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Journal articles on the topic 'Explosive trace detection (ETD)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 6 July 2025

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1

Seema, Bagchi (Chattaraj), Chakrabortty Ashutosh, K. Kuila D., and Chandra Lahiri Sujit. "Comparison of the composition profiles of the low explosives in India from forensic exhibits and a brief discussion on preventive forensic techniques." Journal of Indian Chemical Society 93, Jul 2016 (2016): 889–906. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5639449.

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Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Government of India, 30, Gorachand Road, Kolkata-700 014, India E-mail : bagchiseema@gmail.com, sujitclahiri@yahoo.com Fax : 91-33-22849442 Geological Survey of India, Government of India, Kolkata-700 069, India <em>E-mail</em> : cashu@rediffmail.com Chemical Examination Laboratory, Excise Department, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata-700 046, India <em>E-mail</em> : kuiladk@rediffmail.com More than 1650 pre blast and post blast exhibits were analyzed using routine analytical procedures supplemented by advanced analytical techniques like Ion-Chromatography (IC) (mainly), Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analyzer (SEM-EDXA), Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) (for a number of samples) for inorganic constituents and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS), UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope (FTIR), Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spetrometry (LC/MS/MS) for organic constituents. Results of the investigations suggested that high explosives like nitroglycerine, di and tri nitrotoluene (DNT and TNT), tetryl, cyclonite (RDX), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) were rarely used except in mortars and detonators. Common easily available unrestricted chemicals like potassium nitrate/ chlorate (KNO<sub>3</sub>/KClO<sub>3</sub>), arsenic sulphide (As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>), sulphur, aluminium powder of different mesh size and sodium, calcium, magnesium, barium, strontium (Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>+</sup>, Ba<sup>+</sup>, Sr<sup>+</sup>) nitrate with varying compositions along with splinters were used. But there were perceptible changes in the modus operandi of the terrorists. There had been a spurt in the use of different types of ammonium nitrate (AN) based explosives like AN, AN+Al, ANFO (ammonium nitrate and fuel oil/ diesel/kerosene), AN+wax, AN based gel/emulsion/slurry explosives with other ingredients. Urea nitrate was also obtained. The article contains a brief description of works on AN+wax, AN based emulsion and uranium nitrate based explosives sent to CFSL and examined in the laboratory of CFSL. Aspects relating to ascertain the trace of the origin of the explosives by determining the &lsquo;isotopic signature&rsquo; of the elements (C, N, O, H) in the explosives and biomarker fingerprinting of the petroleum products in the explosives were discussed. Figures relating to the quantitative estimation of the compounds of the explosives and some experimental figures related to the validation of the experimental findings have been incorporated. However, in view of increased terrorist activities and development of new arsenals, it is desirable to make on spot examination of explosive residues using high sensitive explosive detection system (EDS) and explosive trace detection (ETD) techniques. Restriction and proper monitoring of the explosive&nbsp;materials and the desirability of undertaking counter terrorism or preventive forensic protocols to limit terrorist activities are needed. &nbsp;
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2

Sekhar, Praveen K., Jie Zhou, Hui Wang, and Eric R. Hamblin. "Trace Detection of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Using Electrochemical Gas Sensors." Journal of Sensors 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/234607.

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Selective and sensitive detection of trace amounts of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) is demonstrated. The screening system is based on a sampling/concentrator front end and electrochemical potentiometric gas sensor as the detector. A single sensor is operated in the dominant hydrocarbon (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) mode by varying the sensor operating condition. The potentiometric sensor with integrated heaters was used to capture the signature of PETN. Quantitative measurements based on hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide sensor responses indicated that the detector sensitivity scaled proportionally with the mass of the explosives (10 μg down to 200 ng). The ratio of the HC integrated peak area to the NOxintegrated peak area is identified as an indicator of selectivity. The HC/NOxratio is unique for PETN and has a range from 1.7 to 2.7. This detection technique has the potential to become an orthogonal technique to the existing explosive screening technologies for reducing the number of false positives/false negatives in a cost-effective manner.
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3

Senesac, Larry, and Thomas G. Thundat. "Nanosensors for trace explosive detection." Materials Today 11, no. 3 (2008): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-7021(08)70017-8.

