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Books on the topic 'Explicit constraints'
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1
Appleget, Jeffrey A. Knapsack cuts and explicit-constraint branching for solving integer programs. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1997.
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2
Velleman, Leah, and David Beaver. Question-based Models of Information Structure. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.29.
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We present approaches to the semantics and pragmatics of information structure which centre on Questions Under Discussion (QUDs). Questions, explicit or implicit, are seen as structuring discourse, and information structural marking is seen as reflecting that underlying discourse structure. Our presentation of the model is largely cast in terms of extensions of Roberts’s (2012b) analysis, which is itself related to Rooth’s (1985/1992) Alternative Semantics and Hamblin’s (1973) approach to the semantics of questions. We present the model in terms of a range of constraints that relate information structure to discourse structure, notably constraints on the ‘Relevance’ of utterances, on the ‘Congruence’ of answers to questions, and on the ‘Availability’ of discourse antecedents. We discuss the application of the approach to the interpretation of focus and some cases of contrastive topics, to discourse structure, to the interpretation of focus sensitive operators, and to certain cases of presupposition projection.
3
Knapsack Cuts and Explicit-Constraint Branching for Solving Integer Programs. Storming Media, 1997.
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4
Alexandrova, Anna. How to Build a Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199300518.003.0003.
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Child well-being is one of the most researched and measured outcomes today. Much of this work proceeds in the absence of explicit theory and wrongly so. This chapter illustrates the process of building a mid-level theory for the case of children. Such a theory cannot be simply derived from the available high theories, be it hedonism, subjectivism, or objective list. Instead it should be built up using the best suited version of objective list theory (developmentalism), plus also an account of the nature of childhood, all the while respecting the constraints of scientific practice. On the view defended child well-being consists in, first, future-directed and environmentally suited development of capacities of the child (a process known as well-becoming) and, second, in present engagement with the world in child-appropriate ways.
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Ho, Raymond J. Development and implementation of nonlinear constraint relations for explicit finite element analysis. 2004.
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6
Bykvist, Krister. Agent-Relative and Agent-Neutral Reasons. Edited by Daniel Star. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199657889.013.36.
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The distinction between agent-relative and agent-neutral reasons, at least in its explicit form, is a fairly recent contribution to normative ethics. That the distinction is both well-defined and significant is often taken for granted in contemporary normative ethics. For example, it is supposed to help us characterize many aspects of common-sense morality, such as personal duties, and deontological restrictions or constraints. The main question of this chapter is whether there is a well-defined distinction between agent-relative and agent-neutral reasons that has this high level of significance. Is the distinction really “an extremely important one,” as Nagel said, or perhaps even one of “the greatest contributions of recent ethics,” as Tom Hurka suggests? A variety of accounts of this distinction is discussed and it is argued that none live up to this hype, at least if the distinction is supposed not to beg other important questions in normative ethics.
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FitzGerald, David Scott. Refuge beyond Reach. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190874155.001.0001.
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The core of the asylum regime is the principle of non-refoulement that prohibits governments from sending refugees back to their persecutors. Governments attempt to evade this legal obligation to which they have explicitly agreed by manipulating territoriality. A remote control strategy of “extraterritorialization” pushes border control functions hundreds or even thousands of kilometers beyond the state’s territory. Simultaneously, states restrict access to asylum and other rights enjoyed by virtue of presence on a state’s territory, by making micro-distinctions down to the meter at the borderline in a process of “hyper-territorialization.” This study analyzes remote controls since the 1930s in Palestine, North America, Europe, and Australia to identify the origins of different forms of remote control, explain how they work together as a system of control, and establish the conditions that enable or constrain them in practice. It argues that foreign policy issue linkages and transnational advocacy networks promoting a humanitarian norm that is less susceptible to the legal manipulation of territoriality constrains remote controls more than the law itself. The degree of constraint varies widely by the technique of remote control.
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Coolen, A. C. C., A. Annibale, and E. S. Roberts. Graphs with hard constraints: further applications and extensions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198709893.003.0007.
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This chapter looks at further topics pertaining to the effective use of Markov Chain Monte Carlo to sample from hard- and soft-constrained exponential random graph models. The chapter considers the question of how moves can be sampled efficiently without introducing unintended bias. It is shown mathematically and numerically that apparently very similar methods of picking out moves can give rise to significant differences in the average topology of the networks generated by the MCMC process. The general discussion in complemented with pseudocode in the relevant section of the Algorithms chapter, which explicitly sets out some accurate and practical move sampling approaches. The chapter also describes how the MCMC equilibrium probabilities can be purposely deformed to, for example, target desired correlations between degrees of connected nodes. The mathematical exposition is complemented with graphs showing the results of numerical simulations.
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Steigmann, David J. Some boundary-value problems for uniform isotropic incompressible materials. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198567783.003.0007.
