foundations of forensic science, developing of common guidelines for different types of examinations, obtaining international recognition of expert opinion in general, further developing of forensic science, improving professional skills of the staff of forensic institutions.
It is proved that as a result of the analysis of foreign experience of forensic institutions staffing the following directions of its possible implementation in Ukraine were suggested, such as: development of the European model of ensuring maximum independence and competition of forensic experts; intensification and expansion of participation in the international network of forensic institutions; focus on the training of forensic experts from the «children’s university» on the basis of higher education institutions, which also provide for appropriate internship programs; practice of experts training according to corresponding program under the guidance of a mentor from among highly qualified forensic experts; application of the combined extraordinary certification of forensic experts in case of reasonable doubts as to the required level of professional training, etc.
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Mbengue, Makane Moïse, and Rukmini Das. "Use of Experts in International Freshwater Disputes." Brill Research Perspectives in International Water Law 4, no. 3 (October 17, 2019): 3–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23529369-12340015.
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AbstractInternational disputes related to freshwater resources are increasing in number and complexity. The rising complexity is necessarily accompanied and compounded by the involvement of experts in dispute resolution. This monograph examines, through case studies of international tribunal decisions, the role and use (or absence) of experts in international freshwater disputes. Through this examination, the authors identify the good practices as well as the lacunae in expert use in disputes of this nature. The monograph goes on to suggest the best practices with respect to expert involvement and use for a more fair and efficient resolution of international water disputes.
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Asnis, A. Ya, and Sh N. Khaziev. "International Forensic Cooperation and Advocacy." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science 14, no. 4 (January 8, 2020): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2019-14-4-43-54.
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The article discusses the interaction of lawyers involved in criminal defense and the international forensic community, the principles of international cooperation in the field of forensic examination. Information is provided on forensic aspects of the activities of the United Nations, the European Criminal Bar Association and a specific case of the participation of fingerprint experts from a range of countries in a unique case on protection of an innocent victim of an expert error is described. The importance of taking into account the cognitive bias of experts and other subjective factors, as well as the role of lawyers in assessing expert opinions, is noted. The main conclusions and recommendations on the interaction of the forensic and advocate communities in current conditions are presented.
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McConnell, Stephen J., and Jennifer E. Dubas. "Marketing experts' misplaced expertise in the courtroom." Journal of Consumer Marketing 21, no. 6 (October 2004): 378–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07363760410558645.
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Samuel, Boris. "Étudier l'Afrique des grands nombres." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 71, no. 04 (December 2016): 897–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900049052.
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Résumé Les travaux de Morten Jerven offrent une mise en perspective historique des techniques employées par les administrations nationales et les organisations internationales pour mettre en nombre et analyser la croissance des économies africaines. Selon lui, les réalités économiques et sociales nationales échappent largement aux travaux des statisticiens et des économistes depuis le début de l’ajustement structurel. L’informalisation des économies, la faiblesse des institutions statistiques et le manque de rigueur méthodologique des experts internationaux auraient conduit à la production de fictions statistiques. Les analyses de M. Jerven remettent en question les récits produits par l’histoire économique quantitative, comme l’existence d’une supposée faillite économique africaine depuis 1960. Elles interpellent aussi la sociologie de la quantification en mettant en lumière des cas nationaux où les calculs de la croissance seraient aléatoires. Mais son approche souffre de plusieurs faiblesses. Alors que ses premiers travaux reposaient sur des études de cas nationaux détaillées, l’auteur s’est récemment concentré sur la critique des discours produits à l’échelle du continent, les comparaisons internationales et les études économétriques, sur la croissance en particulier. Son travail s’est éloigné d’une ethnographie fine des chiffres et a fait de la dénonciation des récits continentaux son fil rouge. Ce glissement l’empêche de penser finement la place des chiffres dans les sociétés, la pluralité des positions et des modes d’action qu’ils engagent, ou encore les trajectoires historiques singulières dans lesquelles les calculs de la croissance africaine s’insèrent.
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Safranchuk, I. A. "The Development of Russian-Chinese Expert Contacts on International Relations." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(44) (October 28, 2015): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-5-44-210-214.
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Abstract: This article is devoted to the contacts of Russian and Chinese experts on international relations and to the visit of MGIMO-University delegation to Beijing in June 2015. The article studies the major tracks of expert dialogue between Russian and Chinese experts on contemporary international affairs: the situation in the Near and Middle East, the developments in Eurasia, the major regional conflicts. The particular attention in the Russian-Chinese expert debates is devoted to the topic of Eurasia and the perspective for agreed implementation of Russia-sponsored Eurasian Economic Union and China-sponsored Economic belt of Silk Road. The article dwells upon the key issues in the Russian-Chinese dialogue on the Eurasian affairs. Additionally the article unveils the proposals by the US experts, concerning the development of Russian-Chinese dialogue on these matters. In 2015 the US experts developed new ideas on the regional issues in Eurasia, they offer to coordinate the Chinese project Economic belt of Silk Road and the US project of New Silk Road. In 2015 the historical topic gained momentum in the Russian-Chinese expert debates. Now Russia and China jointly oppose the attempts of some countries to revisit the results of World War II. However while Russia and China are both committed to the traditional interpretations of World war II and resist any revisionism of those results, still the Chinese experts argue in favor of greater appreciation of the role and contribution by China to the victory over fascism and militarism in World war II. The article also overviews interesting discussions between Russian and Chinese experts on the reform of global governance and the formation of the new world order.
