Journal articles: 'Exploitation of female'

1

Arnqvist, Göran. "Sensory exploitation and sexual conflict." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1466 (January 4, 2006): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1790.

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Much of the literature on male–female coevolution concerns the processes by which male traits and female preferences for these can coevolve and be maintained by selection. There has been less explicit focus on the origin of male traits and female preferences. Here, I argue that it is important to distinguish origin from subsequent coevolution and that insights into the origin can help us appreciate the relative roles of various coevolutionary processes for the evolution of diversity in sexual dimorphism. I delineate four distinct scenarios for the origin of male traits and female preferences that build on past contributions, two of which are based on pre-existing variation in quality indicators among males and two on exploitation of pre-existing sensory biases among females. Recent empirical research, and theoretical models, suggest that origin by sensory exploitation has been widespread. I argue that this points to a key, but perhaps transient, role for sexually antagonistic coevolution (SAC) in the subsequent evolutionary elaboration of sexual traits, because (i) sensory exploitation is often likely to be initially costly for individuals of the exploited sex and (ii) the subsequent evolution of resistance to sensory exploitation should often be associated with costs due to selective constraints. A review of a few case studies is used to illustrate these points. Empirical data directly relevant to the costs of being sensory exploited and the costs of evolving resistance is largely lacking, and I stress that such data would help determining the general importance of sexual conflict and SAC for the evolution of sexual dimorphism.

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Wijkman, Miriam, and Edward Kleemans. "Female offenders of human trafficking and sexual exploitation." Crime, Law and Social Change 72, no. 1 (May 10, 2019): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611-019-09840-x.

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Yudiati, Ervia, Arumning Tias Fauziah, Irwani Irwani, Agus Setyawan, and Insafitri Insafitri. "Growth analysis, mortality and exploitation level of Mud Crab Scylla serrata, Forskål 1775, (Malacostraca : Portunidae) in Mangkang Wetan waters, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia." Jurnal Kelautan Tropis 23, no. 1 (February 13, 2020): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jkt.v23i1.7149.

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Awareness of Mud Crab over exploitation in Mangkang Wetan Waters has been noticed. One of the reference information is the growth study to determine the condition of the mud crab population. High demand encourages the fisherman to catch more, which leads to overexploitation in nature. The study aimed to estimate the growth, mortality, and exploitation rate of mud crabs. The 921 mud crabs samples were collected from Mangkang Wetan Waters from October 2018 to January 2019. The method used was the survey method. The crabs were taken once a week for 4 months. The width and weight of crab carapace were measured. The growth rate of S. serrata was 0.93/year (male) and 0.69/year (female). The natural mortality rate of S. serrata was 1.08/year (male) and 0.89/year (female), the mortality of catch (F) was 0.55/year (male) and 1.09/year (female). The rate of exploitation of male S. serrata reached 34%, and the rate of exploitation of female S. serrata was 55%. The exploitation of female S. serrata shows that overexploitation has occurred because the optimum value of exploitation (E-OPTIMUM) is equivalent to E=50%.

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Namuggala, Victoria Flavia. "EXPLOITATION OR EMPOWERMENT? ADOLESCENT FEMALE DOMESTIC WORKERS IN UGANDA." International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 6, no. 4 (2015): 561–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs.64201514288.

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Campbell, J. F., and C. Runnion. "Patch Exploitation by female Red Flour Beetles, Tribolium castaneum." Journal of Insect Science 3, no. 20 (July 2003): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.003.2001.

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Cohen, Dan, Meir Paul Pener, Eran Tauber, and Michael Greenfield. "DUET SINGING AND FEMALE CHOICE IN THE BUSHCRICKET PHANEROPTERA NANA." Behaviour 138, no. 4 (2001): 411–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853901750382089.

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Abstractthe reliability with which females can assess male song at a distance and potential disadvantages of attracting multiple suitors. Laboratory trials indicated that only males receiving a high female response rate actually approach and mate with the female. Thus, this duet signalling system may be relatively resistant to intraspecific exploitation.

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Garcia, Constantino Macías, and Yolitzi Saldívar Lemus. "Foraging costs drive female resistance to a sensory trap." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1736 (February 2012): 2262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2611.

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Male ornaments can evolve through the exploitation of female perceptual biases such as those involved in responding to cues from food. This type of sensory exploitation may lead to confusion between the male signals and the cues that females use to find/recognize food. Such interference would be costly to females and may be one reason why females evolve resistance to the male ornaments. Using a group of species of viviparous fish where resistance to a sensory trap has evolved, we demonstrate that females exposed to an ornament that resembles food have a diminished foraging efficiency, that this effect is apparent when foraging on a food item with which the ornament shares visual attributes, and that not all species are equally affected by such confusion. Our results lend support to the model of ornamental evolution through chase-away sexual conflict.

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Augustin, Julie, Guy Boivin, Gaétan Bourgeois, and Jacques Brodeur. "The effect of temperature on host patch exploitation by an egg parasitoid." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 21, 2021): e0254750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254750.

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The effect of temperature during host patch exploitation by parasitoids remains poorly understood, despite its importance on female reproductive success. Under laboratory conditions, we explored the behaviour of Anaphes listronoti, an egg parasitoid of the carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis, when foraging on a host patch at five temperatures. Temperature had a strong effect on the female tendency to exploit the patch: A. listronoti females parasitized more eggs at intermediate temperature (20 to 30°C) compared to those foraging at the extreme of the range (15.9°C and 32.8°C). However, there was no difference in offspring sex-ratio and clutch size between temperature treatments. Mechanisms of host acceptance within a patch differed between temperatures, especially at 32.8°C where females used ovipositor insertion rather than antennal contact to assess whether a host was already parasitized or not, suggesting that host handling and chemical cues detection were probably constrained at high temperature. Females spent less time on the host patch with increasing temperatures, but temperature had no effect on patch-leaving rules. Our results show that foraging A. listronoti females behave better than expected at sub-optimal temperatures, but worse than expected at supra-optimal temperatures. This could impair parasitoid performance under ongoing climate change.

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Giddings, Lisa A., and Michael Haupert. "Earning Like a Woman: Salaries versus Marginal Revenue Products in the AAGBPL and MLB: 1947-1952." Journal of Sports Economics 20, no. 2 (February 27, 2018): 198–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002518758145.

