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Gafsi, Mohamed. "Exploitation agricole et agriculture durable." Cahiers Agricultures 15, no. 6 (November 2006): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/agr.2006.0035.
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Lassagne, Antoine. "Exploitation forestière, développement durable et stratégies de pouvoir dans une forêt tropicale camerounaise." Anthropologie et Sociétés 29, no. 1 (November 18, 2005): 49–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/011740ar.
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Résumé Dans le bassin du Congo, l’exploitation des ressources de la forêt a toujours été au coeur des formes les plus violentes de la relation coloniale. L’exemple de la région de la forêt du Dja dans le sud-est du Cameroun suggère que l’installation du pouvoir colonial s’est appuyée sur la mise en place d’un complexe « territoire-population-ressources », processus similaire à celui qui a eu cours en Occident dès la fin du XVIIe siècle. Nous pensons que cette « gouvernementalisation de la population », si l’on s’appuie sur cette notion proposée par Michel Foucault, est déterminante dans la compréhension des modes d’exploitation de la forêt en vigueur depuis la décolonisation jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Il nous est dès lors possible d’envisager les stratégies de pouvoir adoptées par les exploitants forestiers et par les acteurs du développement durable comme faisant partie d’un même dispositif de gestion combinée de la nature et du social. La nouvelle loi forestière adoptée par le gouvernement camerounais en 1994 apparaît comme le point de jonction du discours scientifique sur la population et la forêt tropicale et des intérêts du secteur forestier industriel. Dans ce contexte, les Badjoués qui habitent la périphérie de la Réserve de biosphère du Dja se trouvent être à la fois la cible des conservationistes et des exploitants forestiers.
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Maji, Kousik, and Uttam Manna. "Hierarchically featured and substrate independent bulk-deposition of ‘reactive’ polymeric nanocomplexes for controlled and strategic manipulation of durable biomimicking wettability." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 15 (2018): 6642–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta00466h.
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Three-dimensional, controlled and covalent chemical optimization is introduced through strategic exploitation of a facile 1,4-conjugate addition reaction and a scalable spray deposition process for synthesizing durable biomimicked interfaces.
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Kasongo Yakusu, Emmanuel, Dominique Louppe, Franck S. Monthe, Olivier J. Hardy, Félicien Bola Mbele Lokanda, Wannes Hubau, Jan Van Den Bulcke, Joris Van Acker, Hans Beeckman, and Nils Bourland. "Enjeux et amélioration de la gestion des espèces du genre Entandrophragma, arbres africains devenus vulnérables." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 339 (April 17, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2019.339.a31717.
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Par la qualité de leur bois et leurs nombreux usages traditionnels, les espèces du genre Entandrophragma font l’objet d’une intense exploitation, susceptible de compromettre leur pérennité en l’absence de gestion durable. La présente étude dresse un état de la situation de cinq espèces commerciales principales de ce genre : Entandrophragma angolense, E. congoense (souvent assimilée par erreur à E. angolense), E. candollei, E. cylindricum et E. utile. Elle propose des pistes de recherche pour améliorer les stratégies de gestion durable au sein de ce genre. L’étude est principalement basée sur les données scientifiques (publications), économiques (statistiques de production et d’exportation) et juridiques (lois et réglementations), mais aussi sur les plans d’aménagement et les rapports d’inventaire. Les connaissances sur leur gestion sont encore fragmentaires alors qu’elles sont considérées comme vulnérables dans la liste rouge de l’UICN. La forte exploitation industrielle ou artisanale de ces espèces ne s’effectue pas toujours dans le respect d’un plan d’aménagement validé, ni de la durée minimum des rotations qui permettraient l’un et l’autre un taux de reconstitution pérennisant cette ressource. Leur gestion durable exige notamment le développement et le respect de mesures d’aménagement pour rendre leur exploitation renouvelable à long terme. Cette exploitation doit s’appuyer sur une gestion adéquate des peuplements naturels et sur le reboisement ainsi que sur des mesures de conservation. Les recherches à développer doivent intéresser leur vitesse de croissance face aux évolutions climatiques, l’évaluation de leurs stocks (production, biomasse, carbone), l’actualisation de leur distribution spatiale, l’amélioration de leur régénération naturelle, les processus de leur reproduction, leurs propriétés anatomiques et technologiques, autant de pistes pertinentes pour garantir la pérennité des espèces exploitables du genre Entandrophragma.
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Bignoumba, Guy-Serge. "Les pêches maritimes en Afrique centrale : les préalables à une exploitation durable des ressources." Norois, no. 216 (November 15, 2010): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/norois.3341.
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Broekhuizen, Thijs L. J., Marco S. Giarratana, and Anna Torres. "Uncertainty avoidance and the exploration-exploitation trade-off." European Journal of Marketing 51, no. 11/12 (November 14, 2017): 2080–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-05-2016-0264.
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Purpose This study aims to investigate how a firm’s uncertainty avoidance – as indicated by the headquarters’ national culture – impacts firm performance by affecting exploratory (product innovation) and exploitative (brand trademark protection) activities. It aims to show that firms characterized by high levels of uncertainty avoidance may be less competitive in the exploratory product development stage, but may be more competitive in the exploitative commercialization stage by producing more durable brands. Design/methodology/approach The study uses data from US Software Security Industry (SSI) trademarks, registered by firms from 11 countries during 1993–2000, that provide 2,911 trademarks and a panel of 18,213 observations. It uses the SSI database to identify the number of product innovations introduced by firms. Findings Results show that uncertainty avoidance lowers the rate of product innovation, but helps firms to appropriate more value by greater protection of their brands. Uncertainty avoidance thus creates an exploration–exploitation trade-off. Practical implications This study provides useful insights for managers regarding where to locate a firm’s front-end development (product innovation) activities and commercialization (brand trademarking protection) activities. Originality/value This is the first study to demonstrate the influence of a cultural trait on both explorative and exploitative stages simultaneously. As a methodological contribution, it shows how objective, longitudinal brand trademark data can be used to analyze the long-term impact of marketing activities on firm performance.
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UBOWSKA, Agnieszka. "THERMOPLASTIC POLYMER MACHINE GUARDS – EXPLOITATION SAFETY." Journal of Science of the Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces 185, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5130.
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The machine construction sector uses from 2 to 5% of thermoplastic polymer produc-tion. This material is used to make small elements and big parts of equipment, includ-ing guards. The latter have mechanical vibration damping capacity, do not require any maintenance, are cheap and look attractive. Moreover, polymer guards are an essen-tial element of machines as they improve workplace safety. They are used in such ma-chines as lathes, milling machines, drills, extruding machines, presses and grinders. Pursuant to the Ordinance of the Minister of Labour and Social Policy on general provi-sions for safety and health at work, protective devices used in machines should be strong and durable so as to ensure the appropriate level of occupational safety. This is why the selection of the right material to make such devices is essential. Most fre-quently guards used in the market are steel frames with a polycarbonate screen or lam-inated safety glass. Other materials used to manufacture guards are poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS). Thermoplastics are characterised by high visual light transmittance (even up to 98% in the case of PMMA), easy treatment, pos-sibility to form any shape and resistance to atmospheric factors. However, they are also characterised by limited high temperature resistance, low fire resistance and high speed of fire propagation on their surface which may be dangerous for employees in case of fire. The article discusses the selection of appropriate material for the produc-tion of guards in the context of their exploitation in higher temperature conditions and examines threats posed by thermoplastics in fire conditions.
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Brahiman, Kien Kouassi, Kouamé Kouakou Augustin, N’Da Amalan Sylvie, Vanga Adja Ferdinand, and Kouamelan Essetchi Paul. "Exploitation durable du poisson sur le cours inferieur du fleuve Bandama (Côte d’Ivoire): contraintes et recommandations." Journal of Applied Biosciences 125, no. 1 (August 30, 2018): 12542. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jab.v125i1.4.
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Biais, Gérard, and Alain Bodoy. ""Pêche et aquaculture : pour une exploitation durable des ressources vivantes de la mer et du littoral"." Natures Sciences Sociétés 13, no. 1 (January 2005): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/nss:2005012.
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Anita, S., S. Behringer, A. M. Mosneagu, and T. Upmann. "Optimal harvesting of a spatially distributed renewable resource with endogenous pricing." Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 14, no. 1 (2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/2018050.
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In this paper, we focus on the exploitation of a renewable resource in a spatial setting. Building upon the spatial harvesting model of [Behringer and Upmann, J. Econ. Dyn. Control 42 (2014) 105–120], we endogenize the price for the resource assuming that after harvesting the good is non-durable, i.e. the harvesting yield must be supplied on the market instantaneously. We find necessary optimality conditions and use them to derive an iterative algorithm to improve at each step the harvesting effort. We find that with endogenous prices the full exploitation result of [Behringer and Upmann, J. Econ. Dyn. Control 42 (2014) 105–120] may cease to hold.