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This chapter outlines the formulation and explicit solution of a number of simple boundary-value problems. Analysis is facilitated by the constraint of incompressibility. Examples include expansionand contraction of cylinders, torsion, azimuthal shear, and cavitation under conditions of spherical symmetry Further examples involving anti-plane shear are discussed in the Problems.
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Magnusson, Thor, and Alex McLean. Performing with Patterns of Time. Edited by Roger T. Dean and Alex McLean. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190226992.013.21.
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Music is a time-based art form often characterized by patternings; manipulations of sequences over time. Composers and performers may think in terms of patterns, although the structure of patterned sequences is often not made explicit in musical notation. This chapter explores how musical sequences can be created and transformed in real-time performance through patterning functions. Topics related to the use of algorithms for pattern making are discussed, and two systems are introduced—ixi lang and TidalCycles, as high-level and expressive minilanguages for musical pattern. These two systems are constrained, purpose-built live coding systems, and with such systems has come rethinking about the computer language design and purpose, where performance and the conception of the code as something that be sculpted in real time is given a high priority.
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True, Jacqui. Bringing Back Gendered States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190644031.003.0003.
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Feminist scholars of international relations argue that gender is central, not peripheral, to the constitution of the state and to change “in” and “of” the interstate system. Western and non-Western patriarchal structures shape and constrain what states are, what they do, and how. They have played a crucial role in the constitution of state identities, diplomatic practices, and the maintenance, transformation, and expansion of the society of states. The unraveling of patriarchal structures in many parts of the world has implications for international society and the quest for order and justice. The increasing breakdown of patriarchal social contacts is fueling gendered violence at all levels, including the explicit targeting of women and girls in intrastate and international conflicts. This violence is at once an embodiment of, and a threat to, sovereign statehood.
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Razo, Armando. Integration of Contextual Data. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.20.
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This chapter discusses a conceptual framework that clarifies the nature and importance of context in social scientific research. It first explains how context fits into survey analysis, then addresses major problems that hamper use and collection of contextual data: vague or incomplete conceptual definitions of “context” and lack of methodological guidance to collect and analyze contextual data. It suggests that systematic research and cumulative knowledge on contextual effects are constrained by two factors: the lack of standardized contextual variables across surveys and sporadic empirical inquiries. Finally, it outlines directions for future research with an eye toward advancing contextual data collection and analysis as well as ascertaining the impact of context on public opinion and political behavior. It presents statistical approaches to provide a blueprint for explicit measurements and analysis of contextual data and considers the need to modify conventional sampling techniques to capture relevant contextual variability.
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Golub, Mark. Is Racial Equality Unconstitutional? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683603.003.0006.
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This concluding chapter considers the implications of the book’s central claims: that constitutional law marks a contested site of racial formation, that color-blind constitutionalism represents an assertion of white racial interest and identity, and that the peculiar form of racial consciousness it enacts renders the pursuit of racial equality a violation of white rights. Taking up the question of political possibility within a legal system constituted by racial domination, the chapter suggests that racial equality may not be achievable within the current American constitutional order. It calls for a rethinking of American law and politics from the premise that racial equality will require a more fundamental transformation than these constraints would permit, and points toward an explicitly antiredemptive political vision upon which a more authentic racial democracy might be founded.
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True, Jacqui. Anarchy and Patriarchy in World Politics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0014.
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This essay considers anarchy in light of the dynamics of patriarchy in world politics. Western and non-Western patriarchal structures shape and constrain what states are, what they do, and how. They have played a crucial role in the constitution of state identities, diplomatic practices, and the maintenance, transformation, and expansion of the society of states. The unravelling of patriarchal structures in many parts of the world has implications for international society and the quest for order and justice. The increasing breakdown of patriarchal social contacts is fuelling gendered violence at all levels, including the explicit targeting of women and girls in intra-state and international conflicts. This violence is at once an embodiment of, and a threat to, sovereign statehood. If patriarchal society once consolidated the anarchical society in Europe, then it now also challenges that society from within and without as well as the possibility of its expansion.
15
Shawar, Yusra Ribhi, and Jennifer Prah Ruger. The World Bank. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672676.003.0017.
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The World Bank, one of the largest global health funders, continues to deny a formal legal obligation for human rights. Internal constraints limit the Bank’s ability to do so, since its Articles of Agreement explicitly forbid it from interfering in a country’s internal political affairs, making it unclear whether human rights risk management is within the institution’s mandate. This stands in contrast to the institution’s commitment to human rights, as reflected in its commitment to helping countries achieve universal health coverage and in its “twin goals” of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity, which fundamentally contribute to the realization of social and economic rights. This chapter analyzes the ways in which rights-based discourse has evolved in the Bank’s global health policies and practices and identifies the institutional factors that have shaped its consideration of human rights.
