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1
Purc-Stephenson, R. J., M. Rawleigh, H. Kemp, and Morten Asfeldt. "We Are Wilderness Explorers: A Review of Outdoor Education in Canada." Journal of Experiential Education 42, no. 4 (July 22, 2019): 364–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1053825919865574.
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Background: Outdoor education (OE) should be understood in place, time, and culture because it is not a universal teaching approach. We currently know little about what constitutes the “Canadian ways” of doing OE or what students gain from the experience. Purpose: Our goal was to (a) identify the underlying factors guiding OE programs in Canada and (b) describe the learning outcomes and psychosocial benefits of engaging in OE from the students’ perspective. Methodology/Approach: We conducted a systematic review of qualitative studies that examined OE in Canada. We searched published studies from electronic databases (1980-2018). We used meta-ethnography to synthesize the findings. Findings/Conclusions: We reviewed 21 studies reporting on the experiences of 508 students. Using thematic analysis, we identified eight themes highlighting process, goals, and learning outcomes. We developed a model that describes the common teaching components, learning process, and short-term outcomes for OE in Canada. Implications: Our results represent the first study to synthesize OE published research in Canada, which help form a unified voice and a distinctive national identity for OE in Canada. Our results serve as a catalyst for educators to share ideas, practices, and learning goals.
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Levere, Trevor H. "The History of Science of Canada." British Journal for the History of Science 21, no. 4 (December 1988): 419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400025334.
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Canada as a Neo-Europe is a relatively recent construct, although the people of its first nations, the Indians and Inuit, have been here for some twelve thousand years, since the beginning of the retreat of the last ice sheets. Western science came in a limited way with the first European explorers; Samuel de Champlain left a mariner's astrolabe behind him. The Jesuits followed with their organization and educational institutions, and from the eighteenth century science was established within European Canadian culture.
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Sawchuck, Christina. "An Arctic Republic of Letters in Early Twentieth-Century Canada." Nordlit 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.1319.
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The writing of historical polar exploration in the English-speaking academy has undergone a substantial shift in the past twenty years, to the point where it may be safe to declare that the once-dominant triumphal and hagiographical style, inherited from the nineteenth century, has breathed its last. The explorer as depicted in this tradition has become a figure of fun in current discourse, easily recognizable in the contours of caricature. Sherrill Grace, for example, presents for our inspection "courageous men battling a dangerous, hostile, female terra incognita to prove their masculinity and the superior force of their technology" whose fate is to "die nobly in struggle, or to map, claim, name, and control unstructured space, even if only on paper." It is all too simple to dismiss these aims in an era with less palpable sympathy for them. Instead, many current writers have chosen the more difficult approach of grounding these explorers in appropriate political, social, and cultural contexts, and subsequently uncovering the rationale behind their beliefs and practices.
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Bayne, Nicholas. "Why Ross Survived When Franklin Died: Arctic Explorers and the Inuit, 1829–1848." London Journal of Canadian Studies 35, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 67–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14324/111.444.ljcs.2020v35.004.
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The Franklin expedition disappeared in the High Arctic in the 1840s, looking for the North-West Passage. After a long search, contacts with local Inuit revealed they had all perished. Could the Inuit have saved Franklin’s crews? The experience of John and James Ross is instructive. A decade earlier they led a smaller party to an Arctic region near where Franklin’s crews landed. They made friends with an Inuit community and learnt useful skills in clothing, diet, shelter and transport. This enabled them to survive four Arctic winters and come home safely. But the Franklin expedition was poorly placed to benefit from Inuit contact. They were too numerous and had no interpreters. Trapped in the ice, they did not seek out Inuit villages. Leaving the ships, they turned towards a desert region and abandoned useful equipment. The wrecks of Erebus and Terror were only discovered in 2014 and 2016, again thanks to Inuit guidance. Britain has transferred the wrecks and their contents to Canada. They will be jointly held by the government and the Inuit people, whose contribution to the Franklin story is finally being recognized.
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Graburn, Nelson. "Inuksuk: Icon of the Inuit of Nunavut." Études/Inuit/Studies 28, no. 1 (March 24, 2006): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/012640ar.
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Abstract The Inuit of the Canadian Arctic have long been known to the outside world through the accounts of explorers, whalers, traders, and missionaries. Famous for their igloos, dog sleds, kayaks and skin clothing, they became the quintessential hardy people of the American Arctic as portrayed in the film “Nanook of the North.” Now that they have emerged with their own agency in the world, their iconic distinctiveness is threatened by their near disuse of these traditional markers. In the past few years, the Inuit have combined their visibility to outsiders with their pride in heritage to select and foreground a few items, such as the inuksuk, the qulliq and the amautik, which have gone from the ordinary to the extraordinary. This paper explores the emergence of the inuksuk as an icon both for and of the Inuit in Canada, and considers its development, reintegration, commercialization and diaspora.
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Kageler, Len. "Foundations and Models of Muslim to Muslim Youth Work." Journal of Youth and Theology 12, no. 2 (January 17, 2013): 64–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24055093-90000069.
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This article explorers the Qur’anic, philosophical, and socio/cultural foundations of Muslim youth work, as well as Muslim youth work praxis. This research rest on three categories of source material: 1) an examination of key published and unpublished source documents, 2) a comprehensive review of international and country specific Muslim websites, and 3) extensive personal interviews with key Muslim youth work trainers in the UK, Canada, and the US. This paper concludes by suggesting three positive challenges for Christian youth work done in the presence of a robust Muslim youth work.
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Newell, Robert, Nate McCarthy, Ian Picketts, Fynn Davis, Grace Hovem, and Stefan Navarrete. "Communicating complexity: interactive model explorers and immersive visualizations as tools for local planning and community engagement." FACETS 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 287–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2020-0045.
