Relevant bibliographies by topics / Explanations and justifications

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Academic literature on the topic 'Explanations and justifications'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Explanations and justifications"

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Tucker, Aviezer. "Holistic Explanations of Events." Philosophy 79, no. 4 (2004): 573–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819104000452.

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Explanations of descriptions of events are undivided, holistic, units of analysis for the purpose of justification. Their justifications are based on the transmission of information about the past and its interpretation and analysis. Further analysis of explanations of descriptions of events is redundant. The “holistic” model of explanations fits better the actual practices of scientists, historians and ordinary people who utter explanatory propositions than competing models. I consider the “inference to the best explanation” model and argue that under one interpretation, it cannot account for all the paradigmatic cases of explanation of description of events that I present, though under another interpretation it fits comfortably with my holistic model. Finally, I argue that there is nothing intrinsic or structural to distinguish holistic explanations of descriptions of events from other hypothetical propositions because the pragmatic context of inquiry may well determine exclusively whether a proposition is considered explanatory.
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MARYNISSEN, SIMON, BART BOGAERTS, and MARC DENECKER. "Exploiting Game Theory for Analysing Justifications." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 20, no. 6 (2020): 880–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068420000186.

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AbstractJustification theory is a unifying semantic framework. While it has its roots in non-monotonic logics, it can be applied to various areas in computer science, especially in explainable reasoning; its most central concept is a justification: an explanation why a property holds (or does not hold) in a model.In this paper, we continue the study of justification theory by means of three major contributions. The first is studying the relation between justification theory and game theory. We show that justification frameworks can be seen as a special type of games. The established connection provides the theoretical foundations for our next two contributions. The second contribution is studying under which condition two different dialects of justification theory (graphs as explanations vs trees as explanations) coincide. The third contribution is establishing a precise criterion of when a semantics induced by justification theory yields consistent results. In the past proving that such semantics were consistent took cumbersome and elaborate proofs.We show that these criteria are indeed satisfied for all common semantics of logic programming.
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Arnold, Thomas, Daniel Kasenberg, and Matthias Scheutz. "Explaining in Time." ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction 10, no. 3 (2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3457183.

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Explainability has emerged as a critical AI research objective, but the breadth of proposed methods and application domains suggest that criteria for explanation vary greatly. In particular, what counts as a good explanation, and what kinds of explanation are computationally feasible, has become trickier in light of oqaque “black box” systems such as deep neural networks. Explanation in such cases has drifted from what many philosophers stipulated as having to involve deductive and causal principles to mere “interpretation,” which approximates what happened in the target system to varying degrees. However, such post hoc constructed rationalizations are highly problematic for social robots that operate interactively in spaces shared with humans. For in such social contexts, explanations of behavior, and, in particular, justifications for violations of expected behavior, should make reference to socially accepted principles and norms. In this article, we show how a social robot’s actions can face explanatory demands for how it came to act on its decision, what goals, tasks, or purposes its design had those actions pursue and what norms or social constraints the system recognizes in the course of its action. As a result, we argue that explanations for social robots will need to be accurate representations of the system’s operation along causal, purposive, and justificatory lines. These explanations will need to generate appropriate references to principles and norms—explanations based on mere “interpretability” will ultimately fail to connect the robot’s behaviors to its appropriate determinants. We then lay out the foundations for a cognitive robotic architecture for HRI, together with particular component algorithms, for generating explanations and engaging in justificatory dialogues with human interactants. Such explanations track the robot’s actual decision-making and behavior, which themselves are determined by normative principles the robot can describe and use for justifications.
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Dolev, Sarit, and Ruhama Even. "JUSTIFICATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS IN ISRAELI 7TH GRADE MATH TEXTBOOKS." International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education 13, S2 (2013): 309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10763-013-9488-7.

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Wickramanayake, Sandareka, Wynne Hsu, and Mong Li Lee. "FLEX: Faithful Linguistic Explanations for Neural Net Based Model Decisions." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 2539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33012539.

