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1
Richards, Donald Peter. "Canadian export interests and challenges from the Pacific." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25514.
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From early colonial times the Canadian economy, highly dependent on exports, has developed a pluralist economic system in a generally congenial international environment. Since 1970 however, the Canadian economy has been challenged, albeit at the margins, by unfamiliar impacts largely originating in the Pacific economy. The institutional reactions of relevant Canadian export interests - defined as the federal government, provincial governments and a small number of Canadian firms - have, on the whole, proved inadequate to these challenges. This inadequacy threatens Canadian domestic prosperity and constrains economic and political options internationally.
This study hypothesizes that an adequate response to these new challenges depends on institutional adaptation within and among Canadian export interests. Six principles are advanced to promote this adaptation:
1. the priority of economic considerations;
2. the legitimate role of government;
3. full provincial participation;
4. coordination by the national government;
5. an authoritative voice for each interest;
6. better sharing and use of information.
The six principles are applied in three case studies. The first concerns the international marketing challenge posed by the Japanese general trading company (soga shosha), and the Canadian government's initiative to create a Canadian trading corporation. The application of the six principles suggests an alternative proposal, the Canadian Commercial Centre, in which Canadian export interests develop and share information in a way which recognizes the appropriate role of each and the obligation of all to attain a greater coherence.
The second case study concerns the recent Western Liquid Natural Gas (WLNG) project which featured a new form of investment (the minority interest joint venture coupled with a long-term supply contract) in which a consortium of Japanese buyers represented by a Japanese general trading company sought to reach agreement with an uncoordinated collection of Canadian firms and governments. The lack of coherence among these Canadian interests was at least a contributing factor in the loss of an opportunity to expand and diversify Canadian LNG markets.
The application of the six principles to the WLNG case yields an alternative Canadian approach involving the early establishment of a committee of authoritative officials from the relevant Canadian interests, and a new coordinating role for a federal agency like the (now disbanded) Ministry of State for Economic and Regional Development and the Federal Economic Development Coordinator. The final case study concerns the challenge to trade and investment represented by the movement to a Pacific economic community, notably the Pacific Economic Community concept (PECC). The current reactions of such institutions as the Canadian committee of the Pacific Basin Economic Council and the federal Department of External Affairs are assessed, leading to the recommendation that the Canadian government should involve a wider constituency of current and potential Canadian export interests in an educational policy process which may bear on Canada's future prosperity and political resilience.<br>Applied Science, Faculty of<br>Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of<br>Graduate
2
Gersfelt, Birgitte. "Developing country agriculture and international trade : impact and future challenges /." Copenhagen, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/540234249.pdf.
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Agus, Nugroho. "ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ON PRODUCTION CHANGES, MARKET INTEGRATION AND EXPORT CHALLENGES OF COFFEE SECTOR IN INDONESIA." Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215968.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(農学)<br>甲第19902号<br>農博第2185号<br>新制||農||1044(附属図書館)<br>学位論文||H28||N5006(農学部図書室)<br>32979<br>京都大学大学院農学研究科生物資源経済学専攻<br>(主査)教授 福井 清一, 教授 伊藤 順一, 准教授 沈 金虎<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当
4
Kruger, Karen Lisa. "The challenges of the fruit supply chain following the deregulation of the South African fruit industry in 1997." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51944.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The implementation of the Marketing of Agricultural Products Act of 1996 resulted in the
deregulation of the South African fruit industry in October 1997. This led to independent
decision-making regarding the marketing of export products by a host of deciduous fruit
producers and exporters. No longer were the producers controlled by a monopoly. The
deregulation challenged the inflexible single-channel fruit pooling marketing structure of
the past and exposed domestic producers and exporters to the competitive global fruit
market. By implication this translated into a need to become globally competitive in the
interest of growing market share. The focus of this new marketing system is to give the
producer the opportunity to export high quality fruit and earn an associated premium for
his products, and to strengthen his brand and reputation through these efforts. The
deregulation also provided the opportunity for independent fruit growers to influence the
optimisation of the value chain, in the interest of lower costs and improved customer
service. The market has since changed from supply (stock "push") to demand driven
(stock "pull"). It is now imperative that the various producers and exporters provide an
efficient supply chain in order to satisfy the end user demands. A consequence of this
would be the increase in deciduous fruit quality as a determinant of decidU<;ms fruit
demand. Market research was conducted to determine the impact that deregulation has
had on South Africa's deciduous fruit industry and to establish the degree to which
Portnet should transform to accommodate this changing and deregulated environment.
In summary, deregulation has created many opportunities for South African fruit
producers and exporters in the domestic and international markets. The only impediment
is whether the new logistical structures will be able to reduce costs and improve profit
margins, particularly now that economies of scale have been dissipated. Customer service
may improve, but at what cost?<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die implementering van die Bemarkingswet van Landbouprodukte in 1996 het gelei tot
die deregulering van die Suid-Afrikaanse vrugtebedryf in Oktober 1997. Die gevolg
hiervan was die onafhanklike besluitneming ten opsigte van die bemarking van uitvoerprodukte
deur 'n groep sagtevrugteprodusente en -uitvoerders. Die produsente is nie
langer deur 'n monopolie beheer nie. Die deregulering het die onbuigbare een-kanaal
vrugtebemarkingstruktuur van die verlede opsy geskuif en binnelandse produsente en
uitvoerders die geleentheid gebied om deel te word van die kompeterende intemasionale
vrugtemark. Dit het by implikasie aanleiding gegee tot 'n behoefte om intemasionaal
mededingend te wees in die belang van 'n groeiende markaandeel. Die fokus van hierdie
nuwe bemarkingstelsel is om die produsent die geleentheid te gee om hoe kwaliteit
vrugte uit te voer en die meegaande hoe premie vir sy produkte te verdien, asook om sy
handelsmerk en reputasie sodoende te vestig. Die deregulasie het ook die onafhanklike
vrugteprodusente die geleentheid gegee om seggenskap in die optimisering van die
waardeketting te kry wat tot laer koste en verbeterde klientediens gelei het. Sedertdien
het die mark verander vanaf 'n aanbodmark na 'n vraaggedrewe mark. Dit is nou uiters
belangrik dat die verskillende produsente en uitvoerders 'n effektiewe
voorsieningsnetwerk skep om in die eindverbruikers se behoeftes te voorsien. Die gevolg
sou 'n toename in die gehalte van sagtevrugte wees, wat weer belangrike determinant van
die sagtevrugte vraag is. Marknavorsing is gedoen om die impak van die deregulasie op
die Suid-Afrikaanse sagtevrugtebedryfvas te stel. Wat ook vasgestel moes word, was die
mate waartoe Portnet moet transformeer om in die veranderde en gedereguleerde
omgewing te funksioneer.
Om op te som, deregulering het verskeie geleenthede vir Suid-Afrika se vrugteprodusente
en uitvoerders in die binnelandse en intemasionale markte geskep. Die enigste vraag is
of die nuwe logistieke strukture wel koste sal verminder en winsmarges sal verhoog,
veral noudat skaalvoordele nie meer van toepassing is nie. Klientediens sal verbeter,
maar teen watter koste?
5
Valogiannis, Elias. "The difference in agricultural production cost among European and non-European countries : potato and tomato : market challenges for import-export." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2012. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/9053/.
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The complicated world of fresh fruits and vegetables commerce has inspired me to proceed with this project. The main topic of this research is the production cost of tomato and potato which are the highest- in consumption -vegetables in the Greek market. The study is focused on Greek production versus rest countries around it (European and non European countries) which export these products under specific circumstances. By stating European countries, it is implied that the countries are laid geographically in European continent and they are included in the European Monetary Union. In non European countries there are either countries that belong geographically to Europe but they are not included in the European Monetary Union. Or countries that do not lay geographically in Europe. Therefore the methodology is divided geographically in two main levels of research: 1. Data collection from Greece where there are focus groups of agronomists, cooperative unions, traders. There’s a base of around two hundred farmers who have filled in questionnaires regarding the crops mentioned above. 2. Data collection from rest countries is based from interviews of foreign exporters, local importers – traders, embassies and also from colleagues of the mother company that I am working for. The questionnaires are structured in such a way to avoid coincidental answers by the interviewed people. The analysis was based on the SPSS statistical program and this has led to several findings: - Contracted agriculture in Greece may keep production costs low and reinforce the competitive power towards rest countries. In future, it should obviously expand to more crops. - Low income farmers pay more attention to finding cheap equipment than the rest. - Most farmers, especially the ones with big lands (more than five hectares per person) make precautionary use of chemicals to protect their crops from plant diseases. - Young farmers invest more in new technology and equipment than older generations. - Farmers, who invest in their crop business, believe in the future of biological agriculture. - The current evolution of biological agriculture in Greece remains lower than the average European one. - Large production farmers are more professional and they work on economies of scale to minimize their costs. - The expansion of organic crops in the Greek market can lead to a sustainable level of income for both producers and traders - Apart from unpredictable parameters like weather, the marketing of agricultural production can fully guarantee positive income. - The more professional the farmers are the more the investment in their crops - On a contract basis agriculture, farmers and super markets may become valuable partners Furthermore, the conclusions of this project can probably lead to future research on the topics below: - The successful minimization of production cost to contracted potato crops should find application in other cultivations. - The development of private labels in fresh fruits and vegetables is another exit to large scale Greek agricultural production. - Once the consumers become familiar with private labels, then the future researchers should concentrate on the evolution of these products. - The Greek exports should prioritize on the production of competitive, safe and qualitative products. These are the key factors to adapt to the European consumers’ demands. - The typical bureaucracy regarding imports and exports to and from Greece has to be lessened, because it often causes delays to loadings and quality reduction. - Exports to Scandinavian countries need to be further investigated in future. These countries have the financial ability to pay the added value of products, but they have high quality standards. The risk of rejection and a permanent collaboration break is quite high in such countries, if there is quality uncertainty. - Commercial challenges among rest countries should also be analyzed in future studies (exports from Fyrom to north Europe, from Turkey to north Europe, from China to Europe and Russia). - New legislation that eliminates the export barriers from the third Mediterranean countries (Egypt, Morocco, Lebanon etc) should change the balances in the European agriculture.
