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Journal articles on the topic 'Explosive materials'
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1
Xie, Xing Hua, Xiao Jie Li, Shi Long Yan, Meng Wang, Ming Xu, Zhi Gang Ma, Hui Liu, and Zi Ru Guo. "Low Temperature Explosion for Nanometer Active Materials." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.193.
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This paper describes a new method for prediction of the Chapman–Jouguet detonation parameters of CaHbNcOdLieMnf explosives for mixture of some of low temperature explosion explosives at 0 = 1000 kg/m3. Explosion temperatures of water-gel explosives and explosive formulations are predicted using thermochemistry information. The methodology assumes that the heat of detonation of an explosive compound of products composition H2O–CO2–CO–Li2O–MnO2–Mn2O3 can be approximated as the difference between the heats of formation of the detonation products and that of the explosive, divided by the formula weight of the explosive. For the calculations in which the first set of decomposition products is assumed, predicted temperatures of explosion of water-gel explosives with the product H2O in the gas phase have a deviation of 153.29 K from results with the product H2O in the liquid state. Lithium and manganese oxides have been prepared by the explosion of water-gel explosives of the metal nitrates, M (NO3) x (M = Li, Mn) as oxidizers and glycol as fuels, at relative low temperature. We have also used the Dulong-Petit’s values of the specific heat for liquid phase H2O. Lithium manganese oxide powders with chrysanthemum-like morphology secondary particles, but with smaller primary particles of diameters from 5 to 30 nm and a variety of morphologies were found. The oxides produced by this cheap method affirmed the validity of explosion synthesis of nano-size materials for lithium ion batteries.
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Drzewiecki, Jan, Jacek Myszkowski, Andrzej Pytlik, and Mateusz Pytlik. "Testing of Confining Pressure Impacton Explosion Energy of Explosive Materials." Archives of Mining Sciences 62, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2017-0029.
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Abstract This paper presents the results of testing the explosion effects of two explosive charges placed in an environment with specified values of confining pressure. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of variable environmental conditions on the suitability of particular explosives for their use in the prevention of natural hazards in hard coal mining. The research results will contribute to improving the efficiency of currently adopted technologies of natural hazard prevention and aid in raising the level of occupational safety. To carry out the subject matter measurements, a special test stand was constructed which allows the value of the initial pressure inside the chamber, which constitutes its integral part, to be altered before the detonation of the charge being tested. The obtained characteristics of the pressure changes during the explosion of the analysed charge helped to identify the work (energy) which was produced during the process. The test results are a valuable source of information, opening up new possibilities for the use of explosives, the development of innovative solutions for the construction of explosive charges and their initiation.
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Savaş, Sedat, and Dursun Bakir. "An experimental study on the blast responses of hollow core concrete slabs to contact explosions." Revista de la construcción 21, no. 3 (2022): 587–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.21.3.587.
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Measures taken against preventing damages in structures against explosive load are a popular matter of investigation among researchers. Generally, numerous studies were conducted on reinforcement materials for outer surfaces, reinforcement design, and utilizing fibers produced from various materials. In this study, a hollow-core slab was manufactured with concrete, which had a regular strength, and a design that discharged the explosive energy upon contact explosion via the hollow cores of the slabs and prevented the redirection of the explosive energy to the area below the slabs was investigated. Because the hollow-core slab in the study did not have any lateral reinforcement, the utilization of the tensile strength of the concrete proved advantageous. For this purpose, in the experimental tests of the study, contact explosions were conducted on hollow-core slabs with hollow diameters of 14 cm for each core. Before the explosion tests, the TNT equivalent of 910gr explosive was determined by performing the TNT equivalent tests. In the explosion tests of prepared hollow core concrete slabs, 125 gr, 250 gr, 375 gr, and 500 gr dynamites were used as the explosive materials. In conclusion, the explosive loads that the slabs could withstand were calculated and various slabs with distinctive hollow-core diameters were determined depending on the amount of the explosives.
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Mishnev, V. I., A. Y. Plotnikov, Al A. Galimyanov, E. N. Kazarina, An A. Galimyanov, and K. V. Gevalo. "The effect of emulsion explosives on the completeness of the detonation of the borehole charge." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 6/2022 (January 15, 2023): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2022-6-69-73.
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The input control of explosive materials and the measurement of the detonation rate of the charge are important in the production of explosive work. The detonation rate of the explosive charge, as one of its most important characteristics affecting the quality of the explosion, depends on many factors, the main of which are: the quality of preparation of explosives and their components. Incorrectly selected parameters of drilling and blasting operations and poor quality of preparation of explosives lead to a decrease in the detonation rate up to detonation failures. In turn, detonation failures lead to an increase in material costs and an increase in the risk of negative events related to safety when handling explosive materials. The correct approach to preliminary quality control with the use of appropriate measurements will improve the efficiency and safety of preparing the rock mass for excavation by drilling and blasting. The article presents a technique for measuring the detonation velocity of a borehole charge with the corresponding results and conclusions, allowing timely measures to be taken to maintain the detonation velocity of explosives at the required level.
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MYSLIBORSKYI, V. V., A. L. GANZYUK, and V. A. NETYAGA. "MEASURES OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION SAFETY OF EXPLOSIVES AND TECHNICAL MEANS DURING CARRIAGE OF FORENSIC EXPLOSION TECHNICAL EXAMINATIONS." Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 6 (February 20, 2022): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.281221.54.814.
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Problem statement. Forensic explosive examination - a type of forensic examination, the subject of which is the actual data (circumstances), which are related to determining the group affiliation and a single source of explosive devices as a whole or their fragments (fragments), elements of explosive devices, explosion circumstances are established on the basis of special knowledge in the field of forensic explosives on issues raised for examination. The article is aimed at determining the main factors and causes of fires and explosions during storage, detonation of explosives, as well as provide recommendations for the use of technical means for forensic explosives. The purpose of research. To analyze the main factors and causes of fire and explosion hazard during storage, detonation of explosives, provide recommendations for the use of technical means for judicial explosives, as well as recommendations for storage of explosives. In the course of fire technical examinations and research, the following issues are resolved: where was the source of the fire; the ways in which the flames spread; what is the cause of the fire; whether the Rules of fire safety at the site were violated; whether there is a causal link between the fire and the fire condition of the facility. Conclusions. In the course of explosive examinations and research, the following issues are resolved: what is the subject submitted for research; whether the object submitted for examination is equipped with an explosive; whether the object submitted for research belongs to the category of explosive devices (ammunition); Is the explosive device detonated in this place? If so, what type of device does it belong to (what are its design features, country of manufacture, etc.); whether the objects found at the scene (in the body of the victim) are parts of an explosive device; in what way, improvised or industrial, the explosive device is made; what was the way of undermining, was used in this case; if ammunition is detonated, what type they belong to (grenades, mines, shells, etc.); whether this device can cause an explosion; whether the materials provided to the expert contain data indicating the personality traits of the manufacturer of the explosive device (professional skills, degree of knowledge of the technology of manufacture and use of explosive devices, etc.); or the same design of an improvised explosive device, parts of which were found at the scene, and a model made by a citizen. The analysis of the main factors and causes of danger during storage and detonation of explosives is carried out. Innovative developments of technical means for forensic explosive and fire technical examinations are presented, which have important practical, economic and social significance and significantly reduce the risk factors for injuries or deaths of personnel. Recommendations for the design of explosives storage facilities are provided.
