Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Exploitation durable'
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Willemez, Alix. "Exploitation durable des ressources énergétiques et minérales marines : aspects juridiques." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D016/document.
Full textThe exploitation of terrestrial energy and mineral resources is limited by the rapid increase of the world's population. It was only after the Second World War that States realised that they had to control the ocean in order to extract its resources. 1982 marks the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The maritime are: was then divided into zones, over which coastal States most often had rights. This division allowed for a better exploitation of maritime resources. In the territorial sea, for example, States could set up electricity production systems from renewable sources. Further, in the exclusive economic zone, States could allow the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons. Finally, on the continental shelf, the evolution of technology will soon allow us to exploit marine mineral resources. The central question is whether it is possible to exploit these resources in a sustainable way without destroying the marine environment. The protection of the environment cannot exist without a strong and applied legislation. It must be a bulwark against the actions of companies or States that have little regard for the long-term impact of their actions. The ocean, immense, with invisible and mysterious bottoms, is vulnerable. Its protection can only take place when the general public, States and companies understand its importance for the survival of Humanity. It is the duty of the men and women of law to render this protection effective
Lopera, Sergio Hernando. "Extraction pétrolière et politique énergétique durable : le cas colombien." Grenoble 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE21012.
Full textDesmonts, Jean-René. "État côtier et développement durable : entre exploitation et protection environnementale : Les conflits d'usage en mer." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN0002.
Full textOver the last few years the sea has known a multiplication of its modes of exploitation. From now on, marine areas must be shared between the traditional users (fishing, marine cultures, sea traffic) and the new users of the sea (industrial activities, leisure), to whom is added an environmental use. Conflicts which arise from this competition in the use of these fragile environments require an intervention which needs to be increased and renewed by public authorities. Arbitration between these activities involves research by the authorities of a balance between the exploitation and the environmental protection of the sea. Despite recent reforms, the study of different administrations in charge of the sea has pointed out that the dispersed skills lead to the inefficient management of conflicts of use. Solutions are possible to optimize the organization and coordination in the State's policies on maritime affairs. These conflicts are then considered in connection with the regulation of the different activities. Preventing these conflicts of use requires that planned marine activities may be integrated into a management approach of the sea and the coast and improved by more effective tools and better coordination. However, after consultation, the development of European and national integrated maritime policies, applied at relevant scales, provide a better overall shared management of the sea. Finally, the resolution of these conflicts implies that civil society and the courts are more involved in the process and have to specialize
Martaud, Thomas. "Evaluation environnementale de la production de granulats naturels en exploitation de carrière : indicateurs, modèles et outils." Orléans, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00412080.
Full textMabika, Jérôme. "Exploitation et gestion durable de la forêt gabonaise : analyse géographique et problèmes de gestion et d'aménagement forestier." Montpellier 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON30037.
Full textMartaud, Thomas. "Evaluation environnementale de la production de granulats en exploitation de carrières - Indicateurs, Modèles et Outils." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00412080.
Full textBillard, Emeric. "Nouveaux acteurs, vieilles habitudes : l'implantation des opérateurs forestiers asiatiques au Gabon à l'heure de la transition vers la gestion durable." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0040.
Full textThe rise of Asian interests has been one of the most significant developments faced by the logging industry in Gabon over the past two decades. Perceived as participating in China's strategy for access to natural resources in Africa, their presence raises concerns that highlight different webs of interests, both complementary and antagonistic, between a so called weak state and supposedly aggressive investments. This thesis aims to better understand these complex dynamics. The approach is interdisciplinary and examines society-environment relations through the lens of logging in Gabon. Based primarily on the socio-political and economic components of this industry, the analysis highlights the opportunistic character of the strategies employed by logging companies, by the State and by state officials. The shift to sustainable management fosters a hybrid form of forest governance, which favors the most adaptable economic strategies – notably those of Asian operators
Guedje, Nicole. "La gestion des populations d'arbres comme outil pour une exploitation durable des Produits Forestiers Non-Ligneux :l'exemple de Garcinia lucida (Sud-Cameroun)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211449.
Full textZahm, Frédéric. "De l’évaluation de la performance globale d’une exploitation agricole à l’évaluation de la politique agro-environnementale de la Politique Agricole Commune. : Une approche par les indicateurs agro-environnementaux." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSARAE32.
Full textThis thesis analyses the contribution of agri-environmental indicators to the evaluation process of agri-environmental Measures (AEM) of the Common Agricultural Policy. The agri-environmental indicator is first studied as a tool for assessing the environmental performance of agricultural practices. This ability of agri-environmental indicators to report the concept of environmental performance is analysed from a case study testing the validation of the surface water component for four pesticides indicators (ADSCOR, EIQ, EPRIP, I-phy). Secondly, the agro-environmental indicator is studied as a tool of evaluation of the sustainability of a farm. To qualify this concept, our works have firstly contributed to develop the IDEA (Indicateur de Durabilité d’une Exploitation Agricole) method and secondly to test it on different types of farms. In addition, this IDEA method takes part into the European current of the Corporate Social Responsibility and measures the Global Performance of a farm. On the agri-environmental policy assessment level, agri-environmental indicator is then considered as a variable to assess the treatment effects of AEM. Amoung 220 indicators methods, 40 relevant indicators capable to be integrated in econometric methods in order to assess the net effects of the French water and biodiversity AEM. Finally, we analyse two agro-environmental indicators (IFT and NODU) of the French Ecophyto plan. They act as an instrument and facilitate the way from a policy making based on statutory policies to procedural policies
Vu, Manhchien. "Tourisme, croissance et intégration dans l'économie mondiale : les apports du concept de développement durable." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00257238.
Full textMateo, Séverine. "Activités économiques et déforestation : dynamiques d'interaction : quelques implications pour l'action." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010004.
Full textThe aim of this study is to assess alternative strategies to deforestation that should assure a sustainable development of agricultural areas. A first part analyzes the behavior of agricultural producers whom deforest to develop cattle breeding in the Ecuadorian Andes. It sheds light on the interactions between deforestation and accumulation processes and on the importance of the forest in these accumulative production systems. A survey details the main interesting and limiting aspects of the life cycle hypothesis and of the optimal growth theory for this study. In the second part, a dynamic and deterministic next stochastic model is presented. It represents the long term evolution of agricultural production systems where cattle is substitued for forest. Producers' intertemporal decisions are formalized through the maximization of their utility. This maximization is constrained by the evolution of the farmer's assets (financial wealth, forest, and cattle herd), which depends on production, consumption and saving decisions. The main physical and economic linkages between forest, livestock and capital are taken into consideration, as well as their impacts on the accumulation process (feed-backs). Then, optimal control and dynamic stochastic programming theories are used to define the optimal growth path and the evolution of each asset's marginal value. The qualitative analysis of the results emphasizes various impacts of risk on producers' decisions and studies the evolution of the deforestation rate during time (comparative dynamics). It shows that the deforestation process first increases and then decreases through time, according to the farmer's accumulation stage. The comparison of the model's results with the observed reality allows to validate this approach and to define strategies to reduce deforestation. These strategies recommend to join direct (restrictions on logs' production) and indirect interventions (minimization of the risk's impacts)
Favreau, Jean-Luc. "Durabilité des exploitations en agriculture biologique : une analyse de la diversité des situations et des trajectoires d'évolution en Midi-Pyrénées." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01058072.
Full textTrabelsi, Meriem. "Comment mesurer la performance agroécologique d'une exploitation agricole pour l'accompagner dans son processus de transition?" Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30037/document.
Full textThe use of plant protection products enables farmers to maximize economic performance and yields, but in return, the environment and human health can be greatly affected because of their toxicity. There are currently strong calls for farmers to reduce the use of these toxic products for the preservation of the environment and the human health, and it has become urgent to invest in more sustainable models that help reduce these risks. One possible solution is the transition toward agroecological production systems. These new systems must be beneficial economically, socially, and environmentally in terms of human health. There are many tools available, based on a range of indicators, for assessing the sustainability of agricultural systems on conventional farm holdings. These methods are little suitable to agroecological farms and do not measure the performance of agroecological transition farms. In this article, we therefore develop a model for the strategic definition, guidance, and assistance for a transition to agroecological practices, capable of assessing performance of this transition and simulating the consequences of possible changes. This model was built by coupling (i) a decision-support tool and a technico-economic simulator with(ii) a conceptual model built from the dynamics of agroecological practices. This tool is currently being tested in the framework of a Compte d’Affectation Spéciale pour le Développement Agricole et Rural (CASDAR) project (CASDAR: project launched in 2013 by the French Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, on the theme Bcollective mobilisation for agroecology,^ http://agriculture.gouv.fr/ Appel-a-projets-CASDAR) using data from farms, most of which are engaged in agroenvironmental process and reducing plant protection treatments since 2008
Princeton, Judith, and Judith Princeton. "Pratiques innovantes d'exploitation des réseaux routiers en lien avec une mobilité durable : une nouvelle approche de l'évaluation." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00703206.