6
LaForce, Vanessa. "Legal challenges for developing countries' exports of agricultural food products to the EU." Thesis, Abertay University, 2013. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/9a355197-e5bc-426f-a9c1-45956e732d56.
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This thesis critically examines the increasing complexity and diversity of market access issues for agricultural food products from developing countries (DCs) to the European Union (EU). Agriculture is the sector which receives the most protection from the EU and the trade-distorting measures, employed by the EU to protect its own agricultural market, affect opportunities for DCs in agricultural food trade. These measures are also opposed to the World Trade Organisation’s (WTO) objective of a “fairer and more open multilateral trading system” between the WTO member countries. The EU post-colonial history with African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries has also influenced the rules enforced by the EU for the import of certain agricultural commodities. However this relationship, as well as the operation of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy, has been subject to a number of sustained attacks as a result of WTO commitments. Therefore, this thesis will conduct an examination of the EU’s legal obligations under the WTO and their impact on agricultural food trade. The continuing change in EU market access conditions, subject to the legal trade rules established by the WTO, requires an in-depth analysis in order to inform DCs as to how to adapt to these changes as they take place. In this context, the thesis examines the legal trade relationship to date between the EU and the Caribbean region of the ACP Group, which has been selected as the case study, within the “Fortress Europe” of agriculture. Two commodities, sugar and bananas, will be given particular attention in the thesis because of their high sensitivity in agricultural trade and the level of contention that these provoke between the EU and DCs in international trade disputes. This is evidenced by the number of cases and the length of disputes brought within the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the WTO. As these commodities are of crucial importance to particular DCs, the thesis focuses its analysis on the perspective and experience of two developing Caribbean countries in particular, Guyana and Jamaica.
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Makhubele, Patricia. "Implementation of Natural Sciences and Technology practical activities by novice and expert teachers." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60956.
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The importance of practical activities has been outlined in many articles and research studies. This study presents the way in which two novice and two expert teachers conduct practical activities in their intermediate phase in Natural Sciences and Technology (NST) classrooms and the challenges they face. This study was conducted in primary schools because researchers such as Mihret (2014, p.2) believe that "primary level science education is a cornerstone to lay a foundation to get young citizens interested in science".
This study utilised a qualitative case study approach. The data was collected through classroom observations, open ended interviews and document analysis. The population of this study consisted of primary school teachers teaching Natural Sciences and Technology. The participants included two novice teachers and two expert teachers. The conceptual framework that guided this study emerged from the literature review. The conceptual framework of this study was based on concept of practical activity and the four pillared cognitive design framework.
The findings of this study indicated that the way that novice and expert teachers conduct practical activities differ and they face different challenges when conducting practical activities. Novice teachers conduct teacher centred activities, they do not allow their learners to conduct independent practical activities, they use practical activities as a way to remind learners of the work done in the classroom and they mostly use previously developed worksheets during practical lessons. Expert teachers on the other hand conduct learner centred practical activities, they allow their learners to work independently and they do not always use worksheets in their practical activities. The findings also indicated that novice teachers face more challenges in their practical lessons than expert teachers. Novice teachers find it difficult to manage their learners' behaviour during practical lessons, they did not have confidence in their learners and they did not have effective disciplinary strategies. However, both novice and expert teachers had a challenge managing their time during their practical lessons.<br>Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2016.<br>Science, Mathematics and Technology Education<br>MEd<br>Unrestricted
8
Chen, Yi. "Food safety and international trade : international legal issues and challenges facing Chinese food exports /." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2580105.
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Sorenson, Dana B. ""Expert alchemists"? the challenges of governmental funding of faith-based ex-offender reentry programs /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 115 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1605134011&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Rahman, Muhammad Sajidur. "An empirical case study on Stack Overflow to explore developers’ security challenges." Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/34563.
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Master of Science<br>Department of Computing and Information Sciences<br>Eugene Vasserman<br>The unprecedented growth of ubiquitous computing infrastructure has brought new challenges for security, privacy, and trust. New problems range from mobile apps with incomprehensible permission (trust) model to OpenSSL Heartbleed vulnerability, which disrupted the security of a large fraction of the world's web servers. As almost all of the software bugs and flaws boil down to programming errors/misalignment in requirements, we need to retrace back Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and supply chain to check and place security & privacy consideration and implementation plan properly.
Historically, there has been a divergent point of view between security teams and developers regarding security. Security is often thought of as a "consideration" or "toll gate" within the project plan rather than being built in from the early stage of project planning, development and production cycles. We argue that security can be effectively made into everyone's business in SDLC through a broader exploration of the users and their social-cultural contexts, gaining insight into their mental models of security and privacy and usage patterns of technology, trying to see why and how security practices being satisfied or not-satisfied, then transferring those observations into new tool building and protocol/interaction design.
The overall goal in our current study is to understand the common challenges and/or misconceptions regarding security-related issues among developers. In order to investigate into this issue, we conduct a mixed-method analysis on the data obtained from Stack Overflow(SO), one of the most popular on-line QA sites for software developer community to communicate, collaborate, and share information with one another. In this study, we have adopted techniques from mining software repositories research paradigm and have employed topic modeling for analyzing security-related topics in SO dataset. To our knowledge, our work in SO data mining is one of the earliest systematic attempts to understand the roots of challenges, misconceptions, and deterrent factors, if any, among developers while they try to implement security features during software development. We argue that a proper understanding of these issues is a necessary first step towards "build security in" culture in SDLC.
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Vlach, Jiří. "Food availability in developing countries - new challenge for local producers or new export space for the EU exporters?" Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-259055.
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Food security is influenced by many factors, which are divided into four categories according to FAO. Food Availability is one of these categories. It is closely connected with domestic food production as well as with international trade with food and with free movement of commodities on the international market. Countries in south Africa joined together and established South African Development Community (SADC) in 1992, which significantly changed their trade policies and their economics opened to international trade. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate, how these new conditions in international politics and trade affected the situation of food security and food availability in SADC countries. The research was based on common statistical analysis of secondary data developed by transnational organizations engaged in food security and international trade (FAOSTAT, WTO, World Bank). Results showed that the index of imported food to domestic food production has been growing in the last 10 years and it reached 51% in 2011. The food exports value and domestic production value are increasing as well and the average food import tariffs are decreasing. Also I proved some dependency of food imports to average dietary energy adequacy as well as dependency of domestic food production to average dietary energy adequacy. However with the use of comparative advantage method (RSCA) it was shown that SADC countries lost their comparative advantage in trade with food. The correlation of index of selected food security indicators to regional political stability was not proved.
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Dwivedi, Y. K., L. Hughes, Elvira Ismagilova, et al. "Artificial Intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Emerging Challenges, Opportunities, and Agenda for Research, Practice and Policy." Elsevier, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17208.
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Yes<br>As far back as the industrial revolution, significant development in technical innovation has succeeded
in transforming numerous manual tasks and processes that had been in existence for decades where
humans had reached the limits of physical capacity. Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers this same
transformative potential for the augmentation and potential replacement of human tasks and activities
within a wide range of industrial, intellectual and social applications. The pace of change for this new
AI technological age is staggering, with new breakthroughs in algorithmic machine learning and
autonomous decision-making, engendering new opportunities for continued innovation. The impact of
AI could be significant, with industries ranging from: finance, healthcare, manufacturing, retail, supply
chain, logistics and utilities, all potentially disrupted by the onset of AI technologies. The study brings
together the collective insight from a number of leading expert contributors to highlight the significant
opportunities, realistic assessment of impact, challenges and potential research agenda posed by the
rapid emergence of AI within a number of domains: business and management, government, public
sector, and science and technology. This research offers significant and timely insight to AI technology
and its impact on the future of industry and society in general, whilst recognising the societal and
industrial influence on pace and direction of AI development.
