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Journal articles on the topic 'Export Control Act of 1949'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

SAYER, KAREN. "The ‘modern’ management of rats: British agricultural science in farm and field during the twentieth century." BJHS Themes 2 (2017): 235–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bjt.2017.7.

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AbstractDuring the period from 1919 to 1970, rat killing was ‘modernized’: official, scientific, commercial, agricultural and county advisers sought ‘rat control’. Scientific expertise on rat parasites and rat control circulated internationally. The risks posed to human health through plague, as traced by researchers who were already expert on the third pandemic, led in the UK to the Rats and Mice (Destruction) Act 1919; and the United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture, at Hot Springs, Virginia, USA, 1943 informed its replacement, the Prevention of Damage by Pests Act 1949. Anticoagul

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2

Davydov, Andrey. "Russia Containment Policy: Economic Aspects." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 11 (2024): 0. https://doi.org/10.18254/s207054760033205-2.

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This article covers key theoretical approaches to the problem of economic containment of Russian Federation by Western countries. This geopolitical strategy pursued by the United States and other Western countries aimed to prevent successful economic development both Russian Federation and China during current century. The initiator of containment policy was American diplomat George F. Kennan, counselor of the U.S. Embassy in Moscow. In February 1946 George F. Kennan presented analytical report about future Soviet-American relation. To avoid military confrontation Kennan suggested to contain S

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3

Bani, Adam, and Ahamat Haniff. "History of Raw Material Export Restriction by European Powers: Revisiting Colonial Past." Cendekia: Jurnal Hukum, Sosial & Humaniora 1, no. 2 (2023): 92–106. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8116018.

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<em>Acquiring control and monopoly over raw materials and natural resources was key to political, military and territorial expansions of European Powers in Asia, America and Africa. After World War 2, trade of goods become major concern under international trade regime which international legal order has clear rules against export restrictions on raw materials including on natural resources agreed under GATT 1947 Agreement. This paper inquires into the historical foundations of control and monopoly over raw materials and minerals, the legal rules that governed such conduct of States. This pape

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4

Park, Eon-Kyung, and Sang-Han Wang. "A Critical Analysis on the Domestic Implementation Legislation of the International Nuclear Import and Export Control Regulations: Focusing on Amendment Proposals of the Nuclear Safety Act." Korea International Law Review 64 (February 28, 2023): 147–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25197/kilr.2023.64.147.

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Under domestic law, there is no accurate definition of the concept of nuclear export control. ‘The Nuclear Safety Act’ defines safety measures for the peaceful use of nuclear power and import and export control that blocks the illegal transfer of nuclear goods and technologies as nuclear power control, and ‘the Foreign Trade Act’ stipulates import and export control of especially designed or prepared nuclear items(Trigger List) and dual-use items as a type of strategic items export control. The Nuclear Safety and Security Commission implements import and export control based on the acts above,

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5

Caspary, Tobias, and Tino Eckert. "2013 Reform of Germanys Export Control Act." Global Trade and Customs Journal 8, Issue 6 (2013): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2013022.

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Changes to the German national export laws address modernization, reform, and among other issues the penalties regime, including a new provision on voluntary self-disclosure. This article provides a practical summary of these important changes.

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6

Zedalis, Rex J. "The Chemical Weapons Convention Implementation Act: United States Control Over Exports." American Journal of International Law 90, no. 1 (1996): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203761.

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During 1994, the total sales value of chemicals exported from the United States exceeded $51 billion, up 15 percent over the previous year and resulting in the chemical sector outpacing all other sectors that finished the year with favorable trade balances. Chemicals leaving the United States were shipped under the control provisions of both the Department of Commerce's Export Administration Regulations (EAR), and the Department of State's International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). Though this is something of an oversimplification, the EAR basically concerns itself with products that ha

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7

CHOI, Dong Jun. "A Comparative Study on the Recent Strengthening tendency of Export Control System in the U.S. and China - focused on the U.S. Export Control Reform Act and the China Export Control Act -." Ewha Law Journal 25, no. 3 (2021): 23–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32632/elj.2021.25.3.23.