Full textPrinceton, Judith. "Pratiques innovantes d'exploitation des réseaux routiers en lien avec une mobilité durable : une nouvelle approche de l'évaluation." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1152/document.
Full textTraffic management is facing the new issues of the sustainable development concept. The objective is not only to guarantee acceptable travels times over the networks anymore. Energy consumption as well as associated greenhouse gaz and pollutant emissions must be reduced for a better quality of life for current and future generations. Standards in road safety have also been reinforced and aim at cutting off the number of accident fatalities. Thus, traffic operators use the most innovating strategies. Nevertheless, if decision-makers have greater possibilities to implement their programmes, they also are committed to assess their performance at different stages. This doctoral thesis analyses the new strategies in motorway network management by identifying their respective domains of application as well as their potential and real impacts. Limitations of existing a priori and a posteriori evaluation methods are highlighted and a new approach is proposed. It associates the three main criteria of sustainable mobility to one concept: the level of service, which is widely used by network operators. The methodology is validated on several operations. Besides, based on results obtained from the various lane management operations implemented all accross Europe, the thesis proposes a tool to help in choosing the appropriate strategy according to the motorway layout and congestion level. The tool is presented in the form of a catalog of typical cases for the Ile-de-France motorway network. The new evaluation approach proposed in this thesis may be easily integrated in the available traffic simulation tools. Hence, the impacts of a traffic management operation on congestion, safety and the environment may be obtained as output from those simulators in the framewok of an a priori evaluation. This integration is also possible in the traffic management center systems, for a posteriori evaluations. Besides, the thesis identifies potential subjects for future research. Firstly, accident severity could be considered in the proposed evaluation approach, which takes into account all injury accidents at once by now, due to a lack of data. Likewise, only four manged lane strategies are included in the catalog, which could be extended to all the existing traffic management operations through the same methodology described in the thesis
Palazy, Lucille. "La chasse aux trophées : menace ou alliée pour les espèces rares." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10020/document.
Full textTrophy hunting, which is a form of recreational hunting with the main objective of collecting a trophy of interest, is a controversial subject. This activity could potentially generate an anthropogenic Allee effect (AAE). This demographic process states that the valuation of rarity could drive rare species exploitation and even lead to their extinction. Our project aims at testing the potential for an AEE in trophy hunting. We demonstrate that rare species have a high financial value, regardless of the trophy size, indicating that there is a high demand for those species. We also show that the number of trophies traded internationally and the number of recorded trophies by the Safari Club International (one of the largest clubs for international trophy hunters in the USA) rises as the degree of rarity (as measured by a rarity index) increases. Trophy hunting of rare species has been proposed as a tool to fund their conservation. However, our results indicate that there is a risk of an AAE for rare species. Furthermore, the combined effects of trophy hunting, illegal hunting, corruption as well as the lack of population knowledge and of management controls have potential to result in the unsustainable exploitation of rare species of high financial value. Nonetheless, trophy hunting has potential to generate strong financial incentives that are necessary for wildlife preservation. Such incentives are only likely to be effective if strict measures are required and enforced to prevent overexploitation of rare trophy species
Seka, Julien Moselly, and Julien Moselly Seka. "Tarifs de cubage et régénération naturelle de Cylicodiscus gabunensis (Okan) au sud Cameroun." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37175.
Full textLa recherche des bois aux propriétés désirées soumet les forêts du bassin du Congo (BC) à une exploitation sélective. La pratique dans le BC est d’utiliser la possibilité et la rotation comme paramètres déterminants de la gestion durable. Cette exploitation se fait avec pour hypothèse que le respect des règles de gestion garantit le maintien en bon état de ces espaces forestiers. L’Okan est une espèce commerciale de bois à haute valeur, endémique des forêts du BC. Il s’agit de la seule espèce du genre Cylicodiscus. Il y a quelques années, l’espèce était peu connue des marchés du bois. L’objectif général de l’étude a été de contribuer à l’aménagement de l’Okan. Cette contribution est reflétée par de meilleures connaissances sur : (i) le prélèvement et (ii) la reconstitution du potentiel ligneux de l’espèce. Le prélèvement a porté sur l’estimation des volumes de bois bruts et commerciaux. La reconstitution a fait l’objet d’intérêt à travers la régénération naturelle au pied de ses semenciers, d’une part et dans ses trouées d’autre part. Des tiges d’Okan ont été mesurées pour produire des tarifs de cubage et des inventaires de régénération ont été effectués au pied des semenciers d’Okan et dans ses trouées. Les résultats sont les suivants : 1) Les tarifs de cubage utilisés au Cameroun pour l’Okan devraient être révisés et complétés. Les tarifs à deux et trois entrées [V=f(DHP, H)], [V=f(DHP, Dx)], [V=f(DHP, H, Dx)] ont de meilleurs R², AIC et RSE que ceux à une entrée. Ces tarifs fournissent un gain de précision même lorsque les méthodes et instruments utilisés sont sujets à des erreurs de mesure, normalement distribuées, de la longueur du fût (écart type ≤ 1,8 m) et du deuxième diamètre (écart type ≤ 3,25 cm). 2) La modélisation de la proportion des rebuts, bien qu’aboutissant à un faible R², est mieux décrite en considérant la longueur du fût et la classe de qualité. En plus de la possibilité d’utiliser des paramètres quantitatifs mesurés sur les fûts, les volumes commerciaux d’Okan sont estimés par : (i) la proportion des rebuts, (ii) l’utilisation d’un classement de qualité (ONADEF, 1992) et (iii) la mesure des longueurs commerciales des fûts. Ces équations peuvent améliorer les estimations des volumes commerciaux de bois d’Okan dans la zone étudiée.
3) Des densités de 5,5 et 2,3 Okan par hectare ont été dénombrées respectivement pour les plantules et la régénération acquise sous le couvert de semenciers d’Okan. La probabilité d’observer des plantules d’Okan est significativement influencée par la distance et son interaction avec l’azimut (par rapport au semencier) (p<0,0001 et p=0,0151), la surface terrière des végétaux autres que les héliophiles (sous-bois) (p=0,0150) et marginalement par la hauteur du semencier (p=0,061). Seules la distance (p < 0,0032) et la hauteur du semencier (p = 0,0416) influencent significativement la probabilité d’observer la régénération acquise. 4) Dans les trouées d’Okan, 74,9% des espèces arborées dénombrées appartiennent au groupe des espèces pionnières, 15% aux héliophiles, 9,3% aux sciaphiles et 0,8% à des groupes indéterminés. L’Okan compte pour moins de 0,03% du total de tiges inventoriées dans ses trouées (soit 6,1 Okan par hectare) et aucune nouvelle régénération d’Okan n’a été observée depuis la coupe. Les variables qui contribuent à expliquer de manière statistiquement significative la probabilité qu’une espèce située en bordure des trouées soit également retrouvée dans la régénération dénombrée à l’intérieur de celles-ci sont son tempérament (p = 6,6e-06), sa fréquence en bordure (p = 0,001) et son mode de dissémination (p = 0,01). Les observations effectuées sous le couvert de ses semenciers et dans les trouées classent l’espèce comme semi-héliophile. La rareté de l’Okan dans ses trouées s’explique, entre autres, par son tempérament, son mode de dissémination (anémochore) et le manque de semenciers aux abords des trouées. En définitive, l’aménagement durable de l’Okan passe d’une part par une révision de ses tarifs de cubage au bois brut et par l’élaboration des tarifs de cubage au bois commercial. D’autre part, des variables expliquant la présence de l’espèce au pied des semenciers et dans les trouées ont été identifiées mais c’est surtout la faible densité de la régénération de l’Okan qui devrait orienter les actions des gestionnaires forestiers. Ces résultats peuvent améliorer la gestion de l’Okan dans les « forêts permanentes ».