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Bause, Mariëtte. "The challenge of applying systematic conservation planning to the marine environment using expert knowledge (focus: Sparidae)." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/343.
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Although the marine environment has generally been considered to be less in need of attention from conservationists, politicians and managers than the terrestrial environment, there has been an increasing appreciation that there is little left in the marine environment that can be considered unaltered by humans. Conservation action is therefore urgently needed to protect marine populations, species and environments from anthropogenic pressures. Since overharvesting seems to be the main cause of the collapse in coastal ecosystems, areas need to be protected so that stocks can recover. However, the proclamation of such marine protected areas (MPAs) need to be well planned to ensure that species are well represented and that their biological requirements are met in the long term. While terrestrial conservation planners have started to incorporate biological, social and economic information into so-called systematic conservation plans, marine planners have been more hesitant to use these approaches due to the greater openness of the ocean (with the associated greater dispersal of marine organisms and propogules, lower levels of endemism, and lack of ownership) and the paucity of available information. The current study aimed to investigate the applicability of systematic approaches to the process of selecting sites for a network of potential replenishment zones for seabream species that could supplement protection already afforded by existing no-fishing reserves. Since many of these seabream species are popular targets in both the recreational and commercial linefishery sectors, they have been overexploited and are in need of additional protection. Information on these species and the diversity of their associated reefs were obtained through consultations with scientists, managers and resource-users (namely SCUBA divers, spearfishers as well as recreational and commercial fishers). These data were obtained during workshops where Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) scoring and mapping methods were applied. Although ordinal-scale, rather than interval-or ratio-scale data were obtained, these data could be used in an interactive selection process. Because these methods require relatively cheap materials and few personnel, they could be used to collect information where limited budgets are available. Quantitative targets for the protection of individual species were set on the basis of their status in the Marine Living Resource Act, since this reflected their different requirements for protection. A preliminary investigation indicated that the current no-fishing reserves effectively achieved most of these goals for seabream species. The selection of sites for the replenishment network was based on irreplaceability analyses, while decisions between sites with lower irreplaceability values were based on explicit design rules. A total of 26 sites were required to achieve targets for all species. These replenishment zones could potentially be established, managed and monitored by voluntary community groups. This study therefore indicated that systematic conservation planning can successfully be applied to the marine environment, while the involvement of stakeholders is crucial to ensure that conservation action is supported.
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Magale, Eric Gwandega. "Experts’ opinion on challenges facing the development of green bonds on the Nairobi Securities Exchange." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30466.
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Climate change is arguably biggest challenge for 21st Century. Africa while being the least polluter in the world, is the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. The Paris Agreement, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), African Development Bank’s strategy 2013-2022, Kenyan National Climate Change Action Plan among others all seek to achieve inclusive green growth by building resilience to climate shocks and providing sustainable infrastructure - this will require substantial financial resources. Government funds alone will never be enough to deal with the threat posed by climate change - the private sector must be involved. Green bonds allow both Government private sector to do their part. A green bond is differentiated from a regular bond by its 'Green’ label, which signifies a commitment to exclusively use the funds raised to finance “green” projects and infrastructure. The Climate Bonds Initiative projects that green bonds worth 250 Bn USD will be floated in 2018 compared to 155.5 Bn USD in 2017. In Africa, only South Africa and Nigeria have listed green bonds, signifying a commitment to the Paris agreement. More than a decade after the listing of the first green bond, Kenya is yet to float a green bond. The Kenyan bond market is underdeveloped with corporate bonds accounting for only 1% of all bonds listed with government bonds accounting for 99%. The bond market does not attract international investors which is completely opposite to the equity market. The government has been a key player in the stakeholder engagement process and will be central to by incentivizing issuers and investors. There is however a lack of education on green bonds along the value chain. This qualitative study employed a purposive sample of experts and through structured interviews, sought to pinpoint challenges to and opportunities for development of a green bond market in Kenya. The study concludes that rating of green bonds will be important mostly for international investors and does not hinder floating of green bonds. Reporting is a critical element to development of a green bond market being the only element that distinguishes a green bond from a vanilla bond. As such guidelines on reporting and building capacity in the area of green verification and certification among service providers will be crucial to supporting a local green bond market. Kenya will foreseeably look to international experts to assist in verifying, rating and reporting on green bonds. Kenya presents future opportunities in providing digital green bonds being a world leader in mobile money market.
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Horner, Caroline Janet. "To explore how coaches experience the challenge of developing their own professional practice." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2005. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13591/.
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"There is nothing more difficult to take in hand, more perilous to conduct or more uncertain in its success than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of things. Because the innovator has for enemies all those who have done well under the old conditions and lukewarm defenders in those who may do well under the new. This coolness arises partly from fear of the opponents, who have the laws on their side, and partly from the incredulity of men, who do not readily believe in new things until they have had a long experience of them." Nicolo Machiavelli, 1515¹ Coaching is not new, although over the past decade its popularity has been fuelled by organisational trends which have demanded that leaders learn faster to retain competitive advantage. This rise in demand for coaching has raised questions about the quality of supply, and is driving the establishment of rigorous professional standards for the coaching industry. This exploratory study is concerned with making explicit the 'reality' of developing professional coaching practice. It takes a critical stance towards formal education as an approach to develop and sustain professional coaching practice. The specific intention was to consider the impact of the i-coach academy masters' programme on developing professional practice, with a view to enhancing the programme and ensuring congruence with participants' needs. The basic theoretical position lies within the field of Phenomenology, which sets out to obtain knowledge about how we think and feel in the most direct ways; it attempts to 'bracket' assumptions we have about things in order to grasp them in their most essential nature. The project report documents the phenomenological research I undertook with i-coach academy participants in South Africa and the UK from 2002 - 2005. One of the principle intentions was tounderstand their experience of developing professional practice, separate from the construct of formal education. Equally there was an aim to develop increased clarity about the activities considered most helpful to developing and sustaining professional coaching practice. The results of this research were used in combination with other materials to enhance the i-coach masters' programme. An educational framework for developing and sustaining professional coaching practice has been documented. The research also points the way to areas for further inquiry and development, which are outlined in the closing chapters. The experience of the journey to establish a formal framework for the education of professional coaching is reflected well in Machiavelli's quote above. Whilst progress has been made toward establishing a foundation for educating professional coaches, it is also acknowledged that the learning cycles are continuous and the journey is never complete. 1 Extract from The Prince by Nicolo Machiavelli, Written c. 1505, published 1515, Translated by W. K. Marriott Page.
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Rolle, Christian. "What can we expect from international comparison in the field of music education?: Opportunities and challenges." Georg Olms Verlag, 2018. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34630.
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Analysing the conversations at the conference the chapter addresses fundamental issues of cultural comparison in music education. There is a disciplinary bias that can tempt the researcher to overestimate cultural conditions. This could lead to cultural relativism that keeps us from critically addressing normative issues associated with aims and contents of music education.
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Schwetje, F. Kenneth. "Managing outer space traffic in the future : a challenge to legal and technical experts." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65354.
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Singleton, Scott E. "Drawing inferences in the proof of native title: Historiographic and cultural challenges and recommendations for judicial guidance." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/119688/1/Scott_Singleton_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis develops "Inference Guidelines" for the proof of connection requirements in native title determinations, in the form of a "Bench Book." This is in accordance with recommendations in the Australian Law Reform Commission's 30 April 2015 report "Connection to Country: Review of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth)." This thesis finds that the existing case law provides a strong foundation for clear and consistent principles for inferential reasoning in native title cases, which can be supplemented by considerations drawn from historiographic and epistemological debates, cultural and linguistic challenges, and inferential theory, to form comprehensive, consistent and transparent Inference Guidelines.
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Drut, Marion. "Using the concept of functional economy to explore the spatial and environmental challenges associated with sustainable mobility." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL12013/document.