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Models that capture relationships between a variety of social, economic, and environmental factors are useful tools for community planning; however, they are often complex and difficult for diverse audiences to understand. This creates challenges for participatory planning and community engagement. Conducted in the community of Squamish (British Columbia, Canada), this study develops and examines tools for communicating outcomes of a community scenario modelling exercise to diverse stakeholders. These tools are ( i) a “model explorer” and ( ii) realistic, immersive visualizations. The model explorer is an online, HTML5-based tool that can be used to learn about the model, view community scenario maps, and explore potential outcomes of the scenarios. The visualizations are virtual environments that are navigated from the first-person perspective, and they were developed using a combination of ArcGIS, Trimble SketchUp, Adobe Photoshop, and the Unity3D game engine. A local government and community stakeholder focus group and public open house event were held to solicit feedback on the scenarios and tools. Findings of the research suggest that the two types of tools can be used in a complementary fashion, and tool integration can better harness their respective strengths in a manner that comprehensively communicates the implications of different development pathways to diverse community members.
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Basham, P. W., and L. R. Newitt. "A historical summary of Geological Survey of Canada studies of earthquake seismology and geomagnetism." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 372–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-028.
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The solid-earth geophysical sciences of seismology and geomagnetism have roots in Canada that predate the founding of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) in 1842. These sciences matured in the Dominion Observatory, which was formed in 1904, and came to the GSC when it merged with the Earth Physics Branch in 1986. For most of the past three decades, these two sciences have been closely linked in the federal government by a common administration and by jointly housed and staffed observatories.Knowledge of Canadian earthquakes dates from the time of first European settlement, in the 17th century in eastern Canada and in the 19th century in western Canada. Instrumental recording began at the end of the 19th century, but the early instruments were unable to detect most of the earthquakes occurring in Canada. An ability to locate and study Canadian earthquakes followed the installation of sensitive seismograph stations in the east in the late 1920's and in the west in the early 1950's; the impetus for these installations came from large damaging earthquakes in both regions. Assessments of seismic hazards were first made in the 1940's, were displayed on three successively more detailed seismic zoning maps up to 1985, and are currently under revision for 1995. The Standard Seismograph Network, installed in the 1960's as the Canadian contribution to a worldwide program and supplemented by regional station networks in the 1970's and 1980's, has greatly advanced our understanding of Canadian earthquakes. These networks are now being refurbished to form a modern, satellite-based, digital network that should stand the GSC s seismology program in good stead into the next century.Magnetic observations in Canada date from the time of the earliest European explorers, Cartier and Champlain. Other explorers made measurements of magnetic declination during expeditions in search of the Northwest Passage. A Toronto magnetic observatory was established in 1840, and the observations begun there started a series of secular change measurements that continues today as part of the repeat station network. Major magnetic surveys made by the Toronto observatory staff formed the basis of the magnetic charts of British North America until the 20th century. Shortly after its founding, the Dominion Observatory began a comprehensive magnetic survey of Canada, which has evolved into the 60-station repeat station program in the GSC today. The Dominion Observatory also expanded the permanent magnetic observatory network to a total of 13 stations by the late 1970's, which, under the current GSC program, are being refurbished with the latest generation of digital technology. A breakthrough in regional magnetic field modelling was made in the 1980's with the development of spherical cap harmonic analysis, which is now used for revisions of the Canadian Geomagnetic Reference Field. Magnetic disturbance forecasting was begun in the 1970's, and has recently taken on greater importance as the complexity of the technology at risk has increased.
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Merskey, Harold. "History of Pain Research and Management in Canada." Pain Research and Management 3, no. 3 (1998): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/270647.
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Scattered accounts of the treatment of pain by aboriginal Canadians are found in the journals of the early explorers and missionaries. French and English settlers brought with them the remedies of their home countries. The growth of medicine through the 18th and 19th centuries, particularly in Europe, was mirrored in the practice and treatment methods of Canadians and Americans. In the 19th century, while Americans learned about causalgia and the pain of wounds, Canadian insurrections were much less devastating than the United States Civil War. By the end of that century, a Canadian professor working in the United States, Sir William Osler, was responsible for a standard textbook of medicine with a variety of treatments for painful illnesses. Yet pain did not figure in the index of that book. The modern period in pain research and management can probably be dated to the 20 years before the founding of the International Association for the Study of Pain. Pride of place belongs toThe management of painby John Bonica, published in Philadelphia in 1953 and based upon his work in Tacoma and Seattle. Ideas about pain were evolving in Canada in the 1950s with Donald Hebb, Professor of Psychology at McGill University in Montreal, corresponding with the leading American neurophysiologist, George H Bishop. Hebb's pupil Ronald Melzack engaged in studies of early experiences in relation to pain and, joining with Patrick Wall at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, published the 1965 paper in Science that revolutionized thinking. Partly because of this early start with prominent figures and partly because of its social system in the organization of medicine, Canada became a centre for a number of aspects of pain research and management, ranging from pain clinics in Halifax, Kingston and Saskatoon - which were among the earliest to advance treatment of pain - to studying the effects of implanted electrodes for neurosurgery. Work in Toronto by Moldofsky and Smythe was probably responsible for turning ideas about fibromyalgia from the quaint concept of 'psychogenic rheumatism' into the more fruitful avenue of empirical exploration of brain function, muscle tender points and clinical definition of disease. Tasker and others in Toronto made important advances in the neurophysiology of nociception by the thalamus and cingulate regions. Their work continues while a variety of basic and clinical studies are advancing knowledge of fundamental mechanisms, including work by Henry and by Sawynok on purines; by Salter and by Coderre on spinal cord mechanisms and plasticity; by Katz on postoperative pain; by several workers on children's pain; and by Bushnell and others in Montreal on cerebral imaging. Such contributions reflect work done in a country that would not want to claim that its efforts are unique, but would hope to be seen as maintaining some of the best standards in the developed world.
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Kelso, Philip F. "THE CANADIAN EXPERIENCE WITH ACCESS TO LAND." APPEA Journal 34, no. 2 (1994): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj93098.