3) Des densités de 5,5 et 2,3 Okan par hectare ont été dénombrées respectivement pour les plantules et la régénération acquise sous le couvert de semenciers d’Okan. La probabilité d’observer des plantules d’Okan est significativement influencée par la distance et son interaction avec l’azimut (par rapport au semencier) (p<0,0001 et p=0,0151), la surface terrière des végétaux autres que les héliophiles (sous-bois) (p=0,0150) et marginalement par la hauteur du semencier (p=0,061). Seules la distance (p < 0,0032) et la hauteur du semencier (p = 0,0416) influencent significativement la probabilité d’observer la régénération acquise. 4) Dans les trouées d’Okan, 74,9% des espèces arborées dénombrées appartiennent au groupe des espèces pionnières, 15% aux héliophiles, 9,3% aux sciaphiles et 0,8% à des groupes indéterminés. L’Okan compte pour moins de 0,03% du total de tiges inventoriées dans ses trouées (soit 6,1 Okan par hectare) et aucune nouvelle régénération d’Okan n’a été observée depuis la coupe. Les variables qui contribuent à expliquer de manière statistiquement significative la probabilité qu’une espèce située en bordure des trouées soit également retrouvée dans la régénération dénombrée à l’intérieur de celles-ci sont son tempérament (p = 6,6e-06), sa fréquence en bordure (p = 0,001) et son mode de dissémination (p = 0,01). Les observations effectuées sous le couvert de ses semenciers et dans les trouées classent l’espèce comme semi-héliophile. La rareté de l’Okan dans ses trouées s’explique, entre autres, par son tempérament, son mode de dissémination (anémochore) et le manque de semenciers aux abords des trouées. En définitive, l’aménagement durable de l’Okan passe d’une part par une révision de ses tarifs de cubage au bois brut et par l’élaboration des tarifs de cubage au bois commercial. D’autre part, des variables expliquant la présence de l’espèce au pied des semenciers et dans les trouées ont été identifiées mais c’est surtout la faible densité de la régénération de l’Okan qui devrait orienter les actions des gestionnaires forestiers. Ces résultats peuvent améliorer la gestion de l’Okan dans les « forêts permanentes ».
3) Densities of 5.5 and 2.3 Okan per hectare were recorded for seedlings and established regeneration under the cover of Okan seed trees respectively. The probability of observing Okan seedlings is significantly influenced by distance and its interaction with direction (from the seed tree) (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0151), basal area of plants (p = 0.0150) other than heliophilous (undergrowth) and marginally by the height of the seed tree (p = 0.061). Only the distance (p <0.0032) and the height of the seed tree (p = 0.0416) significantly influence the probability of observing established regeneration. 4) In the Okan gaps, 74.9% of tree species belong to the group of pioneer species, 15% to heliophilous, 9.3% to sciaphilous and 0.8% to indeterminate groups. Okan accounts for less than 0.03% of the total number of stems counted in its gaps (corresponding to 6.1 Okan per hectare) and no new Okan regeneration has been observed since its felling. Variables that contribute to a statistically significant explanation of the probability that a species located at the edge of the inventoried gaps is also found in the regeneration enumerated within are the guild of the species (p = 6.6e-06), its border frequency (p = 0.001) and its mode of dissemination (p = 0.01). Observations made under the cover of its seed trees and in the gaps classify the species as semi-heliophilous. The rarity of the Okan in its gaps is explained amongst other things by the guild of the species, its mode of dissemination (anemochore) and the lack of seed trees around the gaps. Finally, the achievement of Okan’s sustainable management requires on one hand a revision of its volume equations for gross volume estimates and the elaboration of volume equation to estimate its commercial timber. On the other hand, variables explaining the presence of the species at the foot of the seed trees and in the gaps have been identified but it is the low density of Okan regeneration that should guide the actions of forest managers. These results can improve the management of Okan and other species in permanent forests.
3) Densities of 5.5 and 2.3 Okan per hectare were recorded for seedlings and established regeneration under the cover of Okan seed trees respectively. The probability of observing Okan seedlings is significantly influenced by distance and its interaction with direction (from the seed tree) (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0151), basal area of plants (p = 0.0150) other than heliophilous (undergrowth) and marginally by the height of the seed tree (p = 0.061). Only the distance (p <0.0032) and the height of the seed tree (p = 0.0416) significantly influence the probability of observing established regeneration. 4) In the Okan gaps, 74.9% of tree species belong to the group of pioneer species, 15% to heliophilous, 9.3% to sciaphilous and 0.8% to indeterminate groups. Okan accounts for less than 0.03% of the total number of stems counted in its gaps (corresponding to 6.1 Okan per hectare) and no new Okan regeneration has been observed since its felling. Variables that contribute to a statistically significant explanation of the probability that a species located at the edge of the inventoried gaps is also found in the regeneration enumerated within are the guild of the species (p = 6.6e-06), its border frequency (p = 0.001) and its mode of dissemination (p = 0.01). Observations made under the cover of its seed trees and in the gaps classify the species as semi-heliophilous. The rarity of the Okan in its gaps is explained amongst other things by the guild of the species, its mode of dissemination (anemochore) and the lack of seed trees around the gaps. Finally, the achievement of Okan’s sustainable management requires on one hand a revision of its volume equations for gross volume estimates and the elaboration of volume equation to estimate its commercial timber. On the other hand, variables explaining the presence of the species at the foot of the seed trees and in the gaps have been identified but it is the low density of Okan regeneration that should guide the actions of forest managers. These results can improve the management of Okan and other species in permanent forests.
The search for wood with desired properties submits the Congo Basin (CB) forests to a selective logging. The practice in the CB is to use the possibility and rotation as key determinants of sustainable management. The hypothesis of this logging is that, the respect of the rules of management guarantees the maintenance in good state of these forest areas. Okan is a commercial timber species of high value, endemic to the CB forest. It is the only species of the genus Cylicodiscus. A few years ago, the species was not well known in the timber market. The main objective of this study was to contribute to the sustainable management of Okan. This contribution is reflected by a better understanding of: (i) wood harvesting and (ii) the reconstitution of the woody potential. Wood harvesting was based on the estimation of gross and commercial volumes. The reconstitution was the subject of interest through the natural regeneration at the foot of the seed trees on the one hand, and in gaps on the other. Okan stems were measured to produce volume equations and inventories were carried out at the foot of the seed trees of Okan and in the gaps of the species. The following results were obtained: 1) The volume equations used in Cameroon for Okan should be revised and completed. Volume equations with two and three entries [V = f (DBH, H)], [V = F (DBH, Dx)], [V = F (DBH, H, Dx)] have better R², AIC, and RSE than those with a single entry. These estimates provide a gain of precision even when the methodology and instruments used are subject to measurement errors, normally distributed, to the length of the stem (standard deviation ≤1.8 m) and of the second diameter (standard deviation ≤ 3.25 cm). 2) The modeling of the proportion of rejects, although resulting in a low R², is better described by considering the length of the stem and quality grade. In addition to the possibility of using quantitative parameters measured on stems, Okan’s commercial volumes are estimated by the: (i) proportion of rejects, (ii) use of a quality grade (ONADEF, 1992) and (iii) measurement of commercial length of stems. These equations can contribute to improve the estimation of commercial volumes of Okan wood in the study area.
The search for wood with desired properties submits the Congo Basin (CB) forests to a selective logging. The practice in the CB is to use the possibility and rotation as key determinants of sustainable management. The hypothesis of this logging is that, the respect of the rules of management guarantees the maintenance in good state of these forest areas. Okan is a commercial timber species of high value, endemic to the CB forest. It is the only species of the genus Cylicodiscus. A few years ago, the species was not well known in the timber market. The main objective of this study was to contribute to the sustainable management of Okan. This contribution is reflected by a better understanding of: (i) wood harvesting and (ii) the reconstitution of the woody potential. Wood harvesting was based on the estimation of gross and commercial volumes. The reconstitution was the subject of interest through the natural regeneration at the foot of the seed trees on the one hand, and in gaps on the other. Okan stems were measured to produce volume equations and inventories were carried out at the foot of the seed trees of Okan and in the gaps of the species. The following results were obtained: 1) The volume equations used in Cameroon for Okan should be revised and completed. Volume equations with two and three entries [V = f (DBH, H)], [V = F (DBH, Dx)], [V = F (DBH, H, Dx)] have better R², AIC, and RSE than those with a single entry. These estimates provide a gain of precision even when the methodology and instruments used are subject to measurement errors, normally distributed, to the length of the stem (standard deviation ≤1.8 m) and of the second diameter (standard deviation ≤ 3.25 cm). 2) The modeling of the proportion of rejects, although resulting in a low R², is better described by considering the length of the stem and quality grade. In addition to the possibility of using quantitative parameters measured on stems, Okan’s commercial volumes are estimated by the: (i) proportion of rejects, (ii) use of a quality grade (ONADEF, 1992) and (iii) measurement of commercial length of stems. These equations can contribute to improve the estimation of commercial volumes of Okan wood in the study area.