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La congestion automobile, les difficultés de stationnement, et la pollution atmosphérique constituent des enjeux contemporains affectant particulièrement les zones urbaines. Ces enjeux se renforcent mutuellement et appellent des mesures conjointes. Cette thèse propose de dépasser les approches cloisonnées en utilisant le concept d’économie de la fonctionnalité (EF). Plus précisément, cette étude explore le rôle d’un système de transport basé sur la fonction, et notamment sur le partage des usages, dans la résolution des problématiques spatiales et environnementales liées à la mobilité durable. Après avoir présenté le concept d’EF et son application au domaine de la mobilité (article 1), nous explorons le rôle du partage des usages dans la résolution des problématiques spatiales et environnementales (article 2). Nous mettons ensuite en lumière les mécanismes sous-tendant les rivalités d’usage liées au stationnement (article 3), ainsi que l’impact de la pollution atmosphérique locale sur la productivité du travail (article 4). Cette thèse permet de mettre en perspective les projets d’infrastructures ou les politiques de transport par une analyse des problématiques liées à la mobilité sous deux angles distincts. Tout d’abord, les politiques de transport sont explorées en lien avec l’espace pris comme une ressource rare en libre accès et dont la consommation par les modes de transport a un coût implicite et est sujette à rivalité. Ensuite, le lien entre meilleure accessibilité et hausse de la pollution atmosphérique locale est fait et l’analyse montre que la prise en compte des impacts environnementaux conduit à une estimation plus fine des gains d’agglomération attendus<br>Traffic congestion, parking problems, and air pollution constitute contemporary challenges affecting especially urban areas. These concerns are intertwined and mutually reinforcing ; there is thus a need to address them jointly. Using the concept of functional economy (FE), this thesis attempts to go beyond the traditional compartmentalized approach. More specifically, this study investigates the role of a function-based transportation system, and namely of sharing the uses, in addressing jointly the spatial and environmental issues associated with sustainable mobility. After a short presentation of the concept of FE and its application to transportation (essay 1), we examine the role of sharing the uses in addressing spatial and environmental issues (essay 2). Then, we highlight the mechanisms underlying the rivalry of use affecting parking (essay 3), as well as the impact of local air pollution on labor productivity (essay 4). This thesis allows putting into perspective transportation infrastructure projects or policies through a two-angle analysis of the issues associated with mobility. First, transportation policies are explored from a spatial perspective, with space considered as a scarce resource in open access and whose consumption from transportation modes is subject to a shadow cost and to rivalry. Then, the link between enhanced accessibility and increased local air pollution from transportation is drawn, and the analysis reveals that accounting for environmental impacts leads to more accurate assessments of the expected agglomeration gains
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McGuire, Shawn J. "Developing Future Experts in Agriculture for Development : Some thoughts on the challenges of capacitydevelopment to address inter-disciplinary problems." 名古屋大学農学国際教育協力研究センター, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/17690.
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Gulston, Karel. "The challenges experienced by educators in primary schools regarding continuous professional development." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28302.
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The transition from apartheid to democracy in South Africa, which began in 1994 led to a change in a plethora of policies and/or legislation. In recent years there has been much debate on how the standard of education provisioning in schools could be raised in the light of the introduction of the much debated Revised National Curriculum Statement (RNCS) and thereafter the National Curriculum Statement (NCS). These reform initiatives have brought about confusion and a sense of unsettledness amongst educators, including principals as well as their School Management Teams. Furthermore, the abovementioned and other policies required educators to acquaint themselves with either the materials that are used or the content of the curriculum and the planning and presentation of lessons. This entails in some occasions that educators who are more experienced have to assist the less experienced ones since they understand the RNCS and more recently the NCS better than the others. According to me this emphasises the importance of educator development towards raising the standards in schools. Continuous Professional Development (CPD) is a process that fits the role of an educator as a lifelong learner. The aforementioned is captured in the Norms and Standards for Educators (2000). The need for more attention to be accorded to the professional development of practising educators is emphasised in the Report of the Ministerial Committee on Teacher Education (2005). This report led to the development of the National Policy Framework for Teacher Education and Development which has as its aim to attempt to address the need for suitably qualified educators in South Africa. The National Policy Framework for Teacher Education and Development will be used in this study along with the Integrated Quality Management Systems (IQMS) as tools to achieve the continuous development of educators in South African schools. The Personnel Administration Measures (PAM) of 1999 are also used since they stipulate the roles and responsibilities of the educator, including those of the principal, deputy principal(s) as well as the heads of department. In particular it stipulates that the principal (Department of Education, 1999:10) is responsible for the development of staff training programmes, school-based, school-focused and externally directed, and to assist educators, particularly new and inexperienced educators, in developing and achieving educational objectives in accordance with the needs of the school. This research project deals with the challenges experienced by educators regarding their own Continued Professional Development (CPD). It thus aims at coming up with an empirical account of the challenges experienced by the said educators. The study will focus on, among others, the educators’ experiences in the implementation of the IQMS as a developmental tool for educators in schools. It looks at the roles that different staff members in senior positions in terms of the CPD of the educators. These include the developmental opportunities available in the sampled schools. Carefully selected and drafted interview questions assisted me in soliciting answers from the sampled educators.<br>Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2011.<br>Education Management and Policy Studies<br>unrestricted
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Gough, Harriet. "Hidden talents : mental health professionals explore their lived experiences of mental health challenges in the workplace : an interpretative phenomenological analysis." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2016. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/60997/.
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Background: Lived experience of mental health conditions is becoming valued within mainstream mental health service delivery. This is reflected in the rising employment of Peer Support Workers (PSWs) to support and enhance clients’ recovery. However, the lived experience of mental health professionals has been spuriously overlooked in the literature. To date, no studies have explored the influence of lived experience on professionals’ roles, identity, work relationships, or its potential clinical utility to enhance clients’ recovery. Methodology: This study uses Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to explore the views and reflections of mental health professionals with their own lived experience of mental health challenges. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted on NHS premises. Data was transcribed and subject to in-depth interpretative analysis by the researcher. Results: Five superordinate themes emerged from the data: “Lived Experience Informs Practice” reveals how having a greater understanding, empathy, and limited self-disclosure enriches the therapeutic relationship; “Stigma” shows that all participants have experienced stigma from others, and some, self-stigma. Half of the participants spoke about the “them and us” between professionals and clients, and one participant, between professionals and PSWs; “Towards a Culture of Openness” captures participants’ concerns around social acceptability of their lived experience, and their hopes for greater openness and less shame, akin to that in recovery settings; “Changed Identity” highlights the impact of lived experience on professionals’ roles and vice versa; and finally, “Experiencing the Organisation as Unsupportive” reveals that participants feel under pressure to prove wellness, that staff wellbeing is not prioritised, and there exists an ironic lack of understanding and support. Conclusion: The findings showed that lived experience influences mental health professionals’ identity and self-care, their clinical practice, and their working relationships with colleagues and the organisation. Participants valued their lived experience, especially in terms of building strong therapeutic relationships with clients.
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Spyridonis, Fotios. "Challenges in medical visualization : an interactive approach to explore the effect of 3-D technology on the visualization of pain." Thesis, Brunel University, 2011. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5946.
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Pain experienced as a result of a disabling medical condition is a frequent problem in the clinical community and can often be present in any individual with this kind of health concern. Such pain is typically characterized by severe implications reflected on both a person‘s personal life, as well as on a country‘s health and economic systems. Research on pain has revealed that patients not only experience several types of pain that could prove to be challenging to address, but also that each individual can interpret the same type, location and severity of this pain in different subjective ways, making the need for more effective pain measurement methods an imperative and troublesome effort. In retrospect, the healthcare field is currently trying to enhance the available medical methods with alternatives that would be more efficient in providing accurate pain assessment. Most efforts revolve around traditional methods of measuring pain characteristics, which typically involve the 2-Dimensional (2-D) representation of the human body, often used to collect information regarding the type and location of pain. However, these 2-D pain drawings can be limited in their ability to efficiently visualize pain characteristics for diagnosis purposes. Nonetheless, patients have been shown to prefer such drawings. This research develops an alternative interactive software solution to help in addressing the aforementioned situation, by employing the capabilities that advancements in 3-Dimension (3-D) technology offer. Subsequently, in the anticipation that limitations of current 2-D pain visualization will be solved, the developed approach facilitates the measurement of pain experiences via a 3-D visualization model of the patient. To ensure that it can effectively perform in real-world medical practice, the 3-D pain drawing is evaluated in this research through real-life case studies that are carried out in designated settings. The research findings have shown that the developed approach can potentially make significant contributions to society, science/technology and healthcare provision, with patients and clinicians suggesting that 3-D technology can be a promising means in the pursuit for more effective pain measurement solutions.
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Bangabash, Subhasish, and Srimanta Panda. "Machine Learning - Managerial Perspective : A Study to define concepts and highlight challenges in a product-based IT Organization." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för industriell ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-18835.
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The purpose of this research is to understand the main managerial challenges that arise in the context of Machine Learning. This research aims to explore the core concepts of Machine Learning and provide the same conceptual foundation to managers to overcome possible obstacles while implementing Machine Learning. Therefore, the main research question is: What are the phases and the main challenges while managing Machine Learning project in a product based IT organization? The focus is on the main concepts of Machine Learning and identifying challenges during each phase through literature review and qualitative data collected from interviews conducted with professionals. The research aims to position itself in the field of research which looks for inputs from consultants and management professionals either associated with Machine Learning or they are planning to start such initiatives. In this research paper we introduce ACDDT (Agile-Customer-Data-Domain-Technology) model framework for managers. This framework is centered on the main challenges in Machine Learning project phases while dealing with customer, data, domain and technology. In addition, the frame work also provides key inputs to managers for managing those challenges and possibly overcome them.
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Rexhaj, Betim. "Perishable Inventory Management Solutions and Challenges of Kosovo FFRs : Avoiding Product Expiration at Retails Shelves." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-89496.