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8

Park, Eon-Kyung, Sang-Han Wang, and Kwan-Seon Jung. "Study on Revision of Foreign Trade Act to strengthen Export Control System - Focusing on Comparison with the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 -." Jeonbuk Law Review 72 (September 30, 2023): 395–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.56544/jblr.2023.09.72.395.

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9

Whang, Cindy. "Undermining the Consensus-Building and List-Based Standards in Export Controls: What the US Export Controls Act Means to the Global Export Control Regime." Journal of International Economic Law 22, no. 4 (2019): 579–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgz038.

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ABSTRACT On 13 August 2018, US President Donald Trump signed a legislation called the ‘Export Controls Act of 2018’ (ECA) that is important for reinvigorating the export control regime in the USA. This paper argues that contents of the ECA will not only impact the USA but also the way that the ECA is structured will potentially have a long-lasting influence on international export control regimes and the role that export controls play in international trade. International export control regimes were established post-World War II as a trade measure to pursue common strategic and national securi

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10

Kim, In Sik. "Exploratory Study on Changes in China’s Export Control System - Focusing on the Export Control Act(Draft) of 2019 -." Korean Chinese Relations Review 6, no. 3 (2020): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33575/kcrr.2020.6.3.25.

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11

Alter, Karen J. "U.S. Export Controls Across Time: Knowledge, Technology, and China." American Journal of International Law 119, no. 1 (2025): 180–95. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.61.

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Today export controls are all over the news. The so-called October rules regulating U.S. advanced semi-conductor chip exports to China represent a significant expansion of U.S. efforts to control the export of upstream advanced technology where the direct military applications remain unknowable. The U.S. sanctions and export control policy against Russia involve the most far-ranging and internationally coordinated export control regime since the end of the Cold War. If the House Foreign Affairs Committee and the Select Committee on the Strategic Competition Between the United States and the Ch

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Jelena Vujičić. "Algorithmic borders: AI, trade controls, and the rise of extraterritorial enforcement in technology law." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 24, no. 1 (2024): 2769–74. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.24.1.3129.

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This paper investigates the intensifying intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) regulation, global trade governance, and national security jurisprudence. As sovereign states seek to preserve strategic autonomy in an era of algorithmic ascendancy, AI systems have become entangled in complex legal architectures encompassing export controls, cross-border data governance, and foreign investment restrictions. Through doctrinal legal analysis and comparative regulatory mapping, this paper examines seminal frameworks including the U.S. Export Control Reform Act (ECRA), China's Export Control La

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Lee, Byung-Mun, and Mei-Feng Piao. "Main Contents and Practical Implication of the China Export Control Act." INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW 89 (February 28, 2021): 67–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35980/krical.2021.02.89.67.

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14

Gorbachov, D. M. "Violation of the procedure for international transfers of goods subject to state export control: problems of determining the moment of termination." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence 2, no. 3 (2025): 354–59. https://doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2025.03.2.57.

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The article establishes that determination of the moment of termination of a violation of the procedure for international transfers of goods subject to state export control may be established by interpreting the elements of this criminal offense, which are blanket and require clarification of the relevant provisions in the regulatory legislation of Ukraine. In addition, when establishing the moment of termination of the criminal offense under Article 333 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, it is necessary to proceed from the fact that the socially dangerous act in this article is referred to as “

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DR, BHADRAPPA HARALAYYA. "STUDY ON LOANS AND ADVANCES FOR DCC BANK MAIN BRANCH NAYAKAMAN BIDAR." Iconic Research And Engineering Journals 4, no. 12 (2021): 232–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5041215.

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The banking regulations act of india, 1949 defined banking has “Acceptance for the purpose of lending or investment of deposits of money from the public, refund on demand or otherwise and withdraw able cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participating of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institution, specialised financial institution and the state level development banks,. Non-banking financial (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such as the stock brokers and money lenders ar

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Son, Han-ki. "A Study on the Legislation for the Implementation of China's International Export Control System - Focusing on the Export Control Act of China." Northeast Asian law journal 15, no. 1 (2021): 33–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19035/nal.2021.15.1.2.