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Explaining the decisions of a Deep Learning Network is imperative to safeguard end-user trust. Such explanations must be intuitive, descriptive, and faithfully explain why a model makes its decisions. In this work, we propose a framework called FLEX (Faithful Linguistic EXplanations) that generates post-hoc linguistic justifications to rationalize the decision of a Convolutional Neural Network. FLEX explains a model’s decision in terms of features that are responsible for the decision. We derive a novel way to associate such features to words, and introduce a new decision-relevance metric that measures the faithfulness of an explanation to a model’s reasoning. Experiment results on two benchmark datasets demonstrate that the proposed framework can generate discriminative and faithful explanations compared to state-of-the-art explanation generators. We also show how FLEX can generate explanations for images of unseen classes as well as automatically annotate objects in images.
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Daly, Joseph Patrick, Richard W. Pouder, and Chris R. McNeil. "Effects of explanations communicated in announcements of alleged labor abuses on valuation of a firm’s stock." Corporate Communications: An International Journal 22, no. 1 (2017): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccij-11-2015-0070.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to gauge the impact of the following on the share price of a firm that has allegedly committed labor abuses: the allegation itself, explanations (justifications and excuses) offered by the company spokesperson, and denials of responsibility for the alleged abuse. Design/methodology/approach The study uses archival data and an event study methodology. Findings Labor abuse allegations have a negative impact on the firm’s share price. Allegations that are accompanied by an explanation (a justification or excuse) have a less negative impact than those that are not accompanied by an explanation. Denials of responsibility have a negative influence on the share price. Practical implications If managers want to avoid a negative hit on the share price from an allegation of wrongdoing, they should provide an explanation (a justification or excuse) and avoid the use of denials. Originality/value Prior research has shown a negative impact from several types of labor abuse. This study extends prior research by showing a negative impact for all forms of labor abuse as a general category; it also extends findings from lab research on the impact of explanations on fairness judgments to a new context and a new dependent variable (the financial performance of the firm), which is on an organizational scale. It adds to the extreme paucity of empirical findings relative to the impact of denials and also adds to a small but growing literature on fairness judgments by third parties and their consequences.
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Maxey, Sarah. "The Power of Humanitarian Narratives: A Domestic Coalition Theory of Justifications for Military Action." Political Research Quarterly 73, no. 3 (2019): 680–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912919852169.

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Conventional wisdom assumes the best way to mobilize public support for military action is through the lens of national security. Humanitarian justifications provide a helpful substitute when US interests are not at stake, but are less reliable. However, US presidents have provided humanitarian explanations for every military intervention of the post-Cold War period. What, if any, power do humanitarian justifications have in security-driven interventions? The article answers this question by developing a domestic coalition framework that evaluates justifications in terms of whose support matters most in the build-up to intervention. Survey experiments demonstrate that humanitarian narratives are necessary to build the largest possible coalition of support. However, presidents risk backlash if they stretch humanitarian claims too far. Data from thirteen waves of Chicago Council surveys and an original dataset of justifications for US interventions confirm that humanitarian justifications are a common and politically relevant tool. The findings challenge both the folk realist expectation that the public responds primarily to threats to its own security and the constructivist tendency to limit the power of humanitarian justifications to cases of humanitarian intervention. Instead, humanitarian justifications are equally, if not more, important than security explanations for mobilizing domestic support, even in security-driven interventions.
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CABALAR, PEDRO, and JORGE FANDINNO. "Enablers and inhibitors in causal justifications of logic programs." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 17, no. 1 (2016): 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068416000107.

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AbstractIn this paper, we propose an extension of logic programming where each default literal derived from the well-founded model is associated to a justification represented as an algebraic expression. This expression contains both causal explanations (in the form of proof graphs built with rule labels) and terms under the scope of negation that stand for conditions that enable or disable the application of causal rules. Using some examples, we discuss how these new conditions, we respectively callenablersandinhibitors, are intimately related to default negation and have an essentially different nature from regular cause-effect relations. The most important result is a formal comparison to the recent algebraic approaches for justifications in logic programming:Why-not ProvenanceandCausal Graphs. We show that the current approach extends both Why-not Provenance and Causal Graphs justifications under the well-founded semantics and, as a byproduct, we also establish a formal relation between these two approaches.
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Brandmayr, Federico. "Explanations and excuses in French sociology." European Journal of Social Theory 24, no. 3 (2021): 374–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368431021989269.