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Petrović, Saša, Nemanja Kašiković, Dragoljub Novaković, Živko Pavlović, Gordana Bošnjaković, and Iskren Spiridonov. "Exploitation influence on compressible polyurethane flexographic sleeve properties." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 35, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 440–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2020-0026.
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AbstractFlexographic sleeves are made using various materials, including a sub-group with extremely durable polyurethane foam shock-absorbing layer. During exploitation, the sleeves are exposed to cyclic dynamic loading, and the flexographic printing process is highly sensitive to the changes in pressure. Deformation of printing elements occurs due to the almost two times higher residual strain of the exploited sleeves. Changes in the residual strain induce occurrence of the hysteresis losses, which lead to heat generation. The forces impacting the material are not strong enough to induce permanent deformation in the microstructure. Therefore, the leading cause of the change lies in the molecular structure of the parent polymer of the polyurethane foam cell walls, whose resilience is declining. The thickness of the exploited sleeves tends to be around 8 % lesser. In addition to high-frequency cyclic loads during printing, the adhesive layer of self-adhesive sleeves undergoes reduction in the share of acrylates, phthalates and rosin, thereby reducing the adhesive strength and the force needed to initiate the de-adhesion by half. The knowledge of mechanisms of change in certain characteristics of the sleeves enables predicting their service life and increasing the stability of the printing process through possible corrections of other process parameters.
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Egesi, N., and J. I. Nwosu. "Dimension Stone: Exploration and Exploitation in parts of Lokoja, North-Central Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 3 (April 23, 2020): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i3.4.
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The study area Lokoja is the home to the confluence between Rivers Niger and Benue. Dimension stone is cut or quarried stone in accordance with specific dimensions, generally more abundant and are used in greater quantities than ore minerals in pavement and several other constructional activities. The objective of the paper is to present prospects and a lead of rocks in Lokoja area for the production of dimension stone. The rocks in the area are being quarried as aggregates or mined as dimension stone and they met quality parameters of the rocks which includes, must be durable, easy to quarry, work, cut and polish. The particular stones selected depend upon the local weathering conditions which can be determined by amounts of industrial gases present and availability of the rocks locally. The rocks identified are marbles, granite gneisses, migmatites and biotite granites. The granites are being quarried for aggregates, marbles are powdered for cement production while migmatites and granite gneisses were mined for dimension stone.The results of Rock Strength (MPA), Rock Class Factor and Swell Factor are within acceptable standard limits except for migmatites with RS 36%, RCF 7% and SF 1.25%, which is above the limit when compared with previous analysis of AAV 22.0%, ACV23.3%, AIV18%and Absorption 0.54% in Boki area. The dimension stone were separated by more precise and delicate techniques, such as diamond wire saws, diamond belt saws, in the mine the cut dimension stone width are 1m, while many are rectangular in shape. They occur in the same geologic setting of the basement complex of Northcentral Nigeria. In the area investment has been at relatively low stage more investment will significantly increase production of the dimension stone for local usage, export and economic growth.
Keywords:Dimension stone, durable, available, maintenance, migmatite, Lokoja
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Hogan, Richard, and Carolyn Cummings Perrucci. "Earnings Inequality in 2016 Among Anglos, Latinxs, and Blacks." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 42, no. 3 (June 5, 2020): 363–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986320925825.
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In this article we estimate gross, net, and interactive effects of race, ethnicity, marriage and family status, labor and capital markets, class/occupation and education and employment experience/effort, using the 2017 Current Population Survey, March Supplement. Following the Tilly and Hogan conceptualization of durable inequality and the Hogan and Hogan and Perrucci empirical work on Black and White racial and gender inequality, we update and expand that analysis to include Latinos and Latinas, focusing on the ways in which relations with Anglo men create or sustain distinctive forms of exploitation and opportunity hoarding, concluding that Latinas are truly disadvantaged due to ethnic barriers to educational and employment opportunities and exploitation as unpaid or underpaid labor, at home and at work.
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Zotsenko, Mykola, Yuriyvynnykov ., and Iryna Lartseva. "Watertight Soil-Cement Dump of Oil and Gas Industry Waste." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.2 (June 20, 2018): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.14583.
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It is established that the most accessible way of isolation of toxic wastes formed during drilling, development, exploitation and treatment of oil and gas wells products is to dispose them directly in the earth's slime dumps on the territory of the drilling site or beyond. The dump’s pit must have a watertight protective diaphragm, which is durable and resistant to the aggressive effects of toxic waste drilling and exploitation of oil and gas wells. The chemical composition of the borehole mud is determined. The results of experimental laboratory researches of borehole mud aggressive components influence on the physical and mechanical watertight diaphragm characteristics are given. The geotechnical parameters of soil-cement were analyzed with the aim of its application for the arrangement of toxic waste watertight dump’s diaphragm.
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Sahmenko, Genadijs, Sandis Aispurs, and Aleksandrs Korjakins. "EXPERIENCE OF APPLICATION HIGH PERFORMANCE CEMENT COMPOSITES FOR CREATING DURABLE SCULPTURAL ELEMENTS." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 15, 2017): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2017vol3.2609.
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Traditionally, sculptural and decorative elements of building facades are created from mortar mixes based on lime, gypsum or Portland cement. Generally these materials have porous and permeable structure, which determines their accelerated degradation, especially in the aggressive environment of modern cities. High performance cement composites (HPCC) have been considered for production and restoration of sculptural elements in historical buildings. For this purpose, fine-graded, multi-component and highly workable mixes were elaborated. Mix compositions were modified with micro-fillers, plasticizing and stabilizing admixtures, as well as fibers to improve material ductility and control shrinkage cracking. Basic mechanical properties and durability (such as water absorption, frost resistance) were determined and two types of HPCC were compared (>50 MPa: HPCC and >120 MPa: UHPCC). It has been confirmed that cement composite mixes are characterized by self-consolidating effect, high compressive strength, extremely high resistance versus freezing and thawing cycles and low water absorption. Surface quality was evaluated and initial water absorption (tube tests) were performed for laboratory samples and real sculptural elements after 5 years of exploitation. The results confirmed good potential for using HPCC for creating more attractive and durable architectural shapes and façade elements compared to elements made using traditional cement and lime mortar.
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Fatima, Urooj, Priyadarshini Bhorali, Sudarshana Borah, and Muthappa Senthil-Kumar. "Perspectives on the utilization of resistance mechanisms from host and nonhost plants for durable protection of Brassica crops against Alternaria blight." PeerJ 7 (September 26, 2019): e7486. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7486.
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Background Alternaria brassicae, the causal organism of Alternaria blight, is a necrotroph infecting crops of the Brassicaceae family at all growth stages. To circumvent this problem, several disease management strategies are being used in the field, and disease-resistant varieties have also been developed. However, no strategy has proven completely successful, owing to the high variability in virulence among A. brassicae isolates, which causes a diverse spectrum of symptoms. Nonhost resistance (NHR) is a robust and broad-spectrum defense mechanism available in plants, and the exploitation of gene pools from plant species that are nonhost to A. brassicae could serve as novel sources of resistance. Methodology We searched the literature using key words relevant to this study in various search engines, such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, as well as certain journal websites. The literature was retrieved, sorted, and mined to extract data pertinent to the present review. Results In this review, we have comprehensively covered the recent progress made in developing Alternaria blight resistance in Brassica crops by exploiting host germplasm. We also enumerate the potential NHR sources available for A. brassicae and the NHR layers possibly operating against this pathogen. In addition, we propose different strategies for identifying NHR-related genes from nonhost plants and testing their relevance in imparting broad-spectrum resistance when transferred to host plants. Conclusion This review will help broaden the current knowledge base pertaining to the resistance sources available in host germplasm, the exploitation of NHR mechanisms, and their applications in protecting Brassica crops from Alternaria blight. The insights might also be applicable to a wider repertoire of plant pathogens.
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Fennell, Dana, and Ana Liberato. "The Well-Being of Industrial Workers: A Quantitative Assessment of the Dominican Case." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 5, no. 4 (2006): 303–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915006779206079.
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AbstractThis paper examines the influence of gender and industrial employment on two dimensions of well-being. An analysis based on the 1996 DHS survey showed the non-significant effects of the two variables on material wealth and housing quality. Key factors in increasing household well-being were urban location, household labor, and education. Urban location showed the largest positive effect on well-being. The Chi-square test showed a significant relationship between free trade zone employment and access to durable goods (P ≤ 0.5). These findings show the larger impact of specific demographic conditions on women's well-being, favoring contextual analysis over exploitation and opportunity frameworks.