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The Canadian Provinces, with emphasis on the Western Canada Basin, have established a well-regulated and certain statutory framework to govern access by explorers and producers to both Crown and private petroleum rights. Canada's legal framework has many similarities to that provided for onshore exploration in Australia, but the Province of Alberta provides for much shorter periods of exploration drilling activity before licences and leases revert to the Crown. Amendments in 1975 and 1976 spurred a significant increase in drilling within Alberta as operators were required to either test deeper pools or have them revert to the Crown. In addition, Alberta has a system of public tender for Crown petroleum lands which provides a very competitive environment for land access. The question is posed as to whether similar legislative changes should be imposed by the State and Territory governments in Australia in an effort to allow access by smaller and, perhaps, more aggressive players to large acreages still locked up in onshore Australia.
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Lypaczewski, Philip, Benoit Rivard, Guillaume Lesage, Kevin Byrne, Michael D’Angelo, and Robert G. Lee. "Characterization of Mineralogy in the Highland Valley Porphyry Cu District Using Hyperspectral Imaging, and Potential Applications." Minerals 10, no. 5 (May 23, 2020): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10050473.
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The Highland Valley Copper (HVC) district in British Columbia, Canada, is host to at least four major porphyry Cu systems: Bethlehem (~209 Ma), and Valley, Lornex, and Highmont (~208 to 207 Ma). High spatial resolution (0.2–1.0 mm/pixel) hyperspectral imagery in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) were acquired on 755 rock samples and 400 m of continuous drill core. Spectral metrics are used to measure the relative abundance of 12 minerals and an additional metric is derived to estimate white mica grain size. In the Valley and Lornex deposits, coarse-grained white mica is associated with mineralization and is detectable up to 4 km away from the deposits. Kaolinite is present within 2 km of the mineralized centers but does not necessarily occur within strongly mineralized intervals. Prehnite is ubiquitous from 4 to 8 km from the deposits. In the Bethlehem deposit, tourmaline and epidote are associated with mineralization. We propose a spectral alteration score based on these proximal hyperspectral SWIR mineralogical patterns to assist explorers in targeting porphyry Cu systems when using drill core, surface rock samples and potentially remote sensing imagery. In a production environment, this metric could serve to facilitate ore-sorting.
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Wærp, Henning Howlid. "Sverdrup´s Arctic Adventures. Or: What makes an Expedition Report worth reading? – Otto Sverdrup: New Land. Four years in the Arctic Regions (1903)." Nordlit 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.1347.
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Otto Sverdrup, born 1854, is one of the main polar explorers in Norway. However he is much less known not only than Fridtjof Nansen and Roald Amundsen, but also than Hjalmar Johansen, who was a member of Nansen´s Fram expedition 1893-96, and also lesser known than Eivind Astrup, who took part in two of Robert Peary´s expeditons across northern Greenland in 1891-92 and 1893-94. Hjalmar Johansen and Eivind Astrup published their own accounts from the expeditons: Selv-anden paa 86°14'. Optegnelser fra Den Norske polarfærd 1893-96 (1898) and Blandt Nordpolens naboer (1895). Astrup´s book was reprinted in 1990 and 2004, and Johansen´s book was reprinted in 1942, 1949 and 2003. They are both included in the Polar Library, together with books by Nansen and Amundsen (the Polar Liberary is by Kagge publishing house).Otto Sverdrup´s polar expedition report New Land (Nyt land), a two volume work from 1903, from the second Fram expedition 1898-1902 to north-west Greenland and northern Canada, is in comparison never reprinted. He is not in the Polar library. And his name is among readers of travelogues very much forgotten. Why is this, and what kind of book is New Land?
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White, Sam. "A comparison of drought information in early North American colonial documentary records and a high-resolution tree-ring-based reconstruction." Climate of the Past 15, no. 5 (October 11, 2019): 1809–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1809-2019.
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Abstract. Historical documentary records contain valuable information on climate, weather, and their societal impacts during the pre-instrumental period, but it may be difficult to assess the objectivity and reliability of this information, particularly where the documentary record is incomplete or the reliability of the information it contains is uncertain. This article presents a comprehensive review of information relating to drought found in original written records concerning all early European expeditions (1510–1610 CE) into the present-day US and Canada, and compares this information with maps and time series of drought generated from the tree-ring-based North American Drought Atlas (NADA). The two sources mostly agree in the timing and location of droughts. This correspondence suggests that much of the information in these early colonial historical records is probably objective and reliable, and that tree-ring-based drought atlases can provide information relevant to local and regional human historical events, at least in locations where their reconstruction skill is particularly high. This review of drought information from written sources and tree-ring-based reconstructions also highlights the extraordinary challenges faced by early European explorers and colonists in North America due to climatic variability in an already unfamiliar and challenging environment.
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Lajeunesse, Adam, and P. Whitney Lackenbauer. "Opening an Arctic Escape Route: The Bellot Strait Expedition." Northern Mariner / Le marin du nord 31, no. 1 (July 16, 2021): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2561-5467.121.
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During the second half of the 1950s, Canadian and American vessels surged into the North American Arctic to establish military installations and to chart northern waters. This article narrates the expeditions by the eastern and western units of the Bellot Strait hydrographic survey group in 1957, explaining how these “modern explorers” grappled with unpredictable ice conditions, weather, and extreme isolation to chart a usable Northwest Passage for deep-draft ships. The story also serves as a reminder of the enduring history of US Coast Guard and Navy operations in Canada’s Arctic waters in collaboration with their Canadian counterparts.