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PONOMAROV, Oleksandr. "Social conditioning and grounds for criminalization of violations of the procedure for carrying out the international transfer of goods which are the subject to state export control." Economics. Finances. Law 1, no. - (2023): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2023.1.3.

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The paper emphasizes that violation of the procedure for international transfers of goods subject to state export control directly threatens the national security of the state itself. The criteria that serve as a measure of the social conditioning of the criminalization of violation of the order of international transfers of goods subject to state export control have been determined. Groups of factors influencing criminalization are identified. A literature review of the grounds of the criminal law prohibition, which serve as objective prerequisites for its establishment, was carried out. The

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18

Zhang, Jing, Shuchen Tang, and Pengqing Sun. "From Command-Control to Lifecycle Regulation: Balancing Innovation and Safety in China’s Pharmaceutical Legislation." Healthcare 13, no. 6 (2025): 588. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13060588.

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Background: China’s pharmaceutical regulatory framework is undergoing a pivotal shift from a traditional “command-control” model to a “lifecycle regulation” approach, aiming to balance drug safety, innovation, and accessibility. This study systematically examines the evolution, achievements, and challenges of China’s regulatory reforms, offering insights for global pharmaceutical governance. Methods: Using a mixed-methods approach integrating historical analysis, policy text mining, and case studies, we reviewed the pharmaceutical laws and regulations enacted since 1949, supplemented by case s

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Kang, Bong-Ju, and Yang-Kee Lee. "Effect of International Trade and Business for Approval Mediated by Relationship Capabilities on Korea's Export Growth." Journal of Korea Trade 26, no. 6 (2022): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35611/jkt.2022.26.6.61.

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Purpose – This study analyzed the effect of obtaining international products and qualification certification on exports according to the suitability evaluation system. Recently, non-tariff barriers have emerged as technical barriers, and the Biden administration is trying to achieve export growth and economic growth by utilizing the demand for conformity assessment following the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the free trade system from the perspective of Korea. Design/methodology – This study analyzed the effect of a manufacturer's product certification acquisition on a company's export perf

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YEŞILBURSA BEHÇET, KEMAL. "FROM FRIENDSHIP TO ENMITY SOVIET-IRANIAN RELATIONS (1945-1965)." History and Modern Perspectives 2, no. 1 (2020): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2020-2-1-92-105.

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On 26 February 1921, the Soviet Union signed a «Treaty of Friendship» with Iran which was to pave the way for future relations between the two states. Although the Russians renounced various commercial and territorial concessions which the Tsarist government had exacted from Iran, they secured the insertion of two articles which prohibited the formation or residence in either country of individuals, groups, military forces which were hostile to the other party, and gave the Soviet Union the right to send forces into Iran in the event that a third party should attempt to carry out a policy of u

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Husisian, Gregory. "Risk Management for Multinational Corporations: Sentencing Guidelines Proposals Reflect Evolving Compliance Norms." Global Trade and Customs Journal 5, Issue 7/8 (2010): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2010035.

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In recent years, the U.S. government has become increasingly aggressive in enforcing U.S. laws designed to regulate international conduct of multinational corporations. As a result, multinational corporations face multiplying compliance concerns as they seek to comply with U.S. sanctions and antimoney laundering requirements, export control rules, and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). In this article, the author develops the proposed amendments and their implications for multinational corporations attempting to manage the risks posed by these complicated and nuanced laws.

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22

Singh, Rajender, Swati Singh, Anil Kumar, GT Kulkarni, and Arti Thakkar. "The Impact of Generic Drug User Fee Act on Generic Drug Export from India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE 13, no. 04 (2022): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.13.4.20.