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Xie, Xing Hua, Chun Yang Dai, and Hui Sheng Zhou. ""321" Incident Iron Ions Characteristics and Catalytic Mechanism of Thinking." Advanced Materials Research 1082 (December 2014): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1082.395.
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Compatibilityand safety systems research and production equipment itself explosives mixedvehicle technology between the establishment and development of the explosionmechanism of explosive accidents and prevent the occurrence of accidentalexplosion of explosives to achieve disaster prevention and reduction, to ensurethe safety of personnel and minimize property damage. Research explosives mixedvehicle production equipment commonly used in metal and alloys in aqueousammonium nitrate system compatibility, especially at higher temperatures and avariety of elements, such as the case of explosives from the synergies toaccelerate the reaction conditions, choose good compatibility the materials toimprove the production of mixed explosive nature of car safety, to solve theproduction of explosives explosion problem.
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Fujiwara, Masaharu, Kazuhito Fujiwara, Tetsuyuki Hiroe, and Hidehiro Hata. "A Safe Use of Explosives by Parting into a Small Amount of Powder." Materials Science Forum 566 (November 2007): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.566.219.
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High explosives are useful material to generate great amount of energy in short time. Since controlling their releasing energy is hard, the use of explosive is limited to breaking and crushing the tough structures and processing of bulk materials. However, the reduction of mass of the explosive powders in a process and the arrangement of pellets with constant intervals provide us the safe handling, and then those lead the new utility of the explosion, while there are some difficulties encountered when a small amount of explosive powder is used, such as the initiation regularity of explosives and the protection of mechanical parts from impact damages. In this paper, the successive initiation of small explosive was tested by means of the wire explosion that is generated by the instant release of electric energy from high volt capacitors, and the successful results were obtained under the controlled condition. The damages of surrounding devices were avoided by using of the initiating head of the device that had small chamber isolated from the outer atmospheric environment.
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Fawcett, HowardH. "Explosives introduction to reactive and explosive materials." Journal of Hazardous Materials 31, no. 2 (July 1992): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(92)85035-y.
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Lefferts, Merel J., and Martin R. Castell. "Vapour sensing of explosive materials." Analytical Methods 7, no. 21 (2015): 9005–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay02262b.
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The ability to accurately and reliably detect the presence of explosives is critical in many civilian and military environments, and this is often achieved through the sensing of the vapour emitted by the explosive material. This review summarises established and recently developed detection techniques.
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Bayseytov, D. A., A. A. Prikhodko, B. Zh Shirinbekova, B. U. Bayzakova, and E. L. Iovleva. "Chemical Marking of Explosives to Improve the Safety of Blasting Operations." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 2 (February 2023): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-48-54.
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The article is devoted to the development of a marking composition for industrial explosives to improve the safety of blasting. Polymethylsiloxane liquids of PMS-10 and PMX-200 grades were chosen as a marker-identifier of industrial explosives, which can be identified even after the explosion by residual fragments of soil or other materials from the epicenter of the explosion. Polymethylsiloxane fluids are very heat-resistant, the combustion process takes place with great difficulty, they are little affected by the aquatic environment, most chemical and physical factors that destroy ordinary organic materials. The experiments were carried out to determine the physicochemical parameters of polymethylsiloxane liquids PMS-10 and PMX-200. Based on these results, the polymethylsiloxane liquid PMX-200 with linear chains was chosen as a marking additive in the composition of explosives. It is able to withstand a higher-temperature effect than the PMS-10 polymethylsigsane fluid, and will be less disintegrate, and interact with the products of the explosion. The SIM-K marker, made on the basis of polymethylsiloxane liquid PMX-200, was developed, which allows to visualize the explosive and determine the required identification information. At the technological plant of Orika-Kazakhstan JSC, without disturbing the technological process, a marking composition was introduced into the ANFO explosive by drop spraying. Field tests of the ANFO explosive with a marking composition based on PMX-200 polymethylsiloxane liquid were carried out. The technology was tested related to introduction of marking additives into the compositions of multicomponent explosives without violating the technological process of their manufacture.
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Vasilescu, Victor Gabriel, and Roland Iosif Moraru. "Conceptualization and Quantitative Assessment of Risk Associated with Explosives." Mining Revue 28, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/minrv-2022-0031.
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Abstract The management of explosion risk at explosives warehouses allows ensuring the necessary premises for the development, in objective and specific conditions, of the necessary documents for these types of technical infrastructures, right from their design phase and the quantification of the degree of impact on the sites analyzed as well as the areas that are located in their vicinity. In the case of the quantitative evaluation of the explosion risk generated following the detonation of explosive materials, the estimation of the manifestation of hazards identified through the associated risk factors should be carried out based on scientific calculation algorithms and established grapho-analytical models. The paper summarizes part of the results obtained regarding the development of a methodological approach and specific application tools that allow the assessment of the major accident risks generated by explosive materials, the identification, formalization and structuring of the applicable safety requirements to reduce or eliminate the risks in explosive material storage sites.
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Xi, Peng, Shiyan Sun, Yu Shang, Xiaofeng Wang, Jun Dong, and Xuesong Feng. "Internal Explosion Performance of RDX@Nano-B Composite Explosives." Nanomaterials 13, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13030412.
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Boron powder is an additive for metalized explosives with great application potential. To improve the energy release ability of boron powder, the composites of RDX and nano-boron (RDX@Nano-B) were prepared by the spray-drying process, and the metalized explosives based on it were designed (named PBX-B1). The detonation heat and explosion pressure of boron-containing explosives PBX-B1 under vacuum and air conditions were measured and analyzed by an internal explosion test. On the other hand, the equilibrium pressure and energy release of the PBX-B1 explosive system after detonation were analyzed and compared with that of an explosive formulation of the same composition (named PBX-B2). Results showed that the detonation heat of PBX-B1 was 7456 J/g in a vacuum environment, which was 34.8% higher than that of RDX (5530 J/g). However, in the air environment, the detonation heat of PBX-B1 increased by 19.2% compared with that in the vacuum environment, and the explosive gas products mainly included N2, NOx, CO, H2O, CH4, HCN, and CO2. The peak pressure and equilibrium pressures of PBX-B1 were 11.2 and 0.42 MPa, which were increased by 155% and 75% compared with the vacuum environment, respectively. It is worth noting that, compared with that of PBX-B2, the released energy in the aerobic combustion stage and equilibrium pressure of PBX-B1 were increased by 49.8% and 10.5%. This study demonstrated the strategy of improving the energy release of boron-containing metalized explosives through the design of an explosive microstructure, which provides important clues for the design of higher-energy metalized explosives.
