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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to highlight the risks faced by employers as a result of subjecting vulnerable employees to exploitative business practices that are akin to slavery. Design/methodology/approach The study considers examples of exploitative approaches that employers have recently adopted. Findings The paper reveals that employers should be aware of the serious legal consequences including imprisonment that could result from slavery like business practices. Research limitations/implications Guides managers in preventing claims of slavery. Practical implications The paper serves to guide managers in preventing claims of slavery or exploitation. Social implications It helps to draw attention to the risks associated with exploitative labour practices at the workplace. Originality/value This paper aims to raise the issue of organizational awareness and preparedness to prevent predatory or exploitative employment practices.
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AjaNwachuku, Mike Akpa. "A Critical Review of Child Labour in Nigeria and The Case for Child Entrepreneurship." Rechtsidee 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jihr.v3i2.371.
Nigeria and the world over condemn forced or exploitative labour of a child, for the obvious reason of the adverse physical, psychological, mental and emotional effect of it on children. What is condemned is not child labour per se, but child forced or exploitative labour. This paper analyses the condemnable child forced or exploitative labour, distinguishes it from the accepted child labour and makes a case for the advancement from child labour to child entrepreneurship. It posits that the advancement to child entrepreneurship shall enable the Nigerian child to contribute their bit to the financial wellbeing of their family and the economic development of Nigeria.
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Dillon, Sara. "Child Labour and the Global Economy: Abolition or Acceptance?" Nordic Journal of International Law 84, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 297–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08402007.
This article traces the evolution of international attitudes toward child labour, and outlines its relationship to the global economy. It examines the way in which international treaties promulgated by the International Labor Organization (ilo) have conceived of child labour over time. At the national level, the most extreme pro-child labour position may be found in recent Bolivian legislation that recognizes work performed by children as young as ten years old. Much has been written on the problem of conflicting global values on child labour, but all agree that exploitative forms should be eliminated. The author updates her earlier recommendation that the World Trade Organization should place conditions on participation in the global economy by requiring its member states to honour core ilo standards. Eliminating exploitative child labour could thus be linked indirectly to the global economy, by requiring the elimination of children’s work detrimental to the child’s full development.
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Forsyth, Anthony. "Regulating Australia’s ‘Gangmasters’ through Labour Hire Licensing." Federal Law Review 47, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 469–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x19856504.
This article examines the recent introduction of state-based regulation to address the increasingly prominent problem of exploitation of vulnerable workers by labour hire providers around Australia. Mounting evidence of underpayments and other breaches of workplace laws has emerged from a range of state and federal inquiries into the labour hire sector in recent years. The article draws parallels between these abuses and the exploitative activities of ‘gangmasters’ in industrial-era Britain. It then closely analyses and compares the labour hire licensing schemes introduced in Victoria, Queensland and South Australia, which aim to combat noncompliance by introducing barriers to entry and eliminate ‘rogue’ operators from the labour hire market. The article assesses the effectiveness of similar licensing and registration schemes in several overseas jurisdictions, especially the gangmasters licensing scheme operating in the United Kingdom since 2004. The article concludes that the licensing schemes introduced under the three state laws are a timely and, most likely, effective new approach to tackling the problem of noncompliance with workplace and other laws. Alternative responses to exploitation at the federal level are also considered, including the 2017 Vulnerable Workers legislation introduced largely in response to systemic underpayments in the 7-Eleven franchise network. Finally, the article observes that federal reform of the labour hire sector may emerge in the near future, given the Labor Opposition’s policy commitment to introduce a national labour hire licensing scheme. In the meantime, the state labour hire licensing schemes examined in this article represent an important step forward in regulation to combat worker exploitation by contemporary Australian ‘gangmasters’.
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Dutta, Mohan J. "Neoliberal Governmentality and Low-Wage Migrant Labour in India and Singapore." Journal of Creative Communications 16, no. 2 (May 17, 2021): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09732586211002927.