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Schmidt-Ahrendts, Nils. "Expert Teaming – Bridging the Divide Between Party-Appointed and Tribunal Appointed Experts." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 43, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v43i4.5017.
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It appears to be a given in international arbitration that expert evidence is provided by party-appointed experts. This is despite the fact that one increasingly hears complaints that such evidence is of little value because it advocates too much in the interests of the party presenting it and tribunals often have to decide between diametrically opposite opinions and irreconcilable conclusions. While techniques such as "pre-hearing meetings" and "witness conferencing" seek to address these concerns, international arbitral practice has shown that these techniques are not always sufficient to combat the disadvantages of party-appointed experts. Fewer efforts have been made to remove the concerns expressed with regard to tribunal-appointed experts. This article describes a technique which seeks to combine the advantages of party-appointed and tribunal-appointed experts. The technique has been successfully applied in several International Criminal Court arbitration proceedings and has become known as "expert teaming" as well as the "Sachs Protocol".
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Kurmann, Alexandra, and Tess Do. "Introduction: Transdiasporic Rencontres in Việt Kiều Literature." PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 15, no. 1-2 (July 4, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/portal.v15i1-2.6174.
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This special issue follows a conference entitled ‘Rencontres: A Gathering of Voices of the Vietnamese Diaspora’ that was held at the University of Melbourne, December 1-2 in 2016 and which sought to enable, for the first time, the titular transdiasporic rencontres or encounters between international authors of the Vietnamese diaspora. The present amalgam of previously unpublished texts written by celebrated Francophone and Anglophone authors of Vietnamese descent writing in France, New Caledonia and Australia today is the result of the intercultural exchanges that took place during that event. Literary texts by Linda Lê, Anna Moï and Thanh-Van Tran-Nhut are followed by writerly reflections on the theme of transdiasporic encounters from Hoai Huong Nguyen, Jean Vanmai and Hoa Pham. Framing and enriching these texts, scholarly contributions by established experts in the field consider the literary, cultural and linguistic transfers that characterize contemporary writing by authors of Vietnamese origin across the Francophone world.
Ce volume spécial réunit les Actes du colloque ‘Rencontres : A Gathering of Voices of the Vietnamese Diaspora’ qui s’est tenue à l’Université de Melbourne les 1er et 2 décembre 2016 et qui visait à faciliter, pour la première fois, les rencontres entre les auteurs, chercheurs et universitaires internationaux de la diaspora vietnamienne. Les fruits de leurs échanges interculturels y sont réunis dans ce présent recueil sous deux formes complémentaires : d’un côté, les articles d’experts en littérature francophone comparée ; de l’autre, les contributions créatives de célèbres auteurs francophones et anglophones d’origine vietnamienne basés aujourd’hui en France, en Nouvelle Calédonie et en Australie. Les textes littéraires de Linda Lê, Anna Moï et Thanh-Van Tran-Nhut, suivis de réflexions d’auteurs par Hoai Huong Nguyen, Hoa Pham et Jean Vanmai sur le thème des rencontres transdiasporiques, se retrouvent enrichis par les études savantes menées sur les transferts littéraires, culturelles et linguistiques qui caractérisent l’écriture contemporaine des écrivains d’origine vietnamienne dans le monde francophone.
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Pauwelyn, Joost. "The Use of Experts in WTO Dispute Settlement." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 51, no. 2 (April 2002): 325–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/51.2.325.
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In seven years of WTO dispute settlement (1995–2001), six panels appointed scientific experts,2 two panels requested expert advice from other international organisations3 and one panel nominated a linguistic expert.4 Under GATT 1947, in contrast, only one panel saw the need to seek expert advice.5 Very often also the parties to a WTO dispute nominate experts on their delegation, be they lawyers, economists, scientists or linguists. In addition, an increasing number of ‘outsiders’ or amici curiae, such as NGOs, but also industry and academics, have pressed their (expert) opinion on WTO panels and the Appellate Body.
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Hill, Shawndra, and Noah Ready-Campbell. "Expert Stock Picker: The Wisdom of (Experts in) Crowds." International Journal of Electronic Commerce 15, no. 3 (April 2011): 73–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/jec1086-4415150304.
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Christman, Walter L. "The PfP Consortium “Community of Experts” Approach to International Security Cooperation." Connections: The Quarterly Journal 07, no. 3 (2008): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/connections.07.3.02.
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Marquardt, Kyle L., and Daniel Pemstein. "IRT Models for Expert-Coded Panel Data." Political Analysis 26, no. 4 (September 3, 2018): 431–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pan.2018.28.
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Data sets quantifying phenomena of social-scientific interest often use multiple experts to code latent concepts. While it remains standard practice to report the average score across experts, experts likely vary in both their expertise and their interpretation of question scales. As a result, the mean may be an inaccurate statistic. Item-response theory (IRT) models provide an intuitive method for taking these forms of expert disagreement into account when aggregating ordinal ratings produced by experts, but they have rarely been applied to cross-national expert-coded panel data. We investigate the utility of IRT models for aggregating expert-coded data by comparing the performance of various IRT models to the standard practice of reporting average expert codes, using both data from the V-Dem data set and ecologically motivated simulated data. We find that IRT approaches outperform simple averages when experts vary in reliability and exhibit differential item functioning (DIF). IRT models are also generally robust even in the absence of simulated DIF or varying expert reliability. Our findings suggest that producers of cross-national data sets should adopt IRT techniques to aggregate expert-coded data measuring latent concepts.