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4

Petersen, DR, and L. Elias. "Development of Trace Explosive Detection Standards." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 22, no. 3 (1994): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte11831j.

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5

Krause, Adam R., Charles Van Neste, Larry Senesac, Thomas Thundat, and Eric Finot. "Trace explosive detection using photothermal deflection spectroscopy." Journal of Applied Physics 103, no. 9 (2008): 094906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2908181.

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6

Kapoor, J. C., and G. K. Kannan. "Landmine Detection Technologies to Trace Explosive Vapour Detection Techniques." Defence Science Journal 57, no. 6 (2007): 797–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.57.1818.

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7

Monday F. Ohemu, Ambrose A. Azeta, Ibrahim A. Adeyanju, and Chukwuemeka C. Obasi. "An Effective Machine Learning Approach for Explosive Trace Detection." International Journal of Data Informatics and Intelligent Computing 4, no. 1 (2025): 15–29. https://doi.org/10.59461/ijdiic.v4i1.161.

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Globally, the proliferation of explosives and terrorist attacks has caused significant harm to public areas and heightened security concerns. The majority of public places, such as trains, airports, and government buildings, are being targeted, endangering people's lives and property. These target sites must be shielded against terrorist attacks and explosives without putting human security workers in jeopardy. Animals have been used as one of various techniques to try and tackle the aforementioned issue. It has been demonstrated that machine learning models, however, offer superior results. Large volumes of data are necessary for machine learning models to be accurate, but certain specialized training methods have drawbacks of their own because they can be difficult to get. It is now essential to create systems that are highly adaptable to real-time data. This work focuses on the essence of deploying an Artificial intelligence model for effective explosive trace detection. The model used was adapted from deep learning technology trained with a large explosive trace data set that was collected from a sensor network. The dataset was converted to 2D data using serial data to an image generator. The model was developed to classify explosive gas based on the concentration of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N) gases and was able to classify the gas combinations as either explosive or not. The adaptation of CNN was tested and validated using 10% of the explosive trace dataset with an accuracy of 98.2%, and an AUC of 1 was recorded. The result shows that the deep learning concept is a useful tool in explosive trace detection.
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8

Szyposzyńska, Monika, Aleksandra Spławska, Michał Ceremuga, Piotr Kot, and Mirosław Maziejuk. "Stationary Explosive Trace Detection System Using Differential Ion Mobility Spectrometry (DMS)." Sensors 23, no. 20 (2023): 8586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23208586.

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Detecting trace amounts of explosives is important for maintaining national security due to the growing threat of terror attacks. Particularly challenging is the increasing use of homemade explosives. Therefore, there is a constant need to improve existing technologies for detecting trace amounts of explosives. This paper describes the design of a stationary device (a gate) for detecting trace amounts of explosives and explosive taggants and the design of differential ion mobility spectrometers with a focus on the gas system. Nitromethane (NM), trimeric acetone peroxide (TATP), hexamine peroxide (HMTD), and explosive taggants 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMDNB) and 4-nitrotoluene (4NT) were used in this study. Gate measurements were carried out by taking air from the hands, pocket area, and shoes of the tested person. Two differential ion mobility spectrometers operating in two different modes were used as explosive detectors: a mode with a semi-permeable membrane to detect explosives with high vapor pressures (such as TATP) and a mode without a semi-permeable membrane (using direct introduction of the sample into the measuring chamber) to detect explosives with low vapor pressures (such as HMTD). The device was able to detect trace amounts of selected explosives/explosive taggants in 5 s.
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9

Ke, Yulei, Xiaodan Zhu, Wenfei Ren, Baiyi Zu, and Xincun Dou. "Electrospun fluorescent nanofibrous membranes for trace explosive detection." SCIENTIA SINICA Chimica 50, no. 1 (2019): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/ssc-2019-0081.

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10

Kumar, D., Prajakta Uday Kotawadekar, and Rahul Das. "Trace Analysis of Nitrate Content in Soil Samples using Ion Chromatography from Forensic Perspective." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 04 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem43475.