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Horváth, Tibor, and István Ember. "Characteristics of Homemade Explosive Materials and the Possibilities of their Identification." Land Forces Academy Review 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raft-2021-0015.
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Abstract One of the greatest challenges for explosive ordnance disposal operators is the disarming process of an improvised explosive device. These dangerous devices are often made from homemade explosive. Committing a bomb attack in urban areas is a basic weapon of terrorists, which may claim civilians’ lives. The main aim of experts is to avoid any lethal attack and to stop terrorists who endanger our life. Identifying homemade explosives may also help during the fight against terrorism since information may be provided this way, which is essential for professionals who work in the areas of operations. Usage of high-tech equipment provides stable and reliable background in the field of explosives’ analysis.
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Zlobin, B., V. Sil’Vestrov, A. Shtertser, A. Plastinin, and V. Kiselev. "Enhancement of Explosive Welding Possibilities by the Use of Emulsion Explosive/ Rozwój Mozliwości Łączenia Wybuchowego Przez Użycie Emulsji Wybuchowych." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 1587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0269.
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Abstract Explosive welding is an effective method of joining of various metals and alloys. However, when the materials with very different strength and thermo-physical properties are welded or thin-layer cladding is performed, the difficulties occur which call for extra investigations. In the present paper, with the couples of steel / carbide composite and copper / hardened steel used as examples, under study were the peculiarities of bonding formation by the explosive welding of metals with highly differing properties. The experiments were carried out with emulsion explosive containing hollow micro-spheres and detonating in thin layers with the low (2 - 3 km/s) detonation velocity. Obtained results show that the emulsion explosives enable to extend the explosion welding potentiality.
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Kolesnik, V., A. Pavlychenko, T. Kholodenko, and A. Kirichenko. "Rational crushing of mineral raw materials by well charges as a factor of environmental safety of blasting works in quarries." Collection of Research Papers of the National Mining University 64 (2021): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/crpnmu/64.138.
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Purpose. Improving the environmental safety of blasting operations in quarries for the extraction of non-metallic and construction materials based on their rational explosive crushing, aimed at reducing the effect of overgrinding, accompanied by the formation of fine fractions of materials and significant dust emissions. The research methodology provided a theoretical analysis of the destruction processes of a rock massif by well charges of explosives on the basis of calculations of shock adiabats of an explosive wave in rocks at different speeds of detonation of explosives. Experimental verification of the identified patterns was performed by assessing the quality of blasting by the particle size distribution of the rock in the collapse. Research results. The scientific and practical task of ensuring rational explosive crushing of materials in quarries with the use of elongated borehole charges has been solved. Mechanisms for the destruction of rock massifs and the peculiarities of the distribution of destruction zones by dispersed composition have been established, which contributes to the reduction of dust emissions into the atmosphere to an acceptable level of environmental safety of blasting operations in quarries. Comparative estimates of the shock load during the explosion of the explosive charge for the main rocks at different levels of the rate of detonation of charges are given. The dependence of the volume of overgrinding rock in the zone of its adjacency to the charge on the detonation velocity of explosives has been established. An experimental verification of the identified patterns in the current quarry by assessing the quality of blasting by the particle size distribution of rock mass in its collapse after experimental explosions with different parameters is done. Scientific novelty. The multiphase process of rock destruction by explosion was investigated by the calculated determination of the parameters of the shock adiabats of the blast wave in different rocks and at different detonation velocities of explosives. It is shown that during the destruction of a rock mass by the explosion of an elongated borehole charge of explosives, several specific zones of destruction are formed, the characteristics of which differ in particle size distribution. The area of controlled crushing is highlighted, where the intensity of rock destruction can be changed by adjusting the parameters of the explosive load and the area of little or almost unregulated crushing. The possibility of managing the process of dust formation and, accordingly, the level of environmental safety of blasting works in quarries for the extraction of non-metallic and construction materials is substantiated. Practical meaning. The identified patterns and provisions to reduce the effect of mineral overgrinding were used in the development of measures to improve the environmental safety of blasting in the quarry, which, in particular, provided an increase in well spacing in the range up to 3.0-3.4 m and reduce specific energy consumption from 1.27 g/cm3 to 0.97 g/cm3.
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Yuanyuan, Li, Niu Yulei, Li kun, and Nan Hai. "Experimental study on internal explosion of thermobaric explosives containing metastable intermolecular composite (MIC) materials." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2478, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 032036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2478/3/032036.
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Abstract In order to study the influence of metastable intermolecular composite (MIC) materials on the internal implosion properties of thermobaric explosive, the calorimetric bomb and closed chamber were used to measure the detonation heat, quasi-static pressure and energy impulse of five explosive formulations containing different MIC materials. Compared with the traditional aluminized warm compressed explosives, the energy release characteristics and output characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the explosive formula containing MIC material has lower detonation heat value in air and vacuum than that containing traditional Al powder; The quasi-static pressure and energy impulse of the former are higher than those of the latter, indicating that MIC materials can improve the output energy of thermobaric explosives. The results can be used to guide the formulation design of thermobaric explosives.
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Atmiasri and Gesang Fajar Rahmawan. "EXPLOSIVE DETECTOR DESIGN TO KNOW THE EXISTENCE OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS BY COMPARING THE LARGE VALUE OF MEDNET MAGNET USING ARDUINO IN JUANDA AIRPORT AREA." BEST : Journal of Applied Electrical, Science, & Technology 2, no. 1 (August 2, 2020): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/best.vol2.no1.2582.
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The design of this explosive detector is an alternative low-cost explosive detector device that can detect the presence of explosives by comparing the value of the magnetic field so that an object will be known to be an explosive or not. This tool can provide additional assistance in the Juanda airport area which still rarely uses conventional explosive detector equipment because the price is still expensive. This design uses a magnetometer sensor that can calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field in the explosives and will send analog inputs in the form of voltage values to the Arduino displayed with LCD media and sound from the buzzer so that the category of explosives can be detected.
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Zhang, Kun, Xuesong Feng, Juan Zhao, Bo Feng, Xiao jun Feng, and Xiaofeng Wang. "Effect of Aluminum Powder Content on Air Blast Performance of RDX-Based Explosive Grenade Charge." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (January 22, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1751182.