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Kurdes, Oleg. "Current Trends in Training Forensic Experts in Ukraine." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 1, no. 19 (2021): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.19.2020.1.025-031.
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The system of forensic expert training in Ukraine has been considered in detail. Particular attention is devoted to the need to bring the training of state forensic experts and forensic experts who are not employees of state forensic science institution to uniform administrative and legal standards, as well as to existence of outdated norms on training forensic experts, and gaps in legislation that leads to insufficient meeting of the needs of law enforcement agencies and court in objective and high-quality forensic expert conclusions. Analysis of administrative legislation of Ukraine in terms of forensic expert training has allowed to formulate proposals to improve the activity. The focus is the need for further administrative and legal settlement of the issue of international cooperation of state specialised forensic science institution in terms of exchange of trainees with forensic science institutions of other states.
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Pizarro, Louis. "International health experts." Médecine et Santé Tropicales 25, no. 3 (July 2015): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/mst.2015.0501.
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Meys, Evelyne, Iris Rutten, Roy Kruitwagen, Brigitte Slangen, Sandrina Lambrechts, Helen Mertens, Ernst Nolting, Dieuwke Boskamp, and Toon Van Gorp. "Simple Rules, Not So Simple: The Use of International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) Terminology and Simple Rules in Inexperienced Hands in a Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study." Ultraschall in der Medizin - European Journal of Ultrasound 38, no. 06 (August 23, 2017): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-113819.
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Abstract Objectives To analyze how well untrained examiners – without experience in the use of International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) terminology or simple ultrasound-based rules (simple rules) – are able to apply IOTA terminology and simple rules and to assess the level of agreement between non-experts and an expert. Methods This prospective multicenter cohort study enrolled women with ovarian masses. Ultrasound was performed by non-expert examiners and an expert. Ultrasound features were recorded using IOTA nomenclature, and used for classifying the mass by simple rules. Interobserver agreement was evaluated with Fleiss’ kappa and percentage agreement between observers. Results 50 consecutive women were included. We observed 46 discrepancies in the description of ovarian masses when non-experts utilized IOTA terminology. Tumor type was misclassified often (n = 22), resulting in poor interobserver agreement between the non-experts and the expert (kappa = 0.39, 95 %-CI 0.244 – 0.529, percentage of agreement = 52.0 %). Misinterpretation of simple rules by non-experts was observed 57 times, resulting in an erroneous diagnosis in 15 patients (30 %). The agreement for classifying the mass as benign, malignant or inconclusive by simple rules was only moderate between the non-experts and the expert (kappa = 0.50, 95 %-CI 0.300 – 0.704, percentage of agreement = 70.0 %). The level of agreement for all 10 simple rules features varied greatly (kappa index range: -0.08 – 0.74, percentage of agreement 66 – 94 %). Conclusion Although simple rules are useful to distinguish benign from malignant adnexal masses, they are not that simple for untrained examiners. Training with both IOTA terminology and simple rules is necessary before simple rules can be introduced into guidelines and daily clinical practice.
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Rietig, Katharina. "‘Neutral’ experts? How input of scientific expertise matters in international environmental negotiations." Policy Sciences 47, no. 2 (June 2014): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11077-013-9188-8.
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Khaziev, Sh N. "Forensic Science in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science, no. 3(43) (September 30, 2016): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/64/1819-2785-2016-3-100-109.
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The article deals with the experience of engaging forensic experts of different countries for the investigation and prosecution of violations of humanitarian law and other international crimes committed in the former Yugoslavia during the ethnic conflict. The features of the work of international forensic teams at the scene examination, investigation of physical evidence, and provides information about the use of the forensic experts in the activities of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia is analyzed. Used transcripts of court hearings, expert opinions, reports and other official documents of the Tribunal, the UN documents, Russian and foreign press and scientific publications.
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Mackway-Jones, Kevin, and Simon Carley. "An International Expert Delphi Study to Determine Research Needs in Major Incident Management." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 27, no. 4 (July 19, 2012): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x12000982.
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AbstractObjectiveTo collate the opinions of experts and to reach consensus about the research priorities in the management of major incidents.DesignA three-round e-Delphi study was conducted using an international panel of experts drawn from active researchers and active educators in major incident management. General areas for consideration were derived from the literature analysis undertaken as part of the overall project.ResultsExperts generated 221 statements in 11 topic areas in the first round. Fifty-one of these statements reached consensus in Round 2. A further 23 statements reached consensus in Round 3, leaving 147 statements that did not reach consensus.ConclusionsAn international expert panel reached consensus on 74 topics of research priority in major incidents management. The strongest themes within these topics were education and training, planning, and communication.Mackway-Jones K, Carley S. An international expert Delphi study to determine research needs in major incident management. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(4):1-8.
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Maloku, Elda, Osman Jasarevic, and Ahmet Maloku. "Assistance of the psychologist expert in the justice bodies to protect minors in Kosovo." EUREKA: Social and Humanities, no. 2 (April 5, 2021): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2021.001649.