Au cours de la deuxième moitié des années 1950, des navires canadiens et américains ont envahi l’Arctique nord-américain pour y établir des installations militaires et cartographier les eaux du Nord. Le présent article traite des expéditions des unités est et ouest du groupe de levés hydrographiques du détroit de Bellot en 1957 et explique comment ces « explorateurs modernes » ont été confrontés à des états de glace imprévisibles, à des conditions météorologiques et à un isolement extrême en traçant un passage du Nord-Ouest utilisable pour les navires à forts tirants d’eau. Le récit nous rappelle également l’histoire durable des opérations de la Garde côtière et de la Marine américaines dans les eaux arctiques du Canada en collaboration avec leurs homologues canadiens.
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Turner, Kate, and Bill Freedman. "Nature as a theme in Canadian literature." Environmental Reviews 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 169–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a05-013.
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The relationships of people with the natural world are expressed in diverse ways, including painting, photographs, sculpture, song, video, and literature. In this document, we review historical and contemporary portrayals of nature as a theme in Canadian literature. Our assessment is intended to explore how Canadians have articulated their feelings about nature through literary expression, and to thereby gain insight into their empathy for natural ecosystems and native species, and their concern about damage caused to those values. We begin with a broad overview of nature as a theme in cultural expression, including overarching ones in Canadian literature, and discuss the influential literary views of Northrop Frye, Margaret Atwood, and their critics. We then examine the expression of nature within seven focal areas: early aboriginal expression, narratives of explorers, stories of settlers, the genre of animal stories, 20th-century poetry, recent aboriginal literature, and environmental ideas in contemporary prose. We identify six dominant themes of the expression of nature in Canadian literature: (1) humans as a part of nature; (2) a bounty of natural resources; (3) fear of an adversarial wilderness; (4) improvement of nature; (5) regret of environmental damage and perhaps despair of the future; and (6) love and respect of species and natural landscapes. Finally, we discuss how nature as a theme embedded in Canadian literature can be harnessed to further the compelling objectives of environmental literacy by providing sympathetic insights into the relationships of people and society with the species and ecosystems with which they share Canada.Key words: nature, literature, culture, Canada, environmental literacy.
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Erskine, Angus B., and Kjell-G. Kjaer. "The polar ship Quest." Polar Record 34, no. 189 (April 1998): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400015278.
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AbstractSir Ernest Shackleton bought the Norwegian sealer Foca 7 in 1921 for his third Antarctic expedition and renamed it Quest. He died aboard the ship in South Georgia in January 1922, but Frank Wild took over the leadership and completed the expedition after the delayed start. The vessel returned to Norwegian ownership in 1923 but kept the name Quest. In the 1920s and 1930s, in-between sealing voyages, she was chartered out for various scientific or hunting expeditions, mostly to S valbard or the east coast of Greenland, during which many well-known explorers trod her decks, including Gunnar Isachsen, Gino Watkins, Augustine Courtauld, John Rymill, Count Eigil Knuth, Lawrence Wager, H.W. Ahlmann, Gaston Micard, Paul-Emile Victor, and John Giaever. Vital assistance was given in rescuing the survivors of the Italian airship Italia in 1928, of the Danish ship Teddy in 1924, and of several sealers at different times. Many sailors owed their lives to this little ship, which was owned by the Schjelderup family and for most years captained by Ludolf Schjelderup, who gained international fame as an expert ice pilot. On one occasion, 1936–37, the vessel overwintered at Loch Fyne in northeast Greenland. In April 1940, when the Germans invaded Norway, Quest was sealing off Newfoundland. Allied naval forces took possession of her and she was used in various capacities in Canada, Bermuda, and UK coastal waters for the rest of the war. After the war, she once again returned to the sealing business under Norwegian ownership until finally coming to grief in the ice just north of Newfoundland and sinking on 5 May 1962.
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Kwak, Laura. "Problematizing Canadian exceptionalism: A study of right-populism, white nationalism and Conservative political parties." Oñati Socio-Legal Series 10, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 1166–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1127.
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The myth that Canada has resisted the “West’s populist wave” persists despite evidence that demonstrates otherwise. This article traces how the assumption that Canada has avoided the rise of right-wing populism and white nationalism is tethered to the fiction that Canada has been a raceless society. After briefly reviewing the myth of racelessness and the history of right-populism in Canada, the article explores how the Reform Party of Canada conceptualized “the people” in racialized terms. This article examines how the Conservative Party of Canada’s appeals to symbolic “diversity” and denial of systemic oppression have enabled more overt forms of racism. By examining the recent rise of hate crimes, this article makes the case that a direct link can be traced between the Conservative government’s seemingly neutral discourses about the preservation of Canadian “heritage” and “common values” and the re-emergence of right-wing populism and the re-emboldening of white nationalism in Canada. El mito de que Canadá ha resistido la “ola populista de Occidente” perdura a pesar de que se puede demostrar lo contrario. Este artículo expone que la aceptación generalizada de que Canadá ha evitado el auge del populismo de derechas y del nacionalismo blanco está unida a la ficción de que Canadá ha sido una sociedad sin razas. Tras repasar brevemente el mito de la ausencia de razas y la historia del populismo de derechas en Canadá, el artículo explora cómo el Partido Reformista de Canadá conceptualizó “el pueblo” en términos racializados, y examina cómo las apelaciones del Partido Conservador de Canadá a la “diversidad” simbólica y su negación de cualquier opresión sistemática han permitido formas más abiertas de racismo. Al analizar el aumento reciente de crímenes de odio, el artículo argumenta que se puede hallar un nexo directo entre el discurso aparentemente neutral del gobierno conservador sobre la defensa del “patrimonio” y los “valores comunes” de Canadá y el resurgimiento del populismo de derechas y el reforzamiento del nacionalismo blanco en Canadá.
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Loo, J., and N. Ives. "The Acadian forest: Historical condition and human impacts." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 462–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79462-3.