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Jurczak, Wojciech. "The Exploitation Problems Marine Light Constructions for Corrosion Resistance / Problemy Eksploatacyjne Lekkich Konstrukcji Morskich w Aspekcie Odporności Korozyjnej." Journal of KONBiN 33, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jok-2015-0001.
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Abstract Corrosive degradation of construction materials for marine structures is a natural phenomenon. The extent of deterioration in mechanical properties of materials used in ship construction is directly linked to the chemical makeup of the material as well as the prevailing environmental conditions (e.g. salinity, physical stress) an the applied anti-corrosive coating. The paper presents results of research into stress corrosion of highly durable aluminum alloys. In order to increase the safety while using the above mentioned components, logging of corrosive potential has been introduced in the case of selected (corrosion-prone) number of surfaces of the quarter-section in relation the model 620 ship, made of 7020 alloy, so that the hazard of corrosive breach can be monitored.
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Pradhan, Neera Shrestha, Partha Jyoti Das, Nishikant Gupta, and Arun Bhakta Shrestha. "Sustainable Management Options for Healthy Rivers in South Asia: The Case of Brahmaputra." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031087.
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The Brahmaputra is one of the largest river systems of South Asia, providing life-supporting services to about 70 million people. Massive flooding, land erosion, over-exploitation of water, excessive fishing, habitat degradation and fragmentation, exploitation of flood plains, climate change impacts, absence of integrated basin wide management, and transboundary cooperation are major challenges for the present and future sustainability and development in the basin. Although hydrological connectivity is intact in most of the main course of the river, the infrastructure development plans may convert the Brahmaputra to a predominantly managed river system. In this regard, this paper examines the physiographic, ecological, hydrological, and socioeconomic status of the Brahmaputra river, its transnational basin in South Asia, and the basin population in the cross-cutting context to explore its sustainable management options. For a durable future of the river and its communities, an integrated management mechanism among the basin countries with the objective of equitable benefit sharing, disaster risk management, and resilience building is needed. The suggested strategies will help in maintaining the ecohydrological health and utilitarian services of the river for the socioeconomic development of millions of poor and marginalized people living in the basin.
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Lorang, Jennifer. "Necrotrophic Exploitation and Subversion of Plant Defense: A Lifestyle or Just a Phase, and Implications in Breeding Resistance." Phytopathology® 109, no. 3 (March 2019): 332–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-09-18-0334-ia.
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Breeding disease-resistant plants is a critical, environmentally friendly component of any strategy to sustainably feed and clothe the 9.8 billion people expected to live on Earth by 2050. Here, I review current literature detailing plant defense responses as they relate to diverse biological outcomes; disease resistance, susceptibility, and establishment of mutualistic plant–microbial relationships. Of particular interest is the degree to which these outcomes are a function of plant-associated microorganisms’ lifestyles; biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, necrotrophic, or mutualistic. For the sake of brevity, necrotrophic pathogens and the necrotrophic phase of pathogenicity are emphasized in this review, with special attention given to the host-specific pathogens that exploit defense. Defense responses related to generalist necrotrophs and mutualists are discussed in the context of excellent reviews by others. In addition, host evolutionary trade-offs of disease resistance with other desirable traits are considered in the context of breeding for durable disease resistance.
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Bodo, Ruben, Robert Hausler, and Abdelkrim Azzouz. "Approche multicritère pour la sélection de plantes aquatiques en vue d’une exploitation rationnelle." Revue des sciences de l'eau 19, no. 3 (September 18, 2006): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/013537ar.
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Résumé L’envahissement incontrôlé des plans d’eau par les plantes aquatiques est une problématique d’actualité, plus particulièrement dans les pays tropicaux, à cause du phénomène d’eutrophisation. Parmi les solutions proposées, une exploitation rationnelle de certaines plantes envahissantes comme source de biomasse valorisable, et comme agents de dépollution, est envisagée. Dans le cadre de cette étude, un accent particulier a été mis sur une sélection adéquate de plantes aquatiques visant un développement durable, se basant sur la capacité de cette plante à s’adapter à son milieu de culture avec un impact environnemental pratiquement nul. Pour cela, il est nécessaire que la plante sélectionnée puisse présenter des propriétés dépolluantes pouvant ramener l’écosystème à son état naturel d’origine et que le taux de croissance de cette plante soit contrôlé par une exploitation optimisée de la biomasse récoltée. La problématique envisagée s’est limitée à un nombre restreint de plantes aquatiques, fréquemment rencontrées dans les milieux eutrophisés, à savoir la jacinthe d’eau, les lentilles d’eau, la laitue d’eau, le papyrus et le chou de marais. Un choix et une hiérarchisation préalables des principaux critères d’évaluation ont permis, sur la base d’une analyse de satisfaction rigoureuse, d’opter pour la jacinthe d’eau, comme étant la meilleure alternative, présentant un grand pouvoir de fixation d’éléments polluants et un potentiel élevé en protéines et agents antioxydants, dans un contexte donné. Une exploitation judicieuse de cette plante dans un plan d’eau continuellement pollué ne posera plus de problèmes de rentabilité, étant donné que la productivité sera assurée par la récolte d’un excédent de jacinthes, deux ou trois fois par mois. Ceci permettra de mieux maîtriser le taux de recouvrement du plan d’eau par la plante aquatique, évitant ainsi une eutrophisation de celui-ci. La méthodologie adoptée peut être généralisée à d’autres plantes aquatiques et d’autres contextes.
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Olivier, Dien Kouayé. "Occupation Humaine De La Réserve De Faune Et De Flore Du Haut Bandama : Diagnostic Et Perspectives Pour Une Gestion Durable." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 26 (September 30, 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n26p93.
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The Upper Bandama fauna and flora reserve, which is part of Côte d'Ivoire's biodiversity conservation strategy, is threatened by the pressure of human activities. The purpose of this article is to make a socio-economic assessment of the exploitation of the natural resources of this protected area. Specifically, it is question of knowing the forms of activities which are developed there, the actors, the strategies of infiltration, and to determine the factors related to this occupation. Based on a data collection work that combines documentary research, semi-structured interviews and direct observation, artisanal gold mining, farming, poaching, fishing and collection of non-timber forest products have been identified as the major forms of degradation of this reserve. These activities involve different profiles of actors who have accessed the reserve under various conditions. They can be explained by the economic dynamism of the peripheral zone, the recomposition of this zone in the face of demographic pressure and land issues, the non-integration of the legal status of the reserve and the invisibility of the key actors. The study ends with perspectives for sustainable management of this reserve.
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Hounsou, B. Mathieu, A. C. Sandra Boko, S. Prudence Badjito, M. Voltaire Alofa, and K. Euloge Agbossou. "Incidences socio-économiques et sanitaires de la mise en valeur durable des bas-fonds de la commune de Zagnanado (département du Zou, Bénin)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 5 (September 14, 2020): 1786–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i5.22.
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La mise en valeur des terres humides entraîne une amélioration de la production agricole, mais est parfois la cause des problèmes de santé chez certains exploitants. L’étude faite sur les bas-fonds de la commune de Zagnanado précisément ceux de Dovi-Zounnou, de klobo-gbadji, de Bamè et de Zonmon porte sur la caractérisation socio-sanitaire des ménages agricoles dans le cadre d’une exploitation durable des zones humides. Les conditions naturelles qui déterminent ces écosystèmes font de ces derniers, des sites qui font face aux situations sanitaires difficiles et contraignantes du fait de certaines affections (paludisme, gastro-entérite, cholera, l’ulcère de Buruli, la dracunculose, etc.…) liées à l’environnement. Il résulte de ces affections, des pertes de jours d’activités dont les conséquences au plan économique sont importantes. Dans la présente étude, des entretiens de groupe semi-structurés ont été tenus dans (04) villages exploitant les bas-fonds sur 10 que compte la Commune. De plus, un échantillonnage raisonné de 304 ménages agricoles soit 62% a été constitué et prenant en compte les ménages exclusifs des bas-fonds, les ménages mixtes et les ménages exclusifs des plateaux. L’estimation de la perte financière a été réalisée en fonction du nombre de jours de travail perdu, des coûts de traitement et les dépenses en main d’oeuvre. Les résultats ont montré que, i) l’exploitation agricole des bas-fonds a amélioré la production maraîchère (piment) et le revenu agricole des exploitants comparativement aux ménages exploitant exclusivement les plateaux ; ii) la prévalence du paludisme, des gastro-entérites, du choléra, de l’ulcère de Buruli et de la dracunculose est plus élevée dans les ménages exploitant les bas-fonds (15,75%) comparativement aux ménages exploitant exclusivement les plateaux (10,75%). De plus, ces maladies entraînent des pertes financières liées aux pertes de jours d’activité considérables pour les ménages exploitant exclusivement les bas-fonds qui peuvent s’évaluer à plus de 180 000 FCFA par hectare pour la campagne. Tout ceci montre que l’exploitation des zones inondables constitue une stratégie de lutte contre la pauvreté mais elle a un effet sur la santé des populations.Mots clés : Bas-fonds, ménages agricoles, écosystème, maladies hydriques, Zagnanado.