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Soil samples are often sent to Forensic Science Laboratories (FSLs) as exhibits to determine the presence of explosive residues in post-blast cases. This work focuses on the trace analysis of nitrate ion (NO3¯) content in the soil samples using Ion Chromatography (IC), an essential technique for inorganic explosives ion detection and confirmation. Soil was collected from the Talegaon area in Pune for spiking the standard case sample and to use as control soil to compare and find out the homogeneity of explosive content in the soil matrix. Soil samples of varying quantities - 50g, 40g, 30g, 20g and 10g were collected to assess the minimum sample mass required for reliable nitrate ions detection. A sensitive ion chromatographic method was used to detect the presence of nitrate ions. The findings provide crucial insights into the sampling and threshold soil mass necessary for the analysis of nitrate ions in trace amounts. Our study aligns with the development of standardized forensic protocols for explosive residue identification in post blast soil samples. Key Words: forensic, trace analysis, explosive, soil, ion chromatography, nitrate ion
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11

Kudryashova, Olga B., and Sergey S. Titov. "A Mathematical Model for Sublimation of a Thin Film in Trace Explosive Detection Problem." Molecules 27, no. 22 (2022): 7939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227939.

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Here, we introduce an advanced mathematical model for the sublimation of thin films of explosives. The model relies on the Hertz–Knudsen–Langmuir (HKL) equation that describes the vaporization rate of an explosive and controls the mass exchange between the surface and the ambient air. The latest experimental data on sublimation and diffusion of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) monocrystals were factored in, as well as the data on the sublimation rate of hexogen (RDX), octogen (HMX), and picramide (TNA) traces. To advance the mathematical model we suggested previously, we took into account the structure of a substrate on which a thin explosive layer was deposited. The measurement problem of the sublimation rate and limits of an explosive arises from developing and advancing remote detection methods for explosives traces. Using mathematical modelling, we can identify a detectable quantity of a specific explosive under given conditions. We calculated the mass of the explosive in the air upon sublimation of thin explosive films from the surfaces over a wide range of the parameters in question and made conclusions regarding the application limits of the devised standoff trace explosive detection techniques.
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12

Menzel, E. Roland, Kimberly K. Bouldin, and Russell H. Murdock. "Trace Explosives Detection by Photoluminescence." Scientific World JOURNAL 4 (2004): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2004.7.

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Some field tests in counter-terrorism efforts to detect explosive traces employ chemistries that yield colored products. We have examined a test kit of this kind, ETKPlus, based on widely used chemistries and employed extensively by the Israel Police. Our investigation focuses on the prospect of gaining sensitivity by replacing the normal colorimetric modality with photoluminescence detection, which, to our knowledge, has not been explored to date. We find two or more orders of magnitude sensitivity gains for all explosives studied, using field-worthy photoluminescence techniques. We have also investigated a general lanthanide-based photoluminescence approach which shows promise and the ability to photoluminescence-detect trace explosives in the presence of intense background color and/or background fluorescence by time-resolved imaging.
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13

Glackin, James M. E., Ross N. Gillanders, Frans Eriksson, et al. "Explosives detection by swabbing for improvised explosive devices." Analyst 145, no. 24 (2020): 7956–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0an01312a.

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Swabs taken from the surface of a suspicious object are a standard method of identifying a concealed explosive device in security-conscious locations like airports. Light-emitting polymer sensors can detect trace amounts via fluorescence quenching.
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14

Chou, Alison, Babak Radi, Esa Jaatinen, Saulius Juodkazis, and Peter M. Fredericks. "Trace vapour detection at room temperature using Raman spectroscopy." Analyst 139, no. 8 (2014): 1960–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3an01522j.

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15

Gillen, Greg, Jeffrey Lawrence, Edward Sisco, et al. "Improving particle collection efficiency of sampling wipes used for trace chemical detection." Analytical Methods 14, no. 5 (2022): 581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ay01609a.

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16

Kumar, Shiv, N. Venkatramaiah, and Satish Patil. "Fluoranthene Based Derivatives for Detection of Trace Explosive Nitroaromatics." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 117, no. 14 (2013): 7236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp3121148.