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The Acadian Forest Region comprises the three Maritime Provinces of Canada, each of which has a distinct history resulting in different patterns of land ownership, land use, and impacts on the forest. The region encompasses a high degree of physiographic and biological diversity, being situated where the warm, moist influence of the Gulf Stream from the south collides with the cold Labrador Current and the boreal forest gradually gives way to mostly deciduous forest. Natural forest types in the Acadian Forest Region include rich tolerant hardwood, similar to the deciduous forests to the south; spruce-fir forest, similar to boreal forest to the north; and an array of coniferous, deciduous, and mixed intermediate types. Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) are considered characteristic of the Acadian Forest Region. Except for one quantitative study in one county of New Brunswick, and another study on Prince Edward Island, most knowledge of the historical forest condition has been gleaned from early descriptions by explorers, surveyors, and settlers of the Maritimes region. Although some regions have been affected much more than others, little, if any forested area has escaped human influence over the past four centuries. A general result of human activities has been a shift in successional status and age distribution, with increased frequency of relatively young, often even-aged, early successional forest types including balsam fir, white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Both the abundance and age of late-successional species such as sugar maple, red spruce, eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L. Carrière), yellow birch, cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.), and beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) have declined. Key words: pre-European forest, Maritime Provinces, historical ecology, witness trees, Acadian forest types, natural disturbance
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Smith, Charles H. "ROCK STARS—George Mercer Dawson: Pioneer Explorer of Western Canada." GSA Today 12, no. 8 (2002): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/1052-5173(2002)012<0016:rsgmdp>2.0.co;2.
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Loosmore, Brian. "James Hector (1834–1907): Doctor, geologist, explorer of Western Canada." Journal of Medical Biography 17, no. 3 (August 2009): 174–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jmb.2009.009038.
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Summary A graduate of the University of Edinburgh, James Hector joined the Palliser Expedition of 1857 as a doctor and geologist. The objectives of the expedition were to explore the plains of North America along the 49th parallel of latitude, the recently agreed boundary between the USA and Canada, and investigate passes through the Rocky Mountains for possible railway passage. Hector's contribution was immense, his dedication and endurance contributing in large measure to the success of the venture.
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Carey, Malcolm. "What difference does it make?" International Social Work 51, no. 1 (January 2008): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872807083918.
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English The article explores the privatization of social work in both England and Canada. Although differences persist in the structural organization of social services in both countries, it is argued that such disparities are increasingly blurred by radical market reforms of the social work labour process (among other changes). French Cet article étudie la privatisation du travail social en Angleterre et au Canada. Même s'il subsiste des différences quant à l'organisation des services sociaux dans ces deux pays, cette étude soutient que ces différences s'estompent de plus en plus en raison des réformes de marché radicales qui s'opèrent notamment en ce qui concerne le traitement de la main-d'œuvre en travail social. Spanish Se explora la privatización en Inglaterra y Canadá. Aunque perduran las diferencias respecto a la organización estructural de los servicios sociales en ambos países, se arguye que tales diferencias se oscurecen cada vez más por las reformas radicales derivadas del mercado de los procesos laborales del trabajo social (entre otros cambios).
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Moos, Warren. "Lyman the far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 123 (1990): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100077009.
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AbstractThe Lyman Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer mission will obtain high resolution spectra (R 30,000) in the 912–1200 Å region with sufficient sensitivity to study faint sources throughout the galaxy and at large extragalactic distances. This spectral region provides unique tools for solving problems in cosmology (e.g. deuterium), galactic structure and evolution (e.g. O VI and H2), stellar evolution (e.g. O VI) and planetary science (e.g. H2). Recent advances in optical and detector technology, which make this goal possible with a moderate size experimental package, also enable the spectral coverage to extend down to 100 Å with good sensitivity and only a minimal increase in complexity. Thus a secondary goal is to cover the 100–912 Å region with moderate spectral resolution. In 1989, following a Phase A study of the mission concept, NASA selected the mission for Phase A study in 1989. Both Canada and the United Kingdom are participating in the definition and development of the mission.
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Masoumi, Azar. "The battle of numbers: Refugee protection, race, and Neoliberal politics of bureaucratic efficiency." Oñati Socio-Legal Series 10, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 1084–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1047.
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This paper examines the early years of systematic refugee claim processing in Canada to explore the ways neoliberal bureaucratic practices rely on and (re)produce racialization in their day to day operations. I argue that due to the rise of neoliberalism, systematic refugee protection in Canada has come to exclude claimants who have borne the label of economic migrant. Furthermore, I argue that the exclusion of economic migrants from refugee protection has been a racialized and racializing project. The institutional procedures that worked to exclude these migrants inherited, drew upon, and reproduced racialized knowledges about certain national groupings. Racialization of economic migrants provided the claim processing bureaucracy with quick and efficient means of screening large numbers of claimants out of their workload. Thus, I argue that neoliberal governance of refugee claims in Canada has been a racialized and racializing bureaucratic practice. El artículo examina los primeros años de proceso sistemático de solicitudes de asilo en Canadá para explorar la forma en que las prácticas burocráticas neoliberales se apoyan en, y (re)producen, la racialización en sus actividades cotidianas. Argumento que, debido al auge del neoliberalismo, la protección sistemática a los refugiados en Canadá ha terminado excluyendo a solicitantes que llevan la etiqueta de migrantes económicos, y que la exclusión de los migrantes económicos de la protección a los refugiados ha sido un proyecto racializado y racializante. Los procedimientos institucionales que han servido para excluir a dichos migrantes heredan conocimiento racializado sobre determinados grupos nacionales. La racialización de los migrantes económicos ha proporcionado a la burocracia de procesamiento de solicitudes unos medios rápidos y eficaces de excluir a numerosos solicitantes del sistema. Por tanto, argumento que la gobernanza neoliberal de solicitudes de asilo en Canadá ha sido una práctica burocrática racializada y racializante.
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Buckley, Melina. "Women’s Court of Canada Act and Rules." Oñati Socio-legal Series 8, no. 9 (December 31, 2018): 1259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-0996.