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This paper reviews the assistance of a psychologist expert in the justice bodies to protect minors in Kosovo. Research data on the study of normative acts (laws and international acts) regarding the role of the expert psychologist have been analyzed since from September 1999 until 2019. The purpose of this study is to assess the role of an expert psychologist, conforming to national and international legal norms in the protection of minors at the police, prosecution and court organs, where the analysis of these legal norms has been used over the years. In the case of looking at the protection of minors the expert psychologist is involved in all stages of criminal and civil proceedings before the competent authorities. The results show that the role of the psychologist expert in justice bodies in Kosovo is based on national and international law, but in this highly sensitive work Kosovo psychologist experts must have their own association to represent their requests as good as possible to the competent authorities and for the delegation of the name of the expert psychologist at the request of the judge. Moreover, it has been found that until now the determination of the expert psychologist hired has been made with the will of the judge. This paper contributes to existing scientific literature, especially in the fields of criminology, victimology and forensic psychology. Moreover, this paper is likely to contribute to the work of the Association of Psychological Experts, the Victims' Association and in the work of various minors’ protection associations
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Sørensen, Per Soelberg, Diego Centonze, Gavin Giovannoni, Xavier Montalban, Daniel Selchen, Patrick Vermersch, Heinz Wiendl, Bassem Yamout, Hashem Salloukh, and Peter Rieckmann. "Expert opinion on the use of cladribine tablets in clinical practice." Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders 13 (January 2020): 175628642093501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756286420935019.
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Background: Gaps in current product labels and a lack of detailed clinical guidelines leaves clinicians’ questions on the practical management of patients receiving cladribine tablets for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) unanswered. We describe a consensus-based programme led by international MS experts with the aim of providing recommendations to support the use of cladribine tablets in clinical practice. Methods: A steering committee (SC) of nine international MS experts led the programme and developed 11 clinical questions concerning the practical use of cladribine tablets. Statements to address each question were drafted using available evidence, expert experiences and perspectives from the SC and an extended faculty of 33 MS experts, representing 19 countries. Consensus on recommendations was achieved when ⩾75% of respondents expressed an agreement score of 7–9, on a 9-point scale. Results: Consensus was achieved on 46 out of 47 recommendations. Expert-agreed practical recommendations are provided on topics including: the definition of highly active disease; patterns of treatment response and suboptimal response with cladribine tablets; management of pregnancy planning and malignancy risk, infection risk and immune function, and switching to and from cladribine tablets. Conclusion: These expert recommendations provide up-to-date relevant guidance on the use of cladribine tablets in clinical practice.
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Mbengue, Makane Moïse, and Rukmini Das. "Rules Governing the Use of Experts in International Disputes." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 17, no. 3 (December 10, 2018): 415–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341388.
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AbstractThe use of experts before international courts and tribunals is receiving increased attention, bringing into sharp focus the fact that the practices and procedures governing the use of experts in international disputes have been growing somewhat spontaneously, often through case law, rather than through precise primary rules. This article examines the existing legal framework governing expert use, with the aim to study the development of practice through case law, judicial innovation or parties’ initiatives, rather than carefully planned legislative documents. It is also useful to have a comparative view of specific provisions across different statutes and rules – a review that is absent in the existing literature.
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Simakova-Efremіan, E. B., L. M. Derecha, and V. V. Myasoedov. "ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF COOPERATION WITH ORGANIZATION OF FOREIGN STATES IN THE SPHERE OF FORENSIC EXPERT ACTIVITY." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 18 (December 26, 2018): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2018.19.
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The article shows the role of international cooperation in the field of forensic expert activity. On development of forensic expert institutions of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine and the expansion of the possibilities for forensic examinations have a positive effect their activity in the implementation of international contacts: the organization of joint international scientific and practical conferences, seminars, internship of specialists with the purpose of sharing work experience, training of forensic experts, familiarization with the organization of activities and advanced methods of conducting forensic examinations and expert studies, allows a specialist there constantly to be aware of the latest achievements of science and to use the experience of their colleagues from other countries. Currently, work is underway to conduct joint scientific developments, training of highly qualified scientific personnel, but this is not specified in Art. 24 of the Law about forensic science, and therefore we propose this article be amended as follows: "State specialized institutions that perform forensic examinations are entitled establish international scientific ties with the institutions of forensic science, criminalistics and so on other states for the purpose of joint research and development, exchange of scientific and methodological information and printed publications, use of common international information funds, data banks, training, retraining and advanced training of forensic experts, international conferences, symposia, seminars, joint publications in forensic science and criminalistics, training of highly qualified scientific personnel". In connection with the further development of international cooperation, it is desirable in the staffing of forensic institutions to provide for such a structural unit as the International Relations Department. In 2018, KhRIFE obtained the Accreditation Certificate for compliance with the requirements of the international standard ISO/IEC 17025. The collection of scientific proceedings "Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics" is included in the international scientometric database Index Copernicus. The development of international cooperation in the field of forensic science will contribute to enhancing the scientific and methodological potential of forensic expert institutions, developing new directions and types of forensic expert activity, and increasing the effectiveness of the fight against crime.
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REID, WILLIAM H., and SURESH DURGAM. "Jury Bias and Psychiatric Experts: Judges' Impressions of International Medical Graduates as Expert Witnesses." Journal of Psychiatric Practice 13, no. 3 (May 2007): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pra.0000271661.32587.1b.
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Anstiss, David, and Antonia Lyons. "From men to the media and back again." Journal of Health Psychology 19, no. 11 (June 5, 2013): 1358–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105313490314.