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17

Fetterolf, Dean D., and Tracy D. Clark. "Detection of Trace Explosive Evidence by Ion Mobility Spectrometry." Journal of Forensic Sciences 38, no. 1 (1993): 13373J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs13373j.

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18

To, Ka Chuen, Sultan Ben-Jaber, and Ivan P. Parkin. "Recent Developments in the Field of Explosive Trace Detection." ACS Nano 14, no. 9 (2020): 10804–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c01579.

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19

Shiraishi, Kentaro, Takanobu Sanji, and Masato Tanaka. "Trace Detection of Explosive Particulates with a Phosphole Oxide." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 1, no. 7 (2009): 1379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am900313g.

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20

Li, Mingliang, Hongliang Chen, Shuo Li, et al. "Active Self-Assembled Monolayer Sensors for Trace Explosive Detection." Langmuir 36, no. 6 (2020): 1462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03742.

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21

NAGANO, Hisashi, and MASAKAZU SUGAYA. "High-throughput Trace Explosive Detection System for Counter Terrorism." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 115, no. 1120 (2012): 166–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.115.1120_166.

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22

Forbes, Thomas P., and Edward Sisco. "Trace detection and competitive ionization of erythritol tetranitrate in mixtures using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry." Analytical Methods 7, no. 8 (2015): 3632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ay02694b.

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23

Zakrzewska, Beata. "Very Sensitive Optical System with the Concentration and Decomposition Unit for Explosive Trace Detection." Metrology and Measurement Systems 22, no. 1 (2015): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mms-2015-0005.

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AbstractThe vapour pressure of most explosives is very low. Therefore, the explosive trace detection is very difficult. To overcome the problem, concentration units can be applied. At the Institute of Optoelectronics MUT, an explosive vapour concentration and decomposition unit to operate with an optoelectronic sensor of nitrogen dioxide has been developed. This unit provides an adsorption of explosive vapours from the analysed air and then their thermal decomposition. The thermal decomposition is mainly a chemical reaction, which consists in breaking up compounds into two or more simple compounds or elements. During the heating process most explosive particles, based on nitro aromatics and alkyl nitrate, release NO2 molecules and other products of pyrolysis. In this paper, the most common methods for the NO2 detection were presented. Also, an application of the concentration and decomposition unit in the NO2 optoelectronic sensor has been discussed.
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24

Wei, Chenjie, Lin Feng, Xianhe Deng, et al. "Application of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in the Analysis of Explosives." Polymers 17, no. 10 (2025): 1410. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17101410.

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The detection of explosives is highly important for the investigation of explosion cases and public safety management. However, the detection of trace explosive residues in complex matrices remains a major challenge. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), which mimic the antigen–antibody recognition mechanism, can selectively recognize and bind target explosive molecules. They offer advantages such as high efficiency, specificity, renewability, and ease of preparation, and they have shown significant potential for the efficient extraction and highly sensitive detection of trace explosive residues in complex matrices. This review comprehensively discusses the applications of MIPs in the analysis of explosives; systematically summarizes the preparation methods; and evaluates their performance in detecting nitroaromatic explosives, nitrate esters, nitroamine explosives, and peroxide explosives. Finally, this review explores the future potential of emerging technologies in enhancing the MIP-based analysis of explosives. The aim is to support the further application of MIPs in the investigation of explosion cases and safety management, providing more effective technical solutions for public safety.
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25

Heleg-Shabtai, Vered, Amalia Zaltsman, Mali Sharon, et al. "Explosive vapour/particles detection using SERS substrates and a hand-held Raman detector." RSC Advances 11, no. 42 (2021): 26029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra04637c.

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26

Schwarze, Craig R., Elizabeth Schundler, Robert Vaillancourt, Scott Newbry, and Ryan Benedict-Gill. "Risley prism scan-based approach to standoff trace explosive detection." Optical Engineering 53, no. 2 (2013): 021110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.53.2.021110.

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27

Abdulzahraa, Haider G., Naseer M. Hadi, and Mohammad R. Mohammad. "Detection of Trace Explosive Materials by Standoff Raman Spectroscopy System." Journal of Al-Nahrain University-Science 20, no. 3 (2017): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22401/jnus.20.1.13.