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Title: Perishable Inventory Management Solutions and Challenges of Kosovo FFRs. Avoiding Product Expiration at Retails ShelvesPurpose: In this thesis perishable inventory management solutions and challenges at Kosovo FFRs have been studied and identified. Hence, after identifying PIM solutions and challenges the research suggests ideas that will contribute to avoid the expiration of perishable products if selling them takes more time than their actual shelf life. This contributes to minimizing food waste in food supply chains and fresh food retailers. Methodology: Thesis consist of qualitative methods where multiple case studies in cooperation with Kosovo FFRs have been performed. Data collection methods included semi structured interviews, site visits and some financial data accessed from annual and government reports. Theory: Theoretical chapter has been developed from preexisting theory on perishable inventory management. Five phases of fresh food retailing inventory management have been developed and used as the basis for practical research. Moreover, part two of the theoretical chapter talks about the perishable inventory management challenges and is the basis for the second research question. Findings: The findings have shown that Kosovo FFRs use a mixture of PIM solutions with a focus on shelf life and replenishment solutions. The study also revealed that Kosovo FFRs are outdated regarding to product identification and software solutions, however, manage to perform somehow satisfactorily. Consequently, because of the lack of contemporary identification technologies Kosovo FFRs PIM challenges where found to be related to data accuracy and real time data access.
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Hostettler, Yara, and Maurik Britt Van. "Gamification for Sustainability - An experts' perspective on the opportunities and challenges of gamification as a tool to foster sustainability practices within organisations." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22739.
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Gamification and sustainability are two topics that have gained a lot of attention in the past few years, both from the corporate sector and the academic community. Yet, the connection between the two concepts has seldom been made. This study addresses this research gap, by presenting the novel concept of gamification and connecting it to established theories in the field of organisational change. It then creates a discussion around the question of the potential of gamification as a tool to foster sustainability practices within organisations.To answer this question, this thesis followed a qualitative research design. By performing semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of gamification, the study explored different aspects of gamification, namely its definition, the opportunities and challenges it faces in regards to sustainability, the organisation’s responses towards the concept and the hypotheses for the further development of gamification.The results of this study suggest that gamification has great potential to foster sustainable practices within organisations. With its element of fun, gamification has the power to engage employees in sustainability issues, create a deeper understanding of the topic and relate it directly to the employees’ personal values and decision-making process. By offering different perspectives and helping employees see the bigger picture, gamification can inspire a sense of meaningfulness and contribution to something bigger than oneself. However, this can only happen when the tools are designed and used in the right way. Building an understanding of the user and implementing the fitting game design elements to create an impactful experience for the player is, however, a complex and time-consuming process, and therefore put forth as one of the biggest challenges. Furthermore, gamification should strive to expand beyond the commonly used game design elements of points, badges and leaderboards to tap into the user’s intrinsic rather than extrinsic motivation.
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Cinnamond, Martin. "Order versus justice : an assessment of the challenges faced by the Commission of Experts and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia during their attempts to investigate and prosecute atrocity crimes." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2006. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/769/.
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The English School focuses on the issue of humanitarian intervention, because "it poses the conflict between order and justice in international relations in its starkest form. " This thesis posits that international investigations and prosecutions of atrocity crimes poses the conflict between order and justice in international relations in an equally stark form. Diplomatic attempts to facilitate a negotiated settlement to an armed conflict (order) may be undermined by attempts to investigate and prosecute atrocity crimes (justice), particularly where individuals deemed crucial to any settlement become the specific focus of investigations. Similarly, attempts to arrest individuals indicted for atrocity crimes (justice) in post-conflict environments, may in some instances lead to the nascent, fragile peace (order) breaking down where their supporters retain the capacity to act in a destabilising manner. The thesis explores these tensions between order and justice by focusing on the challenges faced by the Commission of Experts and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia during their attempts to investigate and prosecute atrocity crimes.
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Küppers, Julia [Verfasser], and Stephan [Akademischer Betreuer] Zipfel. "How Can Medical Students Be Prepared Effectively for Current Challenges in the Field of Expert-Guided Online-Counselling on Preventive Interventions? - A Randomised, Prospective Trial Exemplified by a Case Study of Mammography-Screening / Julia Küppers ; Betreuer: Stephan Zipfel." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1196704252/34.
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Balaram, P. Anuradha. "Indian apparel export firms:study of challenges and capabilities." Thesis, 2003. http://localhost:8080/iit/handle/2074/4623.
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Nikonov, Dmitriy. "New challenges to international security regimes the case of nonproliferation export controls /." 2003. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/nikonov%5Fdmitriy%5Fm%5F200305%5Fphd.
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Smook, Robert. "The evaluation of a strategic model for an export company amidst the challenges and constraints of the South African labour environment." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5571.
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M.Comm.<br>The facts are : There is very little (if any) guidance from even the most reliable sources in terms of how to deal with labour at the moment. Poor discipline, unreasonable demands/expectations, unprocedural (unreasonable) work stoppages, etc., etc., are "the order of the day" everywhere we look and, hence, the "spillover" onto the shop floor. There is no single identified management style that will succeed without some failure during these times. In addition to that there is one huge awakening awaiting most of our managers in the manner in which they approach, discipline and manage subordinates. The objectives of this project can be summarised as follows : To gain some input, share experience and thoughts from other companies that are experiencing similar challenges. To carefully and objectively evaluate and analyse the existing strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats at the Company. To establish a strategic Management Model that will assist this, and other companies, to manage and remain focused through these times and that will improve communication, trust and understanding between all the role players in this complex business environment of ours. To set structures for tracking meetings to evaluate progress, share problems and concerns and to enhance cohesion amongst the management team.
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Peiris, Mendis Lakmini Priyanga. "How can the global food security challenges be addressed in a multilateral trading system?" Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/114027.
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Eradicating hunger and meeting food security expectations remain global goals. In the multilateral trading system (MTS) they can only be met through cooperation among countries in the form of international trade. Yet a number of trade-related incidents have eroded confidence in the capacity of the MTS to address food security issues. The research question here is “How can global food security challenges be addressed in a MTS?” The main focus is on the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO), but the research also covers its interaction with other organisations and the context in which it operates, that is, the MTS. The study covers four topics: • What is food security? • Does the WTO have a mandate and the capability to contribute to food security? • What policy measures are used to address food security issues and are they effective? • What significant changes in the context of the debate complicate or ease the quest for a consensus on how to respond to food security challenges? The method used was to collect information on the views of delegates, researchers and officials, by an online survey and from interviews, and to analyse the data using different tools. Views on “What is food security?” were grouped according to combinations of ‘orientations’ and ‘dimensions’. The former refers to a focus on people, trade or resources. The latter refers to availability, accessibility, stability and utilisation. Views on the nature of food security, while apparently showing a systematic variation by the frequency of responses, were not found to differ significantly in statistical terms over the development levels of the respondents’ countries. Lack of progress on food security issues in the WTO is therefore not caused primarily by a lack of a common understanding of the concept. A majority view was that the WTO mandate on food security is limited, although the less developed economies supported the counterview. Respondents also confirmed that WTO rules are inadequate in addressing food security issues. Lack of policy space was an issue for the least-developed and developing countries; inadequacy in disciplining trade-distortive measures was also a concern for the developing, developed and research/official groups; and lack of transparency was especially undesirable for the developed and least-developed countries. Import/export restrictions and subsidies (including domestic support) are widely used policy instruments for food security goals, despite their trade-distortive aspects. However, respondents had mixed views about the effectiveness of these policies, especially in the context of the inadequacy of rules to discipline them. The lack of case law through the dispute settlement system is compounding that issue. The food crisis of 2006–2008 raised the profile of food security but other dynamics have made it difficult to reach a consensus for change. These include greater diversity in the interests of the developing group as a whole, the shift in the negotiating positions of emerging developing countries, and protectionist concerns related to the increase in green box spending. For all these reasons – the uncertainty about the WTO’s mandate, the inadequacy of its rules and the diversity within the developing economy group – negotiations that are relevant to food security have been hindered and little progress has been made. The MTS could contribute to food security, but resolving these issues is the next step to doing so.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Institute for International Trade, 2017.
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Tucker, Stephen Christopher. "The challenge of American export control law-making." 2007. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/tucker%5Fstephen%5Fc%5F200705%5Fma.
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Paulo, Francisco Miguel. "Diversification of the Angolan exports : challenges and benefits." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/13806.
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In recent years several researchers have published papers on exports concentration
(diversification) urging policymakers in the undeveloped world to endeavour to
diversify their exports since this can contribute to boost the growth of per capita GDP.
Researchers such as Imbs and Wacziarg (2003) and Hesse (2008) found a non-linear U
shaped curve relationship between export concentration and GDP per capita growth in
several non-oil producing countries around the world.
In order to investigate this relationship, for the case of Angola, a growth regression
model was applied using OLS estimator with time series data from 1995 to 2011. This
master dissertation investigates the case of Angola, an oil-producing country with one
of highest export concentrations in the world, and found that the higher export
concentration has been detrimental to the growth of GDP per capita taking into
account that this growth would have been higher if the export concentration was
lower ( higher diversification).