Drawing on a digital ethnography and in-depth interviews conducted with low-wage migrant workers in hyper-precarious working conditions amidst ongoing neoliberal transformations in India and Singapore, this manuscript offers a comparative framework for examining the limits of pandemic communication. Interrogating the ideology of behaviourism that forms the dominant approach, the narratives point to the organizing role of structures as sites of labour exploitation. The exploitative labour conditions constitute the backdrop amidst which the migrant workers negotiate their health and well-being.
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Saha, Aishik. "Engels’s Theory of Social Murder and the Spectacle of Fascism: A Critical Enquiry into Digital Labour and its Alienation." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 19, no. 1 (November 27, 2020): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v19i1.1214.
In this paper, I shall attempt to respond to the charge that the digital labour theory, as developed by Christian Fuchs, doesn’t faithfully stick to the Marxist schema of the Labour Theory of Value by arguing that Marx’s critique of capitalism was based on the social and material cost of exploitation and the impact of capitalist exploitation of the working class. Engels’s analysis of The Condition of The Working Class in England links the various forms of violence faced by the working class to the bourgeois rule that props their exploitation. I shall argue, within the framework of Critical Social Media Studies, that the rapid advance of fascist and authoritarian regimes represents a similar development of violence and dispossession, with digital capitalism being a major factor catalysing the rifts within societies. It shall be further argued that much like the exploitative nature of labour degrades social linkages and creates conditions of that exaggerates social contradictions, the “labour” performed by social media users degenerates social relations and promotes a hyper-violent spectacle that aids and abets fascist and authoritarian regimes.
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Schmidt, Florian Alexander. "For a Few Dollars More: Class Action against Crowdsourcing." A Peer-Reviewed Journal About 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2013): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/aprja.v2i1.121128.
This paper will give an introduction into the rise of crowdsourcing, its methods and the controversies surrounding it. To some, crowdsourcing is a neutral umbrella term that describes new processes of distributing labour; to others it is the exploitation of cheap or free labour with detrimental effects for workers and professions. The questions are: Is crowdsourcing exploitative even when all participants are volunteers and know the conditions? Is it labour when people do the work as a hobby? Is crowdsourcing inherently unethical or is it just a question of how the parameters are configured? And how can national labour laws tackle a global phenomenon? It is not easy to evaluate crowdsourcing because of its varying definitions and methods. The deal between those who do the work and thosewho profit from it varies from platform to platform. The different approaches in crowdsourcing are scattered across a spectrum that reaches from productive leisure and play over altruistic volunteering to precarious labour.
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Bieler, Andreas, and Jokubas Salyga. "Baltic labour in the crucible of capitalist exploitation: Reassessing ‘post-communist’ transformation." Economic and Labour Relations Review 31, no. 2 (April 28, 2020): 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304620911122.
Thirty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, this article re-assesses ‘post-communist’ transformation in the Baltic countries from the perspective of labour. The argument is based on a historical materialist approach focusing on the social relations of production as a starting point. It is contended that the uneven and combined unfolding of ‘post-communist’ transformation has subjected Baltic labour to doubly constituted exploitation processes. First, workers in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have suffered from extreme neoliberal restructuring of economic and employment relations at home. Second, migrant workers from Central and Eastern Europe in general, trying to escape exploitation at home, have faced another set of exploitative dynamics in host countries in Western Europe such as the UK. Nevertheless, workers have continued to challenge exploitation in Central and Eastern Europe and also in Western Europe, and have been active in extending networks of transnational solidarity across the continent. JEL Codes: E11, E24, J61
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Kunwer, Laxman Singh. "Foreign Labour Migration, Economic Growth and Remittances in Nepal." Patan Pragya 5, no. 1 (September 30, 2019): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pragya.v5i1.30452.