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28

Bragança, Ana M., Marco Araújo, and Vasco D. B. Bonifácio. "Polyurea Dendrimer-Perylene Self-Imprinted Nanoshells for Trace Explosive Detection." Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 32, no. 1 (2014): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.201400120.

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29

Chouyyok, Wilaiwan, J. Timothy Bays, Aleksandr A. Gerasimenko, et al. "Improved explosive collection and detection with rationally assembled surface sampling materials." RSC Advances 6, no. 97 (2016): 94476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra20157a.

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30

Singha, Debal Kanti, Prakash Majee, Sudip Kumar Mondal, and Partha Mahata. "Visible detection of explosive nitroaromatics facilitated by a large stokes shift of luminescence using europium and terbium doped yttrium based MOFs." RSC Advances 5, no. 123 (2015): 102076–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra22599j.

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Two lanthanide doped highly luminescent MOFs have been synthesized and characterized. The MOFs are highly efficient for the detection of trace amount of explosive nitroaromatics by visible colour change.
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31

Ma, Li, Yu Quan Wen, Nan Yan, and Guang Tao Li. "Study of Pore Property of Mesoporous Films Materials for Trace Explosive Detection." Materials Science Forum 743-744 (January 2013): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.743-744.397.

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Thus, here, by using the sol-gel technique and spin coating technology, a series of mesoporous silica thin films doped by silylated naphthol fluorescence dye were successfully fabricated. By selecting the same surfactant triblock copolymer Pluronic F127 (EO106-PO70-EO106) as structure-directing agent, films with different pore structure and similar aperture size were synthesized under different conditions. The films doping fluorescence dye toward nitro explosive 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) vapor exhibited rapid response rate and extremely high fluorescent quenching efficiency, close to 96.4 % after 1200 s response. The results clearly showed that pore structure control of mesoporous film was an effective way to improve sensor performance. Mesoporous thin films, with different pore structure, easily to be prepared and owning high sensitivity, could be used as a new alternative of trace explosive detecting material.
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Ma, Li, Yu Quan Wen, and Nan Yan. "Synthesis and Characterization of New Mesoporous Silica Film Materials for Explosive Detection." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 1912–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.1912.

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Trace explosives detection plays a more and more important role in military, civilian and opposition to state terrorism application. Through sol-gel technique and spin coating technology, three different types of surfactants as structure-directing agent， a series of different pore size mesoporous silica thin films with two-dimensional hexagonal structure doped by silylated naphthol fluorescence dye were successfully fabricated. By using fluorescence spectra method, different films doping fluorescence dye were sensed toward nitro explosive vapor such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX), octahydro -1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and exhibit rapid response rate and extremely high fluorescent quenching efficiency, close to 72% after 60s response to TNT. The results clearly show that mesoporous silica films, with different porous size and structure, easily to be prepared and own high sensitivity, could be used as a new alternative of trace explosive detecting material.
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33

Sharma, Ramesh, Subodh Kumar, Saurabh Gupta, and Hari Srivastava. "Ultrasonic Standoff Photoacoustic Sensor for the Detection of Explosive and Hazardous Molecules." Defence Science Journal 68, no. 4 (2018): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.68.12454.

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&lt;p&gt;Standoff photoacoustic spectroscopic technique has been studied for the detection of hazardous molecules adsorbed on surfaces and in vapour/aerosols form in open air. Detection and identification of components in explosive mixtures in trace amounts is very challenging by any point or standoff spectroscopic detection technique. Discusses detection and identification of such components using standoff laser photoacoustic spectroscopic technique. Laser photoacoustic spectra of various trace molecules in the mid-infrared spectral band 7 μm - 9 μm have been recorded in vapor, aerosol, liquid forms as well as samples adsorbed on surfaces such as plastic and cloth. Pulsed quantum cascade laser is modulated at a frequency of 42 kHz resonant with that of microphone. Hazardous chemicals/explosives adsorbed on plastic and cloths surfaces were detected from a standoff distance up to 1.5 m. The sensitivities were found to be 20 μg/cm2, 20 μl liquid and 1.0 ppm corresponding to solid, liquid and vapour phases respectively. The chemicals/explosives used in the study were PETN, DNT, Acetone, and DMMP. Our study suggests that the photoacoustic technique has high selectivity and sensitivity for the trace detection and be used for screening of suspicious objects for security applications as a handy product.&lt;/p&gt;
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34

Peterson, G. W., M. McEntee, C. R. Harris, et al. "Detection of an explosive simulant via electrical impedance spectroscopy utilizing the UiO-66-NH2 metal–organic framework." Dalton Transactions 45, no. 43 (2016): 17113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6dt03504c.