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For aluminized explosive, the charge performance of explosive grenade is very significant for promoting their application. Firstly, the detonation performance of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) based explosives with different aluminum powder (0%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40%, respectively) content was investigated. Next, the air blast tests of RDX-based aluminized explosives were carried out. Then, RDX-based explosive grenade charges of L-1 and L-2 where the aluminum powder content was 20% and 25% were selected for air blast and static blasting fragments velocity tests. Finally, the energy release mechanism of the air blast was deduced via calculation. The results show that RDX-based aluminized explosives have higher detonation heat, detonation velocity, and detonation volume when the aluminum powder content is 20%, and the shock wave over pressure as well as impulse keep a high level at the same time within 4.5 m. The air blast performance of L-1 is better than L-2 within 2.2 m. As the distance increases, the air blast energy of L-1 is mainly used for shell rupture and fragment acceleration, while the contribution of L-2 is less than that of L-1. This study demonstrated that the explosion power of RDX-based explosive grenade charge is the most powerful where the content of aluminum powder is about 20%.
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Yan, Shi Long, Xing Hua Xie, and Hui Sheng Zhou. "Deflagration of Emulsion Explosive." Advanced Materials Research 1082 (December 2014): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1082.18.
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Analog emulsion explosives production, observed its detonation. Deflagration and detonation of explosives determine how the phenomenon is long plagued with explosive materials in the field of military issues directly related to the safe and efficient use of explosives, by observing the special emulsion explosive blasting product, you can visually distinguish qualitatively blasting boundaries. Emulsion explosive detonation accompanied undecomposed completely yellow mist generated, and XRD test results showed the product to an amorphous structure, with detonation products feature a clear distinction.Then the factors of hot spots generated in the production of emulsion explosives and the occurred conditions of the heat accumulation are analyzed and summarized.
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Amir, Zh A., D. A. Bayseytov, S. E. Gizatova, Zh B. Kudyarova, and M. I. Tulepov. "Tests of Samples of Emulsion Explosive Senatel Magnum before and after Introduction of the Marking Composition for Explosive Properties and Safety Criteria." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 6 (June 2021): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-6-75-81.
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The article is devoted to testing samples of the emulsion explosive Senatel Magnum before and after the introduction of the marking composition for explosive properties and safety criteria. It was established that the mixture of marking substances, which was introduced into the composition of the emulsion explosive Senatel Magnum, does not affect its explosive properties, as well as its safety in use during operation and conduct of blasting operations, since no inconsistencies were detected during tests by the specialists of explosive materials testing laboratory of the Expert Certification Center of Explosive Materials LLP. Various dyes were selected as marking agents. This choice is due to the fact that the dyes have a relatively low price, are very common on sale, when mixed with other substances, in particular industrial explosives, are determined visually. The technology was tested related to the introduction of marking additives into the compositions of multicomponent explosives without disrupting the technological process of their manufacture. Laboratory and field studies were carried out concerning safety criteria for explosives containing a marking composition. Thus, the urgent task is to ensure the possibility of marking (tagging) industrial explosives at the stage of their production with hidden marking additives, which will allow the product itself to be identified with the help of technical means — as an explosive, and to establish the brand of the detected explosive, manufacturer, and other required information.
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Kubota, Shiro, Tei Saburi, Katsumi Katoh, Tomotaka Homae, Yuji Ogata, and Mitsuaki Iida. "Development of Compact Blast Containment Vessel for 10 kg Explosive." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 1047–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.1047.
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The development study of blast containment vessels for anti-terrorism has been conducted. The goal of this study is to develop safe disposal vessel for 10 kg of explosives. Considering of the use at the airport or railroad stations, it needs to be more compact compared with the conventional explosion chamber. By introducing both the internal structure and attenuation technology in the vessel, sufficient blast proof ability to contain internal explosion is realized. The blast containment vessel can be used repeatedly by exchanging the internal structure. To realize these concepts, model experiments were carried out using high speed photography, strain and pressure measurements. By introducing these technologies, the vessel for the 1 kg of explosive materials has been made, and the experiments employing 1 kg C4 explosive have been conducted. Finally, the compact blast containment vessel for 10 kg explosives was made, and its blast proof ability was shown by the internal blast test.
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Kustov, Maksym, Artem Karpov, Serhii Harbuz, and Alexander Savchenko. "Effect of Physical and Chemical Properties of Explosive Materials on the Conditions of their Use." Key Engineering Materials 952 (August 18, 2023): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-0h8ung.
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The components of the most common explosive ordnance in Eastern Europe have been analysed. The most dangerous explosive materials that rescuers may encounter when disposing explosive ordnance and clearing territories from mines have been identified. Such hazardous materials include tetryl, texogen, trinitrotoluolol, mercury fulminate, lead azide, lead trinitroresorcinate. An analysis of the chemical structure and physical and chemical properties of such materials has been carried out. It has been established that explosive materials can be divided into two classes with similar values based on such parameters as detonation velocity, volume of explosion products, and explosion heat. It has been established that the chemical structure of their molecules corresponds to the said two classes of physical and chemical properties. The first class includes materials based on hydrocarbons, the second includes materials based on heavy metals. It has been established that the specific volume values for the second class materials increase significantly, and exceed the indicators for the first class materials. This is due to the difference in the density of such materials by 2 to 4 times. The established features of the physical and chemical and explosive parameters of explosive materials can be used in the development of standard operating procedures and plans of actions of rescuers in order to increase the safety of handling the explosive ordnance.
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Wang, Chuan-hao, Shu-shan Wang, and Jing-xiao Zhang. "Pressure Load Characteristics of Nonideal Explosives in a Simulation Cabin." Shock and Vibration 2019 (September 24, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6862134.
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In this study, an aluminum-containing charge was exploded in an enclosed simulation cabin to explore the characteristics of two types of damaging pressure loads formed by internal explosions: the first incident shock wave and the quasistatic pressure. A high-frequency piezoelectric sensor was used to measure the first incident shock wave and a low-frequency piezoresistive sensor was used to measure the quasistatic pressure. After obtaining effective experimental data, the experimental results were compared with the values obtained by the classical calculation model. The results show that the pressure loads generated by the internal explosions from the ideal explosive and the aluminum-containing explosive share similar load characteristics, given the same mass and benchmark explosive. The difference between the two explosives primarily lies in the amplitude of the load parameters. The aluminum-containing explosive has lower first incident shock wave and higher quasistatic pressure than that of the ideal explosive. For the peak overpressure of the first incident shock wave, the explosion shock wave load parameters of the aluminum-containing explosive, which are calculated based on the explosion heat theory, are higher than the measured values. The peak quasistatic overpressure is directly related to the total energy released by the explosion; however, they are hardly correlated with the reaction process. Therefore, the aerobic postcombustion reaction of the aluminum-containing explosive does not affect the analysis and calculation of the peak quasistatic overpressure. As a result, given the heat value of the explosive, the peak quasistatic overpressure of the explosive can accurately be obtained.
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Szalay, Andras, Athanasios G. Mamalis, István Zador, Achilleas K. Vortselas, and Laszlo Lukacs. "Explosive Metalworking: Experimental and Numerical Modeling Aspects." Materials Science Forum 767 (July 2013): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.767.138.