Therefore, this master dissertation found a non-linear concave relationship between
export concentration and GDP per capita growth in the case of oil-exporting countries1
and not a U shaped curve as other researches had found earlier (Imbs and Wackiazrg
(2003) and Hesse (2008)). However running regression for some no-oil exporting
countries2 we found in the U shaped curve, a case to say that the pattern followed by
oil-exporting countries is different from the non-oil producing countries, perhaps due
to the fact that oil-exporting countries have on average higher export concentration
levels than the non-oil exporting countries.<br>Nos últimos anos, vários investigadores têm publicado artigos sobre a concentração
(diversificação) de exportações, exortando os políticos nos paises em vias de
desenvolvimento a esforçarem-se para diversificar suas exportações, pois isso pode
impulsionar o crescimento do PIB per capita. Pesquisadores como Imbs e Wacziarg
(2003) e Hesse (2008) encontraram uma relação empirica não-linear, em forma de U,
entre o nível de concentração das exportações e crescimento do PIB per capita em
diversos países em todo o mundo.
A fim de investigar essa relação, um modelo de regressão de crescimento foi aplicado
com estimador OLS com dados em séries temporais desde 1995 a 2011. Esta
dissertação de mestrado investiga o caso de Angola, um país produtor de petróleo,
com um dos maiores níveis de concentrações de exportações no mundo; os resultados
encontrados são que a concentração das exportações tem sido prejudicial para o
crescimento do PIB per capita, tendo em conta que este crescimento teria sido maior
se a concentração de exportação fosse menor (ou seja se houvesse maior
diversificação).
Assim este trabalho encontrou uma relação côncava entre a concentração das
exportações e crescimento do PIB per capita no caso dos países exportadores de
petróleo3, e não uma curva em forma de U, como outras pesquisas tinham encontrado
anteriormente (Imbs e Wackiazrg (2003) e Hesse (2008)) no caso de países não
produtores de petróleo. No entanto extendendo o estudo para países não produtores
de petróleo4 re-encontramos a curva em forma de U, um caso para dizer que o padrão
seguido por países exportadores de petróleo é diferente dos países não produtores de
petróleo. Essa diferença pode dever-se ao maior nível de concentrações de
exportações dos países produtores de petróleo em comparação com a maioria dos não
produtores.
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Archibong, Uduak E., Aliya Darr, Jite Eferakorho, et al. "Methodological Challenges of Researching Positive Action Measures." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6378.
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This paper highlights some ofthe methodological challenges which have arisen in collecting
data for an international study on positive action measures. It will describe strategies employed to
encourage participation in the study from as wide a range of organisations and individuals using a
mixed method approach. The paper will also discuss the methodological and sensitive issues related
to this type of research in organisations and strategies adopted by the research team to ameliorate
any problems that have arisen whilst maintaining trustworthiness and rigour in the study.
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Lin, Shih-Tsan, and 林詩燦. "The Problems and Challenges of the Clothing Industry in Taiwan：Case Study and Expert Interviews." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6r32p6.
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碩士<br>國立彰化師範大學<br>會計學系<br>107<br>This study attempts to explore the problems and challenges of the clothing
industry in Taiwan by the case study and expert interviews. The results of
this study find that the facing problems of the Taiwanese clothing industry
include the increased labor costs, the threats of low-priced brands from the
China and abroad, higher manufacturing costs, and weaker
competitiveness of affordable apparel. The challenge and opportunity is to
grasp the R&D and innovation of emerging textile materials or functional
fabrics, and to solve the pain points of different target consumer groups.
The clothing corporate can make good use of the opportunities of famous
brands or large international events, and develop own brand. In the concern
and implementation of corporate social responsibility, it is more inclined
not to produce fake goods or imitation goods, to pay attention to the proper
disposal of waste gas and waste water in the manufacturing process, to
sponsor public welfare activities or disadvantaged groups. In addition,
although the US-China trade war has limited impact on the domestic
market, it will have a greater impact on Taiwan's garment factories, which
mostly order and design products in Taiwan, and manufacture outside
Taiwan.
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Naidoo, Lenny. "Wood chip exports and the challenges faced by private pulpwood farmers in Southern KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/6394.
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The South African forestry industry has contributed significantly to the economic
growth of the country by the planting of trees and the processing of these trees for
the export market. With the increased demand for wood chips, the wood chip
industry is concerned that the plantation resource that is currently available may not
be adequate to fulfil the production required for future wood chip export.
The purpose of this study is to examine the trends in wood chips exports from the
Port of Durban and to examine the stability and growth of private pulpwood
production in Southern KwaZulu-Natal. The forestry pulp and paper sector and its
related downstream manufacturing enterprises is an important part of the KwaZulu-Natal economy. Eucalyptus and wattle timber are used to manufacture pulp and are exported in the form of wood chips. The Durban Wood Chipping facility is aimed at the export of wood chips from Durban to pulp and paper manufacturers in Japan. The methodology used in this study included questionnaires and semi-structured interviews that were held with the respondents involved in the forestry industry. A questionnaire was sent electronically to 119 participants being the total population of timber farmers that supply NCT Durban Wood Chips. A total of 33 respondents completed the questionnaire resulting in a 27.73% response rate. Three key personnel, with a strong forestry background, belonging to NCT Forestry Cooperative limited were selected as participants for the qualitative aspect of the study. The findings of the study showed that wood chips exports have increased from the Durban facility between 2006 and 2011. This came from recent research literature as well as data from NCT Durban Wood Chips (PTY) LTD. Dominant challenges faced by the farmers were land reform, transportation costs and municipal rates. Land claims, road infrastructure, economics (cost vs income) and demand for timber were the most challenging factors affecting private timber production into the future. The qualitative and quantitative results confirm that timber production is definitely increasing and hence contributing to stability of private pulpwood production in Southern KwaZulu-Natal.<br>Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2011.
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Peng, Wan-Yi, and 彭宛宜. "Challenge and break free - To explore the mentality of the female baseball players." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/m73364.
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碩士<br>國立新竹教育大學<br>體育學系碩士班<br>101<br>The purpose of this research is to inquire into the heart road that female baseball athlete’s participation baseball exercises process. The research object is the member of the domestic social female baseball team, a qualitative study of the depth interview. The studies are as follows: (1) The development of the female baseball : There were two periods for the teams establishments, the first period from 2001 to 2003 years and the second period in 2010.The number of the players in each baseball team is 18. The main difficulties is different goals. (2) Mentality of Participating in baseball: There are three stages participated in baseball exercise enlighten, copy and formal to participate. Their interactive relations are like:Feeling together sister deep, the girl's revolution emotion, ball companion relation and the net friends etc.. The biggest factors that baffle interviewee to participate is work. The biggest support power is interest. (3) The influence of the gender stereotypes: Gender stereotype does not affect the personal qualities. In the process of participation, the female baseball athletes suffer the unfair treatment and were also queried and negative their abilities. The assize, staff member and audience are not equally treat the female baseball games. The social attitude isn't friendly to woman baseball, but many females still devote themselves to the female baseball exercise currently. The study results can found that female participation in baseball still under patriarchy, men need to obtain guidance and approval before they can participate. In the process, personal traits suffered accusations of gender role stereotype and questioning, the performance and capabilities have also been male hegemonic influence suffered negative, even sexist, so that the slow pace of the development of the female baseball.
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Zúñiga, Robin Etter. "An evaluation of the challenge model of professional development : developing the adaptive expert for the mathematics classroom." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2012-05-5092.
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Recent research on teachers’ achievement goals suggests that the teacher with a mastery goal is more likely to retain a high degree of interest in teaching, more willing to seek help with their teaching, and less likely to report professional ‘burnout.’ Section one of this study extends this line of research by testing the hypothesis that teachers with mastery goals toward teaching are more likely to display the traits of the adaptive expert.
Achievement goals and adaptive expertise are measured for a sample of secondary school mathematics teachers who have attained National Board Teacher Certification. A multiple regression model is used with score on the adaptive expertise measure as the dependent variable and four independent variables.
The second part of this study proposes the development and evaluation of a challenge-based model of professional development. The Legacy Cycle has been used extensively to teach transfer and adaptive expertise to college students. It has not been used, however, in the professional development of teachers. A professional development program using the Legacy Cycle for teaching high school Algebra teachers how to implement a new conceptually-based Algebra 1 curriculum is proposed. Its accompanying evaluation plan will enable further exploration of the role teacher goal orientation and school climate play in a teacher’s willingness and ability to innovate; and if having an adaptive expert in the classroom can improve student learning.<br>text
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Guerreiro, Rita Bento. "Narrow therapeutic range drug products: challenges in the assessment of bioequivalence: the role of modelling and simulations and expert systems." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/52517.