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Men’s help-seeking behaviour for health issues is apparent in advice columns in men’s magazines. This study discursively analysed men’s help-seeking letters and expert replies within two international and popular men’s magazines, Men’s Health and For Him Magazine or FHM. Findings showed that the texts reinforced hegemonic ideals. Letters positioning men as self-reliant, independently knowledgeable, stoic and avoiding associations with femininity were positively reinforced in expert replies, while other types of positioning were responded to with condescension or ridicule. Results suggest the policing of boundaries by ‘experts’ around unacceptable/acceptable enactments of masculinity, which may have implications for if, how and when men seek help from experts.
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Jones, Calvert W. "Adviser to The King: Experts, Rationalization, and Legitimacy." World Politics 71, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887118000217.
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AbstractDo experts rationalize and legitimize authoritarian governance? Although research on expert actors in contexts of democracy and international governance is now extensive, scholarly work on their role in authoritarian settings remains limited. This article helps open the black box of authoritarian decision-making by investigating expert advisers in the Arab Gulf monarchies, where ruling elites have enlisted them from top universities and global consulting firms. Qualitative fieldwork combined with three experiments casts doubt on both the rationalization and legitimacy hypotheses and also generates new insights surrounding unintended consequences. On rationalization, the evidence suggests that experts contribute to perverse cycles of overconfidence among authoritarian ruling elites, thereby enabling a belief in state-building shortcuts. On legitimacy, the experiments demonstrate a backfire effect, with experts reducing public support for reform. The author makes theoretical contributions by suggesting important and heretofore unrecognized conflicts and trade-offs across experts’ potential for rationalizing vis-à-vis legitimizing.
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Yin, Yuan, Ji Han, Shu Huang, Haoyu Zuo, and Peter Childs. "A STUDY ON STUDENT: ASSESSING FOUR CREATIVITY ASSESSMENT METHODS IN PRODUCT DESIGN." Proceedings of the Design Society 1 (July 27, 2021): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2021.27.
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AbstractThis paper asked participants to assess four selected expert-rated Taiwan International Student Design Competition (TISDC) products using four methods: Consensual Assessment Technique (CAT), Creative Product Semantic Scale (CPSS), Product Creativity Measurement Instrument (PCMI), and revised Creative Solution Diagnosis Scale (rCSDS). The results revealed that, between experts and non-experts, the ranking results by the CAT and CPSS were the same, while the ranking results of the rCSDS were different. The CAT, CPSS, and TISDC methods provided the same results indicating that raters may return the same results on creativity assessment, and the results are not affected by the selected methods.If it is necessary to use non-experts to assess creativity and the creativity results are expected to be the same with that of experts, asking non-expert raters to use CPSS to assess creativity and then ranking the creativity score is more reliable. The study offers a contribution to the creativity domain on deciding which methods may be more reliable from a comparison perspective.
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Martens, Mauro Luiz, and Marly M. Carvalho. "Sustainability and Success Variables in the Project Management Context: An Expert Panel." Project Management Journal 47, no. 6 (December 2016): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875697281604700603.
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This research identifies the key variables of sustainability in project management and explores the impact of these variables on project success. The methodological approach combined a literature review and an expert panel. The expert panel was conducted in two phases: interviews were conducted with five experts to validate the content of the identified variables, and a forum was held with 11 experts from 10 universities in 6 different countries. Research data were analyzed using content analysis, descriptive statistics, and analytic hierarchy process. Through systematic expert reviews, this research shows a succinct and relevant list of variables and their classification, reflecting the experts’ consensus, which can help practitioners and scholars introduce sustainability into project management. Similarly, the key variables for project success are identified and classified. Finally, the article explores the experts’ perspectives on the impact of sustainability in project success.
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Niederberger, Aurel. "Independent experts with political mandates: ‘Role distance’ in the production of political knowledge." European Journal of International Security 5, no. 3 (February 7, 2020): 350–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eis.2019.31.
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AbstractSome experts take on political mandates and simultaneously base their authority on a claim to independence: this balancing act enables international organisations (IOs) to incorporate ‘independent’ experts and generate ‘objective’ knowledge around their policies. However, how do these experts reconcile the contradictory roles of a mandated expert and an independent expert? I address this question by taking recourse to Goffman's sociology and two related concepts: sociological ambivalence refers to situations in which a person faces conflicting expectations. This conflict can be remedied through role distance, that is, behaviour that signals a degree of disaffection from the role one is currently performing while one simultaneously continues to perform that role. I conduct a case study of ‘independent’ experts hired by the UN Security Council to monitor sanctions, analysing how their position is sociologically ambivalent and how their knowledge practices are interlaced with performances of role distance. The findings have two implications for macro-phenomena: first, by keeping their contradictory role constellation functional, experts make it possible for IOs to mobilise ‘independent expertise’. Second, because experts perform role distance through the way they produce knowledge, role distance leaves traces in political knowledge.
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Shubnikova, E. V., T. M. Bukatina, and G. V. Kutekhova. "Drug Safety Monitoring—International Information." Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy 8, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/2312-7821-2020-8-4-211-213.
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Experts of the Department for Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ Safety of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products analysed administrative decisions of foreign regulatory authorities on limiting the use of some medicinal products and/or the need to introduce changes in patient information leaflets due to changes in the medicines’ safety profiles. The analysis helped to identify 16 administrative decisions that contain information on the following medicines registered in Russia: duloxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, сitalopram, desvenlafaxine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, milnacipran, paroxetine, venlafaxine, vortioxetine, mirtazapine, risperidone, clozapine, aripiprazole, quetiapine, olanzapine, lacosamide, gabapentin, pregabalin.