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The application of the High Energy Rate Forming (HERF) represents a new paradigm in the field of production of knowledge-based more components materials: furthermore, joining by plastic deformation of the materials is carried out directly, by high speed, high energy shock waves, without using energy transforming equipment as hydraulic presses etc. The energy sources of the HERF processes are either the electrical energy stored in capacitors or chemical energy stored in the high explosives. High explosives can be utilized for many metalworking techniques; however the three main types of explosive metalworking are: Explosive welding and cladding Explosive tubeforming Explosive compaction of powders and granulates. The present work briefly introduces the principles and practices of the three main types of the explosive metalworking techniques mentioned above and discusses aspects of their numerical simulation.
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Hamada, Toru, Yuichi Nakamura, and Shigeru Itoh. "The Performance of Pressure Vessel Using Concentric Double Cylindrical High Explosive." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 126, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1804201.
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The detonation pressure from the steady detonation of high explosives is a characteristic. Nevertheless, in materials processing using high explosives, there are cases when the detonation pressure does not match the intended pressure. In this investigation, as a new method of generating the overdriven detonation effectively, a double cylindrical high explosive set up using two kinds of explosives was developed, and its basic performance is analyzed. The concentric double cylindrical high explosive set up was composed of a high velocity explosive and a low velocity explosive, and the overdriven detonation was performed in the low velocity explosive. In this experiment, the ion gap was set up in the high velocity explosive and low velocity explosive respectively, and the detonation velocity was measured. The detonation pressure was also measured by setting up a manganin gauge (Kyowa Electric Instrument Co., Ltd.,) at the position where the generation of the overdriven detonation phenomenon was expected. Furthermore, the overdriven detonation process of the concentric double cylindrical high explosive was continually observed by numerical analysis and the framing photography. From the experimental results, the very high pressure region including the mach stem was observed in the low velocity explosive, and the overdriven detonation phenomenon was confirmed. The maximum pressure value of the concentric double cylindrical high explosive set up was 2.3 times higher than the Chapman-Jouguet pressure of the single explosive.
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Gloc, Michał, Sylwia Przybysz-Gloc, Marcin Wachowski, Robert Kosturek, Rafał Lewczuk, Ireneusz Szachogłuchowicz, Paulina Paziewska, Andrzej Maranda, and Łukasz Ciupiński. "Research on Explosive Hardening of Titanium Grade 2." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020847.
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In this investigation, three different explosive materials have been used to improve the properties of titanium grade 2: ammonal, emulsion explosives, and plastic-bonded explosives. In order to establish the influence of explosive hardening on the properties of the treated alloys, tests were conducted, including microhardness testing, microstructure analysis, and tensile and corrosion tests. It has been found that it is possible to achieve a 40% increase in tensile strength using a plastic explosive (PBX) as an explosive material. On the other hand, the impact of the shock wave slightly decreased the corrosion resistance of titanium grade 2. The change in corrosion rate is less than 0.1µm/year, which does not significantly affect the overall corrosion resistance of the material. The reduction in corrosion resistance is probably due to the surface geometry changes as a result of explosive treatment.
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Biegańska, Jolanta. "The Effect of the Reaction pH on Properties of Lead(II) Azide." Materials 14, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 2818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112818.
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Lead(II) azide is an initiating explosive; even a small amount can trigger an explosion caused by simple external stimuli, such as sparks, flames, friction or pinpricks, and is able to initiate the explosive reaction of rock-crushing explosives. Due to the fact that this initiating explosive triggers further reactions, the effect of priming detonators depends on the properties of its material. Its sensitivity is associated with the size of its crystals. For instance, it is used for mining detonators in the form of fine crystals. The quality of the crystals is also correlated to the safety of the production process, i.e., the crystals should be round-shaped rather than needle-like since breaking it would inevitably trigger an explosion. The process of lead(II) azide production on an industrial scale is based on the reaction of lead(II) nitrate with sodium azide with the presence of dextrin, which determines the desired shape of the crystals. The reaction pH affects the number of sediment particles formed in a periodical reactor. Changing the pH from 6.5 to 7.5 leads to the rapid growth of crystal particles.
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Marín, Juan Andrés, Rafael Rodríguez, María B. Díaz, and Saray Antón. "Empirical Attenuation Law for Air Blast Waves Due to the Detonation of Explosives Outdoors." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (September 12, 2022): 9139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12189139.
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The detonation of explosives in the open air was studied, analyzing different amounts of explosives detonated at different distances, monitoring the overpressure or air blast wave generated with the aim of determining a model, which allows to establish safety zones. A series of tests measuring the air wave with different loads and sensors placed at various distances from the origin of the explosion were carried out. The work was focused on designing full-scale trials that allowed to develop a predictive empirical method based on the calculation model of the equivalent mass of TNT. A total of 18 different gelatinous dynamite charges, placing the sensor at six different distances from the origin of the explosion, produced a total of 90 tests measuring the air wave produced by the detonation of gelatinous dynamite. Later, the outdoor detonation of 10 TNT explosive charges was analyzed to extend the model and improve its scope. With all this, it has been possible to develop a predictive model that allows assessing the overpressure generated by the detonation of a TNT-equivalent explosive charge. The results are useful to predict the air blast wave in common open-air blasts, such as those carried out with shaped charges to demolish metallic structures. On the other hand, the results are also useful to determine the air blast wave overpressure in the case of large explosive charges detonated in the open air, such as accidental explosive detonation or terrorist bombs. It is important to point out the relevance of the results achieved after the detonation of large explosive charges (more than 80 kg) simulating a type of bomb frequently used by terrorists. Reproducing the explosion on a real scale, the results are fully representative of the overpressure produced by an explosion of these characteristics without the need of extrapolating the results of tests with small loads. In addition, the detonation was carried out with TNT, which can serve as a standard to compare with any other type of explosive.
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Zhao, Xiaohua, Gaohui Wang, Hongyuan Fang, Yong Fan, and Xueming Du. "Shock Wave Propagation Characteristics of Cylindrical Charge and Its Aspect Ratio Effects on the Damage of RC Slabs." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (July 29, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2483995.
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Antiknock research of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs is often carried out with spherical or nearly spherical explosives, although many explosives used in engineering and military are cylinder shaped. It is known that the shock wave caused by cylindrical explosives varies in different directions, which is quite different from the spherical charge. In this paper, the shock wave propagation characteristics of spherical and cylindrical explosives with different aspect ratios are compared and analyzed. The 2D numerical results show the peak overpressure from the cylindrical explosive is significantly affected by the L/D (length/diameter) ratio. Subsequently, the damage features of RC slabs under spherical and cylindrical explosives with a certain L/D ratio are investigated through an explosion experiment. Finally, the influence of the L/D ratio on the dynamic response of RC slabs under cylindrical explosives is studied by the fully coupled Euler–Lagrange method. The accuracy and reliability of the coupled model are verified by comparing the numerical with experimental results. Based on the experimental and numerical studies, it can be concluded that the explosive shape directly determines the shape of upper surface crater damage, and the spall damage area of RC slabs becomes larger as the L/D increases. For the L/D increases to a certain value, the cylindrical explosive will induce larger spall damage than that induced by spherical charge with the same amount of explosives. Hence, the effect of the cylindrical charge should be considered in the antiknock design of the RC structure.