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The terrorist attacks that struck France in 2015 had reverberations throughout the country’s intellectual fields. Among the most significant was a widespread polemic that turned around whether sociological explanations of the attacks amounted to excuses and justifications for terrorists. When prominent politicians and pundits made allegations of this nature, sociologists reacted in three main ways: most denied the allegations, others reappropriated the derogatory label of excuse, while others still accepted criticism and called for a reformation of sociology. These epistemological stances can be properly understood only by studying the long history of debates around ‘sociological excuses’ in France and by analysing French sociology as a field of forces and struggles.
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Zdaniuk, Agnes, and Nita Chhinzer. "The effect of explanations and CEO presence on stock market reactions to downsizing." Journal of Organizational Change Management 32, no. 4 (2019): 441–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jocm-06-2018-0161.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the type of explanation (excuses, justifications, apologies and denials) provided for downsizing and the source of the announcement (CEO vs other organizational members) influences shareholders’ market reactions to downsizing announcements. Design/methodology/approach In total, 388 media-based downsizing announcements from 2006–2015 were coded for explanation type and source of message. Cumulative average return was used to assess the impact of downsizing on market reactions the day after the announcement. Findings As predicted, and consistent with predictions drawn from fairness theory, excuses triggered positive market reactions, whereas justifications, apologies and denials triggered negative reactions. Additionally, shareholders reacted more negatively to excuses and apologies when the announcement came from CEOs vs other organizational members. Research limitations/implications The current research bridges the literature on market reactions to downsizing with the organizational psychology literature to advance a novel theoretical framework for predicting shareholders’ reactions to downsizing announcements. In doing so, the authors provide a more refined understanding of why different types of explanations may differentially influence shareholders’ reactions. The current research also sheds light on when the presence of the CEO in downsizing announcements may have potentially negative consequences for organizations. Originality/value The findings contribute to the sparse literature examining variations in the content of downsizing announcements on shareholders’ reactions. The present research is also the first to examine whether shareholders would react less negatively if downsizing explanations came from top organizational leaders (e.g. CEOs).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Explanations and justifications"

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Jones, Rebecca. "DEVELOPMENT OF SEVENTH GRADE PRE-ALGEBRA STUDENTS' MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM SOLVING THROUGH WRITTEN EXPLANATIONS AND JUSTIFICATI." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2877.

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In this action research, the interactions of seventh grade pre-algebra students in a mathematics classroom shared their explanation and justification processes through group work. Prior to the start of the study students were given a written pre-test to determine current conceptual thinking in mathematics. Over the next nine weeks, the teacher engaged the students in problem solving activities that included reasoning skills, communication and making connections through discussion with their peers. Following nine weeks of written and verbal discourse, students were provided a post-test to determine changes in their conceptual thinking. Overall students' grades, journal writings and test scores showed positive gains with the greatest changes occurring in written explanations of their conceptual thinking in mathematics.<br>M.Ed.<br>Department of Teaching and Learning Principles<br>Education<br>K-8 Math and Science MEd
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Jones, Rebecca L. "Development of seventh grade pre-algebra students' mathematical problem solving through written explanations and justifications." Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002180.

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Wittcop, Melissa. "THE EFFECTS OF PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY INSTRUCTION, JOURNAL WRITING AND DISCOURSE ON 6TH GRADE ADVANCED MATHEMATICS STUDENT PER." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3714.

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There are two purposes to this study. The first was for me, as a teacher, to try something new in my instruction and grow from it. The second purpose of this study focused on the students. I wanted to see what level of performance in problem solving my students are at currently, and how the use of journaling and discourse affected the students' problem solving abilities. A problem-solving unit was taught heuristically in order to introduce students to the various strategies that could be used in problem solving. Math journals were also used for problem solving and reflection. Classroom discourse in discussion of problem solving situations was used as a means of identifying strategies used to solve the problem. Explanations and justifications were then used in writing and discourse to support students' solution and methods. An analytic problem-solving rubric was used to score the problems solved by the students. These scores, along with explanations and justifications, and discourse were used as data and analyzed for common themes. The results of this study demonstrate overall improvement in student performance in problem solving. Heuristic instruction the students received on strategies in problem solving helped to improve their ability to not only select an appropriate strategy, but also implement it. This unit, along with the problem solving prompts solved in the journals, helped to improve the students' performance in explanations. It was discourse combined with all the previous instruction that finally improved student performance in justification.<br>M.Ed.<br>Department of Teaching and Learning Principles<br>Education<br>K-8 Math and Science MEd
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Horridge, Matthew. "Justification based explanation in ontologies." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/justification-based-explanation-in-ontologies(7a9d7700-e12f-43be-93b3-c79966f3a521).html.

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The Web Ontology Language, OWL, is the latest standard in logic based ontology languages. It is built upon the foundations of highly expressive Description Logics, which are fragments of First Order Logic. These logical foundations mean that it is possible to compute what is entailed by an OWL ontology. The reasons for entailments can range from fairly simple localised reasons through to highly non-obvious reasons. In both cases, without tool support that provides explanations for entailments, it can be very difficult or impossible to understand why an entailment holds. In the OWL world, justifications, which are minimal entailing subsets of ontologies, have emerged as the dominant form of explanation. This thesis investigates justification based explanation techniques. The core of the thesis is devoted to defining and analysing Laconic and Precise Justifications. These are fine-grained justifications whose axioms do not contain any superfluous parts. Optimised algorithms for computing these justifications are presented, and an extensive empirical investigation shows that these algorithms perform well on state of the art, large and expressive bio-medical ontologies. The investigation also highlights the prevalence of superfluity in real ontologies, along with the related phenomena of justification masking. The practicality of computing Laconic Justifications coupled with the prevalence of non-laconic justifications in the wild indicates that Laconic and Precise justifications are likely to be useful in practice. The work presented in this thesis should be of interest to researchers in the area of knowledge representation and reasoning, and developers of reasoners and ontology editors, who wish to incorporate explanation generation techniques into their systems.
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Rezzonico, Stefano. "Interagir, jouer et expliquer : dyades mère-enfant francophones et italophones dans deux situations logopédiques." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957939.