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Drost, Ruben, Aggie Paulus, Dirk Ruwaard, and Silvia Evers. "PP35 Valuing Intersectoral Costs And Benefits Of Interventions." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319001983.
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IntroductionThere is a lack of knowledge about methods for valuing health intervention-related costs and monetary benefits in the education and criminal justice sectors, also known as ‘inter-sectoral costs and benefits’ (ICBs). The objective of this study was to develop methods for obtaining unit prices for the valuation of ICBs.MethodsBy conducting an exploratory literature study and expert interviews, several generic methods were developed. The methods' feasibility was assessed through application in the Netherlands. Results were validated in an expert meeting, which was attended by policy makers, public health experts, health economists and Health Technology Assessment (HTA) experts, and discussed at several international conferences and symposia.ResultsThe study resulted in four methods, including the opportunity cost method and valuation using available unit prices, self-constructed unit prices or hourly labor costs.ConclusionsThe methods developed can be used internationally and are valuable for the broad international field of HTA.
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Restier-Melleray, Christiane. "Experts et expertise scientifique. Le cas de la France." Revue française de science politique 40, no. 4 (1990): 546–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rfsp.1990.394498.
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Guilera, G., M. Barrios, O. Pino, D. Salas, and J. Gómez-Benito. "Internet-based survey applied to experts in schizophrenia: Socio-demographic and professional variables associated to response pattern." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2112.
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IntroductionIn the framework of the development of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Core Set for schizophrenia, we conducted a cross-sectional, internet-based survey using open-ended questions. An international pool of experts from diverse health care disciplines was surveyed to identify problems in functioning experienced by individuals with schizophrenia.ObjectivesThe purpose of the study is to explore possible associations between experts’ socio-demographic and professional profiles, and whether they answered or not the survey.MethodsOut of 307 invited experts, 189 (61.56%) filled in the survey. However, 37 experts were excluded in the data analysis as they had completed only a part of the questionnaire. Thus, there were 152 of the experts classified as “respondents” and the remaining 155 as “non-respondents”. The association between the response pattern and the socio-demographic and professional variables (i.e., gender, World Health Organization region, discipline, and years of experience) was analysed by means of Chi2 tests.ResultsThere was a statistically significant association between the response pattern and the gender of the expert (χ2(1) = 4.927, P = 0.026; V = 0.127), showing that 56.3% of female and 43.6% of male experts answered the survey. When comparing the response pattern in terms of discipline, a statistically significant association was also found (χ2(4) = 10.101, P = 0.039; V = 0.183), showing that those who tend to answer the survey are occupational therapists (71.4%), followed by psychologists (58.0%), social workers (52.6%), nurses (52.0%), and psychiatrists (41.3%).ConclusionsFemales and occupational therapists presented the higher response rate to the expert survey.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Caspers, Lena, and Urban Strandberg. "How could Expert Involvement Compensate for an Incomplete Capability of Legitimization through Democratic Representation? Debating the Grounds for Political Legitimacy in the EU." European Review 27, no. 02 (March 15, 2019): 275–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106279871800073x.
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This article contributes to the scholarly as well as societal decades-long debate on the state of democracy in the EU. The objective is to problematize, discuss, and come up with constructive ideas on the role of expert groups in the processes of legitimization of decision-making within the EU. The analysis is guided by a general research question: how could expert involvement compensate for an incomplete capability of legitimization through democratic representation? The empirical analysis of expert influence in decision-making is guided by a new modelling of the so-called Epistemic Community approach. The case chosen to illustrate the model is the authorization process of the emergency contraceptive ellaOne, within the institutional setting of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) at the European Medicines Agency. The empirical material consists of interviews with eight members of the CHMP. To guide the empirical analysis the paper introduces a two-dimensional model of the epistemic community approach, which distinguishes between the institutional preconditions and the ideational motivations of expert groups. The results indicate that the experts within the CHMP had an influence on the policy-making process thanks to favourable institutional preconditions as well as ideational motivations of the experts themselves. Our conclusion is that there is a need for ‘institutional engineering’ as regards the involvement of experts in decision-making, to sustain the legitimacy of expert involvement, and level out the institutional conditions for experts’ influence on policy-making within the EU.
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Devaney, James Gerard. "Reappraising the Role of Experts in Recent Cases Before the International Court of Justice." Volume 62 · 2019 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 337–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/gyil.62.1.337.
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Abstract: Experts have played a prominent role in recent proceedings before the International Court of Justice (the Court). Against the backdrop of high-profile criticisms of the Court's fact-finding process, recent cases before the Court have produced a number of notable developments which can be seen as responses to these concerns. However, some issues persist, largely due to a lack of conceptual clarity regarding the role that both party- and Court-appointed experts should play in proceedings, a consequence of the rudimentary procedural provisions in the Court's constitutive instruments. This article advances a number of proposals for reform in the form of two Practice Directions that set out modalities for the examination of party-appointed experts and the appointment of the Court's own experts, as well as providing reasoned guidance on the independence of experts. These proposals not only flesh out the role of the expert, but also show how the Court can accommodate the principles of party autonomy and the proper administration of justice which operate upon it.
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Chumak, V. V. "International Experience of Organization and Activities of Forensic Expert Institutions." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 91, no. 4 (December 20, 2020): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2020.4.22.
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The author of the article studies international experience of the organization and activities of forensic institutions on the example of such countries as Germany, France, the Netherlands, Czech Republic and the United Kingdom. The legislative features of the functioning of forensic institutions and the regulation of the legal status of experts are noted. It is determined that regardless of the departmental subordination of forensic institutions, their activities are based on international standards.