English Title: Socio-economic and health impacts of the sustainable development of inlands valleys in Zagnanado municipality (department of Zou, Benin)Wetland development leads to improved agricultural production, but is sometimes the cause of health problems for some farmers. The study of the low lands areas of the municipality of Zagnanado, specifically those of Dovi-Zounnou, klobo-gbadji, Bamè and Zonmon, focuses on the socio-health characterization of agricultural households in the context of sustainable exploitation of wetlands. The natural conditions that determine these ecosystems make them sites that face difficult and restrictive health situations due to certain conditions (malaria, gastroenteritis, cholera, Buruli ulcer, dracunculosis, etc.) related to the environment. As a result of these conditions, the loss of activity days, the economic consequences of which are significant. In this study, semi-structured group interviews were held in 4 villages of 10 exploiting the valley areas in the Commune. In addition, a reasoned sample of 304 agricultural households, or 62%, was compiled, taking into account exclusive low lands households, mixed households and exclusive up lands households. The estimation of the financial loss was based on the number of working days lost, processing costs and labour costs. The results showed that, (i) low lands farming improved vegetable production (pepper) and farmers' farm income compared to households exclusively operating on up lands; (ii) the prevalence of malaria, gastro-enteritis, cholera, Buruli ulcer and dracunculosis is higher in low lands households (15.75%) compared to households operating exclusively on the up lands area (10.75%). In addition, these diseases result in financial losses related to the loss of significant working days for households operating exclusively in the low lands, which can amount to more than 180,000 CFA francs per campaign. In conclusion, the exploitation of flood zones is a strategy to fight poverty but it has an effect on the health of populations.Keywords: Valleys, agricultural households, ecosystems, water diseases, Zagnanado.
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Pahun, Jeanne, Ève Fouilleux, and Benoît Daviron. "De quoi la bioéconomie est-elle le nom ? Genèse d’un nouveau référentiel d’action publique." Natures Sciences Sociétés 26, no. 1 (January 2018): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/nss/2018020.
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Au cours du XXe siècle, la bioéconomie a été définie dans divers champs académiques : étude des populations en biologie, modèles de gestion des ressources naturelles ou approche entropique de l’économie à la façon de Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen. Au début des années 2000, elle est érigée comme mot d’ordre institutionnel sous l’impulsion de l’OCDE puis de la Commission européenne, qui en font le fer de lance d’une croissance durable, substituant à l’usage des ressources fossiles une exploitation de la biomasse par les biotechnologies. La mise à l’agenda de la bioéconomie au niveau européen a été amorcée par les politiques de recherche et d’innovation, dont les processus de définition et de financement ont été fortement influencés par les acteurs industriels. Les recompositions potentielles induites par la bioéconomie dans le domaine agricole génèrent des tensions, car elles entrent en concurrence avec d’autres visions pour le futur de l’agriculture européenne.
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Kurebwa, Jeffrey. "Women, Peace and Security in the SADC Region." International Journal of Civic Engagement and Social Change 5, no. 3 (July 2018): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcesc.2018070104.
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The Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda is a key part of the international, continental and regional programme for attaining sustainable and durable peace. Conflict and post-conflict situations have a different impact on women, men, boys and girls. During conflicts, women and children are more vulnerable to sexual violence and exploitation, displacement, a change to household relations and poverty. There have been concerted efforts to identify and address the impact of conflict on women and children and to provide for more responsive, representative and inclusive peace and security structures and processes. SADC countries have made great strides in enacting gender sensitive legislations, representation of women in cabinet, parliament, local government, and security sector institutions. Women have not adequately been represented in mediation and peace-building efforts and most peace agreements lack gender sensitivity. Peace agreements do not include reference to specific needs or interests of women.
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Jokūbaitis, Aidas, Juozas Valivonis, and Gediminas Marčiukaitis. "Influence of Static and Dynamic Loads on the Behavior of Prestressed Concrete Railway Sleepers." Solid State Phenomena 249 (April 2016): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.249.278.
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Various types of sleepers from different materials are used in railroad tracks, therefore nowadays prestressed concrete sleepers are the most common type of sleepers. High strength concrete and prestressing reinforcement are used in concrete sleepers. These railroad members are stiff, durable and can withstand heavy loads. However replacement of the cracked or damaged sleepers are expensive and it is necessary to properly design and test them before exploitation. Experimental research of prestressed concrete sleepers under static and dynamic loads are described in this article. Sleeper rail seat section is a support for the rails and various types of heavy loads are affecting this part of the sleeper. Therefore analysis of experimental results on sleeper rail seat bearing capacity and cracking are provided. Sleepers must meet certain cracking requirements and residual crack width must not exceed design value. Experimental residual crack widths are compared with design values. Influence of different diameter and strength reinforcement is analyzed on the behaviour of sleeper rail seat section.
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Moanungsang, Moanungsang. "Biblical Mandate and Emerging Theology: Integral Spirituality: A Transformative Practice." REFLEXUS - Revista Semestral de Teologia e Ciências das Religiões 10, no. 15 (July 18, 2016): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.20890/reflexus.v10i15.350.
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In the present time, the church and the society often discusses about the need for a deeper spirituality. On one hand, people are faced with countless startling life realities such as, poverty, disparity and unemployment; domination and violence; corruption and exploitation of power; emergence of an individualist, consumerist and competitive culture; and the like, which does not allow humans to establish profound and durable relationships. People experience uncertainty, which terrorize their lives in fear and despair. In response, the humankind explores kinds of spirituality that offers consolation and hope. On the other hand, the material world has extended to us abundant opportunities to develop our inner as well as outer formation and living. However, often human endeavor turns in a futile circle as we fail to become mature enough to discover the true self and to live on earth in love, in peace, in harmony with oneself, with fellow human beings and nature and with the totality of our being.
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Amin, Amit Dipak, Soumya S. Rajan, Matthew J. Groysman, Praechompoo Pongtornpipat, and Jonathan H. schatz. "Oncogene Overdose: Too Much of a Bad Thing for Oncogene-Addicted Cancer Cells." Biomarkers in Cancer 7s2 (January 2015): BIC.S29326. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bic.s29326.
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Acquired resistance to targeted inhibitors remains a major, and inevitable, obstacle in the treatment of oncogene-addicted cancers. Newer-generation inhibitors may help overcome resistance mutations, and inhibitor combinations can target parallel pathways, but durable benefit to patients remains elusive in most clinical scenarios. Now, recent studies suggest a third approach may be available in some cases—exploitation of oncogene overexpression that may arise to promote resistance. Here, we discuss the importance of maintaining oncogenic signaling at “just-right” levels in cells, with too much signaling, or oncogene overdose, being potentially as detrimental as too little. This is highlighted in particular by recent studies of mutant-BRAF in melanoma and the fusion kinase nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK) in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Oncogene overdose may be exploitable to prolong tumor control through intermittent dosing in some cases, and studies of acute lymphoid leukemias suggest that it may be specifically pharmacologically inducible.
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Lescuyer, Guillaume, and Julienne Nadège Essoungou. "Gestion forestière multi-usages en Afrique centrale : perceptions, mises en oeuvre et évolutions." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 315, no. 315 (March 1, 2013): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2013.315.a20536.
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Quoique la gestion forestière multiusages (Gfmu) soit promue par les codes forestiers d'Afrique centrale, cette approche reste mal comprise et peu mise en oeuvre pour les forêts de production et les forêts communautaires. L'article présente les résultats de 62 entretiens avec des personnes impliquées dans la gestion forestière au Cameroun, au Gabon et en République démocratique du Congo, et fait ressortir trois interprétations de la Gfmu : une exploitation durable du bois intégrant secondairement les usages des autres acteurs ; une utilisation coutumière des ressources par les populations locales ; une gestion planifiée et formelle de la diversité des biens et fonctions fournis par ces écosystèmes. L'analyse détaillée de huit études de cas montre en pratique que l'aménagement durable de la forêt se focalise presque toujours sur l'exploitation du bois ; quoique l'utilisation du gibier et la collecte des produits forestiers non ligneux soient systématiquement mentionnés dans les documents d'aménagement. À l'inverse, les services environnementaux - séquestration du carbone, protection des bassins versants - ou les biens publics y sont quasi absents. L'inscription de différents usages dans les documents de gestion ne suffit toutefois pas pour qu'ils soient toujours mis en oeuvre sur le terrain. Trois pistes sont explorées pour renforcer l'application de la Gfmu dans le bassin du Congo : concevoir la Gfmu à l'échelle du paysage et non à celle du massif forestier ; améliorer le contenu des documents d'aménagement forestier pour y inclure et valoriser l'ensemble des usages de la forêt ; renforcer le contrôle de l'application effective des documents de gestion, grâce à la certification ou à un meilleur contrôle du respect de la légalité.