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Plusieurs auteurs se sont intéressés au développement des conduites explicatives et justificatives (CEJ) chez des enfants typiques. La littérature reporte aussi de plus en plus d'études qui s'intéressent aux compétences pragmatiques et interactionnelles des enfants qui présentent un trouble du développement du langage (TDL) en montrant que ces enfants présentent des spécificités par rapport aux enfants typiques. Dans ce travail, nous avons combiné ces deux pistes de réflexion en investiguant les CEJ produites par des enfants avec TDL (5-7 ans) et des enfants typiques (4-7 ans), ainsi que par leurs mères, dans des interactions mères-enfants italophones et francophones dans deux activités différentes : unjeu symbolique et une lecture conjointe d'un livre en images. Nos résultats montrent que les deux langues présentent des patrons similaires. Cependant, des différences ponctuelles liées à la langue ont pu être mises en évidence. Les mères prennent en charge les activités proposées et l'activité paraît influencer le fonctionnement des interactions et la production des CEJ. Les enfants avec TDL présentent de CEJ moins élevés que leurs pairs typiques dans l'activité de jeu symbolique et ils semblent avoir davantage besoin que ces derniers du support de leur mère pour en produire dans l'activité de lecture conjointe (notamment dans le corpus francophone). Les mères des enfants typiques et des enfants avec TDL présentent des comportements globalement similaires en amont mais elles semblent s'adapter aux besoins de leurs enfants en aval. Compte tenu de l'importance sociale et éducative de ces conduites, nos résultats pourraient avoir des implications cliniques
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Hall, Brayton Bruno. "A Language-Game Justification for Narrative in Historical Explanation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78239.

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The problem of historical explanation consists in how historical facts are put together. No mere collection of facts constitutes an explanation: there must be some underlying explanation for why those facts occurred in the way they did. Many competing theories of historical explanation have thus been offered, from the highly technical D-N or covering law model, to narrative-based explanations. This paper exposes the flaws in the covering law model proposed by Carl Hempel, and offers a justification for narrative-based explanations by appealing to the notion of language games as used by Ludwig Wittgenstein, as well as the narrative and paradigm models of Arthur Danto and Thomas Kuhn for explaining historical events.<br>Master of Arts
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Roche, William A. "The structure and grounding of epistemic justification." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1141674153.

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Roche, William. "The structure and grounding of epistemic justification." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1141674153.

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Temam, Edgar. "The "Might Makes Right" Fallacy: On a Tacit Justification for Violence." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18310.

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"Might makes right," so the saying goes. What does this mean? What does it mean to say that humans live by this saying? How can this saying that is considered by almost all as an expression of injustice play a justificatory role practically universally and ubiquitously? How can it be repulsive and yet, nonetheless, attractive as an explanation of the ways of the world? Why its long history? I offer a non-cynical explanation, one based on a re-interpretation of the saying and of both recognized and unrecognized related phenomena. This re-interpretation relies on the notion of a tacit justification for violence. This non-cynical, re-interpretive explanation exposes the ambiguity of the saying and the consequential unwitting, self-deceptive, fallacious equivocations that the ambiguity makes possible under common conditions. While this explanation, furthermore, focuses on thinking factors--specifically on fallacious thinking, on humans' unwittingly and self-deceptively committing the fallacy of equivocation--it does not deny the possible role of non-thinking factors; it only tries to show that the thinking factors are significantly explanatory. What is the ambiguity? "Might makes right" expresses two principles. The first principle is the common meaning, namely, that the dominance of the mightier over the weaker is right. This principle is generally considered to be not a definition of justice but an expression of injustice. The second principle, which is almost universally shared in a tacit and unreflective way, is a principle of life, namely, that it is right for any living being to actualize its potential. This second principle is originary and thus primary, while the first principle is derivative and thus secondary. The use of all powers, natural or social, can be ultimately derived legitimately or illegitimately from this primary principle. A common manifestation of "might makes right" is the unwitting abuse of power, an abuse that is not recognized as such by the so-called abuser, but that is rather suffered by this latter, who misapplies the second principle in situations that fall under the first principle, thereby unwittingly living by the saying, tacitly justifying abusive ways by it. This unwittingness calls for critical control and forgiveness.
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Costa, Terezinha de Jesus. ""Condutas explicativas/justificativas no discurso da criança em jogo de ficção com fantoches"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-18072006-151214/.