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This paper explores the issue of how a feminist court could operate through the device of a model statute and rules for the Women’s Court of Canada. The Women’s Court of Canada is a feminist legal project bringing together academics, activists, and litigators to "rewrite" Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms equality jurisprudence. Over the course of more than a decade, the members of this virtual 'court' have reconsidered leading equality rights decisions, rendering alternative judgments with the aim of articulating fresh conceptions of substantive equality in judgment form. Here, the author takes a step away from the substance of equality rights law to focus on legal institutions and procedure. El presente artículo profundiza en la cuestión de cómo podría funcionar un tribunal feminista mediante unos estatutos tipo y unas normas para el Tribunal de Mujeres de Canadá. El Tribunal de Mujeres de Canadá es un proyecto jurídico feminista que reúne a académicas, activistas y abogadas, quienes "reescriben" la jurisprudencia sobre igualdad de la Carta Canadiense de los Derechos y las Libertades. Durante más de una década, los miembros de este "tribunal" virtual han cuestionado sentencias con el objetivo de articular concepciones nuevas de igualdad sustantiva en forma de sentencia. La autora de este artículo se distancia de lo sustantivo de las leyes sobre derecho a la igualdad y se centra en las instituciones jurídicas y el procedimiento.
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Pelley, Janet. "Government Watch: Canada, U.S. explore cross-border pollution trading." Environmental Science & Technology 37, no. 17 (September 2003): 321A—322A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es032550d.
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Loosmore, Brian. "John Rae (1813–93): Explorer of the Canadian Arctic, the great pedestrian." Journal of Medical Biography 17, no. 4 (November 2009): 206–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jmb.2009.009062.
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Born and raised in the Orkney Islands, Dr John Rae joined the Hudson's Bay Company and rose to be Chief Factor. Unusually tough and intelligent, he explored much of northern Canada, mapping the north eastern shore and finding controversial evidence of the lost Franklin expedition of 1845. A talented botanist, geologist, anthropologist and cartographer, he was northern Canada's most distinguished explorer.
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Grauzľová, Lucia, and Marián Gazdík. "Canada as an “Extra”." Ad Americam 21 (September 30, 2020): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/adamericam.21.2020.21.05.
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This article outlines the history of the study of Canada in Slovakia. It explores early writings on Canada and attempts to identify pioneers of Canadian Studies as well as milestones in its development and institutionalization, while also claiming that Canadian Studies remains a marginal academic discipline in Slovakia; indeed, its very existence is dependent on the enthusiasm of a small community of scholars. The final part of the article presents the community, their research interests, activities, and motivations, and attempts to pinpoint the impact of the Canadian federal government’s decision to withdraw its support from funding Canadian Studies abroad.
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BRANNAGAN, CRAIG, and CHRISTOPHER WATERS. "ICRC Privilege in Canada." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 53 (August 10, 2016): 144–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cyl.2016.1.
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AbstractThis article explores whether the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) enjoys testimonial privilege before Canadian courts. The authors argue that there is strong evidence to suggest that customary international law requires that the ICRC be granted a privilege not to testify or disclose confidential information in domestic court proceedings. Such a privilege, they argue, is entailed by the ICRC’s mandate to engage in international humanitarian law protection activities using confidential means. Given that customary international law forms part of the common law in Canada, the authors argue that this privilege should be recognized by Canadian courts despite its potentially uneasy fit with traditional Canadian evidence law.
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Smith, Jeffrey J. "Notre Mer? An Independent Québec's Maritime Claims in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Beyond." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 35 (1998): 113–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800006615.
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SummaryThe basic fact of Québec as a coastal entity creates interesting questions when considering the implications of its independence. A historical survey of its maritime boundaries further confirms the importance of maritime boundaries for an independent Québec. The author examines Québec's possible claims in the light of recent international law cases and conventions. He also explores the application of various methods of maritime boundary delimitation on (Québec and Canada. Finally, the author explores the possibility of joint sovereignty in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the application of the condominium concept to Canada and Québec.
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Webb, Shevenell M., Robert B. Anderson, Michael E. Jokinen, Bill Abercrombie, Brian Bildson, and Douglas L. Manzer. "Incorporating local ecological knowledge to explore wolverine distribution in Alberta, Canada." Wildlife Society Bulletin 43, no. 3 (September 2019): 414–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1005.
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Underwood, Fox E. "Using Topological Maps to Explore the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada." Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization 56, no. 1 (March 2021): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cart-2020-0024.
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Stunden Bower, Shannon. "Tools for Rational Development: The Canada Land Inventory and the Canada Geographic Information System in Mid-twentieth century Canada." Scientia Canadensis 40, no. 1 (July 3, 2018): 44–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1048925ar.
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From the 1960s through the 1980s, Canadian scientists, resource managers, and computer experts collaborated on two linked undertakings: the Canada Land Inventory (CLI) and the Canada Geographic Information System. CLI was an extensive project that assessed the state of key resources across much of the country, while CGIS was a pioneering effort at computerizing CLI data to support decision-making about resource use. Fundamental components of the Agricultural Rehabilitation and Development Act, CLI and CGIS reflect Canadian innovation in new information-management tools designed to facilitate state goals. This paper examines the production and affordances of CLI and CGIS, and considers the renewed optimism and collaborative relationships that emerged from them. It also examines historical concerns over the limitations of these technologies and explores how CLI and CGIS were oriented to change over space, not time. Ultimately, these technological innovations served to naturalize patterns of inequality and normalize urban-industrial modernity.
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Wahab, Abdurrahman. "Kurdish-Canadian Identity and the Intricacies of Acculturation." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 6, no. 2 (August 16, 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/260.
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This paper studies the process of acculturation of the Iraqi Kurdish community in Ontario, Canada. It explores factors such as ethno-cultural identities and the socio-cultural circumstances that impact the adaptation of a dual identity. The study explores components of the Kurdish participants’ ethnic and national identities, such as their self-identification and their sense of belonging and participation in aspects of life. It also elaborates on the ways in which members of the Iraqi Kurdish community in Canada understand and construe their life experiences, and what it means to live as Kurdish immigrants in a multicultural society.