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This article exploits heretofore unexplored data from the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League that existed in the United States from 1943 to 1954 to measure and compare the economic loss to male and female professional baseball players. While female ballplayers earned a fraction of male salaries, they captured nearly twice as much of the revenues that they generated, indicating a smaller degree of exploitation. We hypothesize that in addition to the difference in structures of the two leagues, reservation wages explain the large difference in exploitation rates between the male and female players.

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10

OLDFIELD, MARGERY L. "Threatened Mammals Affected by Human Exploitation of the Female-Offspring Bond." Conservation Biology 2, no. 3 (September 1988): 260–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00183.x.

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Manzoor, Seema, Dua e. Rehma, Misbah B. Qureshi, and Muhammad Shahid. "Analyzing Level Of Sexual Harassment And Exploitation Of Female Domestic Workers." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 13, no. 1 (September 8, 2016): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v13i1.193.

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This study aims to establish the understanding and producing realistic information about the level of sexual harassment and exploitation of female domestic workers. The study has also tried to analyze the issues which affect the life of women working as domestic workers and facing great challenges. In Pakistan number of female domestic workers is growing dut to poverty, lack of education and inflation. By using quantitative research method researcher has analyzed different factors and circumstances which these women are experiencing, different areas of Karachi are chosen as universe of population for this study. Whereas, convenience and purposive sampling techniques of non-probability sampling method are used in order to collect the data by hundred respondents from different areas of Karachi. In Pakistan now more women are connected to labour force due to increased employment opportunities, on the other hand women are doing work outside their homes to gain their economic independence and the rights and social standing like men in the family and society. But they face exploitation, sexual harassment and discrimination.

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Akurang-Parry, Kwabena O. "Transformations in the Feminization of Unfree Domestic Labor: A Study of Abaawa or Prepubescent Female Servitude in Modern Ghana." International Labor and Working-Class History 78, no. 1 (2010): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547910000104.

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AbstractThis article breaks new ground for the study of postslavery gender and social formations in modern Ghana and Africa as a whole: It examines the expansion of involuntary female domestic labor known as abaawa in what is today Ghana. The study traces the transformative institutional processes that shaped the exploitation of involuntary female labor in the precolonial, colonial, and postcolonial periods. Based on a variety of primary sources, including colonial, indigenous African newspapers, Christian missionary accounts, and oral history, the article maps out the paradoxical expansion of involuntary female labor during the age of abolition in the colonial period and the postslavery phase of social and gender formations in the era of the postcolonial state. The pivotal argument is that social and gender formations that emerged as a result of abolition, social change, and economic transformation benefited more males than females. As a result, males used innovative, empowering avenues of social mobility in both the colonial and postcolonial periods. For their part, disempowered females, especially those in backwater enclaves, were consigned to abaawa labor, which has ostensibly been projected as a benign, kinship-based, and apprenticeship-bound institution. In reality, contemporary abaawa has all the exploitative vagaries of slavery and debt-bondage of the pre/colonial epoch.

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Imtiaz, Maryam, Muhammad Asif Khan, and Aamer Shaheen. "Marriage and the Exploitation of Women: A Case-Study of The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath." Global Language Review IV, no. II (December 30, 2019): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2019(iv-ii).03.

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The present is a case study with a special focus on the institution of marriage which is inflicted upon women for their exploitation as represented in the selected text. This objective has been realized through a text-based exploration of the exploitation of female members of the society in the name of marriage. The selected text has been analyzed in light of feminist ideology. The research highlights the exploitation of women in the 1950s. The institution of marriage has been viewed as a hard chain that restricts female members of American society from flourishing as individual beings. The outcome of this exploitation has been seen in the negation of this institution by the protagonist and her negative impression of this institution. The study has consulted the perspectives of feminists such as Josephine Donovan, Kate Millet and Sheila Cronan to critically evaluate the suffering and its consequences for the protagonist

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14

Shaw, Stephanie L., Greg G. Sass, and Justin A. VanDeHey. "Maternal effects better predict walleye recruitment in Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin, 1957–2015: implications for regulations." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75, no. 12 (December 2018): 2320–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2017-0318.

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Maternal influences on age-0 walleye (Sander vitreus (Mitchill, 1818)) recruit abundance and survival from egg to fall were observed in Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin, in 1957–2015. Annual egg production best explained variation in age-0 recruitment, compared with female relative abundance, and adult abundance (sexes combined). Age-0 recruitment was not significantly correlated with any temperature metric tested or our index of yellow perch (Perca flavescens (Mitchill, 1814)) abundance. Survival of walleye from egg to fall age-0 was positively correlated with the percent contribution of large females (>55.9 cm) to annual egg production. Mean size diversity of females by length class did not influence age-0 recruit abundance or survival over time. Evidence for maternal effects via size- and age-specific influences on fecundity and age-0 walleye survival suggest that exploitation may influence natural recruitment by altering adult female size structure. Given recent declines observed in walleye natural recruitment in the upper Midwestern USA, understanding the roles of maternal drivers and exploitation on recruitment is critical for sustainable walleye management.

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15

Rodríguez-Pena, E., P. Verísimo, O. Tully, L. Fernández, and A. Martínez-Lage. "Differences in prevalence of multiple paternity in the spiny spider crab Maja brachydactyla in two localities that differ in female fecundity, fishing intensity, and management measures." ICES Journal of Marine Science 78, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 1697–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsab060.

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Abstract Many marine species are under high fishing pressure, which can cause alterations in their mating systems and the structure of their populations. The spiny spider crab Maja brachydactyla is a commercial decapod on the east Atlantic coast. In Galicia, the most exploited region in Spain, the landing of ovigerous females is prohibited, favouring exploitation focused on males. The removal of males, especially the largest ones, may lead to sperm limitation and a reduction in the average size over generations. In these cases, polyandry can work as a mechanism to protect females against sperm limitation and to increase genetic diversity and effective population size. This study analyses the multiple paternity in M. brachydactyla in two localities that differ in female fecundity, fishing intensity, and management measures. Our results showed multiple paternity in this species for the first time, with a moderate bias between sires. However, the frequency of multiple paternity was almost seven times higher in the intensely exploited Golfo Ártabro (NW Spain; 69%) than in Carna (W Ireland; 10%), where exploitation levels and female fecundity are lower.

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Bukhari, Romana Jabeen, Muhammad Ahsan, and Fatima Khan. "Female Authenticity in the Holy Woman by Qaisra Shahraz." Global Sociological Review VI, no. II (June 30, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2021(vi-ii).01.