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Autores neopiagetianos como, por exemplo, Stambak et al. (1990), Verba (1999), Gardner (1994), Flavell (1999), Astington (2003) não têm medido esforços para mostrar o percurso e a importância do jogo simbólico para o desenvolvimento integral da criança. Nesta linha de raciocínio, o presente trabalho enfatiza o papel do jogo de ficção (Stambak et al. e Verba) nas produções discursivas infantis (Veneziano e Hudelot, 2002), reiterando a tese da força motriz do imaginário no e para o desenvolvimento da linguagem na criança. Considerando, portanto, que é pela manifestação de suas ações, sentimentos e emoções que o indivíduo atua sobre o outro, estamos admitindo que a linguagem assume um papel de destaque no processo de comunicação, pois garante diferentes operações intelectuais, e possibilita a criação de mundos e, conseqüentemente, de perspectivas. É ainda por meio da linguagem que o pensamento se organiza, que a criança se identifica como pessoa, argumenta, explica e/ou justifica, quando interage com o meio em que vive. Logo, seu estudo não pode estar desvinculado de suas condições de produção. Com este propósito, e no quadro de uma abordagem funcional e interacional, observamos as condutas explicativas e justificativas (CEJs), que aparecem durante o jogo de ficção com fantoches, onde os espectadores da animação são a própria criança, o boneco e o adulto, na construção do imaginário, na prática do “querer-fazer” e do “fazer-fazer”. Assim, os resultados apontam para um número significativo de CEJs motivado pela linguagem e pelo prazer lúdico. O real e o imaginário aliam-se e criam um cenário onde a criança conquista, forma e domina novos territórios, promovendo o seu crescimento individual e coletivo.<br>Authors as Stambak et al. (1990), Verba (1999), Gardner (1994), Flavell (1999), Astington (2003) they have not been measuring efforts to show the course and the importance of the symbolic game for integral child development. For this reason, the present work emphasizes the paper of the fiction game (Stambak et al. and Verba) in the child discursive productions (Veneziano and Hudelot, 2002), reiterating the thesis of the imaginary force for the language development. Considering it is for the manifestation of actions, feelings and emotions that the person acts to the other, we are admitting that the language assumes a prominence paper in the communication process because it guarantees different intellectual operations, and it makes possible the creation of worlds and consequently perspectives. It is still through the language that the thought is organized, that the child identifies as person, she argues, she explains and/or she justifies, when she interacts with the environment she lives. Therefore, the investigation cannot be disentailed of the production conditions. With this purpose, and in the picture of a functional approach and interacional, we observed the explanation and justification conducts (EJCs), that appear during the fiction game with puppets, where the spectators of the animation are the own child, the puppet and the adult in the imaginary construction. The results appear for a significant number of EJCs motivate by the language and by the pleasure to play. The real and the imaginary ally and they create a scenery where the child conquers, she forms and she dominates new territories and she promote her individual and collective growth.
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Books on the topic "Explanations and justifications"

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Reasons as defaults. Oxford University Press, 2012.

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Tomlins, Christopher L. History and the juridical field: Narrative, justification and explanation in the American case. American Bar Foundation, 2003.

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Tsotsos, John Konstantine. Analyzing vision at the complexity level: Constrains on an architecture, an explanation for visual search performance, and computational justification for attentive processes. University of Toronto, Dept. of Computer Science, 1987.

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Private Property and State Power: Philosophical Justifications, Economic Explanations, and the Role of Government. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

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Huffman, J. Private Property and State Power: Philosophical Justifications, Economic Explanations, and the Role of Government. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

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Delicado, Ana. Local Responses to Renewable Energy Development. Edited by Debra J. Davidson and Matthias Gross. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190633851.013.20.

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This chapter discusses both local opposition and local support to renewable energy developments, with particular attention to wind farms and solar power plants. Actors, arguments, and actions are examined and contrasted. It is argued that opposition to renewables has received far more attention from social scientists, even though the success of this sector in several countries can show that support is frequent and widespread. Regarding opposition, the NIMBY hypothesis is discarded and other more complex and multilayered explanations are discussed, such as place attachment, landscape concerns, procedural and distributive justice, and actual impacts of wind and solar farms. Concerning support to renewable energy developments, justifications such as economic benefits (namely financial incentives and employment generation), landscape rehabilitation, and environmental values are explored.
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Carter, J. Adam, and Duncan Pritchard. Inference to the Best Explanation and Epistemic Circularity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746904.003.0009.