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Generic drugs are drugs that have a similar active ingredient, dosage type, strength, and route of administration as a brand name medication. India is the hub of generic drugs and exports to various countries. The regulations for generics have been evolving through the years for better control of the price and quality of generic drugs. In this study, we have formulated a questionnaire consisting of questions on review time, communication with authority, the quality of products, and future expectations of the industry. Most people agreed that there had been a change since the introduction of ge

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Sugianto, Sugianto. "MEKANISME PENJALURAN DALAM EKSPIR DAN IMPOR." JURNAL INFORMASI, PERPAJAKAN, AKUNTANSI, DAN KEUANGAN PUBLIK 3, no. 1 (2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/jipak.v3i1.4438.

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<table class="NormalTable"><tbody><tr><td width="550"><span class="fontstyle0">In the mechanism of channel activity Export and Import, If Red Channel, Green Channel, Yellow Channel and MITA is one way to prohibition of the entering at the dangerous merchandising and the minimize the numerous of smuggle. Make to a service system in custom office without intervention for the user custom office is low risk which name MITA Channel (Mitra Utama). The way of treating in channel at import service is the evidence of control which did the export duty to optimize income tax

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HAMID LABETUBUN, MUCHTAR ANSHARY, and MARSELO VALENTINO GEOVANI PARIELA. "CONTROLLING OF IMPORTED OR EXPORTED GOODS RELATED TO BRAND PROTECTION BY CUSTOMS." UNTAG Law Review 4, no. 1 (2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36356/ulrev.v4i1.1522.

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<p>Customs regulations in Indonesia, there is also a legal mechanism to protect brands. Provisions in Chapter X of Law, Number 10 of 1995 concerning Customs as amended by Act Number 17 of 2006 concerning Amendments to Law Number 10 of 1995 concerning Customs, includes a prohibition on import or export restrictions and controls on the import and export of goods the results of infringement of Intellectual Property Rights including Trademark Rights. The role of Customs in the framework of protecting registered brands is as a traffic surveillance apparatus for goods entering or leaving Indon

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25

Park, Eon Kyung, and Chul Won Suh. "Appraisal and Reform of Regulations upon the Export Control of Strategic Items : Focusing on the Foreign Trade Act." Korean Journal of International Economic Law 16, no. 1 (2018): 157–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.46271/kjiel.2018.03.16.1.157.

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26

Horng, Der-Chin. "The EU’s Vaccine Diplomacy in the WHO." European Foreign Affairs Review 29, Issue 1 (2024): 35–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2024003.

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COVID-19 has posed a serious challenge for the European Union (EU) since 2020. The EU has adopted vaccine diplomacy, among other measures, to tackle this global pandemic. The EU also applied the Advance Purchase Agreements (APA) and export control for the COVID-19 vaccine in 2021, and did not fully support a waiver for vaccine and medicine Intellectual Property (IP) in the 2022 WTO negotiation. This paper focuses primarily on the following core issues and questions: What is the concept of vaccine diplomacy? What are the theories, policy decisions, jurisprudence and practices of the EU’s vaccin

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Bernardello, R., J. G. Cardoso, N. Bahamon, D. Donis, I. Marinov, and A. Cruzado. "Modelled interannual variability of vertical organic matter export related to phytoplankton bloom dynamics – a case-study for the NW Mediterranean Sea." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 7 (2012): 9091–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-9091-2012.

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Abstract. Mid-latitude spring blooms of phytoplankton show considerable year-to-year variability in timing, spatial extent and intensity. It is still unclear to what degree the bloom variability is connected to the magnitude of the vertical flux of organic matter. A coupled three-dimensional hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model is used to relate interannual variability in phytoplankton spring-bloom dynamics to variability in the vertical export of organic matter in the NW Mediterranean Sea. Simulation results from 2001 to 2010, validated against remote sensing chlorophyll, show marked interannual

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Tapan, Kumar Mahato. "Drug abuse, NDPS Act 1985 & Drug demand reduction." IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy And Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) 15, no. 05 (2020): 39–43. https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-1505043943.