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The purpose of this study is to discover a new identity for women. This study aims to examine a specific text permeated by a consciousness of the general cultural suppression and exploitation in societies and cultures where patriarchy subordinates' women prescribing images and roles for them and the consequent resistance and regeneration on the part of women. The researcher selected Qaisra Shahraz's The Holy Woman, which shows the subjugation of women in twenty-first-century Pakistan. This qualitative study makes an analysis of the female protagonist in the light of existentialism's concept of authenticity and records how she resists, fights, and challenges exploitation and social prescription of her identity with the result that she re-emerges spiritually and establishes her existential rights as a free and independent human being. As exemplified through this text, the resistance and mobilization against these dominant patriarchal ideologies endow the female protagonist with regeneration and spiritual uplift. Through the discussion of the exploited but spiritually heightened character, the study concludes with a new image and identity for women, exploring possibilities to break away from social prescription.

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Dasgupta, Rohit K., and Tanmayee Banerjee. "Exploitation, Victimhood, and Gendered Performance in Rituparno Ghosh's Bariwali." Film Quarterly 69, no. 4 (2016): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2016.69.4.35.

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This article analyzes Rituparno Ghosh's celebrated film Bariwali (The Lady of the House, 2000). The film marks the beginnings of Ghosh's treatment of gender and sexual politics. Ghosh's earlier films Unishe April (1994) and Dahan (1997) engaged with strong female characters, but Bariwali is the first of his films to narrate the various ways in which female agency is routed through male exploitation and patriarchy. Through close readings of the characters and the visual tropes perspicaciously crafted by Ghosh, this article positions hegemonic masculinity and heteropatriarchal privilege as the exploiter within India's gendered politics. By placing the protagonist Banalata both within the feudal space as well as within the bhadralok discourse, one can trace the transition from tradition to modernity that the story represents, and in turn trace Ghosh's unique understanding of and reaction against India's prevailing social and cultural norms.

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Pirpour, Hamed. "Evaluating Pure Neoclassical Wage Exploitation Among Workforce Differentiated by Gender and Occupations in Singapore." International Journal of Business Society 4, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30566/ijo-bs.

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The exploitation of workers can have disastrous consequences for society since their employers' wage exploitation may adversely influence living standards. Under such circumstances, the percentage of poverty and crime would rise. Due to the importance of adverse impacts of wage exploitation on workers' livelihoods, this study analyzes the concept of pure exploitation in Singapore during the period from 2011 to 2018. To accomplish this aim, the marginal revenue product (MRP) and average revenue product (ARP) of the gender and occupational groups defined by this study are compared to the groups' wages. The existence of pure exploitation among the groups, according to the obtained results, has been demonstrated. The findings also indicate that the female groups' degree of wage exploitation has been more significant than the male groups' figure.

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Reid, Joan A., and Alex R. Piquero. "Age-Graded Risks for Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Male and Female Youth." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 29, no. 9 (December 22, 2013): 1747–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260513511535.

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20

Listerborn, Carina. "Debates Prostitution as ‘urban radical chic’. The silent acceptance of female exploitation." City 7, no. 2 (July 2003): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1360481032000136804.

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21

Amcoff, Mirjam, Charlotte Lindqvist, and Niclas Kolm. "Sensory exploitation and plasticity in female mate choice in the swordtail characin." Animal Behaviour 85, no. 5 (May 2013): 891–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.02.001.

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Sarasati, Wulandari, Mennofatria Boer, and Sulistiono Sulistiono. "STATUS STOK GENUS Rastrelliger spp. SEBAGAI DASAR PENGELOLAAN PERIKANAN (STUDI KASUS PERAIRAN SELAT SUNDA)." Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada 18, no. 2 (August 12, 2016): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jfs.12424.

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The Rastrelliger spp. is one of the important commodities of the Sunda Strait. This research aimsto analyze the stock status of Rastrelliger spp. Including R. faughni, R. kanagurta and R. brachysoma in Sunda Strait that landed at the Fishery Harbor (PPP) Labuan, Banten. The sampling was conducted in April-August 2015. The data was collected using Random stratified sampling based on the fish size, small, medium and large. The length of the sample was measured and classified into male and female. The data were analyzed using FISAT II ELEFAN I software to present the stock with growth, recruitment, surplus production model, and mortality and rate of exploitation parameters. The results show that R. faughni has L∞ values for females and males respectively of 264.00 mm and 288.69 mm, 293.09 mm and 330.24 mm R. kanagurta and R. brachysoma 272.04 mm and 286.42. Growth Performs Index (GPI) on R. faughni of 4.2758, R. kanagurta of 4.1673, and on R. brachysoma of 4.2076. The growth coefficient of female and male R. faughni was 0.22 and 0.16, R. kanagurta of 0.24 and 0.10, and R. brachysoma 0.20 and 0.13. The level of recruitment of each varies but overall undergoes two peaks during the recruitment period. Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) for the Rastrelliger spp. 1,919.02 tons and FMSY (Effort MSY) for 16,766 trips. Furthermore, the mortality rate of arrest (F) R. faughni amounted to 14.53, R. kanagurta 9.43, and R. brachysoma 1.74. The estimation of stock status has never been detached from the exploitation rate. The rate of exploitation for R. faughni, and that is equal to 0.98, R. kanagurta of 0.98, and R. brachysoma 0.85. Judging from the rate of exploitation can be expected the three fish of the Rastrelliger spp. In the Sunda Strait has been over exploited because it has exceeded the limits of optimum exploitation rate.

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Salim, Gazali, Kun Retno Handayani, Agus Indarjo, Julian Ransangan, Riky Rizky, Lukman Yudho Prakoso, and Yen Thi Hong Pham. "Characteristics of Population Growth and Mortality of Windu Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in the Juata Water of Tarakan City, Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v13i1.21475.