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Shikova, Tatiana. "Adhesive strength in a high voltage mica insulation system." E3S Web of Conferences 140 (2019): 11006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201914011006.
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The problem of maintaining a monolithic high-voltage mica insulation made by the Resin Rich technology for windings of electrical machines and conductors is considered. The violation of solidity like delaminations and peeling off from conductor can happen both during the process of manufacturing and during exploitation of constructions. The possibility of breaking the solidity is directly related to the magnitude of adhesion strength. Design and manufacturing technology of samples in laboratory and industrial conditions to determine the adhesion strength were developed. Adhesive strength is determined by the method of shear and tensile test method between insulation layers and in system of metal- mica insulation.The created method for the manufacture of samples made it possible to test samples with various designs of adhesive contact, materials of adhesive contact and technological parameters of the pressing process. The adhesion strength depends on the parameters of the thermal pressing process and the degree of curing of the binder in the initial resin rich tape. Adhesive contact of mica insulation to metal through fiberglass is more durable than through film
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Adamus, J., J. Winowiecka, and M. Dyner. "Analysis of forming thin titanium panels with stiffeners." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0024.
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Abstract The growing demand for light and durable products has caused an increase in interest in products formed of thin sheets. In order to ensure sufficient stiffness of the drawn - parts, stiffening is often performed. Unfortunately, during the forming of stiffeners unwanted deformations of the drawn parts very often appear, which prevent them from further exploitation. In the paper, forming thin titanium panels with stiffeners is analysed. The panels are made of sheets of commercially pure titanium: Grades 2, 3 and 4. In the results of numerical analyses which were performed using PamStamp 2G, taking into consideration the impact of the blank holder force and friction conditions on the strain distribution in the drawn parts, sheet thinning and springback values are presented. The numerical analysis results were compared with the experimental tests. It was concluded that in order to prevent panel deformation being a result of residual stresses, it is necessary to ensure adequate friction conditions on the contact surfaces between the deformed material and tools as well as a suitable blank holder force.
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Danthu, Pascal, Herintsitohaina Razakamanarivo, Bernadette Deville-Danthu, Lala Razafy Fara, Yannick Le Roux, and Éric Penot. "THE SHORT AND FORGOTTEN HISTORY OF RUBBER IN MADAGASCAR: THE FIRST CONTROVERSY BETWEEN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND NATURAL RESOURCE EXPLOITATION." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 328, no. 328 (July 20, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2016.328.a31300.
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Madagascar fut entre 1891 et 1914 une zone de production de caoutchouc sylvestre destiné à l’exportation vers l’Europe. Le poids de Madagascar dans le commerce mondial resta toujours modeste, mais cette activité eut des conséquences écologiques importantes. De nombreuses espèces endé- miques furent exploitées, dans une optique de productivité immédiate et maximale sans prise en compte de notion de gestion durable. Cet épisode représentant l’un des premiers cas d’exploitation des ressources biologiques malgaches à des fins indus- trielles a été l’un des éléments déclencheurs de la prise de conscience de la valeur de la biodiversité malgache et des menaces induites par des activités humaines mal contrôlées. Il aboutit à la promulgation d’une législation très répressive et coerci- tive à l’endroit des populations locales dési- gnées comme principales responsables. Mais les naturalistes jugèrent les décisions politiques inefficaces. Ils développèrent alors un discours volontairement alarmiste et catastrophiste ayant pour but de faire réagir les politiques jugés trop laxistes. Dis- cours d’ailleurs pris à contre-pied lorsque l’effort de guerre relança la filière caout- chouc malgache entre 1942 et 1945. Cet épisode fut un élément déclencheur de la création, dès 1927, d’un réseau d’aires pro- tégées, faisant de Madagascar un pionnier en Afrique. Parallèlement la domestication des espèces caoutchoutières malgaches et/ ou l’introduction des espèces à fort poten- tiel furent promues. Cependant, l’émer- gence du caoutchouc issu de l’hévéaculture asiatique fit rapidement retomber l’intérêt commercial du caoutchouc malgache, épar- gnant ainsi les forêts de la Grande Île. Ainsi, c’est le réalisme économique qui condamna la filière devenue non rentable et assura la sauvegarde des espèces à caoutchouc mal- gaches plutôt que les discours des natura- listes, la création d’aires protégées ou la promulgation de textes répressifs.
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Kraidy, LAB, N. Kone, S. Berte, G. N'Zi Konan, SS Yao, and PE Kouamelan. "Pêche et paramètres de reproduction de Pellonula leonensis Boulenger 1916, dans le lac de Taabo (Fleuve Bandama, Côte d’Ivoire): implications pour une exploitation durable du stock." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 8, no. 1 (June 5, 2014): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v8i1.8.
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Amassaghrou, Asmae, Ahmed Bouaziz, Khalid Daoui, Hatem Belhouchette, Abdelaziz Ezzahouani, and Karim Barkaoui. "Productivité et efficience des systèmes agroforestiers à base d’oliviers au Maroc : cas de Moulay Driss Zerhoun." Cahiers Agricultures 30 (2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020041.
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Au Maroc, les systèmes agroforestiers à base d’olivier sont très répandus et diversifiés. Ce travail vise à caractériser leur diversité et leurs performances dans la région de Moulay Driss Zerhoun, au Nord du Maroc. Pour ce faire, 72 enquêtes ont été réalisées auprès des agriculteurs. Pour chaque exploitation, les systèmes agroforestiers ont été comparés à des systèmes de culture pure et à des vergers d’oliviers purs. En condition pluviale, l’insertion des légumineuses et des céréales dans les oliveraies constitue la pratique dominante. Il y a des différences très significatives de rendements pour les cultures annuelles et pour les oliviers entre systèmes associés d’agroforesterie, témoins en cultures annuelles pures et témoins en verger d’olivier. Le Land Equivalent Ratio (surface équivalente assolée) des rendements et celui des marges brutes sont toujours supérieurs à 1 avec les céréales et les légumineuses en agroforesterie. Nos résultats suggèrent que les systèmes agroforestiers sont plus productifs, rentables et efficients que les cultures pures. L’agroforesterie constituerait donc une stratégie pour une production durable, mais il faudrait d’autres expérimentations pour mieux appréhender la productivité de ces systèmes et préciser leurs atouts et leurs limites.
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Peticca-Harris, Amanda, Nadia deGama, and M. N. Ravishankar. "Postcapitalist precarious work and those in the ‘drivers’ seat: Exploring the motivations and lived experiences of Uber drivers in Canada." Organization 27, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 36–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508418757332.
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In this inductive, qualitative study, we observe how Uber, a company often hailed as being the poster-child of the sharing economy facilitated through a digital platform may also at times represent and reinforce postcapitalist hyper-exploitation. Drawing on the motivations and lived experiences of 31 Uber drivers in Toronto, Canada, we provide insights into three groups of Uber drivers: (1) those that are driving part-time to earn extra money in conjunction with studying or doing other jobs, (2) those that are unemployed and for whom driving for Uber is the only source of income, and (3) professional drivers, who are trying to keep pace with the durable digital landscape and competitive marketplace. We emphasize the ways in which each driver group simultaneously acknowledges and rejects their own precarious employment by distancing techniques such as minimizing the risks and accentuating the advantages of the driver role. We relate these findings to a broader discussion about how driving for Uber fuels the traditional capitalist narrative that working hard and having a dream will lead to advancement, security and success. We conclude by discussing other alternative economies within the sharing economy.
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Frate, Guido Francesco, Lorenzo Ferrari, Luca Giachetti, Giacomo Petretto, and Umberto Desideri. "Performance analysis of a Brayton Pumped Thermal Electricity Storage (PTES) with a liquid sensible heat storage." E3S Web of Conferences 238 (2021): 10007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123810007.
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A pervasive Renewable Energy Source (RES) exploitation poses a wide range of issues to electric grids, which the enhancement of the electric grid flexibility may mitigate. There are several approaches to improve grid flexibility, and a significant help will come from efficient, reliable, durable and cheap electric storage technologies. Inevitably, different storage technologies will be needed since different power and energy spectra characterise RES issues. In the category of high capacity-to-power ratio technologies, Pumped Thermal Electricity Storage (PTES) is becoming more and more popular. Such technology aims at replacing Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES), and it is suited for daily cyclic operation (load shifting). In this paper, a Brayton PTES with liquid sensible heat storages is studied. Compared to the standard system equipped with packed beds, the liquid heat storage allows for a more straightforward state of charge estimation, control and, potentially, for a better usage of storage volume. Through a parametric analysis involving the main design specifications, the system performance is assessed under realistic assumptions. The resulting figures provide an exhaustive characterisation of the performance achievable by the system, which may be useful for a fair comparison between PTES and other competing storage technologies.