Full textAbstract:
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2020, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.<br>A disponibilização de medicamentos bioequivalentes veio ampliar o leque de escolhas do doente na hora de comprar os medicamentos de que necessita. No entanto, veio também suscitar questões inerentes aos critérios regulamentares para aprovação destes medicamentos. Um caso particular dentro dos medicamentos genéricos são os medicamentos de margem terapêutica estreita, uma vez que estes apresentam riscos acrescidos pela proximidade entre efeitos tóxicos extremos e a eventual falta de efeito terapêutico desejado. Por esta razão, quer a EMA, quer a FDA apresentaram critérios de bioequivalência especialmente pensadas para este tipo de fármacos. Pela relevância deste tema, torna-se imperativo o estudo do impacto da variabilidade no número de indivíduos necessários, por forma a tirar conclusões acerca do impacto desta variabilidade, bem como o risco de conclusão errada dessa mesma bioequivalência em cada um dos contextos regulamentares.
O objetivo deste trabalho consiste na realização de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, seguida da criação de um modelo que aproxime as metodologias já utilizadas por ambas as autoridades reguladoras para concluir acerca da bioquivalência. Para tal, foi necessário o estudo da relação entre a variabilidade intra-individual e o número de indivíduos necessários para demonstrar bioequivalência de acordo com o novo modelo. Para além disso, foi também avaliado o risco de concluir erradamente essa mesma bioequivalência, neste mesmo modelo. Para tal foi utilizado o software R e o pacote PowerTOST como forma de testar a performance de cada do modelo criado.<br>The availability of bioequivalent medicines has expanded the patient's range of choices regarding buying the medicines they need. However, it also raised questions regarding the regulatory criteria for the approval of these drugs. A particular case within generic drugs is drugs with a narrow therapeutic index since they present increased risks due to the proximity between extreme toxic effects and the possible lack of desired therapeutic effect. For this reason, both the EMA and the FDA presented bioequivalence criteria specially designed for this type of drug. Due to this theme's relevance, it is imperative to study the impact of variability on the number of individuals required to conclude about the impact of this variability and the risk of the wrong conclusion of the same bioequivalence in each of the regulatory contexts.
This work aims to carry out a bibliographic search, followed by the creation of a model that approximates the methodologies already used by both regulatory authorities to conclude about bioequivalence. Thus, it was necessary to study the relationship between intraindividual variability and the number of individuals needed to demonstrate bioequivalence according to the new model. Also, the risk of wrongly concluding this same bioequivalence was assessed in this same model. In this case, the R software and the PowerTOST package were used to test the performance of each model.<br>Com o patrocínio da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa.
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Frazão, António Maria Jorge. "The skin care industry applied to L'Oréal Paris Men Expert : is the male consumer ready for the challenge?" Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/12479.
Full textAbstract:
The principal objective of this dissertation is to understand the male consumer and their attitudes towards the face care category. Special attention is given to L’Oréal Paris Men Expert. The main goal is to identify and analyze the differences between men and women behaviours, needs and motivations to overcome the existing consumption barriers and maximize the market opportunity for the company.
The findings suggest that the male consumer is far away from the female in terms of knowledge of face care products and its consumption. There are consumption barriers and education issues, the companies operating in this industry are one step ahead of the male consumer offering a wide portfolio presenting complex attributes and targeting consumers neglecting the differences in terms of knowledge. L’Oréal Men Expert should develop the category following different steps, starting through the education, explaining to men what benefits the face care category offers are. Once the need for consumption is created, in the consumers mind, product usage should be the focus, teaching consumers how to choose the right product for them. Then, increase the consumption frequency, introducing complementary products. Last but not the least, introduce in the market extra benefits differentiating from other competitors.
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Mergenthaler, Marcus [Verfasser]. "The food system transformation in Vietnam : challenges for the horticultural sector posed by exports and changing consumer preferences / von Marcus Mergenthaler." 2009. http://d-nb.info/99224370X/34.
Full text
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Cheng, Shu-Ling, and 鄭淑齡. "Exploring the Problems and Challenges of Talent Quality-management System from the Perspective of Experts in Three Districts." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25194532036158326171.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>中原大學<br>企業管理研究所<br>104<br>Talent Quality-management System(TTQS) is mainly to evaluate the effectiveness and result of organizations’ training program in Taiwan. However, this evaluation system still has rooms for improvement. The previous study and research are mainly about discussing the effectiveness of TTQS from the perspective of organization. By contrast, this study wishes to explore the problems and challenges of TTQS from the perspective of TTQS consultants and assessors in the three districts in Taiwan.
Qualitative research is adopted in this research. Semi-structured interviews have been used to collect data, and the data are completed in transcripts. The ground theory has been used for data analysis. Eventually the research gears to provide some suggestions for TTQS in improving and establishing a better effective training evaluation system for the country.
The research finds that the assessment form is too complicated for many organizations. Ambiguous assessment indicators and the challenges in collecting evidence and data have all made it difficult for the organizations to learn and to implement TTQS standards. In addition, the administration and implementation of TTQS are problematic. The six month implementation period is too short that many organizations find it is hard to learn and implement TTQS. Moreover, the consultants and assessors are under-paid that their motivation is affected. The government KPI focus only on the quantity, however, the quality of implementation has been largely neglected. Besides, the outsourced system of TTQS have resulted in extra cost and problems. Consequently, the effectiveness of TTQS has been decreased in many organizations. In order to encourage the adoption of the TTQS, the government therefore relies on medals and financial grants to motivate organizations. As a result, many organizations are willing to pay only minimal efforts and by aiming to pass the standard. It’s hard to demonstrate the effectiveness of TTQS.
Finally, suggestions have been drawn out from the research. Firstly, the assessment form should be simplified, so it becomes easier for the organization to understand and to implement TTQS. Secondly, the implementation time of TTQS needs to be extended, so more training can help the organizations to learn and understand about TTQS. Thirdly, the decision maker shall accept the suggestions of TTQS, so the system can be improved continually. Furthermore, the efficiency of administration needs to be improved. Besides, more training should be provided to TTQS consultants and assessors. Organizations should be trained before implementation, then they could perform better on TTQS. Through continuous improvement of TTQS, the quality of human resource can be increased.
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SUNG, Te-Wei, and 宋德威. "To explore the added value of mountain cross-country skills challenge to recreational industry of affected tribes in the 88 typhoon (Kaohsiung) mountain area." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55rq6w.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>休閒運動健康系所<br>106<br>This study is mainly explores aftermath the Typhoon Morakot caused serious 88 floods around the aboriginal tribes in Taoyüan. Experienced post-disaster reconstruction, to see is it possible to restore the unique Aboriginal culture of the past. Taiwan is a mountainous and humid, typical tropical island climate, There are many breathtaking beauty; However, in such a climate environment, Every year, many typhoons and rainy seasons, Inevitably there will be natural disasters How to reduce the casualties after the disaster, and how to promote disaster response technologies, Use of military techniques used in past military rescue technology, this technology will be extended to the community, t is a question that the government constantly ponders. I am a former army special forces, with field combat skills members. Plus itself is a reporter. Using the way to host outdoor events. In addtion to Taoyuan Mountain with a variety of mountainous terrain special geographical conditions, With this opportunity to promote the field survival skills, and also use the power of the media. So that the public can once again understand the reconstruction of the Taoyuan District after the disaster, and then lend a helping hand to care about Aboriginal tribal culture.
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Saha, Tania. "Parenting children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): explore the experiences in different social levels in the context of Bangladesh." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/24046.
Full textAbstract:
The study aimed to explore the various dynamics of experiences in parenting children with ASD and how these
experiences live in different social levels in the context of Bangladesh. The study selected participants through
purposive sampling. Total ten families - both parents/ nineteen parents participated in the study from two social
levels. The qualitative research design was employed since the study intended to understand lived reality of parental
experiences intensively. Data was collected using online and face to face interviews, and through thematic analysis,
the study presented the findings. The study revealed diverse experiences in perceptions, relations, gender roles and
challenges in parenting, along with the gaps in the state’s initiatives to curtail these challenges in Bangladesh. Data
showed parents took various coping strategies to lessen their hardship; in this case, adequate formal and informal
supports work as strength and stress reliever to parents. Besides, parents identified essential requirements for
themselves and their children that are possible to fulfill by proper policy measures and implementations. By looking
at different parenting experiences dynamics, the study highlighted the relationship between parental experiences and
their social levels. In this case, the study reveals various commonalities as well as diversity in experiences between
social levels. However, the study revealed that parents from the high social level have more access to different
resources than parents from low social status.<br>The study aimed to explore the various dynamics of experiences in parenting children with ASD and how these
experiences live in different social levels in the context of Bangladesh. The study selected participants through
purposive sampling. Total ten families - both parents/ nineteen parents participated in the study from two social
levels. The qualitative research design was employed since the study intended to understand lived reality of parental
experiences intensively. Data was collected using online and face to face interviews, and through thematic analysis,
the study presented the findings. The study revealed diverse experiences in perceptions, relations, gender roles and
challenges in parenting, along with the gaps in the state’s initiatives to curtail these challenges in Bangladesh. Data
showed parents took various coping strategies to lessen their hardship; in this case, adequate formal and informal
supports work as strength and stress reliever to parents. Besides, parents identified essential requirements for
themselves and their children that are possible to fulfill by proper policy measures and implementations. By looking
at different parenting experiences dynamics, the study highlighted the relationship between parental experiences and
their social levels. In this case, the study reveals various commonalities as well as diversity in experiences between
social levels. However, the study revealed that parents from the high social level have more access to different
resources than parents from low social status.