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<strong>Abstract </strong>NDPS Act i.e. Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act came into existence on 14 November 1985 and it is applicable all over India. The act was made with the purpose to control the cultivation, manufacture, transport, distribution, export, import and use of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. In common sense, Narcotic drugs induces sleep while Psychotropic substances have the ability to alter the mind of an individual, hence these are called drugs of abuse and because of these effects a person becomes habitual of these drugs called drug addiction. Althou

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Pellerin, Brian P., Deborah Buszard, Alex Georgallas, and Richard J. Nowakowski. "A Novel Framework to Consider Endogenous Hormonal Control of Apple Tree Flowering." HortScience 47, no. 5 (2012): 589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.5.589.

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Inhibition of flower initiation by nearby developing fruits is one of the main causes of biennial bearing in apple trees. This localized inhibition may depend on a critical ratio of inhibitor and promoter hormones that inhibits flowering of apical meristems. A model is proposed to explain this phenomenon. In the model, it is assumed that seeds and leaves act as point sources and export inhibiting and promoting hormones to apical meristems. The model assumes critical ratios of promoting and inhibiting hormones determine whether an apical meristem flowers or not and this may be a cause of bienni

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Bikash, Sen Deka. "The Arms Act, 1959: A Legal Analysis and Comparative Study with USA." Annual International Journal on Analysis of Contemporary Legal Affairs 1 (February 10, 2021): 146–68. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4876301.

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<strong><em>To maintain law and order in a country, the government lays down various laws and regulations. The defense and security agencies help to defend the state against any kind of internal or external threats. These agencies are equipped with guns and weapons and empowered to use reasonable force and at times excessive power depending upon the situation to maintain peace and security of the state. In India, the authority to use firearms and ammunition is restricted to only the armed forces and law enforcement agencies. But, the laws relating to owning and using guns by citizens are very

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Akutson, Seth, O. P. Efionayi, and C. C. Agunobi. "Effect of trade openness on economic growth in Nigeria." Journal of Global Economics and Business 5, no. 18 (2024): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.58934/jgeb.v5i18.269.

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The study investigated the effect of trade openness on economic growth in Nigeria. Time series data were collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin from 1990 - 2022. While balance of payment was the proxy for economic growth (the dependent variable); the proxies for the independent variable (trade openness) were import, export and broad money supply to act as control variable. The method of data analysis employed in this study includes descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and unit root test. Ordinary Least Square was used to estimate the model. The findings reveale

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Bernardello, R., J. G. Cardoso, N. Bahamon, D. Donis, I. Marinov, and A. Cruzado. "Factors controlling interannual variability of vertical organic matter export and phytoplankton bloom dynamics – a numerical case-study for the NW Mediterranean Sea." Biogeosciences 9, no. 11 (2012): 4233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4233-2012.

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Abstract. Mid-latitude spring blooms of phytoplankton show considerable year-to-year variability in timing, spatial extent and intensity. It is still unclear to what degree the bloom variability is connected to the magnitude of the vertical flux of organic matter. A coupled three-dimensional hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model is used to relate interannual variability in phytoplankton spring-bloom dynamics to variability in the vertical export of organic matter in the NW Mediterranean Sea. Simulation results from 2001 to 2010, validated against remote-sensing chlorophyll, show marked interannual

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Vasiu, Ioana, and Lucian Vasiu. "Backdoor Man: A Radiograph of Computer Source Code Theft Cases." Journal of High Technology Law 18, no. 1 (2017): 1–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3950250.

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The misappropriation of trade secrets threat comes from numerous sources, such as current or former employees, competitors, clients, suppliers, and hackers. Given the fundamental role computer programs play in numerous industries, and taken into consideration the high complexity and financial investments involved in the development process, source code presents a particular interest for perpetrators. Successful misappropriation can result in profound consequences for the victims, compelling strong legal protection. Depending on the nature and circumstances of the offense, the theft of source c

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Kim, Su Kab. "Implications for the Improvement of Korea's Cultural Heritage Legislation through the Study of the Federal Cultural Heritage Legislation in Germany." LAW RESEARCH INSTITUTE CHUNGBUK NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 34, no. 2 (2023): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34267/cblj.2023.34.2.1.