This paper examines the history and current situation of foreign labour migration in Nepal, which is in increasing trend. This paper highlights on some major push and pull factors, impacts of labour migration and remittances. The role and impacts of remittances in Nepal are also another key issue of this paper. The objective of paper is to discuss historical aspects and highlights the role of remittances in Nepal. The paper is developed with the help of secondary sources of information and discussed only on Nepalese foreign labours. The existing exploitative working environment in destinations of Nepalese migrations labpurs, lack of skills and trainings among labour migrants including government to government agreement between labour sending (Nepal) and labour receiving countries to protect rights of labour migrants also has been discussed. This paper also highlights the need of effective foreign labour policies based on scientific research. There is need of reliable and proper environment of investment of remittances in productive sectors as well as use of migrant's skills and knowledge to achieve prosperity of nation.
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Francis, Beverly Maria, and Dr Cheryl Davis. "Postfeminism’s Impact on Gendered labour." History Research Journal 5, no. 4 (August 22, 2019): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/hrj.v5i4.7116.
Since the advent of postfeminist culture in the 1990s, women’s desire has often been described as wanting to return to a domestic, feminine lifestyle in which women are portrayed as “keen to re-embrace the title of housewife and re-experience the joys of a ‘new femininity’” (Genz and Brabon, 2009: 57). In movie and TV programs such as Footballer's Wives (2002-2006), The Real Housewives franchise, and Desperate Housewives (2004-2012), the rebranding of domestic labor as a place of enjoyment and liberty expressed through popular culture rejects feminist worries about tedious, repetitive, and exploitative housework.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Exploitative labour":
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Sonday, Nadeema. "An overview of the effectiveness of employment legislation in protecting people with disabilities against discrimination in the South African workplace." University of the Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8345.
Magister Legum - LLM The South African apartheid regime brought about many injustices. These
injustices were mostly directed at people of colour, women and people with
disabilities. People with disabilities were neglected, discriminated against and
largely marginalised.1 A person is considered as having a disability in terms of
the Code of Good Practice on the Key Aspects on the Employment of Persons with
Disabilities,2 if they have a physical or mental impairment, which is a long term
or recurring impairment and which significantly limits their prospects of entry
into or any advancement within the workplace.
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Üelgen, Ozlem. "The labour exploitation of indigenous peoples : the interface between labour law and human rights law." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299579.
Davies, Jonathan. "Migrant labour exploitation and harm in UK food supply chains." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/migrant-labour-exploitation-and-harm-in-uk-food-supply-chains(0ce99b33-f794-4136-9673-0d197700cc50).html.
The research conducted for this thesis is an exploratory study of migrant workers' experiences in UK food supply chains. This thesis provides an original contribution to criminology by discussing how some food supply chain dynamics result in various exploitative and harmful labour practices against migrant workers. Data consisted of semi-structured interviews conducted with migrant workers in the UK, as well as individual and group interviews with food supply chain stakeholders, including representatives from industry, regulation, and labour movements. This research conceptualises labour exploitation as a continuum, with severe practices including modern slavery on one extreme and 'decent work' on the other. There are a range of practices in-between these two extremes that risk being overlooked, whereby 'routine', banal exploitation is embedded and normalised within legitimate supply chain processes. The argument developed in this thesis is that a stronger emphasis is needed on the harmful consequences of routine, mundane, everyday labour exploitation in order to understand how they can result from legitimate supply chain dynamics. The key contributions of this thesis can be summarised under four themes: developing a more rigorous analysis of 'routine' labour exploitation and harm against migrant workers; understanding how legitimate food supply chain dynamics can facilitate exploitation and harm; explaining how the regulatory framework may unwittingly result in further exploitation and harm to migrant workers; and recognising the complexity of the relationship between migration and labour exploitation. The thesis findings contribute to predominant discussions of labour exploitation that typically focus on severe exploitation such as modern slavery and emphasise rogue individuals or criminal networks as the main perpetrators. The research findings demonstrate that a significant amount of routine labour exploitation and harm remains 'under the radar' in the context of legitimate supply chain practices. Police action and supply chain regulation typically focuses on the most severe labour exploitation, which results in routine exploitation being largely unaddressed. Therefore, labour exploitation has implications for the nature, organisation, and control of harms facilitated by businesses and supply chains. It is important for criminology and society to not disregard routine labour exploitation, as these practices can result in numerous harmful consequences for workers. Since the public profile of labour exploitation continues to grow, a stronger focus is needed on the routine and banal aspects, not just the most severe practices.