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Kalderis, Dimitrios, Albert L. Juhasz, Raj Boopathy, and Steve Comfort. "Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 83, no. 7 (May 7, 2011): 1407–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-rep-10-01-05.
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An explosion occurs when a large amount of energy is suddenly released. This energy may come from an over-pressurized steam boiler, from the products of a chemical reaction involving explosive materials, or from a nuclear reaction that is uncontrolled. In order for an explosion to occur, there must be a local accumulation of energy at the site of the explosion, which is suddenly released. This release of energy can be dissipated as blast waves, propulsion of debris, or by the emission of thermal and ionizing radiation. Modern explosives or energetic materials are nitrogen-containing organic compounds with the potential for self-oxidation to small gaseous molecules (N2, H2O, and CO2). Explosives are classified as primary or secondary based on their susceptibility of initiation. Primary explosives are highly susceptible to initiation and are often used to ignite secondary explosives, such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX (1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine), HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), and tetryl (N-methyl-N-2,4,6-tetranitro-aniline).
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Liu, Zhi-Yue, Katsumi Tanaka, and Shigeru Itoh. "A Method for Producing Extra-High Dynamic Pressure Due to the Efficient Use of High Explosive." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 126, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1687384.
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In the material processing such as shock synthesis and powder consolidation by shock waves the method for generating dynamic pressure is a vital factor for the quality of the final recovered materials. A general and convenient way for producing shock wave demanded in such applications is to take advantage of the explosion effect from high explosive. Under normal conditions, a given high explosive can only provide some kind of magnitude of dynamic pressure after its explosion. Therefore, it is whether possible to obtain the higher dynamic pressure by adequately changing the form of the explosion of high explosive. Starting from this motivation, we put forward a new method for producing high dynamic pressure from the use of the overdriven detonation of high explosive. The proposed device consists of the following configurations. A metal flyer accelerated by the high explosive is used to impact another layer of high explosive to incur an overdriven detonation in this layer of explosive. The overdriven detonation of high explosive acts on the powder materials, bringing out high dynamic pressures to the materials studied. To examine the efficiency of this combination on the improvement of dynamic pressure, a numerical computation is performed on this system. The details on the illustration of this method as well as the results of numerical investigation will be given.
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Ambrosini, Ricardo Daniel, and Bibiana María Luccioni. "Craters Produced by Explosions on the Soil Surface." Journal of Applied Mechanics 73, no. 6 (December 20, 2005): 890–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2173283.
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Explosives are commonly used in terrorist attacks and the craters formed by blast waves can be used as a diagnostic tool. For example, the focus of the explosion and the mass of the explosive used in the attack can be deduced by examining the location, geometry, and dimensions of the crater. However, studies about craters produced by explosions on or above ground level, which would be the case when the explosive charge is situated in a vehicle, are rarely found in the open technical literature. In this paper, a numerical study on craters formed by explosive loads located on the soil surface is presented. The soil parameters used in the numerical model, as well as the analysis procedure, were validated against experimental observations of the crater diameters. Results of numerical tests performed with different amounts of explosive on the soil surface are presented. Moreover, the effect of elevation of the center of energy release of explosive loads located on the soil surface is analyzed and discussed. Simple predictive equations for the crater diameter are presented.
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Kaya, Yakup. "Investigation of Copper-Aluminium Composite Materials Produced by Explosive Welding." Metals 8, no. 10 (September 29, 2018): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8100780.
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Aluminium and copper are two metals frequently used in the automotive and aerospace industries due to their properties of lightness and high conductivity. In this study, copper and aluminium plates were joined using the explosive welding method. The effects of the explosive ratio on the properties of the bonding interface were investigated. Results of the experimental studies showed that the bonding interface changed from a slightly wavy structure to a completely wavy structure as the explosive ratio was increased. It was found that due to the cold deformation resulting from the collision of the flyer and parent plates during the explosion, there was an increase in the hardness values near the bonding interface and on the outer surfaces of the plates. The increase in deformation hardening along with the increasing explosive ratios led to the reduced impact toughness of the composites. In the results of the tensile-shear and bending tests, no separation or fracturing was seen in the bonding interfaces at any of the explosive ratios. As a result, it was seen that the explosive welding method can be used in combining copper and aluminium materials.
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Iyama, Hirofumi, Akio Kira, Masahiro Fujita, Shiro Kubota, Kazuyuki Hokamoto, and Shigeru Itoh. "An Investigation on Underwater Explosive Bonding Process." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 123, no. 4 (May 23, 2001): 486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1388007.
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In this paper, we propose a new explosive bonding method for bonding materials by using the underwater shock wave from the explosion of explosives in water. This method is especially suitable to bond the materials with thin thickness and largely dissimilar property. In bonding those materials, the shock pressure and the moving velocity of shock wave on the flyer plate should be precisely managed to achieve an optimum bonding conditions. In this method, the bonding conditions can be controlled by varying of the space distance between the explosive and the flyer plate or by inclining the explosive charge with the flyer plate. We made the experiment of this technique bond the amorphous film with the steel plate. A satisfactory result was gained. At the same time, numerical analysis was performed to investigate the bonding conditions. The calculated deformation of the flyer plate by the action of underwater shock wave was compared with the experimental recordings by high-speed camera under the same conditions. The comparison shows that the numerical analysis is of good reliability on the prediction of the experimental result. Furthermore, the numerical simulation also gives the deformations of the flyer and the base plate, and the pressure and its variation during the collision process.
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Wei, Jifeng, Zhixin Du, Yonghui Zheng, and Oundavong Ounhueane. "Research on Damage Characteristics of Brick Masonry under Explosion Load." Shock and Vibration 2021 (August 26, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5519231.
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As the main structural component of partition wall or load-bearing wall, brick masonry has been widely used in construction engineering. However, brick and mortar are all brittle materials prone to crack. Nowadays, fireworks, gas stoves, high-pressure vessels, and other military explosives may explode to damage nearby structures. Many explosion casualties had shown that the load-bearing capacity of brick masonry decreased dramatically and cracks or fragments appeared. Previous studies mainly focused on noncontact explosion in which shock wave is the main damage element. In fact, the response and damage effect of brick masonry wall under contact explosion are more complex, which attracts more attention now. In order to explore the damage characteristics of brick masonry under explosion load, a series of simulations and verification experiments are conducted. RHT and MO granular material models are introduced to describe the behaviour of brick and masonry, respectively, in simulation. The combination effect of front compressive wave and back tensile wave are main factors influencing the breakage of masonry wall. The experimental results are well in accordance with the simulation results. The front cross section dimension of crater is closely related to the radius of spherical explosive charge. A power function predictive model is developed to express the relationship between the radius of hole and the radius of explosive. Furthermore, with increasing the quantity of explosive charge, the number and ejection velocity of fragments are all increased. The relationship between maximum ejection velocity and the quantity of explosive also can be expressed as a power function model.