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With the enactment of ʻthe Basic Law on National Heritageʼ in Korea, The ʻCultural Property Protection Actʼ will be renamed ʻthe Act on the Preservation and Utilization of Cultural Heritageʼ(acronym: the Cultural Heritage Act) from May 17, 2024. The Cultural Heritage Act shall serve as the basic law related to the cultural heritage legislation. The Cultural Heritage Act includes such as contents; the establishment and promotion of the protection of cultural heritage as defined in the Basic Law on National Heritage, the creation of a foundation for cultural heritage protection, and the national

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MAPIRA, Jemitias. "ZIMBABWEâ€™S FORESTRY COMMISSION AND THE QUEST FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 11, no. 2 (2017): 2415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v11i2.6305.

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This paper examines how some Zimbabwean government departments/organizations have been involved in the management of natural resources with a view to achieving sustainable development (SD) at local and national levels. This includes the Forestry Commission (FC) which dates back to the colonial era. Zimbabweâ€™s forest resources are governed by the Forest Act (Chapter 19:05) of 1996 (G.o.Z, 1996). The Act was proclaimed through an Act of parliament in 1949 and has been revised numerous times since its inception. Following the promulgation of the Act, a Forestry Commission was established in Apr

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Tsimplis, Michael. "Liability and Compensation in the International Transport of Hazardous Wastes by Sea: The 1999 Protocol to the Basel Convention." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 16, no. 2 (2001): 295–346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180801x00090.

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AbstractThe export of hazardous wastes has been recognised by the international community as a dangerous trade which must be minimised and regulated. The 1989 Basel Convention on the Control of the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal is a widely ratified international agreement for the environmentally safe transport of hazardous wastes. The 1999 Liability and Compensation Protocol significantly improves the 1989 Basel Convention regime by establishing strict liability with minimum financial limits and, unlimited, fault-based liability for damages arising out of the c

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Voronin, Boris, M. Karpuhin, Irina Chupina, and Yana Voronina. "Strategy of development and export potential of the grain complex of Russia. Regional aspect." Agrarian Bulletin of the 203, no. 12 (2020): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2020-203-12-78-82.

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Abstract. Grain production and legal regulation of this industry are of paramount importance for the food security of the country. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the adopted laws and regulations governing relations in the field of grain and its processed products, as well as the state of grain growing in the Sverdlovsk region. The article uses the methods of analysis and synthesis, the method of generalization, the method of environmental forecasting, as well as the method of strategic planning. The results of this article are based on the fact that the Law of the Russian F

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Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. "Evolution of US Health Care Reform." Pain Physician 3, no. 20;3 (2017): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2017.110.

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Major health policy creation or changes, including governmental and private policies affecting health care delivery are based on health care reform(s). Health care reform has been a global issue over the years and the United States has seen proposals for multiple reforms over the years. A successful, health care proposal in the United States with involvement of the federal government was the short-lived establishment of the first system of national medical care in the South. In the 20th century, the United States was influenced by progressivism leading to the initiation of efforts to achieve u

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Katko, Tapio S., Vesa P. Arvonen, Petri S. Juuti, Riikka P. Juuti, and Eric J. Nealer. "Development of Joint Rural Water Services in Finland, 1872–2022." Earth 6, no. 3 (2025): 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth6030076.

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Community-based systems present a key option for water services, especially in rural areas. Our goal is to achieve a state-of-the-art understanding of joint rural water supply development in Finland over 150 years. A mixed-methods approach was used: a literature survey and a questionnaire to selected experts. Based on the literature, a table including 23 decisions considered the most influential strategic events from 1872 to 2022 was produced. The table was sent to 10 selected experts known to be deeply familiar with the theme, all of whom replied. Joint rural water services in Finland have ev

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McCreery, David. "‘This Life of Misery and Shame’: Female Prostitution in Guatemala City, 1880–1920." Journal of Latin American Studies 18, no. 2 (1986): 333–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00012050.