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Saldana, Lucia. "Rural labour in neo-liberal Chile : Exploitation, vulnerability and cultural transformation." Thesis, University of Essex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511018.
Robinson, Shirleene. ""Something like slavery"? : the exploitation of Aboriginal child labour in Queensland, 1842-1945 /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16845.pdf.
Kleinberger, Jacob. "Child labor in developing countries : a child exploitation measure (CEM)." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 1998. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/40.
This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information. Bachelors Business Administration Economics
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Bingle, Jean C. "Labor for bread the exploitation of Polish labor in the Soviet Union during World War II /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=630.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999. Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 242 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 236-242).
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Wall, Nicola. "Further evolution in the pharmaceutical sector : changes in the division of labour and the markets for technology." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/further-evolution-in-the-pharmaceutical-sector-changes-in-the-division-of-labour-and-the-markets-for-technology(b294c155-8bc9-4db1-9d34-b39de22dba1d).html.
The pharmaceutical sector has undergone many changes, particularly in the past several decades. The purpose of this research was to ascertain the existence of further changes to the division of labour and changes in the markets for technology within the sector. This research was also undertaken to understand the specific issues that may be impacting the division of labour and the changes in the markets for technology including the role of finance and the role of a surplus of unexploited knowledge. The division of labour between large and small new firms was initially more pronounced as the fully integrated firms continued to develop, manufacture and market drugs while 'classical biotechnology' firms pursued an exploratory business model of supplying knowledge and early stage drug candidates to these fully integrated companies (McKelvey, 2008). However, firms are changing in this sector and changes may be evident that have not been discussed in the literature to date. A new type of firm is evident within this sector, the No Research Development Only (NRDO) firm, as well as changes in the existing firms. This has impacted markets for technology as changes are also apparent in the way in which firms exchange products and knowledge. A combined quantitative and qualitative study was used to answer the research questions. A random sample of 100 EU and US companies that own and develop drug products was generated. Descriptive statistics were gathered to form a database of information and case studies were compiled to provide in-depth data related to a sample of eight firms. The newly identified NRDO firms do not possess internal capabilities to discover their own products; surprising given the historically research intensive nature of the types of small firms that operate in this sector. There also appears to be changes in the markets for technology as large firms are selling drug candidates to these hitherto research-intensive discovery and development (DD) firms who are willing to in-license these drug candidates to bolster pipelines and financial valuations. Markets for knowledge in this sector have undoubtedly evolved and a more complex set of arrangements are evident. The roles of finance and a surplus of unexploited knowledge have played an important part in these changes as the sustained level of exploration in the sector has resulted in a greater number of exploitation opportunities. Overall there is evidence to support further evolution in the sector.
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Hiraldo, Rocio. "Green capitalist economies through a focus on labour : enclosures, exploitation and class conflict in Senegal." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2017. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/64075/.
The recent promotion of monetary incentives for preserving the environment is being interpreted as a means of advancing capitalist interests. Until present most research on this topic has concentrated on the strategies used by conservation organisations, private companies and development institutions, while little is known about how people working to make a living (hereafter “workers”) are experiencing the development of green economies. This thesis seeks to fill this gap. It studies how the conditions of workers’ labour are being shaped by the social relations of production enabling the development of nature-based tourism and forestry-related payment for ecosystem service (PES) projects in a group of villages in the Sine-Saloum delta, Senegal. Based on a six-month period of primarily qualitative fieldwork research and drawing conceptually on Marx’s critique of political economy, it explores three ways in which the social relations of capitalist production in this green economy have shaped labour conditions: a) the privatisation of 1800 hectares of mangrove forest through the creation of a tourism-oriented protected area; b) the activity of work in nature-based tourism and forestry-related PES projects; and c) workers’ mobilisations against exploitation and expropriation. The thesis shows how, through expropriation, exploitation and class conflict, the green economy benefits capitalist owners while separating workers from the ownership of their labour. Forest privatisation belongs to a broader process of primitive accumulation where workers enable capital accumulation through their adaptations to capital. Production in the green economy is based on social relations that perpetuate poverty, inequality and neo-colonial relations in neoliberal Senegal. The different contribution of nature-based tourism and PES projects to capital accumulation and the importance of class conflict, workers’ disagreement and hope in this case study emphasise the heterogeneity and unpredictability of green economies. Socially-committed researchers will benefit from integrating labour and the relations of production in their analyses.