The author has identified a scientific novelty, which consists in the further development of the provisions obtained by scientists and scholars on the organizational structure and practical activities of forensic institutions both in Ukraine and abroad, as well as the formulation of new conceptual provisions, conclusions and propositions for improving regulation of forensic activity in Ukraine.
The author of the article proves that the organization and activities of forensic institutions in France are based on national and international law regulating the specifics of forensic examinations and the legal status of the expert.
The author concludes that forensic activities in Germany, France, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom are carried out effectively, and its legal regulation takes place without violation of human rights and freedoms in compliance with international rules and standards. Their legislation, which addresses the organization and operation of forensic institutions, is aimed at respecting the rights and freedoms of a man and citizen, protection of the rights and interests of forensic experts.
The author of the article defines that the implementation of international norms and standards of organization and activity of forensic institutions brings expert institutions to a new level of functioning. This makes it possible to create an effective mechanism for the management and operation of forensic institutions and experts, which will determine the high requirements for forensic examination, increase the professional level and efficiency of employees of expert institutions, which can meet the needs of modern justice.
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Solovei, О. "SPECIFICS OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OFEMPLOYEES EXPERT OFFICE OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF UKRAINE." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 20, no. 2 (December 4, 2019): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2.2019.17.
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The peculiarities of professional training of experts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine experts are considered.
The purpose of the article is to highlight the regularities of scientific and methodological training of experts and the qualitative performance of their duties. Forensic expert activity of state and non-state institutions in Ukraine and international practice in this field are analyzed. Judicial expertise in Ukraine is of great importance for the administration of justice. In order to increase the improve of this activity, it is necessary to create the conditions for ensuring a high level of professional training of experts. The expert office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine is a system of state specialized institutions of forensic examination, which is constantly expanding the range of types of forensic examinations it conducts. The professional training of the experts of the aforementioned office is carried out through training in educational institutions, centers of vocational training of the Ministry of Internal Affairs personnel management and on the job training, as well as in the framework of additional professional training — internships, etc. At the same time, new types of expertise require scientific and methodological elaboration and, accordingly, provision of materials for further use during the examination. Changes in the field of forensic activity in the Republic of Belarus are analyzed, and the State Committee for Forensic Expertise of the Republic of Belarus established in 2013 is responsible for implementing a unified state policy in the field of 0forensic expertise. One of the main indicators of the effectiveness of expert activity is the implementation of science achievements in expert practice, using innovative technologies, distance learning opportunities, etc.
Proposed solutions and ways to more fully and objectively prepare an expert, which plays an important role and positively affects the efficiency and effectiveness during work, are offered.
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NISULA, ANNA-MAIJA, HEIDI OLANDER, and KAISA HENTTONEN. "ENTREPRENEURIAL MOTIVATIONS AS DRIVERS OF EXPERT CREATIVITY." International Journal of Innovation Management 21, no. 05 (June 2017): 1740005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919617400059.
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Even if creativity is an essential part of innovative work, surprisingly, little is known about the creativity of employee-experts and entrepreneur-experts. Awareness of the motivations that enhance creativity are important for any innovative company, because entrepreneurial motivations are likely to drive innovative individuals’ creativity and performance. We take the entrepreneurial motivation dimensions of achievement, materialism, flexibility and power into examination. We argue that there are differences in the motivations of employee-experts and entrepreneur-experts in relation to their creative performance. We use survey data from 423 expert respondents to analyse the relationships between these different motivations and creative performance. Our results indicate that there are both similarities and differences between the employee-experts and entrepreneur-experts in terms of their drivers of creativity. Entrepreneur creativity is driven by the motivations of materialism, achievement and power; for entrepreneurs, flexibility is not important. Meanwhile, employee-expert creativity is driven by achievement and power motivations; for this group, neither flexibility nor materialism are not important.
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Barbarash, O. L., A. A. Garganeeva, N. G. Gogolashvili, A. A. Efremushkina, S. L. Zharskiy, V. V. Kashtalap, O. Yu Korennova, et al. "The resolution on empagliflozin and heart failure has been adopted by the experts of the Siberian Federal District based on the results of the EMPEROR-Reduced study." Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases 10, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17802/2306-1278-2021-10-1-103-108.
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The results of the international multicenter study EMPEROR-Reduced have been discussed on October 31, 2020, at the online expert meeting. Considering the positive cardiovascular and renal effects of empagliflozin, the experts have supported the use of empagliflozin in the clinical practice to treat patients with chronic heart failure.
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Chesnokova, E. V., and R. S. DuVal. "Addressing the Сompetence of Experts and Specialists in the Light of Provisions of ISO/IEC 17025:2017 and International Experience in Applying Specialized Knowledge." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science 14, no. 3 (October 23, 2019): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2019-14-3-63-71.