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A number of recent studies1 suggest that prostitution – ‘The act or practice of indulging in promiscuous sexual relations, especially for money’2 – in western society increased dramatically in the late nineteenth century, both in real terms and in popular consciousness. ‘Large scale, conspicuous prostitution’, they argue, ‘was a by-product of the first, explosive stage in the growth of the modern, industrial city…’ It is a proposition of this article that such changes were, in fact, far more widespread. From the evidence of Guatemala it appears that prostitution also increased during these yea

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Fernández-Moreno, Miguel A., JoséL Caballero, David A. Hopwood, and Francisco Malpartida. "The act cluster contains regulatory and antibiotic export genes, direct targets for translational control by the bldA tRNA gene of streptomyces." Cell 66, no. 4 (1991): 769–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(91)90120-n.

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Fulano, Alex M., Danyu Shen, Miki Kinoshita, Shan-Ho Chou, and Guoliang Qian. "The Homologous Components of Flagellar Type III Protein Apparatus Have Acquired a Novel Function to Control Twitching Motility in a Non-Flagellated Biocontrol Bacterium." Biomolecules 10, no. 5 (2020): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10050733.

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The bacterial flagellum is one of the best-studied surface-attached appendages in bacteria. Flagellar assembly in vivo is promoted by its own protein export apparatus, a type III secretion system (T3SS) in pathogenic bacteria. Lysobacter enzymogenes OH11 is a non-flagellated soil bacterium that utilizes type IV pilus (T4P)-driven twitching motility to prey upon nearby fungi for food. Interestingly, the strain OH11 encodes components homologous to the flagellar type III protein apparatus (FT3SS) on its genome, but it remains unknown whether this FT3SS-like system is functional. Here, we report

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Fatah, Shokhan Mohammed, and Areen Ahmed Muhammed. "A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF GENDERED LANGUAGE IN JAMAICA KINCAID’S ‘GIRL’ USING SPEECH ACT THEORY AND DEFICIT MODEL." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 9, no. 1 (2025): 11–26. https://doi.org/10.30743/ll.v9i1.10654.

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This paper examines gendered language in Jamaica Kincaid’s (born 1949) short story ‘Girl’ through J. L. Austin’s Speech Act Theory and Robin Lakoff’s Deficit Model. Structured as a monologue of maternal instructions, the narrative provides a lens to analyze language’s performative function in reinforcing authority, dependency, and gender norms. Applying Speech Act Theory, the study explores how directives, warnings, and illocutionary acts preserve traditional femininity and power relations. Simultaneously, it engages with the Deficit Model to demonstrate how women’s language is positioned as l

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Sanaullah, Hafiz Muhammad Sajid Ali, Syed Husnain Kumail Naqvi, et al. "Review on Biological Management of Bactrocera zonata through Pathogenic Activity of Beauveria bassiana." Asian Journal of Research in Crop Science 8, no. 4 (2023): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajrcs/2023/v8i4235.

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Bactrocera zonata is the destructive pest of peach, mango and banana by causing Significant economic losse It reduces fruit quality, which directly causes decline in export of these economical fruits. Many management strategies were carried to suppress the population of this invasive pest. The use of chemical insecticides in the orchard for control of B. zonata is restricted because insecticides causes several complication in fruit health and makes fruits unfit for human consumption. The EPF (Beauveria bassiana) act as potent biocontrol agent. B. bassiana enriched with three cuticle degrading

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Dalsøren, S. B., B. H. Samset, G. Myhre, et al. "Environmental impacts of shipping in 2030 with a particular focus on the Arctic region." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 4 (2013): 1941–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1941-2013.