Ollus, Natalia, Kauko Aromaa, and Anniina Jokinen. Trafficking for forced labour and labour exploitation in Finland, Poland and Estonia. Helsinki: European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations (HEUNI, 2011.
O’Reilly, Karen, and Johan Fredrik Rye. "The (re)production of the exploitative nature of rural migrant labour in Europe." In International Labour Migration to Europe’s Rural Regions, 228–45. First Edition. | New York: Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge advances in sociology: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003022367-17.
Mkodzongi, Grasian. "Primitive Accumulation and Exploitative Labour Relations in Zimbabwe’s Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) Sector: The Case of Mhondoro Ngezi." In Labour Questions in the Global South, 205–23. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4635-2_10.
Craig, Gary. "Child labour exploitation." In The Routledge Handbook of Global Child Welfare, 165–75. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315672960-17.
Ferguson, Benjamin. "Exploitation and labor." In The Routledge Companion to Business Ethics, 490–505. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315764818-36.
Catephores, George. "Value, labour power and exploitation." In An Introduction to Marxist Economics, 56–106. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19707-1_4.
Yea, Sallie. "(Un)identified Men and Labour Exploitation." In Paved with Good Intentions?, 147–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3239-5_6.
Balch, Alex. "Understanding and Evaluating UK Efforts to Tackle Forced Labour." In Vulnerability, Exploitation and Migrants, 86–98. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137460417_7.
Delaney, Annie, and Jane Tate. "Forced Labour and Ethical Trade in the Indian Garment Industry." In Vulnerability, Exploitation and Migrants, 244–55. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137460417_18.
Ballet, Jérôme, and Augendra Bhukuth. "Introduction: From Child Labour to Child Exploitation." In Child Exploitation in the Global South, 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91177-9_1.
Conference papers on the topic "Exploitative labour":
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Davies, Jonathan. "Market dynamics of harm and labour exploitation." In The 19-th Cross-border Crime Colloquium. Eleven International Publishing, Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/ccc19.06.
Henderson, Grace Phan-Athiroj. "EXPLOITATION OF LABOUR: BEING FORCED OR WILLINGNESS TO ACCEPT?" In 39th International Academic Conference, Amsterdam. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/iac.2018.039.017.
Antal, Imola. "THE SITUATION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING FOR LABOUR EXPLOITATION IN ROMANIA." In 2nd International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2015/b11/s2.133.
Jovanović, Aleksandra, and Irena Šljivar Milijić. "HUMAN TRAFFICKING FOR LABOUR EXPLOITATION AND THE ROLE OF WORK INSPECTION." In 4th International Scientific Conference: Knowledge based sustainable economic development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia et all, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2018.802.
Ranasinghe, Roma. "Challenges in Investigating Trafficking of MigrantWorkers for Labour Exploitation: Case Study." In World Conference on Women s Studies. The International Institute of Knowledge Management - TIIKM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/24246743.2020.5104.
Thinyane, Hannah, and Michael Gallo. "Negotiating Trade-Offs: Identifying Labour Exploitation in the Fishing Sector in Thailand." In COMPASS '21: ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3460112.3471945.
Haryono, Cosmas Gatot. "Commodification of Labor and the Morphogenesis of Exploitative Structures in Television Program Production." In International Conference on Media and Communication Studies(ICOMACS 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icomacs-18.2018.6.