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HighlightThe sex ratio of tiger prawns in the waters of female groceries is 1.08 times higher than that of males.The growth characteristic of male and female tiger prawns is negative allometry, but the male and female body shapes are fat.Fishing mortality, capture mortality, exploitation rate, female tiger prawns are higher than males, but total mortality and natural mortality male tiger prawns are higher than females.The male infinitive growth is longer than the female.AbstractThe windu shrimp (Penaeus monodon) is an economically important fishery species in the waters of Tarakan. The shrimp is highly demanded for frozen seafood industry that makes its market price range attractive from Rp. 50,000 (USD 3.37) to Rp. 70,000 (USD 4.72)/kg. This can cause the species to be potentially exploited. However, due to lack of data, the exploitation status of the windu shrimp is unknown. Hence, the present study was carried out to determine the absolute growth, mortality, and exploitation level of the windu shrimp in Juata waters of Tarakan. Sampling of the shrimp using experimental trawling net was conducted four times between June and August 2020 in the waters of Tarakan. Morphometric data of the windu shrimps including sex, total length, carapace length, and total weight were recorded and analyzed. The results showed that the sex ratio of male and female tiger prawns was 1:1.08. The maximum growth of male and female shrimps was estimated at 26.875 and 21.435 cm respectively. The size of the male shrimps caught during the sampling ranged between 8.7 and 22.5 cm, and was estimated to be at 13 to 67 days old respectively. Maximum growth of male shrimp was estimated at 26.875 cm that could be achieved within 411 days. The size of female shrimp caught during the sampling ranged from 9.8 to 19.3 cm with an estimated age of 21 to 87 days respectively. The maximum growth for female shrimp was estimated at 21.435 cm, and achievable within 377 days. The mortality of male and female shrimps was not significantly different at 110.3% and 110.1% respectively. The fishing mortality for male and female shrimps was recorded at 19% and 22.5% respectively. The level of exploitation of male and female shrimps was slightly different at 17.2% and 20.5%, respectively. Finally, the natural mortality for male and female shrimps was at 91.3% and 87.5%, respectively.

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Mlyakado, Budeba Petro, and Jessica Chi-Mei Li. "Sexual exploitation of adolescent students in Tanzania: Implication for social services." International Social Work 62, no. 3 (May 14, 2018): 1104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872818774111.

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A considerable empirical research has been conducted on sexual exploitation of children and adolescents; however, limited information is available in developing countries. This study describes and discusses the prevalence, nature and characteristics of sexual exploitation of adolescents using data collected from 1116 secondary school students in Tanzania. Results indicate that 21 percent of the surveyed adolescent students had had at least one experience of sexual exploitation. Being a female, living in rural areas and being aged above 15 years were associated with high risk of sexual exploitation. This study underscores gender- and locality-specific social work interventional requirements, with emphasis on interdisciplinary collaborative efforts.

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Hankin, D. G., T. H. Butler, P. W. Wild, and Q. L. Xue. "Does intense fishing on males impair mating success of female Dungeness crabs." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 655–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f96-308.

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Commercial capture of female Dungeness crabs, Cancer magister, is prohibited and minimum size limits for commercial harvest of male crabs are designed to allow most males to mate at least once before capture. Annual exploitation rates often exceed 90%, however, and the resulting scarcity of large males might reduce mating success among large females. We present new data regarding (i) sizes of male and female crabs collected in premating embraces, (ii) carapace width frequencies of female Dungeness crabs, (iii) presence of sperm plugs and sperm, and (iv) fecundity. Minimum carapace width of hard-shelled mating males typically exceeds postmolt carapace width of soft-shelled females (i), but female Dungeness crabs exceeding the minimum legal size of males usually account for less than 5% of mature adult female crabs (ii), and sublegal-sized males actively participate in mating (i). Remnants of sperm plugs, definitive indicators of mating, were found in 97.5% of recently molted large females (iii), suggesting that virtually all molting females mate regardless of size. On the basis of (ii) and (iv), hypothetical worst-case calculations, assuming that no large females could find mates, suggest that total egg production would be reduced by no more than 2-25% among molting female crabs.

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Nakano, Ryo, Takuma Takanashi, Niels Skals, Annemarie Surlykke, and Yukio Ishikawa. "To females of a noctuid moth, male courtship songs are nothing more than bat echolocation calls." Biology Letters 6, no. 5 (March 10, 2010): 582–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0058.

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It has been proposed that intraspecific ultrasonic communication observed in some moths evolved, through sexual selection, subsequent to the development of ears sensitive to echolocation calls of insectivorous bats. Given this scenario, the receiver bias model of signal evolution argues that acoustic communication in moths should have evolved through the exploitation of receivers' sensory bias towards bat ultrasound. We tested this model using a noctuid moth Spodoptera litura , males of which were recently found to produce courtship ultrasound. We first investigated the mechanism of sound production in the male moth, and subsequently the role of the sound with reference to the female's ability to discriminate male courtship songs from bat calls. We found that males have sex-specific tymbals for ultrasound emission, and that the broadcast of either male songs or simulated bat calls equally increased the acceptance of muted males by the female. It was concluded that females of this moth do not distinguish between male songs and bat calls, supporting the idea that acoustic communication in this moth evolved through a sensory exploitation process.

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Deyrup, Leif D., and Robert W. Matthews. "Host Preference and Utilization by Melittobia digitata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Relation to Mating Status." Journal of Entomological Science 38, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 682–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-38.4.682.

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Host preferences of virgin and mated females of Melittobia digitata Dahms were compared in the laboratory using pupae of the flesh fly Neobellieria (=Sarcophaga) bullata (Parker) as hosts. When simultaneously offered two hosts, virgin females used only one of the hosts more often than mated females did. However, the unused second host developed to adulthood significantly less often than did controls, suggesting that the female stung and paralyzed it. Because virgin females lay only a few eggs that always develop into males which utilize very little of the host resource, this behavior seems adaptive in that potential hosts remain available, but developmentally arrested, for later full exploitation by the same female (now mated by her offspring). An additional implication of these results is that females can discriminate one flesh fly host from the other, and choose to avoid oviposition on both.

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Wrenn, Corey Lee. "The role of professionalization regarding female exploitation in the Nonhuman Animal rights movement." Journal of Gender Studies 24, no. 2 (June 14, 2013): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2013.806248.

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Reinhardt, Klaus, Richard A. Naylor, and Michael T. Siva-Jothy. "SITUATION EXPLOITATION: HIGHER MALE MATING SUCCESS WHEN FEMALE RESISTANCE IS REDUCED BY FEEDING." Evolution 63, no. 1 (January 2009): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00502.x.

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Gurning, Rouli Verawati, Susiana Susiana, and Ani Suryanti. "Pertumbuhan dan status eksploitasi ikan sembilang (Plotosus canius) di perairan Kota Tanjung Pinang, Kepulauan Riau, Indonesia." Akuatikisle: Jurnal Akuakultur, Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil 3, no. 2 (November 9, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29239/j.akuatikisle.3.2.25-32.