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35

Chatterjee, Swagata Roy, Mohuya Chakraborty, and Jayanta Chakraborty. "Cognitive Radio Sensor Node Empowered Mobile Phone for Explosive Trace Detection." International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences 04, no. 01 (2011): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijcns.2011.41004.

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36

Fisher, Danny, Raya Zach, Yossef Matana, et al. "Bomb swab: Can trace explosive particle sampling and detection be improved?" Talanta 174 (November 2017): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2017.05.085.

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37

Sekhar, Praveen Kumar, and Francesca Wignes. "Trace detection of research department explosive (RDX) using electrochemical gas sensor." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 227 (May 2016): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.11.138.

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38

Fulghum, Matthew R., Michael J. Hargather, and Gary S. Settles. "Integrated Impactor/Detector for a High-Throughput Explosive-Trace Detection Portal." IEEE Sensors Journal 13, no. 4 (2013): 1252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2012.2231671.

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39

Kumar Reddy, P. Lokesh, B. Rama Bhupal Reddy, and S. Rama Krishna. "Cognitive Radio Sensor Node Empowered Mobile Phone for Explosive Trace Detection." International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security 4, no. 9 (2012): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijcnis.2012.09.04.

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40

Sun, Mei, Ping Chen, Aiwu Zhao, and Fangtao Zuo. "Ultrasensitive detection of trinitrotoluene by Fe3O4@mTiO2/P-ATP-TNT/Au@Ag SERS sensor via synergetic effect." Analytical Methods 11, no. 14 (2019): 1923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ay02811g.

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41

Zhang, Wei, Yue Tang, Anran Shi, et al. "Recent Developments in Spectroscopic Techniques for the Detection of Explosives." Materials 11, no. 8 (2018): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081364.

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Trace detection of explosives has been an ongoing challenge for decades and has become one of several critical problems in defense science; public safety; and global counter-terrorism. As a result, there is a growing interest in employing a wide variety of approaches to detect trace explosive residues. Spectroscopy-based techniques play an irreplaceable role for the detection of energetic substances due to the advantages of rapid, automatic, and non-contact. The present work provides a comprehensive review of the advances made over the past few years in the fields of the applications of terahertz (THz) spectroscopy; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Raman spectroscopy; and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) for trace explosives detection. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of various spectroscopy-based detection techniques are summarized. Finally, the future development for the detection of explosives is discussed.
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Sandeep K Vaishnav, HS Bhawara, and Rajesh Mishra. "Overview of nano enabled sensor for analysis of explosive substances." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 7, no. 2 (2022): 487–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2022.7.2.0299.

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Threats of armed conflict and terrorist attacks present difficult challenges for defense agencies around the world and are an increasing source of worry for the public and security-conscious policymakers. The environmental monitoring of residue or discarded explosives in soil, as well as the detection of ultra-low levels of explosive compounds in remote areas or under extreme conditions for anti-terrorist activities, continue to pose significant challenges. Most explosives produce very little vapors, making it difficult to detect them with common techniques for other compounds. Due to a number of factors, including the large variety of explosives substances, the enormous number of deployment methods, and the dearth of low-cost sensors with high sensitivity and selectivity makes explosive detection very complicated and expensive task. To defeat explosives-based terrorism, sensors must have high sensitivity and selectivity as well as the capacity to produce and deploy them at lower costs. Nanotechnology-based sensors have an excellent possibility of meeting all the criteria for a successful approach to explosive trace detection. The design and analytical capabilities of explosive detection systems employing nanomaterial as signal transducers are covered in this overview. The review article also discusses the importance of nano-enabled technologies for the explosive detection in security applications, gives background on the technology, and identifies other issues that need to be resolved.
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43

Langston, Tye. "Photoluminescent Detection of Dissolved Underwater Trace Explosives." Scientific World JOURNAL 10 (2010): 546–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2010.41.