Ciornei, Laurenţiu, and Paula Munteanu. "Romanian Forest Sector Labor Force - Evolutions and Trends." In International Conference Innovative Business Management & Global Entrepreneurship. LUMEN Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/ibmage2020/32.
As a trend of evolution, the labor force in the Romanian forestry sector is part of trajectory registered by the European Union, as a whole, because many of the member countries are still oriented on the traditional methods of administration, harvesting and processing. However, there are also developed countries with large forested areas (Finland, Sweden) that have embraced new technologies and adjusted management and production processes. This issue aimed, among other things, at reducing the number of people employed in the forestry sector. In Romania, increasing the number of the employees, based on the quantitative increase of jobs as result of the gross exploitation of resources, will slow down by adopting new technologies, reducing the consumption of natural resources, but also as an effect of economic shocks generated by the pandemic. For these reasons, according to our study, the low-skilled workforce will suffer, this being the most vulnerable category, as technological developments need employees with higher skills and abilities. Equally, the informal sector must be taken into account because it employs four times people more. Romania have to adopt those appropriate measures in order to help the incorporation of the labor force released from the forestry sector of resource exploitation into adjacent sustainable activities.
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Kotulovski, Karla, and Sandra Laleta. "THE ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION OF FOREIGN SEASONAL WORKERS: DID THE CORONAVIRUS EMERGENCY WORSEN ALREADY PRECARIOUS WORKING CONDITIONS IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR?" In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18310.
Seasonal workers are increasingly important in some Member States as a means to fill the labour market needs. Preferred due to their lower salaries, greater docility and the evasion of administrative and social security obligations, migrant workers are often treated less favourably than domestic workers in terms of employment rights, benefits and access to adequate housing. The agricultural sector of employment is particularly at risk of labour exploitation during harvest seasons and thus associated with atypical or informal forms of employment and precarious working conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic gave visibility to the new risks the seasonal workers are exposed to. In addition, it showed that in some cases such problems can lead to the further spreading of infectious diseases and increase the risk of COVID-19 clusters. The consequences of of the pandemic can be observed in Croatia too. This paper primarily covers the position of third-country nationals who enter and reside in Croatia for the purpose of agricultural seasonal work within the framework of the Seasonal Workers Directive (Directive 2014/36/EU). Significant challenges facing the Croatian labour market have been addressed by means of a comparative approach in order to present the current situation on the EU labour market and suggest potential legal solutions applicable in regard to the national circumstances.
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Syafruddin, S., Hairil Wadi, R. Rispawati, S. Suud, and Ni Made Novi Suryanti. "Child Labor Exploitation in the Tourism Industry on the Island of Lombok." In 2nd Annual Conference on Education and Social Science (ACCESS 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210525.061.
Srivastava, R. Survey Results Document Exploitative Labour Conditions in China's Construction Sector. School of Oriental and African Studies, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii098.
Roelen, Keetie, Sukanta Paul, Neil Howard, and Vibhor Mathur. Children’s Engagement with Exploitative Work in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Institute of Development Studies, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2020.001.
Despite decades of interventions aiming to reduce child labour, children’s engagement with exploitative work remains widespread, particularly in South Asia. Emerging evidence about cash transfer programmes point towards their potential for reducing children’s engagement with work, but knowledge is scarce in terms of their impact on exploitative work and in urban settings. One component of the CLARISSA programme is to trial an innovative ‘cash plus’ intervention and to learn about its potential for reducing children’s harmful and hazardous work in two slum areas in Dhaka, Bangladesh. This Working Paper presents findings from a small-scale qualitative study that was undertaken in late 2019, aiming to inform the design of the cash plus intervention. Findings point towards the potential for cash transfers to reduce the need for children to engage in exploitative work and highlight key considerations for design and delivery, including mode and frequency of delivery and engagement with local leaders and community representatives. URI
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Brooks, Wyatt, Joseph Kaboski, Yao Amber Li, and Wei Qian. Exploitation of Labor? Classical Monopsony Power and Labor's Share. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25660.