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Research on the growth and exploitation status of indian catfish (Plotosus canius) is important in supporting the management of fish resources in the waters of Tanjungpinang City, Riau Islands. The study aims to determine the pattern of growth, growth parameters, and the status of indian catfish exploitation in the waters of Tanjungpinang City, Riau Islands Province. The study was conducted with a purposive sampling method of 3 stations with a total sample of 529 individual fish crosses. Analysis of growth and exploitation status data using FISAT II software and regression analysis using Excel 2017. This study resulted in a pattern of long relations and the weight of fish as a female and males both are negative allometric (faster increase in length than weight increase). The highest rate of exploitation of indian catfish is obtained from the data of 0.73 per year. This exploit value exceeds the optimum exploitation value of 0.5.

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Gurning, Rouli Verawati, Susiana Susiana, and Ani Suryanti. "Pertumbuhan dan status eksploitasi ikan sembilang (Plotosus canius) di perairan Kota Tanjung Pinang, Kepulauan Riau, Indonesia." Akuatikisle: Jurnal Akuakultur, Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil 3, no. 2 (November 21, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29239/j.akuatikisle.3.2.65-72.

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Research on the growth and exploitation status of indian catfish (Plotosus canius) is important in supporting the management of fish resources in the waters of Tanjungpinang City, Riau Islands. The study aims to determine the pattern of growth, growth parameters, and the status of indian catfish exploitation in the waters of Tanjungpinang City, Riau Islands Province. The study was conducted with a purposive sampling method of 3 stations with a total sample of 529 individual fish crosses. Analysis of growth and exploitation status data using FISAT II software and regression analysis using Excel 2017. This study resulted in a pattern of long relations and the weight of fish as a female and males both are negative allometric (faster increase in length than weight increase). The highest rate of exploitation of indian catfish is obtained from the data of 0.73 per year. This exploit value exceeds the optimum exploitation value of 0.5.

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Patria, Asidigisianti Surya, Nova Kristiana, and Hendro Aryanto. "Woman Exploitation in Warkop DKI Poster Film." Humaniora 12, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v12i1.6756.

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The research aimed to determine a representation of women in the poster of Warkop DKI comedy film (Dono, Kasino, Indro) in 1980-1989 from a woman point of view. The involvement of women as models in the film poster media was not yet clear in terms of their roles; however, women could be used more as commodities of capitalism to reap profits. In the patriarchal rule, men were assumed to be created as culture-making in the other women were subordinated. The research applied a descriptive qualitative methods by collecting data using documentation techniques. The collected data was reducted, presented, and concluded. Roland Barthes’ semiotic theory was used to analyze poster design elements that contained the exploitation of the female body. The research results find that (1) women in the film poster media are only subordinated to the poster to attract men, potential viewers. (2) Film posters show sexual exploitation and eroticism that is made into a high-selling and quite promising commodification.

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Poroma, C., U. J. David, and Onome Robinson Jackson. "Oil Economy and Female Prostitution in Port Harcourt." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 42 (October 2014): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.42.121.

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The research directs attention to the relationship between oil economy and increase in female prostitution. Specifically, we x-ray the historical and dialectical origin of prostitution from the colonial to the post colonial era. We contend that, prostitution is a condition imposed on females from low income background by poverty and that oil exploration and exploitation activities which are a manifest consequence of the expanded reproduction of capital (ERC) accentuate the rate of prostitution particularly in Port Harcourt. It is against this backdrop that, we attempt to demystify the social processes and the dynamic relations that produce prostitution with a view to recommending theoretical and practical measures of curbing prostitution as a social problem.

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Constantinou, Angelo G. "Harming the very people whom the law is seeking to protect? The nexus between international, European Union and domestic law on human trafficking and undercover police operations." New Journal of European Criminal Law 8, no. 4 (November 23, 2017): 476–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2032284417743145.

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The conundrum of trade in women for sex has engendered many feminist struggles that sought to influence the political and legal actions on the matter, in an attempt to eliminate female sexual exploitation. However, albeit a number of transnational legal means (especially European Union law) have been put into effect for such purpose and, also, for universalizing the national anti-trafficking approaches, the very recipients of exploitation (victims of human trafficking) are still marginalized. A case in point is the role of the Cypriot law in the execution of undercover police operations, where deceit, exploitation and subjectification of prostituted women are predicated as standard procedure.

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Tirtadanu, Tirtadanu, and Umi Chodrijah. "BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, POPULATION PARAMETERS, EXPLOITATION STATUS AND SPAWNING POTENTIAL RATIO OF GIANT TIGER PRAWN (PENAEUS MONODON FABRICIUS, 1798) IN SEBATIK WATERS, KALIMANTAN UTARA." Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia 25, no. 3 (September 15, 2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jppi.25.3.2019.191-202.

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The limited data and the unreported information about the yields of giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798) in Sebatik caused difficulties in estimating potention and stock status of tiger prawn. The study that could be applied for estimating stock status and management strategy for sustainable shrimp fisheries in Sebatik Waters was the study about biological characteristics, population parameters and spawning potential ratio. Samples were obtained from the catch of trammel net by fishers in some landing areas in Tanjung Aru and the biometric data has been collected during April-December 2018. The growth parameters were obtained from the movement of the monthly mode of carapace length that were based on the Von Bertalanffy growth model. Exploitation status was obtained from exploitation rate of E and length based SPR. The results showed that the mean size of shrimps that was captured by trammel net was 46,9±0,14 mmCL for male and 53,4±0,25 mmCL for female. Most of shrimps were caught before they spawn (Lc=51,2 mmCL<Lm=55,8 mmCL) and tiger prawns spawn throughout the year that the peaks occurred in Agustus dan November-December. Female shrimp has larger size (L∞ jantan=66,25 mmCL; L∞ betina=84,5 mmCL) and faster growth rate( K male=1,27 year-1; K female=1,39 year-1) than the male. The natural mortality of male shrimp was the same as the female (M=1,7 tahun-1) while the fishing mortality of male was higher than female (F male=2,13 tahun-1; F female=1,7 tahun-1). Exploitation status of tiger prawn in Sebatik Waters was fully exploited (E=0,5-0,55) and the shrimp stock has not been on growth overfishing yet according to spawning potential ratio of 34%. The shrimps fishing in Sebatik Waters could continue by avoiding the fishing on the nursery ground.

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Kumalah, Ayu Annisa, Yusli Wardiatno, Isdradjad Setyobudiandi, and Achmad Fahrudin. "POPULATION BIOLOGY OF MUD CRAB Scylla serrata - Forsskal, 1775 IN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM OF SUBANG DISTRICT, WEST JAVA." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 9, no. 1 (November 2, 2017): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v9i1.17928.