Charbonneau, Étienne. "De la polydipsie à la soutenabilité : Le rôle des modes de tarification de l'eau résidentielle au Canada." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23893/23893.pdf.
Full textBolaluembe, Boliale Papy-Claude. "Défis, enjeux et opportunités pour l'aménagement durable des forêts dans le bassin du Congo : cas du territoire d'Oshwe dans la province de Maï-ndombe en République Démocratique du Congo." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34487.
Full textImportant issues mark the implementation of sustainable forest management (SFM) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The aim of our thesis was to explore, in a holistic way, the challenges and opportunities associated with the implementation of SFM in the socio-ecological context of the DRC. It focuses on the case of the Oshwe territory in the province of Maï-Ndombe in the DRC. It is an interdisciplinary study that encompasses three distinct components of SFM. The first chapter deals with the perceptions of local, national and international actors on the issues facing SFM in the DRC. We applied the qualitative analysis of the discourse of the various actors. After this analysis, the list of SFM issues in the DRC was established. This list has oriented the determination of the SFM criteria that meet the expectations of the various actors consulted. This study reveals that local stakeholders are mainly concerned about social issues; the national actors by the stakes of the forest governance and the international actors by the ecological stakes of biodiversity conservation. The other two chapters deal respectively with the challenges and opportunities related to a social issue and an ecological challenge, issues recognized as critical by the consulted actors. Thus, the second chapter concerns the challenges of the implementation of the Social Responsibility Contract (SRC) to the territory of Oshwe. We applied the qualitative analysis of the discourses of the different local and national actors. This approach allowed us to establish convergences in the content of their various speeches on the SRC. We observed the enthusiasm of the various actors for the organizational structure used for the implementation of the SRC during the negotiations. In addition, SRC is recognized as a formal and horizontal mechanism for sharing the benefits of logging. It helps to reduce conflicts between local communities and forest managers by acting as a "palaver tree". However, the slowness in the execution of the chronograms chosen in the SRC constitutes a germ of conflict. The third chapter deals with the issue of maintaining the forest composition after use of Controlled and Directional Felling (CDF). We compared the effects of CDF and windfall effects on the regeneration of commercial forest species. We used canonical redundancy analysis to determine which species are significantly influenced by both gap type and gap size. Guarea cedrata leans towards the natural gaps and Canarium schweinfurthii attaches to the CDF gaps. This information is fundamental for implementing ecosystem-based management based on the emulation of a natural disturbance such as windthrow. This doctoral thesis attests that SFM is not easy but not impossible in the DRC by involving the different actors in the search for solutions to the issues perceived by actors locally in the forest management units. It hopes to contribute to the implementation of adaptive forest management in the DRC and the development of the national forest certification standard.
Soares, Ana Paulina Aguiar. "Disputas Territoriais na Floresta Amazônica : o caso de Manicoré (Amazonas, Brasil)." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030087.
Full textThis thesis is an essay about Regional Geography, aiming at clarifying the modalities of occupation and the conflicts in Western Brazilian Amazonia, especially in the middle Madeira River valley, southern state of Amazonas. Since colonial times, this region is a disputed one: the right bank of the Amazon River became the boundary between the Portuguese and Spanish empires. Besides this passage way allowed to draw a boundary for a Grand Brazil. The thesis is grounded on the methods of geohistory and geopolitics. It opens a debate on how the actors take in account the environmental dimension, and bases its analysis on a conflict between a logging company and extractive communities, that live from collecting forest products. Social struggles hardly incorporate environmental dimension and the companies have difficulties in committing in the principles of social and environmental responsibilities. This work analyzes this time of adaptation to the standards and at various scales: the average course of the Madeira River, territorial vastness of the city of Manicoré and a community with a predestined name of Democracia [Democracy]. Good practices of a true forest management are slowly implemented and hardly handled or accepted in a local level. Nevertheless, all the actors of the environmental scene are challenged with bringing back the different uses of forests and rivers. And in particular those who care with the future of tropical forests and their inhabitants, and take the defense of their conceptions of territorial occupation
Esta tese consiste em um ensaio de Geografia Regional visando explicitar as modalidades de ocupação e os conflitos por elas ocasionadas na Amazônia Ocidental brasileira, especialmente no vale do médio rio Madeira, no sul do Estado do Amazonas. Nessa região disputada desde a época colonial, esse afluente da margem direita do rio Amazonas passou a ser o limite entre os impérios português e espanhol e uma via de passagem que serviu para desenhar um grande Brasil. Fundamentada nos métodos dageo-história e da geopolítica, a tese abre um debate sobre a tomada de consciência ambiental, aqui em particular com a análise do conflito entre uma empresa madeireira e comunidades extrativistas que vivem da coleta dos produtos florestais. As boas práticas de uma verdadeira gestão florestal, lentas quando aplicadas, não foram plenamente incorporadas nem aceitas localmente. Com dificuldades, as lutas sociais incorporaram a dimensão ambiental e, as empresas, os princípios das responsabilidades social e ambiental. É nesse momento de adaptação às normas que procuramos estudar nas diversas escalas: o curso médio do rio Madeira, a imensidade territorial do município de Manicoré e uma comunidade com um nome predestinado de Democracia. Enfim, fica o desafio de conciliar os usos diferenciados da floresta e dos rios que concerne a todos os atores da cena ambientalista que se preocupam com o futuro das florestas tropicais e de seus habitantes, em particular, em defesa das concepções de ocupação dos territórios pelos moradores
Bilot, Nicolas. "Raisonner la filière de production de plaquettes forestières pour sa performance énergétique et l'exportation d'éléments nutritifs en forêt." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0033.
Full textThe increasing demand for energy wood requires a better knowledge about the production system. This work is about modelling the chain producing wood chips for energy.Growth and yield models are built by forest scientists, and some models can predict contents in biomass and nutrients in trees. The study of the chain of harvesting, transforming and transporting energy wood is made by a community of forest and wood scientists, relying on principles from process engineering. Fuel qualities from elemental composition are modelled in the field of energy sciences.By connecting and completing this knowledge, the thesis proposes an original approach to consistently integrate models from the different fields of science. This bottom-up approach conserves a high level of information about the system, and a high flexibility in the configuration of the simulated chain.Original models were developed for the chain. Model formulation was made respecting the most frequent level of detail found in literature. An original model was developed to predict fuel quality relying on nutrient content predicted with models developed in forest sciences.A software tool was developed to integrate these models. “ForEnerChips” calculates material fluxes from forest growth to heating plant via the whole chain. This allows for the assessment of energy balances, and nutrient exportations and restitutions, according to choices made in the configuration of the chain (scenario analysis). Its implementation into the CAPSIS software platform allows a potential connection to about 70 growth and yield models for different species, regions or management regimes.The simulator was connected so far to a particular growth and yield model for common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). A scenario representative of current management practices was studied and compared to alternative scenarios. Other ideas of potential uses are suggested
Bangoura, Haïda. "Le droit minier en Guinée au regard des meilleures pratiques internationales (1995-2013)." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05D017.