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Inference to the best explanation (IBE) tells us to infer from the available evidence to the hypothesis which would, if correct, best explain that evidence. As Peter Lipton puts it, the core idea driving IBE is that explanatory considerations are a guide to inference. But what is the epistemic status of IBE itself? One issue of contemporary interest is whether it is possible to provide a justification for IBE itself which is non-objectionably circular. We aim to carve out some new space in this debate. In particular, we suggest that the matter of whether a given rule-circular argument is objectionably circular itself depends crucially on some subtle distinctions which have been made in the recent literature on perceptual warrant. By bringing these debates together, a principled reason emerges for why some kinds of rule-circular justifications for IBE are considerably less objectionable than others.
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McCain, Kevin, and Ted Poston, eds. Best Explanations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746904.001.0001.

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Explanatory reasoning is quite common. Not only are rigorous inferences to the best explanation used pervasively in the sciences, explanatory reasoning is virtually ubiquitous in everyday life. Despite its widespread use, inference to the best explanation is still in need of precise formulation, and it remains controversial. On the one hand, supporters of explanationism take inference to the best explanation to be a justifying form of inference—some even take all justification to be a matter of explanatory reasoning. On the other hand, critics object that inference to the best explanation is not a fundamental form of inference, and some argue that we should be skeptical of inference to the best explanation in general. This volume brings together top epistemologists and philosophers of science to explore various aspects of inference to the best explanation and the debates surrounding it. The newly commissioned chapters in this volume constitute the cutting edge of research on the role explanatory considerations play in epistemology and philosophy of science.
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Jackson, Magdalena Balcerak. Justification by Imagination. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717881.003.0010.

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The goal of this chapter is to argue that perceptual imaginings are a source of justification. The widespread scepticism about a justificatory role for imaginings stems mainly from the observation that what we imagine, unlike what we perceptually experience, is up to us. This chapter argues that understanding the recreative nature of imaginings provides us with an explanation of why what we imagine is not completely up to us, but is systematically constrained by the general structure of perceptual experience. And, it shows how on this basis imaginings justify us in interesting beliefs about the structure of our perceptual experience and in beliefs about the structure of the world.
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Bunge, Mario Augusto. Philosophy of Science: Volume 2, from Explanation to Justification. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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Book chapters on the topic "Explanations and justifications"

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Wight, Colin. "Terrorism: Justifications and Explanations." In Rethinking Terrorism. Macmillan Education UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-54054-6_7.

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Poston, Ted. "Explanation and Justification." In Reason and Explanation. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137012265_4.

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Poston, Ted. "Is Foundational A Priori Justification Indispensable?" In Reason and Explanation. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137012265_6.

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Vahid, Hamid. "Argument from Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE)." In Epistemic Justification and the Skeptical Challenge. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230596214_10.

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Brodie, Karin. "Teaching the Practices of Justification and Explanation." In Teaching Mathematical Reasoning in Secondary School Classrooms. Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09742-8_7.

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Forge, John. "Weapons Research, Contexts and Justifications, and the Analogy with Explanation." In Research Ethics Forum. Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5736-3_9.

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Roth-Berghofer, Thomas R., and Florian Mittag. "Redux exp : An Open-source Justification-based Explanation Support Server." In Research and Development in Intelligent Systems XXV. Springer London, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-171-2_23.

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Nothdurft, Florian, and Wolfgang Minker. "Justification and Transparency Explanations in Dialogue Systems to Maintain Human-Computer Trust." In Signals and Communication Technology. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21834-2_4.

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"JUSTIFICATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS." In Child Welfare. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203401965-30.

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Tham, Henrik. "The justifications and explanations of imprisonment." In Política criminal y libertad. Universidad externado de Colombia, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.uec.1038.

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Conference papers on the topic "Explanations and justifications"

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Marynissen, Simon, Bart Bogaerts, and Marc Denecker. "On the Relation Between Approximation Fixpoint Theory and Justification Theory." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/272.

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Approximation Fixpoint Theory (AFT) and Justification Theory (JT) are two frameworks to unify logical formalisms. AFT studies semantics in terms of fixpoints of lattice operators, and JT in terms of so-called justifications, which are explanations of why certain facts do or do not hold in a model. While the approaches differ, the frameworks were designed with similar goals in mind, namely to study the different semantics that arise in (mainly) non-monotonic logics. The First contribution of our current paper is to provide a formal link between the two frameworks. To be precise, we show that every justification frame induces an approximator and that this mapping from JT to AFT preserves all major semantics. The second contribution exploits this correspondence to extend JT with a novel class of semantics, namely ultimate semantics: we formally show that ultimate semantics can be obtained in JT by a syntactic transformation on the justification frame, essentially performing some sort of resolution on the rules.
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Yang, Shaohua, Qiaozi Gao, Sari Sadiya, and Joyce Chai. "Commonsense Justification for Action Explanation." In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1283.