Maksud, A. K. M., Khandaker Reaz Hossain, Sayma Sayed, and Amit Arulanantham. Mapping of Children Engaged in the Worst Forms of Child Labour in the Supply Chain of the Leather Industry in Bangladesh. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.005.
This mapping of children in the worst forms of child labour (WFCL) in the leather sector of Bangladesh was conducted in May–August 2020. WFCL are not always obvious and, without better understanding of where, why and how it is happening, the exploitation and abuse of children in the workforce in Bangladesh will continue. This mapping provides a detailed assessment of where children are working in the leather supply chain in Bangladesh, what they are doing, how they came to be doing it and what their conditions of work and experiences are. Furthermore, and critically, it evidences the children’s perceptions of themselves and others as child labourers – the jobs and areas of the sector that they feel comprise WFCL, and the jobs they feel are the most difficult or dangerous to do and that children should not have to do.
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Cary, Dakota. Robot Hacking Games: China’s Competitions to Automate the Software Vulnerability Lifecycle. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/2021ca005.
Software vulnerability discovery, patching, and exploitation—collectively known as the vulnerability lifecycle—is time consuming and labor intensive. Automating the process could significantly improve software security and offensive hacking. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s Cyber Grand Challenge supported teams of researchers from 2014 to 2016 that worked to create these tools. China took notice. In 2017, China hosted its first Robot Hacking Game, seeking to automate the software vulnerability lifecycle. Since then, China has hosted seven such competitions and the People’s Liberation Army has increased its role in hosting the games.
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Gorman, Clare, Lucy Halton, and Kushum Sharma. Advocating for Change in Nepal’s Adult Entertainment Sector. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.010.
The United Nations Human Rights Council has a powerful role to play in addressing the worst forms of child labour. Accountability mechanisms such as the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) – which work to support Member States to improve their human rights situation – are therefore widely seen as important opportunities to advocate for change. Ahead of Nepal’s third UPR cycle in 2021, the CLARISSA programme met with eight UN Permanent Missions to present recommendations addressing the exploitation of children within Nepal’s adult entertainment sector. This spotlight story shares the programme’s experience in advocacting within this process. It also highlights their approach of providing decision makers with recommendations to the Government of Nepal that were underpinned by the importance of integrating a participatory, adaptive and child-centred approach.
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Walsh, Alex. The Contentious Politics of Tunisia’s Natural Resource Management and the Prospects of the Renewable Energy Transition. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.048.
For many decades in Tunisia, there has been a robust link between natural resource management and contentious national and local politics. These disputes manifest in the form of protests, sit-ins, the disruption of production and distribution and legal suits on the one hand, and corporate and government response using coercive and concessionary measures on the other. Residents of resource-rich areas and their allies protest the inequitable distribution of their local natural wealth and the degradation of their health, land, water, soil and air. They contest a dynamic that tends to bring greater benefit to Tunisia’s coastal metropolitan areas. Natural resource exploitation is also a source of livelihoods and the contentious politics around them have, at times, led to somewhat more equitable relationships. The most important actors in these contentious politics include citizens, activists, local NGOs, local and national government, international commercial interests, international NGOs and multilateral organisations. These politics fit into wider and very longstanding patterns of wealth distribution in Tunisia and were part of the popular alienation that drove the uprising of 2011. In many ways, the dynamic of the contentious politics is fundamentally unchanged since prior to the uprising and protests have taken place within the same month of writing of this paper. Looking onto this scene, commentators use the frame of margins versus centre (‘marginalization’), and also apply the lens of labour versus capital. If this latter lens is applied, not only is there continuity from prior to 2011, there is continuity with the colonial era when natural resource extraction was first industrialised and internationalised. In these ways, the management of Tunisia’s natural wealth is a significant part of the country’s serious political and economic challenges, making it a major factor in the street politics unfolding at the time of writing.