Full textIn the context of a general liberalisation of the economy, the majority of developing countries have since the years 1980-1990 reformed their mining legislation in order to attract foreign capital. Guinea, with its potential mineral resources estimated at more than 45 billion tons, is considered to be one of the African countries with the richest subsoil. Conscious of such potential for the development of the country, the legislature in Guinea adopted, in 1995, a new Mining Code in order to make the Guinean territory more attractive to foreign private investors. However, with the arrival of the concept of sustainable development as one of the new global challenges, numerous mining regulations have been progressively modified in order to adapt. Guinea, once again, did not escape this trend and adopted a new Mining Code in 2011. This code is the consequence of a social mobilization without precedent in the country, which started in the first half of the 2000s. Its goal was to denounce the absence of economic and financial repercussions born from the mining sector on the Government and the population. Nevertheless, not long after its promulgation, this new legislation was the subject of harsh criticism from mining companies. The government, taking into account its recommendations, undertook the process of amending certain dispositions of the Mining Code of 2011, which resulted in the passage of a new Mining Law in April of 2013. Consequently, this work will analyze how mining regulation in Guinea (of 2011 and 2013) takes into account current international best practice in terms of attractiveness and sustainable development. In order to do so, comparisons will be made with the Mining Code of 1995 in order to give an evolutionary dimension to this study, as well as with Mining Regulations from other countries in the world
Ibanda, Kabaka Paulin. "Réforme forestière de 2002 et droits des populations en RD Congo. Analyse de l'évolution du droit forestier dans ses aspects juridiques, fiscaux, écologiques et socio-économiques." Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU2031/document.
Full textIn this thesis, it is a question of making an analysis of the consequences of the forest reform which is engaged in the DRC since 2002 at the instigation of the World Bank with the aim to favor the sustainable management of the forests and the development of the forest populations. However, the legal and economic assessment of this new forestry policy, carried out after fifteen years of application to measure the impact on sustainable forest management, forest taxation and local development of forest populations, shows that, if the 2002 forestry reform contributed to a slight improvement in the mobilization of forest tax revenues, but did not favor the sustainability of forests and the protection of the rights of forest peoples. To remedy this situation, we suggest some reforms to improve this forest policy
Andrianifahanana, Michel. "Typologie et mise en valeur des systèmes agraires du complexe des aires protégées de la montagne d'Ambre (Madagascar)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10235.
Full textGuillaumet, Anne. "La place de la nature dans la société tunisienne post-révolution entre politiques de protection et exploitation touristique : Représentations, approches institutionnelles et pratiques sociales." Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG1196.
Full textIn Tunisia, in the aftermath of the 2011 Revolution, many protected natural areas such as national and urban parks were severely degraded and vandalized. In parallel, in 2014, nature became a constitutional right and at the same time in the tourism sector, touristic offers more attuned to natural areas emerged. What do these contradictory behaviours tell us about Mankind/Nature relations in post-revolution Tunisian society? Our research focuses on the analysis of the social representations of nature, in particular "iconic" images, old and new, of nature (Part 1), the ambitions of public policies in terms of environmental protection that have followed one another since Independence, the environmental themes promoted by the actors of the post- revolution public debate (political, associative, media) (Part 2), as well as recent trends in Tunisian tourism and the new outdoor activities of the Tunisian people (Part 3)
En Túnez, después de la Révolution de 2011, muchas áreas de naturaleza protegida como los parques nacionales y los parques urbanos enfrentan graves degradaciones y actos de vandalismo. En paralelo, en 2014, la naturaleza se vuelve un derecho constitucional, y al mismo tiempo, en el sector del turismo, se nota la aparición de una oferta turística más cerca de los espacios naturales. ¿ Que nos enseñan estos comportamientos tan contradictorios de las relaciones entre humano/naturaleza en la sociedad tunecina post-revolución ? Es a través del estudio de las representaciones sociales que nuestra investigación se centra, prestando más interés, a las imágenes « icónicas », antiguas y recientes, de la naturaleza (parte 1), a las ambiciones de las políticas públicas en el sector de la protección del medio ambiente que se produjeron desde la independencia, a las temáticas ambientales apoyadas por los actores del debate público post-revolución (político, asociativo, prensa) (parte 2), así como las recientes tendencias del turismo tunecino y las nuevas prácticas en plena naturaleza de los tunecinos (parte 3)
Efole, Ewoukem Thomas. "Optimisation biotechnique de la pisciculture en étang dans le cadre du développement durable des Exploitations Familiales Agricoles au Cameroun." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSARH084.
Full textTo determine ways to improve fish farming in ponds within the framework of sustainable development of family farms in Africa, a three-step approach was performed: classification of fish farming systems, assessment of their environmental impacts via Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and an experiment to identify the factors that most influence them. Four types of fish farm and forms of integration within family farms in Cameroon were classified. The LCA showed that environmental impacts of analyzed fish farms varied with farm practices. These results were higher compared to those of similar aquaculture systems because of their low yields and different origins of trophic inputs. Poor water management is one production factor responsible for low yields in Cameroon. The experiment, following a fractional factorial design, showed that stocking density and addition of bread, wheat bran, lime or ash to ponds acted on the agronomic and economic performances of tilapia and catfish polycultures. In particular, urea and ash have been found harmful to the environment due to the discharges of nitrogen and phosphate they generate, respectively. Two rationales for sustainable fish farming emerged from this study: (1) low stocking density (1. 2 fish/m²) with low levels of inputs and (2) high stocking density (2. 2 fish/m²) with associated species and high levels of inputs. Together, these strategies can meet the economic and sustainability objectives of producers in different socio-economic contexts
Fortier, Jean-François. "Premières Nations, mécanismes de participation et gestion des forêts : étude comparative des méthodes, des discours et des pratiques participatives." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24887/24887.pdf.
Full textSaleh, Adam. "Un modèle et son revers : la cogestion des réserves de biosphère de Waza et de la Bénoué dans le Nord-Cameroun." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00808569.
Full textViard-Crétat, Aurore. "La déforestation évitée : socio-anthropologie d'un nouvel « or vert » : entre lutte contre le changement climatique et aide au développement, du laboratoire guyanais à l'expertise forestière au Cameroun." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0148.
Full textRedd+ scheme is based on the idea to reduce deforestation through financial compensation originating from the carbon markets. It has entailed numerous readiness initiatives, renewing the international forest agenda. This thesis combines social studies of sciences and anthropology of development to address the dynamics that underpin this diplomatic success. A genealogical approach to the structuration of forest as a global problem describes the political and technical roots of the current institutional landscape and of the framing that the Redd+ scheme promotes. A multisite study then analyses present-day stakes in relation with transnational networks of expertise and metrologies, material devices, administrative standards, social technologies and discursive registers they rely on. Forest carbon quantifying practices in French Guiana are investigated to highlight the complex material, social and political links existing between the scientific research and international cooperation issues. Cameroon's intricate process to access World Bank funding emphasizes the discrepancy between the rhetoric of innovation promoting Redd+ and the constraints and incentives that make diverse actors engage with this scheme. Eventually, we show how knowledge practices are embedded in political issues pertaining to development, while also depoliticising those issues. More than an innovative tool to fight deforestation and climate change, Redd+ can be seen as a promise, the success of which relies on its capacity to renew the global development apparatus, while entrenching the green economy as the main political project to reconcile development and environment
Thiam, Ibrahima. "Stratégies des exploitations agropastorales de Thieul [Ferlo-Sénégal] dans un contexte d'incertitudes sur les ressources naturelles productives." Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000716/.
Full textThe Rural District of Thieul, located in the South Sahel component of the Senegalese Ferlo Natural Region, is south enclosed by the Peanut area. In addition to the repeated climatic crises in the Sahel countries (droughts), these are new socio-economic and demographic pressures, negative political and institutional tendencies on Productive Natural Resources with land tenure crisis. These are all factors that can lead to uncertainties, vulnerability and poverty if there are no reactions. Therefore, dealing with this new environmental production context, characterised by Productive Natural Resource Rarefaction, the Agro-pastoral Farmers of The Thieul Rural Community has developed new strategies, based on also material and immaterial Capitals implementation in channel production. Strategies are also based on capacity building and capabilities that permit diversification in family production activities, innovations for sustainable rural livelihoods
Anoh, Kouassi Paul. "Pêche, aquaculture et développement en Côte d'Ivoire." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT3001.