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The study of population biology of mud crab Scylla serrata is necessary to analyse the population dynamics, such as growth of crabs, size distribution, mortality and exploitation rates of S. serrata. Population biology data collection was carried out from March to June 2016 at estuary and silvofishery areas of three stations (Mayangan, Tanjung Tiga and Blanakan villages). Data were analyzed using analytical methods of FISAT-II (FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Toool II)instruments. The results showed the growth of S. serrata male in Subang distric was positive allometric and the female was negative allometric. Growth coefficient (K) ranged from 0.21 to 0.43 in the estuary and from 0.28 to 0.89 in silvofishery area. Exploitation rate in the silvofishery area has been above the maximum exploitation rate. The size distribution of S. serrata in Subang district has the highest frequency at class interval of 106-110 mm (male) and of 101-105 mm. The highest abundance of mature female crabs is in May.Keywords : population biology, Scylla serrata, Subang District

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Saputra, Suradi Wijaya, Anhar Solichin, and Wiwiet Teguh Taufani. "Growth, Mortality, and Exploitation Rate of Penaeus merguensis in the North Coast of Central Java, Indonesia." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 23, no. 4 (January 4, 2019): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.23.4.207-214.

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One of the most-caught shrimp in north coast of Central Java is Penaeus merguiensis. However, little is known on the population biology of the organisms. This study was aimed to investigate length-weight relationship, growth, length at first capture (Lc50), mortality rate, and exploitation rate of P. merguiensis in Western part of Central Java’s northern coastal waters. The study was conducted from May 2016 to July 2017 using survey method. Samples were taken for 15 times (month) from 9 coastal fishing ports. The result shows that the relationship of the carapace length and weight is negative allometry. The growth parameters of CL∞ and K were 52.5mm and 1.3 y-1 (male) and 57.25mm and 1.2 y-1 (female). Total mortality rate (Z), natural mortality rate (M), and fishing mortality rate (F) were 4.51 y-1, 1.86 y-1 and 2.65 y-1 (male), and 5.36 y-1, 1.72 y-1, and 3.64 y-1 (female), respectively. The exploitation rate (E) of male banana shrimp was 0.59, and for female shrimp was 0.68. The result shows that the exploitation level has exceeded the optimum level (E>0.5). Recruitment of P. merguiensis may occur the whole year, but it peaks were in March and August (male), April and August (female). Carapace length of first captured (CLc50) was 20.63mm (male) and 18.28mm (female). It means that the sized of captured P. merguiensis is less than the size of first mature (CLm50) or growth overfishing and as a result, disrupting the availability of adult shrimp. The condition occurs due to the size of cod-end mesh measured 0.75inc.

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Cockbain, Ella, Matthew Ashby, and Helen Brayley. "Immaterial Boys? A Large-Scale Exploration of Gender-Based Differences in Child Sexual Exploitation Service Users." Sexual Abuse 29, no. 7 (December 2, 2015): 658–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215616817.

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Child sexual exploitation is increasingly recognized nationally and internationally as a pressing child protection, crime prevention, and public health issue. In the United Kingdom, for example, a recent series of high-profile cases has fueled pressure on policy makers and practitioners to improve responses. Yet, prevailing discourse, research, and interventions around child sexual exploitation have focused overwhelmingly on female victims. This study was designed to help redress fundamental knowledge gaps around boys affected by sexual exploitation. This was achieved through rigorous quantitative analysis of individual-level data for 9,042 users of child sexual exploitation services in the United Kingdom. One third of the sample were boys, and gender was associated with statistically significant differences on many variables. The results of this exploratory study highlight the need for further targeted research and more nuanced and inclusive counter-strategies.

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Fujisawa, Masaki, Kiwako Hayashi, Tomohisa Nishio, Tomoyuki Bando, Sachiko Okada, Katsuyuki T. Yamato, Hideya Fukuzawa, and Kanji Ohyama. "Isolation of X and Y Chromosome-Specific DNA Markers From a Liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha, by Representational Difference Analysis." Genetics 159, no. 3 (November 1, 2001): 981–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/159.3.981.

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Abstract The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has X and Y chromosomes in the respective female and male haploids. Here we report the successful exploitation of representational difference analyses to isolate DNA markers for the sex chromosomes. Two female-specific and six male-specific DNA fragments were genetically confirmed to originate from the X and Y chromosomes, respectively.

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Robinson, Orin J., Olaf P. Jensen, Mikaela M. Provost, Shuochen Huang, Nina H. Fefferman, Amira Kebir, and Julie L. Lockwood. "Evaluating the impacts of fishing on sex-changing fish: a game-theoretic approach." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 3 (December 14, 2016): 652–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw222.

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Abstract Sex change has been widely documented in many commercially and recreationally important fish species, yet the implications of this life history trait are not considered in most stock assessments. This omission can lead to poor estimates of parameters vital to understanding the health of sequentially hermaphroditic stocks. Here, we present a game theoretic approach to model the sex changing behaviour of a stock of protogynous (female first) hermaphroditic fish and produce estimates of maximum sustainable yield (MSY), equilibrium biomass at MSY (BMSY) and sex ratio, then compare these reference points to those from an otherwise identical gonochoristic (non-sex changing) stock. We tested each stock at varying levels of exploitation and with a range of assumptions about how sex ratio impacts fertilization rate. We show that a protogynous hermaphroditic stock with flexible timing of sex change produces similar MSY and slightly higher BMSY than a gonochoristic stock with otherwise identical vital rates. Sex changing stocks were also able to maintain a higher proportion of males in the population than did non-sex changing stocks as exploitation increased. Although sex changing stocks were able to maintain their sex ratio, the age at which females changed sex decreased with increased exploitation, suggesting smaller body size, and presumably lower fecundity, for females in heavily exploited sex changing stocks. Our game theoretic approach to evaluating hermaphroditic stocks can accommodate a wide variety of sex changing cues and behaviours and allows a flexible model for understanding the effects of exploitation on hermaphroditic stocks.

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Sağlam, N. Erdoğan, and C. Sağlam. "Age, growth and mortality of anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus in the south-eastern region of the Black Sea during the 2010–2011 fishing season." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93, no. 8 (July 2, 2013): 2247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315413000611.