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Nash, Alan E. "Environmental refugees: Consequences and policies from a western perspective." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 3, no. 2-3 (1999): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1026022699000242.
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Using Canada as an example, this paper argues that the phenomenon of the environmental refugee poses a series of important public policy issues for countries of resettlement. Arguing that Canada has an obligation to aid environmental refugees, for reasons of both self-interest and self-sacrifice, the paper then explores those reasons that have, so far, prevented Canada acting on these obligations. These lie, the paper argues, in a conjunction of both present public opinion and government practice. It is therefore in these realms that action to remove impediments to policy change must now occur.
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Henderson, James (Sakej) Youngblood. "Interpreting Sui Generis Treaties." Alberta Law Review 36, no. 1 (December 1, 1997): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr1019.
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This article explores the interpretive principle of sui generis treaties introduced by the Supreme Court of Canada since the repatriation of the Constitution in 1982. The article proceeds through an analysis of treaty rights as constitutional rights, contextual analysis of Indian Treaties, the intent of the treaty parties and the principles which govern the interpretation of treaty text. The author concludes that the principles articulated by the Supreme Court of Canada are an attempt to affirm and enhance Aboriginal worldviews and cognitive diversity within the Constitution of Canada.
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Côté, J. E. "History of Factums." Alberta Law Review 52, no. 1 (November 4, 2014): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr12.
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The history of the factum in Canada is little known but greatly significant in the development of written argument. Written argument grew alongside the oral legal tradition. The factum developed in Canada in an unorthodox way. Unlike most Canadian laws and procedures, which find their roots in common law England, the factum originated in Quebec’s civil jurisdiction before being adopted in the NorthwestTerritories. This article explores the evolution of written argument and the historical use of the factum in the United Kingdom and Canada and details the practice of factum use in Alberta particularly.
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Young, Pamela Dickey. "Same-sex marriage and the Christian churches in Canada." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 35, no. 1 (March 2006): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000842980603500101.
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Same-sex marriage is an important topic in Canadian courts, legislatures and churches today. This paper explores the sorts of official arguments put forth in public policy venues by Canadian churches and then proceeds to analyze these contributions.
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Glenn, Jane Matthews, and Anne C. Drost. "Aboriginal Rights and Sustainable Development in Canada." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 48, no. 1 (January 1999): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002058930006293x.
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This article explores briefly the relation between aboriginal rights and sustainable development in Canada, using as a vehicle for discussion the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in Delgamuukw v. British Columbia.1 This case involved claims by the Houses of Gitksan and Wet'suwet'en, comprising some 6,000 to 7,000 persons, to aboriginal title over separate portions of approximately 58,000 square kilometres of land in the interior of British Columbia. The territory is a rich agricultural area with vast forests and abundant wildlife.
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Jefferson, Alison. "The Academic Profession in Canada." Brock Education Journal 30, no. 2 (July 13, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/brocked.v30i2.869.
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There is little research on the socialization of doctoral students in Canada. Using data collected as part of the Canadian sample of the Academic Professions in the Knowledge Society project, this paper explores the reported doctoral experience of full-time academic faculty in Canadian universities who were ‘successfully’ socialized to the role of scholar, to find potential factors affecting doctoral experience and career progression. This paper suggests that financial and faculty support are key to doctoral success. With disciplinary nuance alive and thriving, many contemporary doctoral students may be subject to unfair disadvantages, which may be of the underlying reasons for high attrition from doctoral programs. Results indicate teaching continues to be an overlooked aspect of doctoral training, in favor of research; the associated faculty support which often accompanies research, along with the potential for funding for the research-related activity, may be a significant factor in socialization.
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Young, Karen, Justine Baek, Piper Riley Thompson, Wali Shah, Vrindy Spencer, and Aniqah Zowmi. "Expanding on #YouDoYou: Reflections from the 2015 Cohort of 3M National Student Fellows on Exploring Authenticity in Education." Collected Essays on Learning and Teaching 9 (June 20, 2016): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/celt.v9i0.4446.
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The fourth cohort of 3M National Student Fellows explores the current state of our post-secondary education system across Canada and opportunities to further tune into practice in order to pursue an authentic and meaningful academic life. Six of the 2015 3M National Student Fellows propose recommendations for decision-makers at post-secondary institutions across Canada to challenge the status quo through embracing varied methods of teaching and learning.
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Mulvale, Gillian, Christina Roussakis, Christopher Canning, Despina Papadodoulos, and Francine Knoops. "Knowledge Mobilization and Mental Health Policy: Lessons from the Canadian Consensus Conference on the Mental Health of Emerging Adults." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 36, no. 2 (October 1, 2017): 19–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2017-011.
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This case study explores how the Consensus Conference on the Mental Health of Emerging Adults, hosted by the Mental Health Commission of Canada in 2015, can impact mental health policy and practice in Canada. The study draws on interviews from 14 delegates who attended the conference. Participants praised innovations such as the inclusion of an emerging adult panel that provided feedback on all discussions, and efforts to make the consensus-building process meaningful in the Canadian policy context. Findings suggest that consensus conferences are a promising way to operationalize the Mental Health Strategy for Canada through policy and practice changes.
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Winter, Stephen. "The Stakes of Inclusion: Chinese Canadian Head Tax Redress." Canadian Journal of Political Science 41, no. 1 (March 2008): 119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423908080050.