Full textGrisel, Pierre-Nicolas. "La possibilité d'une transition agroécologique? : une analyse des déterminants économiques, écologiques et institutionnels de l'adoption de pratiques agricoles alternatives dans une communauté d'agriculteurs familiaux au Brésil." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01250525.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to explore the issue of changes in ways of production of family farmers communities facing economic and ecological crisis. To what extent are they able to carry out a transition to more sustainable ways of production? The thesis focuses on a rural region of Nova Friburgo (Brazil) with family farmers organized in communities. First of all, we identify the environmental, economic and institutional factors allowing family farmers to substitute agroecological practices to practices that emerged during the "green revolution" Based on a farming systems model, we then highlight the weakening of family structures since the 1970s, both in terms of economic performances and exploitation of ecosystem services. This context facilitateemergence of "environmental desservices" that had undermined the sustainability of these structures. In addition, the reintroduction of a full set of agroecological practices in the current family farming system does not appear as a viable economic alternative for farmers. Using scenarios, we however show that it is possible to identify the missing capabilities of producers that would enable them to initiate basic transformations. In addition, by focusing our analysis on the community level, we show the existence of endogenous forms of coordination – institutional arrangements – which could turn the current farming system toward an agroecology-based system
Veiga, Iran. "Savoirs locaux et organisation sociale de l'agriculture amazonienne : la gestion durable des milieux en question." Toulouse 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU20058.
Full textChopin, Pierre. "Prototypage de mosaïques de systèmes de culture répondant à des enjeux de développement durable des territoires : application à la Guadeloupe." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0823/document.
Full textCurrent agricultural systems are responsible for many different environmental, social and economic issues at both local and global scales. Agricultural sciences have contributed to the design of several methods at the farm and field scale in order to prototype cropping systems and farming systems to address these issues. However, few methods have been designed at the regional scale, while this scale seems to be essential in order to address these issues. In order to fill this gap, we here propose a new methodological framework for i) simulating the consequences of policy changes on farmer's cropping plan, described individually, by modeling the evolution of farming systems and to ii) assess the impacts of cropping system changes at the regional scale, with a set of indicators that generate spatially explicit information on the contribution of agriculture to sustainable development. The methodological framework starts with the design of a farm typology over the territory based on the similarity of farmer's crop acreages. In parallel, a set of indicators is adapted to the landscape scale in order to assess the impacts of cropping system externalities by integrating a set of scale change procedures. A generic, multi-scale, spatially explicit bioeconomic model called MOSAICA, which uses the farm typology and the indicators, is created for generating cropping system mosaics and assessing their contribution to sustainable development. This model coupled to a scenario approach composed of exploratory and normative scenarios can simulate the impact of several types of agronomic, socio-economic, environmental, organizational and technical levers of change on the farmer's choices in terms of cropping systems and in fine the impacts of new cropping system mosaics on the contribution to sustainable development of territories. We applied this methodological framework for building scenarios of sustainable agricultural development in Guadeloupe. We first developed a typology of farming systems encompassing eight types of farming systems that revealed several different farmer's decision processes. Then, we developed 19 indicators to assess cropping system mosaics. The assessment of the current cropping system mosaic showed low levels of response of the current mosaic to economic and social issues especially the food and energy self-sufficiency. Different normative and exploratory scenarios integrating levers of change have been simulated with MOSAICA. The assessment of cropping system mosaics from these scenarios highlighted the positive effect of agronomic levers of change such as organic crop-gardening and social levers such as the vocational training of supplementary workforce for improving the contribution of agriculture to sustainable development of the guadeloupean territory. The mechanistic modeling of the agricultural territory allows us to integrate a wide range of knowledge on the location of cropping systems, their levels of performance , their impacts and the decision process of farmer's that drive the farming system characteristics and the farm functioning. This methodological framework helps visualize the cropping system changes at the regional scale and their associated impacts at the landscape scale which is helpful in order to produce knowledge on the levers of change that can improve the response of local agriculture to local and global issues. The framework and tools designed are particularly useful for decision-aid on the future levels of contribution of agriculture to sustainable development
Altukhova, Yulia. "Comptabilité agricole et développement durable : étude comparative de la Russie et de la France." Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00871838.
Full textCorrales, Mariana. "Analyse d’un réseau territorial pour soutenir la durabilité des exploitations agricoles : rôle de processus collectifs d'innovation." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20109/document.
Full textChanging agricultural paradigm reveals local actors initiatives with regard to sustainable development. Based on the organics farmers union GABB32 experience around organic and conventional farmers agro-ecological techniques transfer and dissemination, this thesis proposes to analyze the role of collective dynamics in agro-ecological farms transition. In order to study innovations and its processes, we have developed a comprehensive methodology that combines the use of data collection such as interviews, participative and non-participative observation, and documentary analysis, which allowed following 30 farms belonging from the organic farmers union GABB32 cover crops group. In total, we realized 55 semi-structured interviews conducted with the main local actors: farmers, agricultural professional bodies, institutions, associations, and citizens. Results were articulated with farm management, group knowledge exchange and participatory approach, and territorial network dynamics. We reveal several individual and collective parameters in transitions. At the individual level, farmer strategies and values have an impact on the intensity of innovation. At the collective level, dynamics contribute to the advancement of innovation processes. From there, it is possible for farms to obtain a sustainable positive evolution. Creating spaces for knowledge exchange between farmers and changing practices toward sustainability opens network interactions and multi-actors cooperation’s. Collective action results show that they encourage organic farming development
Pham, Duy Khanh. "Vers des modèles durables de transformation des systèmes d’élevage en Asie du Sud-Est : Application au cas du secteur laitier au Vietnam." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IAVF0015/document.
Full textIn Vietnam, dairy farms are faced with numerous challenges in terms ofsustainability in a context of a rapid transition of the economy and ecosystems. The mainquestion is whether future models for dairy production should be based on family farming orlarge-scale production. As a contribution to the discussions, this thesis has combined asynchronic analysis on the diversity and sustainability of a large sample of dairy farms and adiachronic analysis of farm trajectories. One hundred and sixty dairy farms were selected inthe peri-urban district of Ba Vi, in Hanoi, to represent the diversity of farms in the area.Information was collected during structured interviews with dairy farmers with regard to thediverse types of capital available on the farm, husbandry practices, milk marketing and theindicators to assess the three pillars of sustainability. A farm typology was conducted using amultiple factor analysis, based on capital endowment and practices, followed by an ascendinghierarchical classification. In the second stage, a trajectory analysis was carried out on 25dairy farms, chosen from a broad sample, and on the internal and external factors thatinfluence change. In the district, one industrial farm, in addition to five types of family dairyfarms were identified. The difference between farms was primarily linked to the number offarming and non-farming activities on-farm, the labour involved in dairy processing and theequipment. The performance indicators for the most intensive farms (specialized or withmixed crop and livestock production), suggest that they are more economically and sociallyviable than smaller less intensive farms. However, less intensive farms also have economicand environmental advantages (ease of adaptation and self-sufficiency in fodder,respectively). Therefore, they have potential in terms of the development of national dairyproduction. We identified four types of trajectory, characterized by the evolution in thefarming system over time, the changes in the scale of dairy production, the level of investmentin milk, the evolution in farmland and labour, and loans. It is important to maintain diversemodels (private mega farms, specialized family farms and mixed crop and livestock).Research on how to improve sustainability should be adapted to each farm type. Selectedpolicies measures could be implemented to maintain a diverse fabric of dairy farms
Balaam, Konamadji Ngomdodji. "La protection intégrée de l'environnement dans les zones d'exploitation pétrolière des pays d'Afrique subsaharienne : le cas de l'on-shore tchadien." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3014.
Full textDespite the isolation of Chad, the need for economic and social development led the government of Chad to explore and produce oil reserves. As these deposits are neither "delocalizable or movable" nor "deteriorisable or destructible", their exploitation in onshore context and natural environments with breeding vocation raises specific problems that international law and most legal systems in developing countries have difficulties to overcome until now. These include issues related to the ecological and social’s footprint of onshore oil industries. The Chadian’s law related to oil is still tiny and is at its embryonic level therefore it doesn’t take into consideration detailed environmental concerns. Chad's environmental law and land’s law didn’t also take into account risks associated with the exploration, exploitation and transport by pipeline of hydrocarbons in their plans. They also didn’t address issues related to the restoration of abandoned or end-of-life’s oilfields. In this context, if the legislator does not carry out reforms in order to simultaneously take into account petroleum operations and environmental concerns in an integrated legal system, there is a risk of "a second Niger Delta in Doba’s oilfield"
Ndoumbe, Berock Isaac Bernard. "Construction de la responsabilité sociétale des entreprises (RSE) dans les pays en développement : une application dans les entreprises d'exploitations forestières au Cameroun." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAB004.