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The purpose of the study is to reflect differences in approaches to determining the competence of experts and specialists in domestic forensic expertise and based on international standards for forensic examination. According to the international standard, ISO/IEC 17025:2017 “General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories”, competence is determined by the demonstrated ability to apply knowledge and/or skills and personal qualities. An attempt has been made to adapt this formulation to the realities of the Russian forensic activities. Also – based on a standard approach – consideration has been given to the issue of specialized knowledge in the field of trades and crafts, as well as opportunities to determine the level of expertise have been discussed considering two possible professional situations: individuals who have passed state certification procedures relating to their trades or crafts, and individuals working in their trades or crafts without having received such certification. International standards for forensic examination and comments thereto, foreign expert practice, publications on domestic forensic expertise and the procedural codes of the Russian Federation have served as materials for the research. The methods of the general theory of forensic examination have been used in the process of research, which are comparative analysis, abstraction and modeling and legal analysis. Regarding people with special knowledge the international standard ISO/IEC 17025:2017 “General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories” demonstrates the breadth and universality of an approach to their competent activity. What is important here is the demonstrated ability to apply knowledge and/or skills, as shown by a specialist or expert at the time of competence assessment or verification within the framework of forensic laboratory accreditation. A situation when there is equality of knowledge and/or skills and personal qualities can be adapted (to some extent and without significant adjustments) to the Russian realities in forensic activities. For example, in areas of application of specialized knowledge such as skilled trades or crafts or in narrowly specialized or rare spheres of human activity. The various formulations of the term “competence” contain one unchanging feature – the obligatory verification of the level of knowledge and skills. The mechanisms that have been developed through practice to verify the competence of experts and specialists can be supplemented by the capabilities provided by standards. Assessing an expert’s competence taking into account the processes of standardization in forensic activities, currently pending updates to legislation on forensic activities in the Russian Federation and also foreign experience in the application of specialized knowledge in courts of the USA, will contribute to the formation of an integrated position of the Russian expert community and a better implementation of standardization into domestic science, as well as of the unification of rules for the forensic expert activity.
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Carraro, Valentina. "Electing the experts: Expertise and independence in the UN human rights treaty bodies." European Journal of International Relations 25, no. 3 (January 4, 2019): 826–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066118819138.
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Independent experts are employed in international organizations to carry out a variety of functions, including conducting independent evaluations of state performance in a given policy area. In the field of human rights, a well-known example of the use of independent expertise in public organizations is that of the United Nations treaty bodies, committees of independent experts in charge of monitoring state compliance with the major United Nations human rights treaties. Considering the sensitive tasks that these experts perform, and the fact that they are elected by states, the question of whether they actually possess the required levels of independence and expertise to fulfil their role arises. This article proposes and applies a framework to study the formal and informal processes leading to the appointment of expert committees in international bodies, and to assess their level of expertise and independence. Data were collected by means of an original survey and 40 semi-structured interviews. The article shows that the overall level of independent expertise possessed by committees is surprisingly high when considering the highly political electoral process. Therefore, it argues that to study the expertise and independence of expert committees, one should conceive of them as groups that might be able to maintain a certain independence from the states that have elected them.
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Bury, Gaelle, Stéphanie Leroux, Cristhyne Leon Borrego, Christèle Gras Leguen, Delphine Mitanchez, Geraldine Gascoin, Aurore Thollot, et al. "Diagnosis of Neonatal Late-Onset Infection in Very Preterm Infant: Inter-Observer Agreement and International Classifications." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030882.
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Background: The definition of late-onset bacterial sepsis (LOS) in very preterm infants is not unified. The objective was to assess the concordance of LOS diagnosis between experts in neonatal infection and international classifications and to evaluate the potential impact on heart rate variability and rate of “bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death”. Methods: A retrospective (2017–2020) multicenter study including hospitalized infants born before 31 weeks of gestation with intention to treat at least 5-days with antibiotics was performed. LOS was classified as “certain or probable” or “doubtful” independently by five experts and according to four international classifications with concordance assessed by Fleiss’s kappa test. Results: LOS was suspected at seven days (IQR: 5–11) of life in 48 infants. Following expert classification, 36 of them (75%) were considered as “certain or probable” (kappa = 0.41). Following international classification, this number varied from 13 to 46 (kappa = −0.08). Using the expert classification, “bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death” occurred less frequently in the doubtful group (25% vs. 78%, p < 0.001). Differences existed in HRV changes between the two groups. Conclusion: The definition of LOS is not consensual with a low international and moderate inter-observer agreement. This affects the evaluation of associated organ dysfunction and prognosis.
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Renaud, Stéphane, Lucie Morin, Jean-Yves Saulquin, and Jocelyne Abraham. "What are the best HRM practices for retaining experts? A longitudinal study in the Canadian information technology sector." International Journal of Manpower 36, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 416–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-03-2014-0078.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to answer the following two questions: What are the HRM practices that have a significant impact on employees’ functional retention?, and Does the impact of these HRM practices on functional retention differ based on the employee’s status as an expert or a non-expert? Our theoretical foundation rests on human capital theory and social exchange theory. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses longitudinal data that come from multiple surveys conducted on new employees within a Canadian subsidiary of an international information technology (IT) firm. Findings – Results show that four out of five HRM practices under study have a significant and positive impact on functional retention of employees regardless of their expert status: satisfaction with a respectful and stimulating work environment, satisfaction with training and development, satisfaction with innovative benefits and satisfaction with incentive compensation significantly increase functional retention of employees. Functional retention was found to be higher for experts than for their non-expert counterparts. Last, results show that expert/non-expert status play a moderating role between HRM practices and functional retention. Originality/value – In short, this study offers five main contributions to the literature: first, it focuses on retention rather than turnover; second, it goes further by examining functional retention as the dependant variable; third, it distinguishes between two categories of employees: experts and non-experts; fourth, it extends the limited literature on IT workers, HRM practices and retention; and fifth, it is based on longitudinal data whereas the overwhelming majority of published studies have been based on cross-sectional data.