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Vrancken, Nandi, Stefanie Sergeant, Guy Vereecke, Frank Holsteyns, Herman Terryn, Stefan de Gendt, and Xiu Mei Xu. "Exploring Wetting Dynamics on Superhydrophobic Nanopatterned Surfaces Using ATR-FTIR." Solid State Phenomena 282 (August 2018): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.282.175.
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Accurate characterization of the underwater stability of superhydrophobic surfaces is crucial for the design of durable anti-fouling materials and advanced microfluidic concepts. Although superhydrophobic breakdown is a major issue that hampers full exploitation of superhydrophobic functional materials, suitable characterization methods are lacking and relatively little is known about the wetting dynamics. In this work we explore a novel method based on attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) for large-area in-situ analysis of wetting states and wetting transitions on nanostructured surfaces. Spontaneous wetting is induced on superhydrophobic silicon nanopillars through in-situ modulation of the liquid composition and surface tension. The high surface sensitivity of ATR-FTIR enables quantitative evaluation of the instantaneous liquid composition and wetted area. Critical transition criteria for superhydrophobic breakdown are assessed using both ATR-FTIR and goniometric measurements. Significant deviations from classical wetting models are revealed, emphasizing the need for more accurate transition criteria and careful experimental validation. Breakdown kinetics near the critical transition are found to be significantly slowed down on nanostructured surfaces, which underlines the necessity for accurate characterization of wetting dynamics at the nanoscale. The proposed ATR-FTIR method can be promising for dynamic studies of wetting transitions on more advanced surfaces, as hierarchical structures or oleophobic designs.
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Chew, Hui Yi, Victor Chan, Fiona Simpson, and Riccardo Dolcetti. "Will Next-Generation Immunotherapy Overcome the Intrinsic Diversity and Low Immunogenicity of Sarcomas to Improve Clinical Benefit?" Cancers 12, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): 3392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12113392.
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Sarcomas are a rare type of a heterogeneous group of tumours arising from mesenchymal cells that form connective tissues. Surgery is the most common treatment for these tumours, but additional neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapies may be necessary. Unfortunately, a significant proportion of patients treated with conventional therapies will develop metastatic disease that is resistant to therapies. Currently, there is an urgent need to develop more effective and durable therapies for the treatment of sarcomas. In recent years immunotherapies have revolutionised the treatment of a variety of cancers by restoring patient anti-tumour immune responses or through the adoptive infusion of immune effectors able to kill and eliminate malignant cells. The clinicopathologic and genetic heterogeneity of sarcomas, together with the generally low burden of somatic mutations potentially generating neoantigens, are currently limited to broad application of immunotherapy for patients with sarcomas. Nevertheless, a better understanding of the microenvironmental factors hampering the efficacy of immunotherapy and the identification of new and suitable therapeutic targets may help to overcome current limitations. Moreover, the recent advances in the development of immunotherapies based on the direct exploitation or targeting of T cells and/or NK cells may offer new opportunities to improve the treatment of sarcomas, particularly those showing recurrence or resistance to standard of care treatments.
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Prieto, Luis I., Sara I. Graves, and Darren J. Baker. "Insights from In Vivo Studies of Cellular Senescence." Cells 9, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9040954.
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Cellular senescence is the dynamic process of durable cell-cycle arrest. Senescent cells remain metabolically active and often acquire a distinctive bioactive secretory phenotype. Much of our molecular understanding in senescent cell biology comes from studies using mammalian cell lines exposed to stress or extended culture periods. While less well understood mechanistically, senescence in vivo is becoming appreciated for its numerous biological implications, both in the context of beneficial processes, such as development, tumor suppression, and wound healing, and in detrimental conditions, where senescent cell accumulation has been shown to contribute to aging and age-related diseases. Importantly, clearance of senescent cells, through either genetic or pharmacological means, has been shown to not only extend the healthspan of prematurely and naturally aged mice but also attenuate pathology in mouse models of chronic disease. These observations have prompted an investigation of how and why senescent cells accumulate with aging and have renewed exploration into the characteristics of cellular senescence in vivo. Here, we highlight our molecular understanding of the dynamics that lead to a cellular arrest and how various effectors may explain the consequences of senescence in tissues. Lastly, we discuss how exploitation of strategies to eliminate senescent cells or their effects may have clinical utility.
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Berger, Carolina, Mary E. Flowers, Edus H. Warren, and Stanley R. Riddell. "Analysis of transgene-specific immune responses that limit the in vivo persistence of adoptively transferred HSV-TK–modified donor T cells after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation." Blood 107, no. 6 (March 15, 2006): 2294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-08-3503.
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AbstractThe introduction of an inducible suicide gene such as the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) might allow exploitation of the antitumor activity of donor T cells after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) without graft versus host disease. However, HSV-TK is foreign, and immune responses to gene-modified T cells could lead to their premature elimination. We show that after the infusion of HSV-TK–modified donor T cells to HCT recipients, CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses to HSV-TK are rapidly induced and coincide with the disappearance of transferred cells. Cytokine flow cytometry using an overlapping panel of HSV-TK peptides allowed rapid detection and quantitation of HSV-TK–specific T cells in the blood and identified multiple immunogenic epitopes. Repeated infusion of modified T cells boosted the induced HSV-TK–specific T cells, which persisted as memory cells. These studies demonstrate the need for nonimmunogenic suicide genes and identify a strategy for detection of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to transgene products that should be generally applicable to monitoring patients on gene therapy trials. The potency of gene-modified T cells to elicit robust and durable immune responses imply this approach might be used for vaccination to elicit T-cell responses to viral or tumor antigens.
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Alcalá, Francisco Javier, Pedro Martínez-Pagán, Maria Catarina Paz, Manuel Navarro, Jaruselsky Pérez-Cuevas, and Francisco Domingo. "Combining of MASW and GPR Imaging and Hydrogeological Surveys for the Groundwater Resource Evaluation in a Coastal Urban Area in Southern Spain." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 3154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073154.
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This paper conceptualizes and evaluates the groundwater resource in a coastal urban area hydrologically influenced by peri-urban irrigation agriculture. Adra town in southern Spain was the case study chosen to evaluate the groundwater resource contributed from the northern steep urban sector (NSUS) to the southern flat urban sector (SFUS), which belongs to the Adra River Delta Groundwater Body (ARDGB). The methodology included (1) geological and hydrogeological data compilation; (2) thirteen Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW), and eight Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) profiles to define shallow geological structures and some hydrogeological features; (3) hydrogeological surveys for aquifer hydraulic definition; (4) conceptualization of the hydrogeological functioning; and (5) the NSUS groundwater resource evaluation. All findings were integrated to prepare a 1:5000 scale hydrogeological map and cross-sections. Ten hydrogeological formations were defined, four of them (Paleozoic weathered bedrock, Pleistocene littoral facies, Holocene colluvial, and anthropogenic filling) in the NSUS contributing to the SFUS. The NSUS groundwater discharge and recharge are, respectively, around 0.28 Mm3 year−1 and 0.31 Mm3 year−1, and the actual groundwater storage is around 0.47 Mm3. The groundwater renewability is high enough to guarantee a durable small exploitation for specific current and future urban water uses which can alleviate the pressure on the ARDGB.
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Bhattacharjee, Archita, Md Ahmaruzzaman, and Tanur Sinha. "Surfactant effects on the synthesis of durable tin-oxide nanoparticles and its exploitation as a recyclable catalyst for the elimination of toxic dye: a green and efficient approach for wastewater treatment." RSC Adv. 4, no. 93 (2014): 51418–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra08461f.
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MOLENAT, G., D. FOULQUIER, P. AUTRAN, J. BOUIX, D. HUBERT, M. JACQUIN, F. BOCQUIER, and B. BIBE. "Pour un élevage ovin allaitant performant et durable sur parcours : un système expérimental sur le causse du Larzac." INRAE Productions Animales 18, no. 5 (December 18, 2005): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2005.18.5.3536.
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Sur le Causse du Larzac, plusieurs Unités de recherche de l’INRA collaborent à la conception d’un élevage ovin allaitant performant sur pelouses sèches dans le but de concilier les fortes exigences zootechniques avec l’entretien d’un milieu ouvert. La végétation pastorale est au cœur du système de production expérimental ; son renouvellement doit être assuré et son usage privilégié comme ressource alimentaire principale d’un élevage qui doit tendre vers la durabilité. Les travaux ont été menés selon plusieurs orientations complémentaires : études génétiques autour de l’animal productif adapté ; élaboration de pratiques d’élevage en plein air ; raisonnement des calendriers et des conduites de pâturage valorisant la pelouse avec des adaptations innovantes.