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Sarlauskas, Jonas, Jelena Tamuliene, Svajone Bekesiene, and Alexander Kravcov. "Benzimidazole Derivatives as Energetic Materials: A Theoretical Study." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 4112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154112.
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The explosive properties and stability of benzimidazole compounds are studied to determine the influence of substituents and their position. The results obtained reveal the conjugation of substituents as one of the crucial factors for the thermal stability of these compounds. We also found that two -CH3 substituents increase the thermal stability of the parent compound, while nitro groups decrease it. Moreover, the study clearly exhibits that the combination of an -NO2 substituent with -CH3 does not change the stability of the benzimidazole. On the other hand, nitro groups increase the chemical stability and explosive properties of the compounds under investigation, but their sensitivity could not fully satisfy the requirements of their safety and increase their toxicity. The main results of the study indicate that high thermal and chemical stability, low toxicity and sensitivity, and good explosive properties could be achieved by the precise combination of nitro, -CH3, and triazole ring substituents. These findings are very important for the design of new, effective, and non-sensitive explosives.
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Liu, Hua Ning, Yu Zheng, Jian Bo Liu, and Wen Bin Li. "The Effect of Tube Materials on Metal Jet Initiating the Confined Composition B." Advanced Materials Research 1014 (July 2014): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1014.175.
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The implementation and validation of a numerical model of the confined Composition B initiated by a metal jet has been studied by AUTODYN-2D. Two different tube thicknesses were used representing strong and weak confinement initiating system. In another contrast, various materials such as Nylon, St45 and Tungsten alloy were adopted to investigate the influence of tube yield stress on the confined explosives initiation behaviour. The results show that, in both cases, the confined explosive is always more likely to be initiated than bare explosive, and the explosive initiation probability increases with the tube thickness and yield stress. The run to detonation generally increases with the increasing lateral confining strength, but decreasing jet tip velocity.
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Trzcinski, T., N. Palka, and M. Szustakowski. "THz spectroscopy of explosive-related simulants and oxidizers." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 445–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10175-011-0056-4.
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THz spectroscopy of explosive-related simulants and oxidizersIn this paper we report on measurement of spectra of commonly applied explosives, some materials which can be used for manufacture of explosive and THz simulants of explosives in transmission mode. Substances were prepared as pellets, and the measurements were performed using the Time Domain Spectroscopy system in the range 0.1-3.0 THz
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Burch, Alexandra C., Matthew J. Herman, Caitlin S. Woznick, Thuy-Ai D. Nguyen, Brian L. Scott, and John D. Yeager. "High-Fidelity Mock Development for the Insensitive High Explosive TATB." Crystals 12, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12020192.
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Due to the violent reaction potential of high explosives, in tests where a reaction is not desired, it can be safe and convenient to use an inert mock that can mimic relevant properties of the associated explosive. Use of mock materials is well-established in explosives work, but most existing mocks are generally meant to mimic only one or two properties of a given explosive, potentially failing to match the explosive in other critical ways. Recently, there has been interest in developing robust thermomechanical mocks for many common explosives. Here, eleven materials are systematically chosen and investigated as potential thermomechanical mocks for TATB, the explosive component of PBX 9502. DSC, nanoindentation, and compression testing are used to narrow down to most appropriate mocks and identify their advantages and limitations. Hardness and elastic modulus are reported for the first time for the molecular crystals iodoanthranilic acid, hexamine, melamine, and trithiolane dioxide, and the crystal structure is reported for the first time for the molecular crystals iodoanthranilic acid and iodosalicylic acid.
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Jackson, Mark J., Jameson K. Nelson, Michael D. Whitfield, Jonathan S. Morrell, Rodney G. Handy, and Peter L. Schmidt. "Chip formation and similarity in the plano-grinding of explosive surrogates." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 232, no. 12 (January 6, 2017): 2071–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405416683972.
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The processing of polymer-bonded explosives is not widely reported in the literature, especially the machining of explosive surrogates in the combined planing and grinding operation known as plano-grinding. The process of machining long pieces of an inert substitute using a wax binder to hold sugar particles together and then subjecting the surrogate material to a linear cutting motion to generate chip fragments is described. The aim and purpose of this work is to analyze the machining of explosive surrogates in terms of chip formation models (oscillating and stress ratio models) and similarity models (chip compression ratio, Poletica, and Peclet numbers). The analysis of machining is compared to standard engineering materials so that the explosives engineer can benchmark machining performance of explosive surrogates to standard materials. The article concludes with statements on how to improve the understanding of machining of explosive surrogates with specifically engineered abrasive cutting tools.
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Biegańska, Jolanta, and Krzysztof Barański. "Thermodynamic Analysis of the Possibility of Using Biomass as a Component of High-Energy Materials." Energies 15, no. 15 (August 3, 2022): 5624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155624.
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One of the unconventional, innovative ways of using biomass is using it as a component of high-energy material. According to conceptual assumptions, biomass can act as an energy carrier in modified high-energy materials-explosives (EX). Modification of the composition of the explosive requires the development of a method of introducing an additional component and changes its explosive and operational parameters (including safety). Thermodynamic calculation programs allow you to model the predicted energetic parameters of an explosive in order to select prospective compositions without the need to carry out a large number of costly and time-consuming field tests. This enables more effective design of new explosives compositions by narrowing down the scope of field tests using the “in situ” method. The use of renewable biomass as a corrector of EX properties may be a pro-environmental approach and reduces the production costs of the product. The thermodynamic simulations performed showed that, in the case of an appropriate proportion of ingredients, comparable and better energy properties were obtained in relation to the base composition. Moreover, the qualitative analysis of the sub-detonation products did not reveal the emission of additional gaseous components harmful to the environment compared to the reference explosive.
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Itoh, S., Z. Liu, and Y. Nadamitsu. "An Investigation on the Properties of Underwater Shock Waves Generated in Underwater Explosions of High Explosives." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 119, no. 4 (November 1, 1997): 498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842336.
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A cylinder expansion test for high explosives was carried out to determine JWL parameters. Using the JWL parameters, we carried out numerical simulations of the underwater shock waves generated by the underwater explosion of the high explosives. Our results showed that the behavior of the underwater shock waves at the vicinity of the explosives differs greatly from that far from the explosives. Especially, the strength of the underwater shock wave nearby the explosive rapidly decreases due to the effect of the expansion of the gas products.