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In this research age composition, sex-ratio, growth, survival, mortality and exploitation rates were determined in the south-eastern Black Sea region of Turkey during the 2010–2011 fishing season. Anchovy in the age group 2 was the most abundant (64.06%), followed by age groups 1 (33.12%), 3 (1.80%) and 0 (1.02%). Mean length and weight of the total sample, males and females, were 11.63 ± 0.02 cm, 9.98 ± 0.04 g; 11.39 ± 0.03 cm, 9.40 ± 0.07 g; and 11.98 ± 0.02 cm, 10.73 ± 0.05 g, respectively. The mean condition factor was CF = 0.63 and the sex composition was 61.27% female, 34.40% male and 4.33% unidentified. Equations describing the relationship between length and weight, age and length, and age and weight were derived as W = 0.011 × L2.742, L(t) = 16.368*(1–e−0.425*(t +1.35)) and W(t) = 23.516*(1 –e–0.425*(t+1.35))2,747, respectively. The survival (S), instantaneous total mortality (Z), annual mortality (A), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) rates were found to be S = 5.8%, Z = 2.84 yr–1,, A = 94.2%, M = 0.66 yr−1, and F = 2.18 yr–1, respectively. The exploitation rate was calculated as 0.77, which is higher than the optimum exploitation level.

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Rahman, Shahidur. "Revisiting Empowerment: Rising Female Unemployment in the Bangladesh Garment Sector." Human Geography 11, no. 2 (July 2018): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861801100203.

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Economic exploitation faced by workers in Bangladesh's ready-made garment (RMG) industry, in recent decades has provided millions of Bangladeshi women with opportunities for improved social status and reduced dependence on structures of patriarchy. In recent years, there has been a marked decline in both overall employment in Bangladesh's RMG sector, as well as the rate of female participation in it. This paper examines the reasons for this recent contraction in the sector, and raises the issue of its present and future impact on the status of women in Bangladesh.

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Fouskas, Theodoros, Paraskevi Gikopoulou, Elisavet Ioannidi, and George Koulierakis. "Gender, transnational female migration and domestic work in Greece." Collectivus, Revista de Ciencias Sociales 6, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 99–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.15648/coll.1.2019.7.

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In global labour markets, migrant workers are mainly found in precarious, low-status/low-wage occupations in undeclared work and the underground/informal sector of the economy which demands a low paid, uninsured, mobile, temporary and flexible workforce. This article argues that migrant women are mostly employed as domestic workers in various countries that demand precarious, low-status/low-wage service workers and personal services. Feminist scholarship on migration underlines, that social constructions of gender and racial stereotypes drive men and women into specific roles and therefore dictate their experiences. Social constructions of gender cannot be considered separate from social constructions of class, gender, race, ethnicity, and sexuality; female migrants are disassociated from family relationships, community associations, solidarity networks, and become susceptible to discrimination based on race and ethnicity, class and gender in the reception countries. This article provides an intersectional review of research on domestic work, healthcare and community networks in Greece (1990-2018). Intersectionality produces assumptions set in women’s race and ethnicity, projecting unequal labour rights among sexes in Greece. Gender, race and ethnicity subject women to obedience, susceptibility and exploitation, confining them to domestic work, and low-paid jobs without social rights. Last but not least, this article suggests that ethnic background and unstable legal residence status works as a mechanism of control and suppression, which in turn force female migrants to accept low wages, refrain from demanding healthcare services and from seeking support from migrant community associations. Employers confiscate their documents, monitor them and threaten to report them to the authorities, thus institutionalising exploitation, leading to forceful application of discipline, consent, subordination, obedience and dependency of domestic workers.

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Nurhidayat, Luthfi, Febrina Nanda Arfiani, and Bambang Retnoaji. "Indeks Gonadosomatik dan Struktur Histologis Gonad Ikan Uceng (Nemacheilus fasciatus, Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1846)." Biosfera 34, no. 2 (September 21, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.mib.2017.34.2.456.

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Uceng fish is wild native fish of Indonesia that live in fresh water river. It is very common that people consume the fish for it high protein contain. High demand of fish availability cause the fish exploitation increasing rapidly in nature. The high intensity of fish exploitation, soon will induce declining population of the fish and leading to extinction. Uceng fish cultivation is one alternative to solve the tread. The purpose of this research is to examine the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) and gonad histological structure of male and female uceng fish (Nemacheilus fasciatus) on the period of immature and mature. Fish were dissected , weighed and the gonads were measured for gonadosomatic index. Moreover, gonad were fixed in NBF 5% for histological preparation by paraffin method and which than were stained by Hematoxylin-Eosin. The result were analyzed for both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analysis was conducted for gonad histological structure of male and female fish, while quantitative analysis was for Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) of fish respectively. The result showed that there were differences on the gonadosomatic index of males and females fish, the histological structure of ovarian follicle and the composition of the spermatogenic cells of immature gonads and mature gonads of the fish respectively. It was conclude that there are differences on Gonadosomatic Index and gonad histological structure on immature and mature of male and female of Uceng fish (N. fasciatus).

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Pasko, Lisa, and Meda Chesney-Lind. "Running the Gauntlet: Understanding Commercial Sexual Exploitation and the Pathways Perspective to Female Offending." Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology 2, no. 3 (August 31, 2016): 275–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40865-016-0041-6.

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Suyanto, Bagong, Medhy Aginta Hidayat, and Rendy Pahrun Wadipalapa. "Sexual exploitation and violence of prostituted children." Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 33, no. 2 (June 24, 2020): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v33i22020.134-145.

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This study examines sexual exploitation and violence against prostituted children in East Java, Indonesia. Children who are involved in the commercial sex industry are generally prone to become victims of exploitation, violent acts, and other child abuse. This case study employs a qualitative research method to examine the various hardships experienced by prostituted children in East Java, Indonesia. The researchers interviewed ten prostituted children, seven “grey chickens” (female high school students doubling as prostituted children), eight former prostituted children, five pimps, eight procurers, and seven male customers in Surabaya City and Pasuruan Regency. This study found that, in the Indonesian commercial sex industry, prostituted children generally experience severe exploitation and violent acts. The children’s struggle to survive in the Indonesian prostitution business is a challenging condition because of their weak bargaining position: their subordinate status in the Indonesian patriarchal ideology, their weak position as children confronting adults, as well as their low socioeconomic position. The efforts to make policies to prevent exploitation and violence against prostituted children by the government and non-government agencies thus should take into account the conditions of the prostituted children as well as the driving factors for the child prostitution business that takes place in Indonesia.