C’est ainsi qu’au domaine de La Fage, des brebis prolifiques INRA 401, agnelant en début de printemps, sont élevées en plein air intégral sur parcours et alimentées majoritairement par la végétation spontanée dont une faible proportion a été fertilisée. Différentes options d’exploitation des ressources ont été étudiées. Pour s’affranchir pendant la lactation d’apports d’aliments complémentaires exogènes, les brebis disposent à partir de la mi-avril, des surfaces fertilisées qui, avec 3 à 4 semaines d’avance sur les pelouses natives, offrent une herbe abondante de qualité, à base de graminées. Ces surfaces, pâturées en rotation (4 parcelles) pendant une trentaine de jours, jusque vers le 20 mai, selon deux cycles successifs à raison de 17 brebis/ha, ont permis des gains de poids journaliers moyens de 268 g à 295 g selon les années pour des agneaux dont les 2/3 étaient allaités doubles. Les croissances ont ensuite pu être maintenues aux alentours de 250 g/j jusqu’au sevrage, à la fin juin, en passant sur les parcours natifs, alors pratiquement au stade optimum. Pour ce faire sur cette période, le chargement était de 2 à 3 brebis/ha, la fréquence de changement de parcelle de 6 à 8 jours et l’herbe était nouvelle à chaque changement.
Sur une série de 14 ans, la production printanière des pelouses natives a été en moyenne de 1 t MS/ha et celle des pelouses fertilisées de 4,4 t. Dans ces conditions, il a suffi de 6 % de surface fertilisée pour obtenir les performances ci-dessus.
De la mi-avril jusqu’en décembre-janvier les brebis s’alimentent exclusivement sur les parcours, ce qui représente 68 % de leurs besoins annuels en énergie calculés. Le reste correspond à des aliments distribués en hiver, du foin produit sur le domaine (18 %) et de l’aliment concentré pendant la gestation (14 %). Outre la perspective d’une forte autonomie fourragère, ce programme a montré la possibilité de maintenir le milieu ouvert, de maîtriser les espèces végétales envahissantes et de préserver la biodiversité végétale au moyen d’une exploitation des parcours en rotation dans des parcs avec des chargements instantanés élevés.
La race INRA 401, en phase d’absorption d’un troupeau de brebis ½ sang Romanov, a révélé dans ce milieu de bonnes aptitudes de production et d’adaptation tout comme elle a été propice à l’évaluation des modalités de gestion des pâturages.
Dans l’état actuel du programme, les résultats obtenus et les solutions techniques dégagées, dans les domaines de la génétique ovine, de la conduite des troupeaux et de l’exploitation des pâturages, doivent pouvoir éclairer aussi bien le choix et la sélection des races que les démarches prospectives de mise en valeur durable des zones pastorales difficiles ou encore le corpus des conseils techniques aux éleveurs des régions concernées.
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Olaniran, Samuel Oluyinka, Cabane Etienne, Tobias Keplinger, Babatola Olufemi, and Markus Rüggeberg. "Mechanical behaviour of acetylated rubber wood subjected to artificial weathering." Holzforschung 73, no. 11 (October 25, 2019): 1005–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0274.
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Abstract Rubber wood utilization in Nigeria has become a viable alternative because of over-exploitation of more durable species. The use of rubber wood in its native form has some disadvantages including dimensional instability, low durability and susceptibility to weathering in outdoor uses. However, it may be improved through chemical modification such as acetylation. In this study, we revealed the effectiveness of acetylation on the protection of rubber wood against weathering in terms of weight loss (WL), colour change, lignin degradation, and mechanical properties. Acetylation was carried out using two different reaction times to achieve weight percent gains (WPG) of around 7% and 10%. Understanding of the effect of acetylation and subsequent weathering on mechanical properties was enabled by analysing wood chemistry with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis and Raman spectroscopy. The mechanical tests of weathered unmodified and acetylated rubber wood revealed a decrease of tensile stiffness of the unmodified samples as a function of weathering time, while stiffness was retained for the acetylated samples. Weathered unmodified samples showed a bi-phasic stress-strain pattern with a high strain at breakage indicating a slippage of fibres under stress due to degradation of the middle lamella. This was hardly visible for acetylated samples. Thus, acetylation was shown to be effective for protecting rubber wood used in outdoor conditions.
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Rodríguez Rodríguez, Angélica, and Carlos Enrique Guzmán Mendoza. "Conflicto socioambiental y consulta popular en Colombia, 2013–2017." Regions and Cohesion 9, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2019.090305.
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Full article is in Spanish.English abstract: This article analyses how, during the period from 2013 to 2017, popular consultation was used by nine Colombian municipalities to slow mining and hydrocarbon exploitation due to their harmful socio-environmental impact. In order to do so, we review the concept of sustainable development in relation with the legal mechanisms employed to its promotion and defense. We present the developments of the extractive sector in Colombia and discuss the nine popular consultations promoted by the municipal authorities. We conclude that despite the suitability of popular consultation, it has proved to be ineffective to stop the extractive projects that generate harmful effects on the communities where they are developed.Spanish abstract: Este artículo analiza cómo, durante el periodo 2013–2017, la consulta popular fue utilizada por nueve municipios colombianos para frenar la explotación minera y de hidrocarburos dado su dañino impacto socioambiental. Para ello, revisamos el concepto de desarrollo sostenible en relación con los mecanismos legales empleados para su promoción y defensa. Presentamos los desarrollos del sector extractivo en Colombia y discutimos las nueve consultas populares adelantadas por los entes municipales. Concluimos que, a pesar de su idoneidad, la consulta popular ha resultado poco efectiva para detener los proyectos extractivos que generan efectos nocivos sobre las comunidades donde se desarrollan.French abstract: Cet article analyse comment, au cours de la période 2013-2017, une consultation populaire a été menée dans neuf municipalités colombiennes sur l’exploitation minière et des hydrocarbures, en lien avec leur impact socio-environnemental. Pour ce faire, nous procédons d’abord à une révision du concept de développement durable par rapport aux mécanismes juridiques utilisés pour sa promotion et sa défense. Nous présentons ensuite les développements du secteur extractif en Colombie et analysons les neuf consultations menées par les autorités municipales. Finalement, nous concluons que, malgré son utilité, la consultation populaire s’est révélée inefficace pour mettre un terme aux projets d’extraction là où ils ont eu des effets néfastes sur les communautés.
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Shah, Syed Subtian Hussain. "Post 2010 Afghanistan-Pakistan’s Transit Trade: Implications of Legal and Illegal Endeavours." Journal of Education Culture and Society 9, no. 2 (September 5, 2018): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20182.248.258.
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Aim. The aim of this article is to analyse legal and illegal trade between Afghanistan and Pakistan in the post 2010 era. According to the complex interdependence, the region is witnessing a regional security complex and the relationship between the actors is characterised by both cooperation and competition (Rana, 2015). In these circumstances, the national security defines in a narrower sense of protection of a nation from physical attack and safeguarding its economic activities from devastating outside threats (Gandhi, 2010). Both Pakistan and Afghanistan are pursuing their own national interests in the context of national security and sometimes, their national security interests compete with each other.
Method. The qualitative method of research was employed to analyse the implications of legal and illegal trade between Afghanistan-Pakistan in post 2010 era. The data was collected from different sources including books, scientific journals, research articles, newspapers and websites.
Results. By using various valuable references, it has been verified that beside the political and geological factors, low prices of the smuggled items and corruption are also main reasons of exploitation of the Afghan’s transit trade. It has created bad impact on Pakistan’s economy and well as it is still threatening other national interests of the country.
Conclusion. The study confirms that the menace of smuggling can be decreased through durable policies and well-connected measures. A checks and balances system should be activated in the context in Pakistan and differences with Afghanistan’s government should be decreased through a bilateral dialogue process.
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Deguenonvo, Aymar Guy, Justin Dossou, and Rodrigue Idohou. "Aptitude à la multiplication de Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Schweinf.) Harms par graines et par boutures de tige et de racine au Bénin." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 7 (December 4, 2020): 2506–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i7.11.