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A portable, rapid, and economical method forin situtrace explosive detection in aqueous solutions was demonstrated using photoluminescence. Using europium/thenoyltrifluoroacetone as the reagent, dissolved nitroglycerin was fluorescently tagged and detected in seawater solutions without sample preparation, drying, or preconcentration. The chemical method was developed in a laboratory setting and demonstrated in a flow-through configuration using lightweight, inexpensive, commercial components by directly injecting the reagents into a continually flowing seawater stream using a small amount of organic solvent (approximately 8% of the total solution). Europium's vulnerability to vibrational fluorescence quenching by water provided the mode of detection. Without nitroglycerin in the seawater solution, the reagent's fluorescence was quenched, but when dissolved nitroglycerin was present, it displaced the water molecules from the europium/thenoyltrifluoroacetone compound and restored fluorescence. This effort focused on developing a seawater sensor, but performance comparisons were made to freshwater. The method was found to perform better in freshwater and it was shown that certain seawater constituents (such as calcium) have an adverse impact. However, the concentrations of these constituents are not expected to vary significantly from the natural seawater used herein.
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Wu, Wandan, Naien Shi, Jun Zhang, et al. "Electrospun fluorescent sensors for the selective detection of nitro explosive vapors and trace water." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 38 (2018): 18543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta01861h.

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Xin, Yunhong, Gang He, Qi Wang, and Yu Fang. "A portable fluorescence detector for fast ultra trace detection of explosive vapors." Review of Scientific Instruments 82, no. 10 (2011): 103102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3642661.

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Sharma, Ramesh C., Subodh Kumar, Surya Gautam, Saurabh Gupta, and Hari B. Srivastava. "Photoacoustic sensor for trace detection of post-blast explosive and hazardous molecules." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 243 (May 2017): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.11.133.

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El-Sharkawy, Yasser H., and Sherif Elbasuney. "Novel laser induced photoacoustic spectroscopy for instantaneous trace detection of explosive materials." Forensic Science International 277 (August 2017): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.06.005.

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Tu, Renyong, Bianhua Liu, Zhenyang Wang, et al. "Amine-Capped ZnS−Mn2+Nanocrystals for Fluorescence Detection of Trace TNT Explosive." Analytical Chemistry 80, no. 9 (2008): 3458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac800060f.

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Toal, Sarah J., Jason C. Sanchez, Regina E. Dugan, and William C. Trogler. "Visual Detection of Trace Nitroaromatic Explosive Residue Using Photoluminescent Metallole-Containing Polymers." Journal of Forensic Sciences 52, no. 1 (2007): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00332.x.

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Hufziger, Kyle T., Sergei V. Bykov, and Sanford A. Asher. "Ultraviolet Raman Wide-Field Hyperspectral Imaging Spectrometer for Standoff Trace Explosive Detection." Applied Spectroscopy 71, no. 2 (2016): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702816680002.

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We constructed the first deep ultraviolet (UV) Raman standoff wide-field imaging spectrometer. Our novel deep UV imaging spectrometer utilizes a photonic crystal to select Raman spectral regions for detection. The photonic crystal is composed of highly charged, monodisperse 35.5 ± 2.9 nm silica nanoparticles that self-assemble in solution to produce a face centered cubic crystalline colloidal array that Bragg diffracts a narrow ∼1.0 nm full width at half-maximum (FWHM) UV spectral region. We utilize this photonic crystal to select and image two different spectral regions containing resonance Raman bands of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and NH4NO3 (AN). These two deep UV Raman spectral regions diffracted were selected by angle tuning the photonic crystal. We utilized this imaging spectrometer to measure 229 nm excited UV Raman images containing ∼10–1000 µg/cm2 samples of solid PETN and AN on aluminum surfaces at 2.3 m standoff distances. We estimate detection limits of ∼1 µg/cm2 for PETN and AN films under these experimental conditions.
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