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Abstract. We quantify the concentrations changes and Radiative Forcing (RF) of short-lived atmospheric pollutants due to shipping emissions of NOx, SOx, CO, NMVOCs, BC and OC. We use high resolution ship emission inventories for the Arctic that are more suitable for regional scale evaluation than those used in former studies. A chemical transport model and a RF model are used to evaluate the time period 2004–2030, when we expect increasing traffic in the Arctic region. Two datasets for ship emissions are used that characterize the potential impact from shipping and the degree to which shipping

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Duffraisse, Marilyne, Rachel Paul, Julie Carnesecchi, et al. "Role of a versatile peptide motif controlling Hox nuclear export and autophagy in the Drosophila fat body." Journal of Cell Science 133, no. 18 (2020): jcs241943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.241943.

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ABSTRACTHox proteins are major regulators of embryonic development, acting in the nucleus to regulate the expression of their numerous downstream target genes. By analyzing deletion forms of the Drosophila Hox protein Ultrabithorax (Ubx), we identified the presence of an unconventional nuclear export signal (NES) that overlaps with a highly conserved motif originally described as mediating the interaction with the PBC proteins, a generic and crucial class of Hox transcriptional cofactors that act in development and cancer. We show that this unconventional NES is involved in the interaction wit

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Doluda, Igor. "ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES FOR THE EXPORT AND IMPORT OF MILITARY AND DUAL-PURPOSE GOODS IN UKRAINE." Administrative law and process, no. 4(39) (2022): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2227-796x.2022.4.07.

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Purpose. The purpose of the article is to reveal the content and form a categorical definition ofthe administrative procedure for the export and import of military and dual-use goods in Ukrainebased on the existing and prospective legislation and the theory of administrative law. On thisbasis, form the latest concept of development of social relations in the analyzed sphere.Methods. A system of methods of scientific knowledge was used during the research. Using themethod of systematic analysis, various legal sources and empirical material were analyzed andnew generalizations and conclusions we

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Han, Jong-Soo. "A Study on History and Value of Korean Diplomatic Missions Overseas in Korean Modern and Contemporary Era." Korea Association of World History and Culture 63 (June 30, 2022): 149–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32961/jwhc.2022.06.63.149.

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This thesis intended to examine the ‘Korean cultural heritage value’ targeting Korean diplomatic missions overseas as the concept of ‘Korean cultural heritage’ in the ｢Cultural Heritage Protection Act｣, revised in March 2017, is expanded. During the Joseon Dynasty and the Korean Empire, resident legations were opened and operated in the capitals of major countries such as Japan and the United States. In 1949, through the revision of Presidential Decree No. 60 “Diplomats and Consulates”, the term “Korean Diplomatic Missions Overseas” began to be used. Korean diplomatic missions over

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Roberts, Tiffiney M., and Kathleen Boris-Lawrie. "The 5′ RNA Terminus of Spleen Necrosis Virus Stimulates Translation of Nonviral mRNA." Journal of Virology 74, no. 17 (2000): 8111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.17.8111-8118.2000.

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ABSTRACT The RU5 region at the 5′ RNA terminus of spleen necrosis virus (SNV) has been shown to facilitate expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) unspliced RNA independently of the Rev-responsive element (RRE) and Rev. The SNV sequences act as a distinct posttranscriptional control element to stimulategag RNA nuclear export and association with polyribosomes. Here we sought to determine whether RU5 functions to neutralize thecis-acting inhibitory sequences (INSs) in HIV RNA that confer RRE/Rev dependence or functions as an independent stimulatory sequence. Experiments with HIV

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Sedliar, Yulia. "US policy of economic sanctions against Cuba in 1990s years." Scientific Visnyk V. O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Historical Sciences 48, no. 2 (2019): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33310/2519-2809-2019-48-2-114-118.

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The US economic embargo against Cuba has been in place for fifty years. During that period, its rationale and goals have not changed. As it is stressed in the article, principal purpose of the US sanctions strategy is either to modify the international behavior of Cuba, which Washington regarded as a threat to US strategic interests in the Latin America region, or to eliminate the Cuban political regime entirely. Measured against these goals, the sanctions clearly have failed. Author examines key factors having restricted sanctions’ ability to achieve American proclaimed goals regarding to Cub

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