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Cockbain, Ella, and Helen Brayley. "Child sexual exploitation and youth offending: A research note." European Journal of Criminology 9, no. 6 (November 2012): 689–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370812453401.

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Links between child sexual exploitation (CSE) and youth offending should be better recognised, according to these preliminary research findings from the UK. Data from a leading CSE service provider and Youth Offending Team were analysed for the period 2001–2010 inclusive. Of CSE victims, 40 percent had offending records and recidivism rates were high. Together they committed 1586 offences – 5 percent of all local youth crime. Male and female offending behaviour differed significantly. The types of offences identified were potentially symptomatic of CSE. Referral to CSE services typically post-dated arrest, indicating that children were recognised first as offenders. Challenges in researching the interactions between these two complex issues are discussed. This study has important implications for youth justice policy and practice, both nationally and internationally.

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Romanenko, Veronika, and Olga Borodkina. "Female immigration in Russia: Social risks and prevention." Human Affairs 29, no. 2 (April 25, 2019): 174–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humaff-2019-0014.

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Abstract There is an increasing number of female migrants among the international migrants in Russia. The purpose of this study is to identify the social risks female migrants face. Statistics and data from surveys were analyzed, interviews were held with experts providing practical assistance to women and focus groups were conducted with female migrants. The employment sector in which young female migrants face the most risks and are likely to work illegally is commercial sex services. The social risks are mainly related to a lack of knowledge about the culture, their illegal status; risky behavior is also a big issue. The conclusion is that the social risks are linked to the gender asymmetry existing in the labor market and to the more vulnerable position of women with regard to sexual exploitation and trafficking.

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Panitch, Vida. "Surrogate Tourism and Reproductive Rights." Hypatia 28, no. 2 (2013): 274–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12005.

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Commercial surrogacy arrangements now cross borders; this paper aims to reevaluate the traditional moral concerns regarding the practice against the added ethical dimension of global injustice. I begin by considering the claim that global surrogacy serves to satisfy the positive reproductive rights of infertile first‐world women. I then go on to consider three powerful challenges to this claim. The first holds that commercial surrogacy involves the commodification of a good that should not be valued in market terms, the second that it involves the exploitation of the labor of disadvantaged women, and the third that it depends on the illegitimate privileging of positive rights over negative rights. I reject the first of these challenges and argue that global surrogacy arrangements are indeed exploitative on the dual basis of what I call intracontractual injustice and intercontractual coercion. The latter, I contend, depends on a preexisting negative rights violation, which cannot be permitted for the sake of satisfying another's positive reproductive entitlement. I conclude not in favor of a global ban but with suggestions on how developing nations that permit commercial surrogacy might better protect the negative reproductive rights of their female citizens, thereby making them less vulnerable to exploitation.

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Agustina, Siska, Menofatria Boer, and Achmad Fahrudin. "DINAMIKA POPULASI SUMBER DAYA IKAN LAYUR (Lepturacanthus savala) DI PERAIRAN SELAT SUNDA (Population Dinamycs of Savalai Hairtail fish (Lepturacanthus savala) in Sunda Strait Waters)." Marine Fisheries : Journal of Marine Fisheries Technology and Management 6, no. 1 (September 30, 2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jmf.6.1.77-85.

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ABSTRACT Savalai hairtailis one of demersal fish that landed in PPP Labuan Banten with a fishing ground from the Sunda Strait waters. Savalaihairtail fish were caught by many gears (multigear) such as trawl, purse seine, small bottom trawl, and gillnet. This research aimed at reviewing population dynamic of savalai hairtail in Sunda Strait waters. The results showed the value of the growth coefficient (k) for female and male were 0,30/month and 0,23/month respectively, with asimptotic length (L∞) 710,41 mm for females and 856,52 mm for males. First length capture for females and males were 460,46 mm and 454,66 mm respectively. First length of maturity for female and male fish were 567,24 mm and 599,73 mm respectively. Natural mortality (M) for the female and male fish were 0,27/year and 0,22/year respectively. Total mortality (Z) for the female and male fish were 1,25/year and 1,60/year respectively. Based on the relationship between the values of M and Z, then the arrest of mortality (F) known for female and male fish were 0,97/years and 1,38/year respectively. The rate of exploitation for female and male fish were72% and 83% respectively. Based on the current rate exploitation, savalaihairtail fish exploitation has exceeded optimum exploited level (50%), so it indicated the savalaihairtail was overfishing. The value of Lc was smaller than Lm indicated savalaihairtail experienced growth overfishing. Keywords: growth overfishing, overfishing, savalai hairtail, Sunda Strait -------ABSTRAK Ikan layur merupakan salah satu ikan demersal yang didaratkan di PPP Labuan Banten dengan fishing ground dari perairan Selat Sunda. Ikan layur ditangkap dengan banyak alat tangkap diantaranya alat tangkap payang, pukat cincin, pukat pantai, jaring arad, dan jaring insang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengkaji dinamika populasi sumber daya ikan layur (Lepturachantus savala) di Perairan Selat Sunda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai keofisien pertumbuhan (k) ikan betina dan jantan berturut-turut 0,30/bulan dan 0,23/bulan, dengan panjang asimptotik (L∞) 710,41 mm dan 856,52 mm. Panjang ikan pertama kali tertangka (Lc) untuk betina dan jantan berturut-turut sebesar 460,46 mm dan 454,66 cm. Panjang ikan layur pertama kali matang gonad (Lm) untuk betina sebesar 567,24 mm dan jantan sebesar 599,73 mm. Laju mortalitas alami (M)) untuk ikan betina sebesar 0,27/tahun dan ikan jantan sebesar 0,22/tahun. Mortalitas total (Z) untuk ikan betina sebesar 1,25/tahun dan ikan jantan sebesar 1,60/tahun. Berdasarkan hubungan antara nilai M dan Z, maka mortalitas penangkapan (F) diketahui untuk betina sebesar 0,97/tahun dan jantan sebesar 1.38/tahun. Laju ekploitasi ikan layur betina dan jantan berturut-turut sebesar 72% dan 83%. Berdasarkan nilai laju eksploitasi, pemanfaatan ikan layur telah melebihi pemanfaatan optimal (50%), sehingga di indikasikan mengalami tangkap lebih. Nilai Lc<Lm menunjukkan tangkap lebih yang terjadi adalah growth overfishing. Kata kunci: growth overfishing, tangkap lebih, ikan layur, Selat Sunda

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Journal articles on the topic 'Exploitation of female'

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