16
Okasha, Samir. Grafen’s Formal Darwinism, Adaptive Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815082.003.0005.
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A core Darwinian idea is that evolution will lead to well-adapted organisms, with phenotypes that maximize their fitness relative to the available alternatives. Grafen’s ‘formal Darwinism project’ attempts to make this idea precise, by explicitly linking the process of natural selection and the optimality of individuals’ phenotypes. Grafen’s analysis ties in closely with the unity-of-purpose constraint on agency, but does not amount to a general vindication of adaptationist assumptions. Under frequencydependence, the theory of adaptive dynamics shows that natural selection does not necessarily lead to phenotypes which maximize fitness conditional on their being fixed in the population. These results suggest that there is no theoretical principle to the effect that natural selection will tend to produce adaptation. The justification for agential thinking in biology must thus be empirical, not theoretical.
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Snijders, Tom A. B., and Mark Pickup. Stochastic Actor Oriented Models for Network Dynamics. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.10.
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Stochastic Actor Oriented Models for Network Dynamics are used for the statistical analysis of longitudinal network data collected as a panel. The probability model defines an unobserved stochastic process of tie changes, where social actors add new ties or drop existing ties in response to the current network structure; the panel observations are snapshots of the resulting changing network. The statistical analysis is based on computer simulations of this process, which provides a great deal of flexibility in representing data constraints and dependence structures. In this Chapter we begin by defining the basic model. We then explicate a new model for nondirected ties, including several options for the specification of how pairs of actors coordinate tie changes. Next, we describe coevolution models. These can be used to model the dynamics of several interdependent sets of variables, such as the analysis of panel data on a network and the behavior of the actors in the network, or panel data on two or more networks. We finish by discussing the differences between Stochastic Actor Oriented Models and some other longitudinal network models. A major distinguishing feature is the treatment of time, which allows straightforward application of the model to panel data with different time lags between waves. We provide a variety of applications in political science throughout.
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Williams, James Gordon, and Robin D. G. Kelley. Crossing Bar Lines. University Press of Mississippi, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496832108.001.0001.
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This book provides an interpretive framework for understanding how African American creative improvisers think of musical space. Featuring a Foreword by eminent scholar Robin D.G. Kelley, this is the first critical improvisation studies book that uses Black Geographies theory to examine the spatial values of musical expression in the improvisational and compositional practices of trumpeters Terence Blanchard and Ambrose Akinmusire, drummers Billy Higgins and Terri Lyne Carrington, and pianist Andrew Hill. Bar lines in this book serve as a notational and spatial metaphor for social constraints connected to systemic and structural white supremacy. Crossing them therefore applies not only to conceptions of Black spatiality in musical practices but also to how African American musicians address structural barriers to fight the social injustices that obstruct freedom and full citizenship for African Americans and other marginalized groups. Defined by both liminal and quotidian reality, Black musical space, like Black feminist thought, is about theorizing through the lived experiences of Black people which reflect different genders, sexual identities, political stances, across improvisational eras. Using this theory of Black musical space, the book explains how these dynamic musicians explicitly and implicitly articulate humanity through compositional and improvisational practices, some of which interface with contemporary social movements like Black Lives Matter. Consequently, Crossing Bar Lines not only fills a significant gap in the literature on African American, activist musical improvisation and contemporary social movements, but it gives the reader an understanding of the complexity of African American musical practices relative to fluid political identities and sensibilities.
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Allison, Juliann Emmons. Ecofeminism and Global Environmental Politics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.158.
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Ecofeminism can be described as both an ecological philosophy and a social movement that draws on environmental studies, critiques of modernity and science, and feminist critical analyses and activism to explicate connections between women and nature, and the implications of these relationships for environmental politics. Feminist writer Françoise d’Eaubonne is widely credited to be the founder of ecofeminism in the early 1970s. Ecofeminists embrace a wide range of views concerning the causal role of Western dualistic thinking, patriarchal structures of power, and capitalism in ecological degradation, and the oppression of women and other subjugated peoples. Collectively, they find value in extending feminist analyses to the simultaneous interrogation of the domination of both nature and women. The history of ecofeminism may be divided into four decade-long periods. Ecofeminism emerged in the early 1970s, coincident with a significant upturn in the contemporary women’s and environmental movements. In the 1980s, ecofeminism entered the academy as ecofeminist activists and scholars focused their attention on the exploitation of natural resources and women, particularly in the developing world. They criticized government and cultural institutions that constrained women’s reproductive and productive roles in society, and argued that environmental protection ultimately depends on increasing women’s socioeconomic and political power. In the current postfeminist and postenvironmentalist world, ecofeminists are less concerned with theoretical labels than with effective women’s activism to achieve ecological sustainability.