Full textIn an uncertain environment that is also marked by a growing instability, firms try to seek a global and sustainable performance which is considered as a lever not only for longevity but also for competitive advantage (Porter and Kramer, 2006; Crane and Matten, 2004). Thus, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is perceived as a unifying topic in management science and, by its societal dimension, in the economic and social sciences. Considered as an extension to the consideration of sustainable development in its managerial implications (Brundtland report, 1987), CSR has been at the attention of a large number of researchers for several decades now, in particular for twenty years in its social, environmental and normative dimension (ISO 14000) and since the 2000’s in its societal nature.While the concept of CSR is still under debate in its rather large literature, it should also be noted that this literature is usually silent on the construction mechanisms of CSR practices and even more on the role that stakeholders play in this construction.In this context, and relying on stakeholder theory (Freeman, 1984; Oliver, 1991; Clarkson, 1995; Mitchell et al., 1997; Sethi, 1995; Rowley, 1997), the present analysis of the collected data from an eight-month-long in-depth investigation of six forestry firms in Cameroun yields several findings: First, the CSR model in Carroll (1979, 1991) is contingent to the context and the strategic CSR behaviour of the different firms in the forestry industry in Cameroun is strictly correlated to the nationality of these firms. Second, this study shows that the “field of action” variable has a non-significant effect on the strategic behaviour adopted by the firms in this forestry industry. Finally, this research also reveals that the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification represents the deposit of a voluntary commitment in terms of CSR of the forestry exploitation firms in Cameroun. The present work also opens new lines for future research focussing on the internalisation of the CSR practices by the contracting parties in strategic management of the firms that are in direct confrontation to the environmental challenges
Dumora, Catherine. "Vivre et survivre dans une aire d'environnement protégé : le cas d'une petite paysannerie de l'APA (Area de proteçao ambiental) de Guaraqueçaba, Parana, Bresil." Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21369.
Full textThis thesis analyses the daily life of populations struggling with contradictions constituent of the sustainable development notion, which create a tension between environmental "sustainability" and social "sustainability". An anthropological approach – focused on concrete strategies implemented by small family farmers of the Guaraqueçaba region to go on living in hope of a better future in a context in which they feel they don't fit in anymore – reveals that they are considerably pushed away in clandestinity, a necessary situation for their survival. The study shows the divorce between two visions of sustainable development : on the one hand the local population who considers sustainability is linked to subsistence, and on the other hand the institutions which enforce the legislation giving priority to the environmental preservation
Chene-Sanogo, Alima. "Enjeux fonciers et développement "durable" au Mali." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00839314.
Full textEllatifi, Mohammed. "L'économie de la forêt et des produits forestiers au Maroc : bilan et perspectives." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40007/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the actual situation of the Moroccan forests. Within the framework of this work, two studies were carried out at national level, in Morocco. The first concerned grazing in forest and the second the quantification of fuel wood directly collected from forest and consumed in both rural and urban areas. The results found were very disquieting. In both cases, the total volume of fodder and fuel wood, effectively collected from forest, are 3 to 4 times the biological possibility of the forest.The rural populations exert a huge pressure on the Moroccan forest, which causes its degradation and puts in jeopardy its perenniality.This thesis work also estimated the monetary value of the various goods and services of the Moroccan forest, towards the valuation of the total economic value (TEV). This showed that the economic value of the Moroccan forest is very underestimated, which encourages its degradation and clearing.This research work also demonstrated the weak success rate of the reforestation activities, which were carried out in Morocco, during the last half century. A new strategy towards a sustainable forest management in Morocco is proposed, within the framework of the National Forest Plan.To reach this sustainable forest management, the NFP should resolve the major urgent problems which threaten the Moroccan forest, and should give a role of prime importance to the civil society actors, and to the rural populations for the supervision of this new strategy, with the participation of the forest service, in order to make of the Moroccan forest a model of sustainably managed forest, at the level of the Mediterranean region
Tafani, Caroline. "Agriculture, territoire et développement durable : Analyse systémique d'une agriculture littorale sous pression touristique : L'exemple de la Balagne en Corse." Phd thesis, Corte, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00558115.
Full textSoulignac, Vincent. "Système informatique de capitalisation de connaissances et d'innovation pour la conception et le pilotage de systèmes de culture durables." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00776172.
Full textNkongho, Raymond. "Les conditions du développement durable des plantations villageoises de palmiers à huile au Cameroun." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MON30078/document.
Full textThe collapse of the FONADER sponsored partnership between oil palm smallholders and major agro-industries in Cameroon together with the structural adjustment program, the devaluation of the Franc CFA, the economic crises, as well as the fall in the international market price for cocoa and coffee, led to the emergence of independent oil palm producers in the country. These oil palm planters have been grappling with the management of their plantation and the processing of their FFB with the use of artisanal mills. But the numerous difficulties faced by these smallholders are translated into very low yields registered in their plantations. In the light of the recent interest expressed by new agro-industries to invest in the oil palm sector in Cameroon, and the decision by old companies to expand their surface areas, the study notes that in order to mitigate some of the social and environmental crises that result from land conflicts and forest degradation, the most sustainable approach to develop the sector will be to revamp win-win and equitable partnerships between oil palm planters and agro-industries.In Cameroon, four of the seven palm oil production basins carved out during the FONADER partnership scheme where selected for our study sites. They included Eseka in the Center region, Dibombari in the Littoral region, Muyuka and Lobe in the Southwest region. The respective agro-industries were Socapalm, Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC) and Pamol. In Malaysia and Indonesia, the study sites were the FELDA scheme of Besout in the district of Batang Padang, the PIR and KKPA scheme of PT SAL in the district of Bungo, the KKPA scheme of PT Megasawindo and PT Musim Mas in the district of Bungo and Pelalawan respectively. Data collection was organized through the administration of semi-guided questionnaires, secondary data sourcing, personal communication with different stakeholders in the sector, focus group discussions, internet and library search, as well as field observation visits.The study looked at the origine and evolution of partnership schemes between oil palm smallholders and agro-industries, what was right, what went wrong in the course of time, and why most partnerships collapsed. The study further looked at the strengths and weaknesses of today's independent oil palm smallholders and the reasons why these smallholders prefer to process their FFB in artisanal mills despite the presence of agro-industrial mills at the vicinity of their plantations. The study further drew inspiration on the positive and negative experiences of major schemes in Malaysia and Indonesia which have boosted production in their oil palm sector through case studies as well as through a participatory prospective analysis workshop in Cameroon on the future of the palm oil sector, as a way to generate policy recommendation on the way forward for future partnership schemes between oil palm smallholders and agro-industries in Cameroon.Keywords: Partnership, FONADER, FELDA, PIR, KKPA, agro-industry, smallholder, outgrower schemes
Miatekela, Jean. "La petite agriculture saint-lucienne et martiniquaise face aux défis de la modernisation." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0866/document.
Full textThe important role of small farmers in the process in food security and of food sovereignty is increasingly recognized. In St. Lucia as in Martinique, a number of actors officially committed to a diverse agriculture based on the precepts of sustainable development. It is in the light on this context that partially, the idea of a study on small holder St Lucia and Martinique germinated. Also, the present work is first and foremost a contribution to the diagnosis of small-scale agriculture to modernization of the intensive agricultural systems in each of these two islands. It is put clearly the richness and the inadequacies of this small scale-agriculture, but also the advantages and constraints of the environment. In large part it builds on the creole garden, agricultural system considered by many actors as a cultural foundation and a base of farming practices. In each of the two islands, many small farmers make biodiversity an essential component of management of their farm systems. The stakes referred here relate to the optimal management contribution of biodiversity to promote sustainable peasant agro-ecosystems at different spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, everything depends on farmer coaching methods to set up. Will we continue with down approaches based on logic of transfer ? Otherwise, isn’t time to create the conditions that could allow the development of real co-construction steps ?
Berre, David. "Les nouveaux enjeux économiques et environnementaux des productions animales : développements méthodologiques par une approche interdisciplinaire des frontières d’efficience." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL12016/document.