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Ton-That, Marc, Christine Vauglin, and Gilbert Trillon. "Main Evolutions of the RCC-C Design and Construction Code for Fuel Assemblies Since 2015." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81436.

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AFCEN is a French Standard Development Organization which publishes codes for design, construction and in-service inspection rules for Pressurized Water Reactors. The fields covered by theses codes are mechanical components, in-service surveillance of mechanical components, electrical equipments, nuclear fuel, civil works and fire protection. AFCEN was initially founded by electric utility EDF and nuclear steam supply system manufacturer FRAMATOME. AFCEN has more than 60 institutional members, representing more than 650 experts who contribute to the development and continuous improvement of codes. The RCC-C code, which is dedicated to PWR fuel assemblies and associated core components, set forth generic requirements to be fulfilled by the suppliers and by the manufacturers for the design justifications and for the manufacturing and inspection operations of PWR fuel assemblies and rod cluster control assemblies. The RCC-C is intended to be used in the frame of contractual relations between a customer (nuclear operator) and a nuclear fuel supplier. The first edition was published in 1981. Over the years, many changes have been made to the original text but the structure hasn’t been much modified. Because of this, the text was becoming less coherent for the users and was lacking also minimal explanations. A redesign of the code was scheduled for the 2015 edition to address those problems. With the involvement of fuel vendors FRAMATOME, WESTINGHOUSE, and French nuclear operator EDF, the text was restructured and clarified. New requirements were implemented and the set of both design and manufacturing rules was strengthened to reflect fuel vendors’ practices and operator expectations. This article explains the main modifications that were implemented since the 2015 edition, and also outlines the prospects for future changes taking into account the latest regulatory requirements and evolutions of the industrial practices.
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Ancelet, Olivier, Thierry Lebarbe´, Sophie Dubiez-Le Goff, Dominique Bonne, and Odile Ge´lineau. "Material Report in Support to RCC-MRx Code 2010: Stainless Steel Parts and Products." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57852.

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This paper presents the Material Report dedicated to stainless steels parts and products issued by AFCEN (Association Franc¸aise pour les re`gles de Conception et de Construction des Mate´riels des Chaudie`res Electro-Nucle´aires) in support to RCC-MRx 2010 Code. The RCC-MRx Code is the result of the merger of the RCC-MX 2008, developed in the context of the research reactor Jules Horowitz Reactor project, in the RCC-MR 2007, which set up rules applicable to the design of components operating at high temperature and to the Vacuum Vessel of ITER (a presentation of RCC-MRx 2010 Code is the subject of another paper proposed in this Congress; it explains in particular the status of this Code). This Material Report is part of a set of Criteria of RCC-MRx (this set of Criteria is under construction). The Criteria aim at explaining the design and construction rules of the Code. They cover analyses rules as well as part procurement, welding, methods of tests and examination and fabrication rules. The Material Report particularly provides justifications and explanations on requirements and features dealing with parts and products proposed in the Code. The Material Report contains the following information: Introduction of the grade(s): codes and standards and Reference Procurement Specifications covering parts and products, applications and experience gained, • Physical properties, • Mechanical properties used for design calculations (base metal and welds): basic mechanical properties, creep mechanical properties, irradiated mechanical properties, • Fabrication: experience gained, metallurgy, • Welding: weldability, experience gained during welding and repair procedure qualifications, • Non-destructive examination, • In-service behaviour. In the article, examples of data supplied in the Material Report dedicated to stainless steels will be exposed.
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Attari, Nazia, Martin Heckmann, and David Schlangen. "From Explainability to Explanation: Using a Dialogue Setting to Elicit Annotations with Justifications." In Proceedings of the 20th Annual SIGdial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-5938.

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Katona, Tama´s Ja´nos, Sa´ndor Ra´tkai, A´gnes Ja´nosine´ Bi´ro´, and Pe´ter Go˝si. "Time-Limited Ageing Analyses for Justification of Long-Term Operation of Paks NPP." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40201.

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In this paper a comprehensive set of the time-limited ageing analyses for justification of long-term operation of WWER-440/213 type units will be presented. The scope covers mainly fatigue analyses of Safety Class 1 and 2 structures and components, reactor pressure vessel pressurized thermal shock analyses, etc. like in usual practice in case of PWRs. However some specific analyses are required for comprehensive justification of long-term operation, e.g. high cycle fatigue analysis of flow-induced vibration of internal structures of the reactor pressure vessel and internal structures of the steam generators, thermal ageing analysis of Safety Class 1 and 2 components, analysis for material property change of heavy concrete structures of reactor shielding, crack propagation analysis of detected defects, thermal stratification analysis, fatigue analysis of the containment for increased pressure level during integral leak-tightness test. The necessity of the specific analyses is discussed. Arguments are based on the WWER operation experience and engineering considerations. Specific requirements and methodology for routine and specific time-limited ageing analyses and the most important results with explanation of possible consequences will also be presented.
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Belahcene, Khaled, Christophe Labreuche, Nicolas Maudet, Vincent Mousseau, and Wassila Ouerdane. "Comparing Options with Argument Schemes Powered by Cancellation." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/213.