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Polis, Mateusz, Karolina Nikolczuk, Andrzej Maranda, Agnieszka Stolarczyk, and Tomasz Jarosz. "Theft-Safe Explosive Mixtures Based on Hydrogen Peroxide: Study of Properties and Built-In Self-Deactivation Kinetics." Materials 14, no. 19 (October 5, 2021): 5818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195818.
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The current focus on both environmental and general safety is an important issue in the field of explosives. As such, environmentally-friendly explosives, based on hydrogen peroxide (HTP) as an oxidising agent, are of significant interest. These explosives can be designed to undergo self-deactivation, denying access to them by any unlawful third parties that may attempt scavenging blasting sites for any residual energetic materials. Such deactivation also improves blasting safety, as, after a set time, misfired charges no longer pose any explosive threat. In this work, we have designed HTP-based explosive formulations that undergo deactivation after approximately 12 h. To this effect, Al powders were used both as fuels and HTP decomposition promoters. The shock wave parameters and ability to perform mechanical work of the proposed explosive formulations are comparable to those of dynamites and bulk emulsion explosives, and the details of the changes of these parameters over time are also reported.
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Zhang, Jing, Zhuowei Guo, Shengjun Sang, Chenchen Li, Bin Li, Dan Zhang, and Lifeng Xie. "Preparation of bulk nano-aluminum materials from nanopowder using explosive consolidation." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 16 (April 28, 2022): 165904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0088053.
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To optimize powder explosive consolidation technology, an improved explosive consolidation device capable of relieving pressure was designed. Bulk nano-aluminum materials achieving more than 98% of standard density were successfully fabricated by explosive consolidation. The effect of different detonation velocities on the properties of the consolidated aluminum was investigated by varying the ratio of the ammonium nitrate explosive (AN-TNT) and wood flour to adjust the detonation velocity. The results revealed that the production of “Mach holes” (defects produced by excess energy in a converging shock wave) can be reduced by decreasing the detonation velocity. At a detonation velocity of 2158 m/s, bulk aluminum with high density, high hardness, high strength, and uniform microstructure without any Mach holes and with a grain size of about 80 nm can be achieved. The hardness of explosively consolidated aluminum was four times that of aluminum prepared by general industrial technology, and its compressive strength double that of industrially prepared aluminum.
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Hiroe, Tetsuyuki, Kazuhito Fujiwara, Hidehiro Hata, K. Watanabe, and Mitsuharu Yamamoto. "Mechanical Changes in Materials Caused by Explosive Precompression Shock Waves and the Effects on Fragmentation of Exploding Cylinders." Materials Science Forum 566 (November 2007): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.566.237.
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Explosive driven rapid fracture in a structural body will be preceded by a compression process, and the compression effects on mechanical properties of the materials are clearly important to understand shock-induced failure such as spall or fragmentation phenomena. In this study, incident shock waves in plate specimens of aluminum A2017-T4 and 304 stainless steel are generated by plane detonation waves in the high explosive PETN initiated using wire-row explosion techniques, and the compressed specimens are successfully recovered without severe damages due to the reflected expansion waves with use of momentum trap method. A hydro code, Autodyn-2D is applied to determine test conditions: thicknesses of explosives, attenuators, specimens and momentum traps and to evaluate experimental results, simulating time-histories of stress waves in the layers of the test assembly. Microhardness distributions in cross-sections, tensile strength, fracture ductility and yield stress are measured for the recovered specimens, using miniature tensile and compression test pieces machined from them. They are compared with those of virgin specimens, showing significant increase of hardness, tensile and yield strength and remarkable reduction of elongation and ductility for shocked specimens. The results are taken into consideration for evaluation of experimental fragmentation energy in cylinder explosion tests.
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Xia, Hong Bing, and Yi Jun Zhang. "Experimental Research on Inner Channel Effect of Rock Water-Gel Explosive." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 3023–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.3023.
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An inner-pipe charging construction can be constituted by putting different materials with different internal diameter on the axis of the rock-gel explosive. Then the explosion velocity can be measured and the effect of inner-pipe to explosion velocity can be analyzed. The results show that explosion velocity of water-gel explosive changes in a mode of rising first and falling later with the increase of inner-pipe diameter and the charging ratio varies with different inner-pipe materials.
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Upadhyay, Himali. "Forensic Detection of 1,3- dinitrobenzene with Dipyrene Oxacalixarene(DPOC)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 2560–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54103.
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Abstract: Crime related to explosive and explosive related components are increasing rapidly. To combat the devastating effects of global terrorism, the detection of explosives and explosive-related materials is presently one of the most pressing global concerns. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of fluorescence-based chemical sensors for the recognition of explosives in the solid, solution, and vapor phases, with improved sensitivity, selectivity, and response speed. Quick, sensitive and selective detection of explosive is very much important in nowadays. In this paper, DPOC molecule is synthesized and characterize for detection of 1,3- dinitrobenzene. Detection limit is 7 µM. This method can be a good alternative for on-site detection of 1,3- dinitrobenzene at crime scene.
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Xu, Qian, and Zhong-Qi Wang. "Model for Calculating Seismic Wave Spectrum Excited by Explosive Source." Shock and Vibration 2021 (June 3, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6544453.
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To reveal the characteristics and laws of the seismic wavefield amplitude-frequency excited by explosive source, the method for computing the seismic wave spectrum excited by explosive was studied in this paper. The model for calculating the seismic wave spectrum excited by explosive source was acquired by taking the seismic source model of spherical cavity as the basis. The results of using this model show that the main frequency and the bandwidth of the seismic waves caused by the explosion are influenced by the initial detonation pressure, the adiabatic expansion of the explosive, and the geotechnical parameters, which increase with the reduction of initial detonation pressure and the increase of the adiabatic expansion. The main frequency and the bandwidth of the seismic waves formed by the detonation of the explosives in the silt clay increase by 23.2% and 13.6% compared to those exploded in the silt. The research shows that the theoretical model built up in this study can describe the characteristics of the seismic wave spectrum excited by explosive in a comparatively accurate way.
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Ding, Wen, Tao Guo, Chong Ji, and Rui Qi Shen. "Application of Distribution of Oxygen Coefficient in Explosive Neutron Detection." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 1040–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.1040.
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Oxygen coefficients of 396 explosives, including liquid and solid explosives, 177 dangerous materials, including oxidants, combustible substances, chemical hazards and narcotics, and 9 common packing materials were collected and compared. It can be seem that the explosives can be distinguished from non-explosives by oxygen coefficient with boundary 0.3 to 1.2. This result can support a convincing proof for explosive neutron detection.
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Ivanov, A. G., V. A. Raevskii, and O. S. Vorontsova. "Explosive fragmentation of materials." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 31, no. 2 (1995): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00755751.
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