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Ayyavoo, Gabriel Roman. "Using Online Pedagogy to Explore Student Experiences of Science-technology-society-environment (STSE) Issues in a Secondary Science Classroom." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/35769.
Full textAbstract:
With the proliferation of 21st century educational technologies, science teaching and learning with digitally acclimatized learners in secondary science education can be realized through an online Science-Technology-Society-Environment (STSE)-based issues approach. STSE-based programs can be interpreted as the exploration of socially-embedded initiatives in science (e.g., use of genetically modified foods) to promote the development of critical cognitive processes and to empower learners with responsible decision-making skills.
This dissertation presents a case study examining the online environment of a grade 11 physics class in an all-girls’ school, and the outcomes from those online discursive opportunities with STSE materials. The limited in-class discussion opportunities are often perceived as low-quality discussions in traditional classrooms because they originate from an inadequate introduction and facilitation of socially relevant issues in science programs. Hence, this research suggests that the science curriculum should be inclusive of STSE-based issue discussions. This study also examines the nature of students’ online discourse and, their perceived benefits and challenges of learning about STSE-based issues through an online environment. Analysis of interviews, offline classroom events and online threaded discussion transcripts draws from the theoretical foundations of critical reflective thinking delineated in the Practical Inquiry (P.I.) Model. The PI model of Cognitive Presence is situated within the Community of Inquiry framework,encompassing two other core elements, Teacher Presence and Social Presence. In studying Cognitive Presence, the online STSE-based discourses were examined according to the four phases of the P.I. Model. The online discussions were measured at macro-levels to reveal patterns in student STSE-based discussions and content analysis of threaded discussions. These analyses indicated that 87% of the students participated in higher quality STSE-based discussions via an online forum as compared to in-class. The micro-level analysis revealed students to attain higher cognitive interactions with STSE issues. Sixteen percent of the students’ threaded postings were identified in the Resolution Phase 4 when the teacher intervened with a focused teaching strategy. This research provides a significant theoretical and pedagogical contribution to blended approach to STSE-based secondary science education. It presents a framework for teachers to facilitate students’ online discussions and to support learners in exploring STSE-based topics.
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Schöll, Tobias. "Missionale Jugendarbeit als Lebensgemeinschaft : eine empirisch-theologische Forschungsarbeit." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18334.
Full textAbstract:
In dieser Forschungsarbeit werden Lebensgemeinschaften (LGs) untersucht, die als Lebensgemeinschaft
Jugendarbeit betreiben.
Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist es, Chancen und Grenzen dieser LG Jugendarbeit aufzuzeigen, missionale
Jugendarbeit zu sein, um sie für die klassische Jugendarbeit fruchtbar zu machen.
Hierfür werden anhand des aktuellen Forschungsstands zunächst entscheidende Begrifflichkeiten je
nach Fachgebiet theologisch oder pädagogisch beleuchtet. Danach werden die zu untersuchenden
LGs und deren Arbeit konzeptionell vorgestellt. Anschließend erfolgt die Darstellung der Planung
und Durchführung des Forschungsprozesses anhand des empirisch-theologischen Praxiszyklus
(ETP). Dem folgend werden die Ergebnisse der auf neun qualitativen Interviews basierenden
Analyse nach dem Prinzip der Grounded Theory dargestellt. Diese Ergebnisse werden anschließend
mit den theologischen und pädagogischen Erkenntnissen der aktuellen Forschung zum Thema
zusammengeführt, um Thesen für eine missionale Jugendarbeit zu formulieren.
Diese Thesen sollen einen Beitrag zur missionalen Diskussion im besonderen Hinblick auf
gesellschaftsrelevante Jugendarbeit leisten.<br>This research study examines Christian communities which are, as community, involved in youth
ministry.
It is the objective of this investigation to reveal the potential and limits of these youth ministries as
they attempt to be missional, and to utilise the results to make more traditional forms of youth
ministry more effective.
For this purpose, essential terms will first be theologically or pedagogically analysed, depending on
the subject area examined and according to the current state of research. Then, the studied
communities and their ministry will be conceptually presented. Subsequently, the planning and
implementation of the research process, according to the Empirical-Theological Praxis Cycle (ETP),
will be described. Following this, the results of the analysis, based on nine qualitative interviews
conducted according to the principles of Grounded Theory, will be portrayed. These results will then
be brought together with the theological and pedagogical insights of current research on the topic, in
order to produce propositions for a missional youth ministry.
These propositions aims to offer a contribution to the missional debate with particular reference to
socially relevant forms of youth ministry.<br>Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology<br>M. Th. (Missiology)
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Mutz, Sebastian Johannes. "Kirche im Café : eine empirisch-theologische Studie über die Chancen, Grenzen und Perspektiven missionaler Café-Kirchen." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/24435.
Full textAbstract:
Text in German with summaries in German and English<br>In dieser Forschungsarbeit geht es um die empirisch-theologische Erforschung von
Chancen, Grenzen und Perspektiven missionaler Café-Kirchen aus der Sicht von Verantwortlichen entsprechender Projekte. Dabei spielen Fragen nach Theologie, Ekklesiologie und gelebter Spiritualität ebenso eine Rolle wie die konkreten Erfahrungen.
Auf Grundlage einer missiologischen Perspektive (missionale Kirche, Fresh Expressions
of Church) und einer soziologischen Perspektive (Sinus-Milieustudie, Third Places),
die den aktuellen Forschungsstand berücksichtigen, werden durch zwölf qualitative Experteninterviews empirische Daten erhoben, die mit der Grounded Theory nach Strauss
& Corbin analysiert werden.
Anschließend werden die empirischen Ergebnisse mit den theoretischen Reflexionen in
Beziehung gesetzt und missiologisch reflektiert. Durch die Untersuchung konnte gestgestellt werden, dass missionale Café-Kirchen große Chancen beinhalten, das Evangelium in relevanter Weise zu leben und auch theologisch als Kirche im Vollsinn definiert zu werden. Gleichzeitig gibt es jedoch Grenzen und Herausforderungen, die bedacht werden sollten, wenn diese Café-Kirchen auch zukünftig ihre missionale Relevanz behalten wollen.<br>The subject of this research paper is the empirical-theological exploration of the opportunities,
challenges and perspectives of missional café churches from the viewpoint of
the leaders of corresponding projects. With that, questions regarding theology, ecclesiology
and lived spirituality play just as much of a role as tangible experience. On the basis
of a missional perspective (missional church, fresh expressions of church) and a sociological
perspective (Sinus-Milieu study, third places), which take the current state of
research into account, empirical data will be obtained from twelve qualitative expert
interviews; this data will then be analyzed using the Grounded Theory from Strauss &
Corbin. Subsequently, the empirical results will be related to the theoretical reflections
and deliberated from a missional perspective. The research lead to the conclusion that
missional café churches have a great deal of potential to live out the Gospel in a relevant
manner and to be defined theologically as a church in its full sense. On the other
hand however, there are limits and challenges that ought to be considered, if these café
churches are to maintain their missional relevance in the future.<br>Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology<br>M. Th. (Missiology)
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Horne, Maria, G. McCracken, A. Walls, P. J. Tyrrell, and C. J. Smith. "Organisation, practice and experiences of mouth hygiene in stroke unit care: a mixed methods study." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7373.
Full textAbstract:
no<br>Aims and objectives
To (1) investigate the organisation, provision and practice of oral care in typical UK stroke units; (2) explore stroke survivors', carers' and healthcare professionals' experiences and perceptions about the barriers and facilitators to receiving and undertaking oral care in stroke units.
Background
Cerebrovascular disease and oral health are major global health concerns. Little is known about the provision, challenges and practice of oral care in the stroke unit setting, and there are currently no evidence-based practice guidelines.
Design
Cross-sectional survey of 11 stroke units across Greater Manchester and descriptive qualitative study using focus groups and semi-structured interviews.
Methods
A self-report questionnaire was used to survey 11 stroke units in Greater Manchester. Data were then collected through two focus groups (n = 10) with healthcare professionals and five semi-structured interviews with stroke survivors and carers. Focus group and interview data were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using framework approach.
Results
Eleven stroke units in Greater Manchester responded to the survey. Stroke survivors and carers identified a lack of oral care practice and enablement by healthcare professionals. Healthcare professionals identified a lack of formal training to conduct oral care for stroke patients, inconsistency in the delivery of oral care and no set protocols or use of formal oral assessment tools.
Conclusion
Oral care post-stroke could be improved by increasing healthcare professionals' awareness, understanding and knowledge of the potential health benefits of oral care post-stroke. Further research is required to develop and evaluate the provision of oral care in stroke care to inform evidence-based education and practice.