Full textAbstract:
Pseudocedrela kotschyi, fait partie des espèces les plus exploitées en bois d’oeuvre, en charbon de bois et d’autres utilisations au Bénin. Face à cette exploitation, elle est confrontée au problème de régénération naturelle. Pour une gestion durable de cette espèce, il est impérieux de procéder à la régénération assistée. L’objectif de cette étude était de ressortir les voies de multiplication de l’espèce. Pour cela, un test de germination a été fait sur 200 graines sans traitement prégerminatif. Une reproduction végétative par tige et par racine a été faite sur 92 boutures selon deux classes de diamètre ([0 cm à 1,5 cm] et [1,5 cm à 3 cm]). Les résultats obtenus montrent que le taux de germination des graines de P. kotschyi est de 84% sur une durée de 12 jours. La grosseur et le type de bouture ont un effet significatif (P < 0,05) sur le bourgeonnement, débourrement et le suivi des bourgeons. Les boutures de racine de grand diamètre ont donné les moyennes les plus élevées soit 10,62 bougeons avec 6,12 bourgeon débourré par bouture avec un taux de suivi de 47,82%. Il ressort que P. kotschyi peut se multiplier par graines et par boutures de racine.Mot clés : Multiplication, reboisement, bouturage, germination, Pseudocedrela kotschyi.
English Title: Ability to propagate Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Schweinf.) Harms by seeds and by stem and root cuttings in Benin
Pseudocedrela kotschyi, is one of the most exploited species in timber, charcoal and other uses in Benin. Faced with this exploitation, it is faced with the problem of natural regeneration. For sustainable management of this species, it is imperative to carry out assisted regeneration. The objective of this study was to highlight the ways in which the species multiplies. For this porpose, a germination test was done on 200 seeds without pregerminative treatment. A vegetative reproduction by stem and by root was made on 92 cuttings according to two classes of diameter ([0 cm to 1.5 cm] and [1.5 cm to 3 cm]). The results obtained show that the germination rate of P. kotschyi seeds is 84% over a period of 12 days. The size and type of cuttings have a significant effect (P <0.05) on budding, budding and monitoring of buds. Large diameter root cuttings gave the highest averages, ie 10.62 buds with 6.12 buds budded by cuttings with a follow-up rate of 47.82%. It appears that P. kotschyi can be propagated by seeds and by root cuttings.Keywords: Multiplication, reforestation, cuttings, germination, Pseudocedrela kotschyi
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Kamaruddin, Nor Shuhada, and Najibah Mohd Zin. "COMBATING CHILD TRAFFICKING: IS THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD (CRC) AND EXISTING LAWS IN MALAYSIA ADEQUATE?" IIUM Law Journal 29, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v29i1.593.
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This article is a study on human trafficking, which is the second most lucrative and profitable transnational organized crime in the world after drug trafficking. This crime is also known as a form of modern slavery, where humans are used as commodities to generate profit, and victims are prevented from accessing their fundamental rights. The victims of this crime are women, men, and children; however, the repercussions are far more serious when involving children. Human trafficking devastates the prospects of the future generation, where children are often forced into sexual exploitation, forced labour, illegal adoption and child marriage. In addition, such crime not only impacts the social, politic, economic and national security of a country but is also a grave violation of the child victims’ human rights. The main objective of the present article is to address the adequacy of Malaysian law in dealing with child trafficking and to see whether it is in line with international standards. The study suggests that many gaps exist in the current legislation dealing with human trafficking. These gaps need to be addressed especially those dealing with child trafficking. A qualitative approach was utilized in this study, where it involved library research to analyze the protection given by the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the extent of its implementation into domestic legislation, in order to combat child trafficking in Malaysia. This study found that Malaysia’s existing laws are inadequate to protect child victims of trafficking in Malaysia and need to meet the current standards and protection for victims, which include the identification of identity, appointment of a guardian, providing interim care protection, durable solution, and access to justice.
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Wete, E., J. L. Betti, J. R. Ngueguim, Siegfried D. Dibong, and N. O. F. Njukouyou. "Analyse comparative de la soutenabilité des méthodes d’exploitation de Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman en vigueur au Cameroun : incidence biologique et socio-économique." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 4 (August 17, 2020): 1405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i4.19.
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Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman est une plante de haute valeur médicinale qui connait de forte pression d’exploitation au Mont Cameroun. Dans le cadre d’une récolte durable des écorces, deux méthodes d’exploitation (2/4 et 4/8 opposées) ont été recommandées par l’Agence National de Développement des Forêts (ANAFOR) qui est l’autorité scientifique CITES du Cameroun. Cette étude porte sur l’analyse de la soutenabilité biologique et économique de ces méthodes de récolte en vigueur Cameroun. Un inventaire d’exploitation au taux de sondage de 100% dans une parcelle de 100 ha en fin de première rotation (cycle de 5 années), a servi à la collecte des données sur l’état de santé des arbres (mort, vivant, dépérissant), la mesure des diamètres à hauteur de poitrine et le dénombrement de la population d’arbre. Au total 170 arbres ont été dénombrés, ce qui correspond à 1,7 tiges/ha. Dans cet échantillon on compte 84 arbres (54%) exploités à la méthode 4/8. Ce groupe comprend 23 arbres dépérissant (27,40%), 7 arbres morts (8,30%) et 54 arbres vivants (64,30%). Tandis que sur un effectif de 86 arbres (56%) exploités par la méthode 2/4 on a observé 12 arbres dépérissant (14%), aucun arbre mort et 74 arbres vivants (86%). Ces informations montrent que la méthode d’écorçage (4/8) est plus compromettante sur la croissance des populations d’arbre. Elle est également économiquement la moins rentable avec des pertes de 1650 $US comparée à la méthode 2/4 (660 $). La méthode 2/4 a un faible impact sur la santé des arbres, elle peut être améliorée et adoptée comme méthode de récolte durable qui garantit une cicatrisation rapide de l’écorce des arbres et des revenues importants.Mots clés : Plante médicinale, méthode de récolte durable, régénération, aménagement des ressources forestières, Mont Cameroun.
English Title: Comparative analysis of the sustainability of prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman harvesting techniques used in Cameroon: biologic and socioeconomic incidence
Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman is a medicinal plant with a high socioeconomic value which is facing serious bark harvesting pressure in Mount Cameroon. To ensure sustainable exploitation, two norms (2/4 and 4/8 opposites) was prescribed by the National Forestry Agency (ANAFOR) which is the CITES scientific authority in Cameroon. This study analyzes the biologic and economic sustainability of these harvesting practices. Data collection consisted of trees inventory, measurement of trees diameter and appreciation of tree vitality within a 100 ha plot at the end of the first rotation (five years later after bark harvesting). The sample comprise 170 trees (corresponding to 1.7 trees/ha) amongst which 84 trees (54%) were harvested using 4/8 technic. In this group, 23 (27.40%) trees were found in bad health, 7 (8.30%) trees dead, 54 trees alive (64.30%) and the annual diameter increment was 0.42±0.37 cm while in a group of 86 trees (56%) harvested with 2/4 technic, observation shown: 12 trees (14%) in bad health, 74 trees alive (86%) and annual diameter increment of 0.44±0.36 cm. This statistic shows that, 4/8 technic has a negative impact on trees population and is less benefit with losses estimated at 1650 $US comparing to 660 $US (2/4 technic). The 2/4 technic can be improved and adopted as a suitable harvesting method; since it ensures a fast diameter recovery, low impact on trees population and generate more income.Keywords: Medicinal plant, sustainable harvesting techniques, regeneration, forest resources management, Mount Cameroon.
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Ab. Wahab, Andika. "Rethinking Refugees as Economically Isolated: The Rohingyas Participation in Informal Economy in Klang Valley, Malaysia." JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) 5, no. 2 (April 28, 2018): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/jas.v5i2.3664.
Full textAbstract:
Unlike economic migrants, the refugee population is often portrayed as a burden to hosting governments. They are seen to be economically passive and highly dependent on the hosting government’s generosity and international organizations and donors’ humanitarian assistances. In Malaysia, refugee population including the Rohingyas are no longer living in sprawling tents, isolated villages or any refugee settlement in remote areas. They make their way to semi-urban and major city areas in search of economic opportunities to make a living while waiting for durable solutions accorded to them. The absence of the right to work coupled with the mounting pressure to make a living caused the Rohingyas to engage in informal economy, undertaking a variety of occupations and income-generating activities albeit risks of arrest and exploitation. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the Rohingyas’ participation in informal economy and their livelihood. Resulting from two series of field works engaging the Rohingyas in Klang Valley between 2013 and 2016, the study found that despite the absence of their right to work, the Rohingyas persistently entered into informal labor market as temporary, unskilled and low wage workers in various sectors such as trade, services and automotive. For the self-employed Rohingyas, they tend to engage in small-scale and unregulated income generating activities. Their goods and services are offered beyond the needs of the Rohingyas but to a larger extent of consumers including other migrant groups and local community. The Rohingyas’ active participation in informal economy is an attempt to not dependent or less depend on the UNHCR’s assistance and government’s generosity. This debunks the misconception that the Rohingya population in Malaysia are physically and economically isolated from the domestic economic structure.