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We introduce a way of reasoning about preferences represented as pairwise comparative statements, based on a very simple yet appealing principle: cancelling out common values across statements. We formalize and streamline this procedure with argument schemes. As a result, any conclusion drawn by means of this approach comes along with a justification. It turns out that the statements which can be inferred through this process form a proper preference relation. More precisely, it corresponds to a necessary preference relation under the assumption of additive utilities. We show the inference task can be performed in polynomial time in this setting, but that finding a minimal length explanation is NP-complete.
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Amendola, Giovanni, and Leonid Libkin. "Explainable Certain Answers." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/233.

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When a dataset is not fully specified and can represent many possible worlds, one commonly answers queries by computing certain answers to them. A natural way of defining certainty is to say that an answer is certain if it is consistent with query answers in all possible worlds, and is furthermore the most informative answer with this property. However, the existence and complexity of such answers is not yet well understood even for relational databases. Thus in applications one tends to use different notions, essentially the intersection of query answers in possible worlds. However, justification of such notions has long been questioned. This leads to two problems: are certain answers based on informativeness feasible in applications? and can a clean justification be provided for intersection-based notions? Our goal is to answer both. For the former, we show that such answers may not exist, or be very large, even in simple cases of querying incomplete data. For the latter, we add the concept of explanations to the notion of informativeness: it shows not only that one object is more informative than the other, but also says why this is so. This leads to a modified notion of certainty: explainable certain answers. We present a general framework for reasoning about them, and show that for open and closed world relational databases, they are precisely the common intersection-based notions of certainty.
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Haq, Inam U. "A Generalized Procedure to Estimate Matching of Power Turbine With Aeroderivative Gas Generator at High Speed Settings." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68015.

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This paper encapsulates generalized considerations of power turbine matching with aeroderivative gas generator at high power settings. A computation route is set up to estimate the magnitude of the desired parameters from design point knowledge of a gas generator. Then, a method is delineated to verify matching of power turbine inlet nozzle area with exhaust of gas generator by measuring tangible tested parameters. Data manipulation revealed that there exists a favorable correlation between pressure ratio of high pressure turbine and gas generator speed that may directly reflect the influence of physical area change of power turbine inlet nozzle area. A practical example is presented to demonstrate the procedure. From engine design to retirement, the generalized considerations may be applied on several occasions where question of matching may become important and require explanation for performance and financial justifications. Some generalized rules of matching are condensed and their applications are suggested.
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Zimmer, Matthieu, and Paul Weng. "Exploiting the Sign of the Advantage Function to Learn Deterministic Policies in Continuous Domains." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/625.

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In the context of learning deterministic policies in continuous domains, we revisit an approach, which was first proposed in Continuous Actor Critic Learning Automaton (CACLA) and later extended in Neural Fitted Actor Critic (NFAC). This approach is based on a policy update different from that of deterministic policy gradient (DPG). Previous work has observed its excellent performance empirically, but a theoretical justification is lacking. To fill this gap, we provide a theoretical explanation to motivate this unorthodox policy update by relating it to another update and making explicit the objective function of the latter. We furthermore discuss in depth the properties of these updates to get a deeper understanding of the overall approach. In addition, we extend it and propose a new trust region algorithm, Penalized NFAC (PeNFAC). Finally, we experimentally demonstrate in several classic control problems that it surpasses the state-of-the-art algorithms to learn deterministic policies.
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Reports on the topic "Explanations and justifications"

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Sitabkhan, Yasmin, and Linda M. Platas. Early Mathematics Counts: Promising Instructional Strategies from Low- and Middle-Income Countries. RTI Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.op.0055.1807.

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This occasional paper examines common instructional strategies in early-grade mathematics interventions through a review of studies in classrooms in low- and middle-income countries. Twenty-four studies met the criteria for inclusion, and analyses reveal four sets of instructional strategies for which there is evidence from multiple contexts. Of the 24 studies, 16 involved the use of multiple representations, 10 involved the use of developmental progressions, 6 included supporting student use of explanation and justification, and 5 included integration of informal mathematics. Based on the review, we provide conclusions and recommendations for future research and policy.
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