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Abstract. Between 1885 and 1923 Canada imposed a discriminatory head-tax on Chinese immigrants. In 2006 Canada implemented a material redress program intended to resolve this historical injustice, but aspects of this program have been subjected to vigorous criticism by those seeking greater inclusivity. Paying particular attention to the program's intergenerational aspects, this study explores how the current program's conceptualization of a valid redress claim is situated with respect to both its critics and to domestic and international precedents. Recognizing the dynamic potentiality of redress, the study explores aspects of why and how Canada's understandings of historical redress are politically implicated.Résumé. Entre 1885 et 1923 le Canada a imposé un impôt discriminatoire aux immigrés chinois. En 2006, le Canada a mis en oeuvre un programme de réparation afin de redresser cette injustice historique, mais certains aspects de ce programme sont vivement critiqués par les partisans d'une plus grande inclusivité. Se concentrant en particulier sur les aspects intergénérationnels du programme, cette étude analyse la manière dont le programme actuel situe la conceptualisation d'une demande légitime de réparation en fonction à la fois de ses détracteurs et de précédents nationaux et internationaux. Prenant en compte le potentiel dynamique de la réparation, cette étude analyse les implications politiques de la démarche canadienne de redressement historique.
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Buliung, Ron, and Tony Hernandez. "Retail Development in Urban Canada." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 4, no. 1 (January 2013): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jagr.2013010103.
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During the last decade, rapid changes have occurred in the retail economy of North America that has brought about a functional transformation of retailing. Using data from a longitudinal database of commercial activity, this paper explores spatio-temporal patterns of retail development within Canada’s largest metropolitan region, the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). The paper provides an overview of the evolution of retailing in Canada and spatio-temporal analysis of the developing retail structure of the GTA. The work is situated within the branch of spatial statistics concerned with the description of spatial point processes. Bivariate kernel estimation and the G function are used to describe spatial patterns of retailing over time and by retail format type. The results highlight the wave of power centre retailing that swept across the GTA between 1996 and 2005. The paper concludes with a discussion of the gap between policy and planning and an emerging retail reality.
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Noll, Mark A. "What Happened to Christian Canada?" Church History 75, no. 2 (June 2006): 245–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000964070011131x.
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By asking “what happened to Christian Canada,” I begin with an assumption that there once was a Christian Canada which is now gone. That assumption is intentional. It is intended to highlight not only the dramatic changes that have taken place in Canadian religious life over the last sixty years, but also substantial contrasts between the religious histories of Canada and the United States, which otherwise are so similar in so many respects. This paper explores the question primarily with American observers in mind, for whom the Canadian past is often as much a shadowy mystery as the great expanse of Canadian geography. But I hope Canadians who read this account may benefit from observing how one sympathetic American views their history and also from realizing that the splendid array of marvelous historical studies that have been produced by a splendid array of marvelous Canadian historians have reached at least some appreciative readers in the United States.
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Pétrin, Guylaine. "Women, Marriage and Property in Upper Canada." Ontario History 105, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 98–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1050748ar.
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This article explores how one illiterate woman in Upper Canada, Elizabeth Sanders, used the few legal tools that were at her disposal to deal with a bad marriage and to protect her property for her daughters. Her social standing, her property and, even more importantly, the support of her family, allowed her to have access to and use the very deficient Upper Canadian justice system to deal successfully with a bad marriage. This study shows that even illiterate women could and did use the law to their advantage.
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Chrismas, Brandi, and Bob Chrismas. "What are we doing to protect newcomer youth in Canada, and help them succeed?" Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 2, no. 3 (December 22, 2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.52.
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Growing numbers of newcomers and refugees to Canada compel careful consideration to the risks they may be exposed to, including criminal involvement. This paper explores immigrant youths’ exposure in their adopted count
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Murdocca, Carmela. "“There Is Something in That Water”: Race, Nationalism, and Legal Violence." Law & Social Inquiry 35, no. 02 (2010): 369–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2010.01189.x.
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This article analyzes the issue of water contamination in Kashechewan, Ontario, Canada. Through an inquiry into the way in which water contamination in one Aboriginal community was handled by the local and federal governments, this article examines processes of ongoing colonialism in Canada. Drawing on an array of sources, this article explores three features pertinent to this water crisis: historical forms of legal violence, symbolic forms of representation concerning the relationship between nationalism and the governance of race in liberal democracies, and the importance of the case study approach when examining legalized forms of violence. By examining connections between race, nationalism, and legal violence, this article explores the ways in which biopolitical forms of racial governance require an analysis that links legal violence and structural violence to historical and symbolic forms of representation.
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Sajecki, Anna. "Explorer on the Trans-Canada: Cold War Tourism and the Early Years of the Canadian Highway." Journal of Canadian Studies 51, no. 3 (February 2018): 571–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcs.2016-0008.r3.
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Jacobs, Philip, Judith R. Lave, Edward Hall, and Charles Botz. "Ambulatory Case Mix Funding Systems in Canada." Healthcare Management Forum 7, no. 2 (July 1994): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0840-4704(10)61053-8.
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The implementation of inpatient case mix funding in Alberta and Ontario does not allow for adequate incentives to shift resources to an outpatient basis, where appropriate, or to provide outpatient care efficiently. This paper explores the prospects and problems of further extending case mix tools into this area. The availability of tools to characterize output for day surgery, special clinics and emergency care is surveyed. We conclude that case mix funding is desirable and feasible for ambulatory surgery; however, it is questionable for emergency care and special clinics. However, developments in this area in the United States will continue, and this will likely maintain an interest in Canada.
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Moore, Margaret. "Is Canada Entitled to the Arctic?" Canadian Journal of Philosophy 50, no. 1 (October 22, 2019): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/can.2019.8.
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AbstractThis article is interested in the general question of what justifies territorial rights over unoccupied places, including places that are not occupied but are situated within the territorial borders of a state. This question arises because one of the most common defenses of rights over territory makes use of the idea of occupancy and has difficulty explaining such rights in places that are not occupied. It explores this question through an examination of the claims and arguments in the Canadian Arctic, which provides an historically specific test case for the merits and plausibility of the various arguments appealed to. It argues that territorial rights in unoccupied places, including the Canadian Arctic, are justified on different grounds than in occupied parts of the territory, and that the justification also affects the kinds of rights—particularly over resources—that such states can claim.