Full textThe challenge of feeding 9.6 billion people in 2050 requires to identify sustainable livestock production systems that are able to produce more agricultural products while consuming less resources and producing less externalities. As part of a multidisciplinary research program (ANR-EPAD), we explored microeconomic tools for productivity analysis such as efficient frontiers to shed a new light on sustainable development of livestock production. Our models empirically showed that the progress margins can significantly differ depending on the objectives pursued in the context of eco-inefficiency reduction (input and pollution reduction, output augmentation). Exploration of "dual" models also showed that efficient frontier methods were relevant to provide an economic valuation of non-monetary negative externalities. For instance, our results on the economic value of carbon emissions were close to the observed carbon tax levels. The possibility for farmers to consider that nitrogen surpluses can generate some revenue illustrates the current debate on the integration of undesirable outputs in the Data Envelopment analysis (DEA), and the ambivalence of this indicator of environmental impact as well (either considered as a source of pollution to the air or soil as well as a source of income through organic fertilization). We developed an innovative approach to assess the determinants of eco-efficiency in livestock production. By combining GAMEDE (a "whole-farm" model) with a DEA methodology, we highlighted the potential for further questioning raised by the exploration of new types of modelling in agronomy (such as "simulation-based optimization" or "inverse modelling")
Arnauld, de Sartre Xavier. "Territorialités contradictoires des jeunes ruraux amazoniens : mobilités paysannes ou sédentarités professionnelles ?" Toulouse 2, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00003992.
Full textYouth's future is a crucial stake for family farmers, trade unionists and sustainable development actors of a pioneer frontier of Amazônia. For the trade unionists and sustainable development actors, their objectives of make the farmers adopt sustainable practices would not be achieved with the current farmers; that's why they transferred their hopes on young farmers. The family farmers would like to reproduce their peasant way of life with their children. This these studies, by the way of analysis of semi structured interviews, the stakes of these hopes; and tries to compare them to the conceptions and practices of young farmers. These, analysed by the way of biographical interviews and formalised in a typology, are strongly different of wishes of those actors, and lead us to conclude that professionalization of family farming is a process which imply a deep break in the farmers conceptions
Yaro, Raoul, and Raoul Yaro. "Résilience des agriculteurs face aux changements climatiques : un exemple d'application au Burkina Faso." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35234.
Full textLa myriade d’approches de mesure de la résilience des ménages agricoles face aux aléas climatiques montre le manque de consensus des chercheurs tant au niveau de la définition du concept que dans les méthodes de mesure. Néanmoins deux tendances se dégagent dans les études empiriques à savoir i) la réduction du nombre de dimensions de la résilience à trois ou quatre au maximum, ii) l’utilisation de deux approches empiriques que sont les mesures objective et subjective de la résilience. Notre étude ayant pour but de mesurer la résilience des agriculteurs face à la sècheresse et aux inondations dans deux régions du Burkina Faso, ainsi que son impact sur deux indicateurs du bien-être, a adopté l’approche objective. La résilience est mesurée à travers les capacités d’anticipation d’adaptation et d’absorption. Dans un premier temps, la méthode d’équations structurelles a permis d’estimer les scores pour les trois dimensions / capacités de la résilience. Lesdits scores ont été utilisés pour construire un indice de résilience par la méthode d’analyse en composantes principales (ACP). Enfin, une régression logistique a été utilisée pour estimer l’impact de la résilience sur la sécurité alimentaire et le profil de pauvreté des ménages. Il ressort des résultats de l’étude qu’il existe des corrélations positives entre les capacités d’anticipation, d’adaptation et d’absorption et la résilience (la capacité d’anticipation ayant la plus faible contribution dans le renforcement de la résilience). Les régressions logistiques indiquent que l’amélioration de la résilience conduit à une amélioration considérable de la sécurité alimentaire et à une augmentation relativement faible du statut socioéconomique des ménages.
The myriad of approaches to measure resilience of agricultural households to climate hazards shows the lack of consensus among researchers in terms of both; the definition of the concept and the methods of measurement. Nevertheless, two trends emerge in the empirical studies namely i) reducing the number of dimensions of resilience to three or four at most, ii) using two empirical approaches that are objective and subjective measures of resilience. Our study aims to measure farmers' resilience (using objective approach) to drought and floods in two regions of Burkina Faso, as well as its impact on two indicators of well-being. Resilience is measured through adaptive anticipation and absorption capabilities. As a first step, the structural equation method allowed us to estimate the scores for the three dimensions / capacities of resilience. These scores were used to construct a resilience index by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. Finally, a logistic regression was used to estimate the impact of resilience on food security and household poverty profile. The results of the study show that there are positive correlations between anticipatory, adaptive and absorptive capacities and resilience (anticipation capacity having the smallest contribution to building resilience). Logistic regressions indicate that improved resilience leads to a significant improvement in food security and a relatively small increase in household socio-economic status.
The myriad of approaches to measure resilience of agricultural households to climate hazards shows the lack of consensus among researchers in terms of both; the definition of the concept and the methods of measurement. Nevertheless, two trends emerge in the empirical studies namely i) reducing the number of dimensions of resilience to three or four at most, ii) using two empirical approaches that are objective and subjective measures of resilience. Our study aims to measure farmers' resilience (using objective approach) to drought and floods in two regions of Burkina Faso, as well as its impact on two indicators of well-being. Resilience is measured through adaptive anticipation and absorption capabilities. As a first step, the structural equation method allowed us to estimate the scores for the three dimensions / capacities of resilience. These scores were used to construct a resilience index by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. Finally, a logistic regression was used to estimate the impact of resilience on food security and household poverty profile. The results of the study show that there are positive correlations between anticipatory, adaptive and absorptive capacities and resilience (anticipation capacity having the smallest contribution to building resilience). Logistic regressions indicate that improved resilience leads to a significant improvement in food security and a relatively small increase in household socio-economic status.
De, Aguiar Janaina. "Padrões de uso e sistemas de trabalho associados à diversidade vegetal no amazonas : uma abordagem interdisciplinar." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20125.
Full textDuring the last decades, there has been an intensification of environmental impacts generated by the conventional agricultural production model (degradation, contamination of water resources, reduction of biodiversity). Coupled with a concentration of land and income -producing exclusion of rural workers and violence in campagne- this intensification has been lead to the emergence of proposals for rural development which includes the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. In this agroecological approach, the implementation of new agricultural practices is inserted into a gradual process and multilinear change, called agro-ecological transition, which is the transition from an agricultural model based on the use of chemical inputs to forms more sustainable production. The research was conducted in the community of São Francisco da Costa da Terra Nova. From existing production models, this agro-ecological transition has triggered a series of technical and organizational innovations, that have led both to changes in the production process, in the forms of work organization, and in the inclusion of a new work activity: the marketing of agro-ecological products. In addition to crop production practices and forms of work organization, agro-ecological transition leads to new performance prospects for farmers, for example formation of a new market, the agro-ecological fairs. The research shows that changes resulting from agro-ecological transition process may contribute to the development, enhancement and dissemination of innovative processes that improve the working conditions of farmers, and that adds value and expand the work opportunities in the context of sustainable agriculture
Nas últimas décadas, a intensificação dos impactos ambientais gerados pelo modelo de produção agrícola convencional (degradação dos solos, contaminação dos recursos hídricos, redução da biodiversidade); associado à concentração fundiária e de renda e, consequentemente, à exclusão de trabalhadores rurais e à violência no campo; propiciou o surgimento de propostas de desenvolvimento rural que incluíam a adoção de práticas agrícolas sustentáveis, a fim de fomentar alternativas viáveis à produção de alimentos e ao fortalecimento da agricultura familiar. Na abordagem agroecológica, a implementação de novas práticas agrícolas está inserida em um processo gradual e multilinear de mudança, denominado transição agroecológica, que visa a passagem de um modelo agrícola baseado no uso de insumos químicos à formas de produção mais sustentáveis. Na comunidade São Francisco da Costa da Terra Nova, lócus da pesquisa, observou-se, a partir dos modelos de produção existentes, que essa transição desencadeou uma série de inovações técnicas e organizacionais que resultaram em mudanças no processo produtivo, nas formas de organização do trabalho e na inclusão de uma nova atividade: a comercialização dos produtos agroecológicos. Além de ressignificar as práticas produtivas e as formas de organização do trabalho, a transição agroecológica conduziu à possibilidades inéditas de atuação dos agricultores, através dos novos espaços de comercialização, as feiras agroecológicas. Acredita-se que as mudanças decorrentes do processo de transição agroecológica possam contribuir para o desenvolvimento, aprimoramento e difusão de processos inovadores que visam a melhoria das condições de trabalho dos agricultores familiares, com vistas a valorizar e ampliar as perspectivas do trabalho no contexto da agricultura sustentável