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Journal articles on the topic 'Export-import contract'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Febrillian Putra, Trenandy, Raditya Arif Ramadhan, M. Nur Chusainy, and Ahmad Fauzi. "Export Trading Contract Process." ASIAN Economic and Business Development 4, no. 1 (2022): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54204/aebd/vol4no1july2022004.

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Export and import activities carry a high risk. With this, a trade contract is needed. Trade contracts are used to avoid deviations or cancellations. Thus facilitating international trade. This research is qualitative research that produces hypotheses from previous research. There are stages in the trade contract that must be carried out by both the exporter and the importer, which is the beginning of the transaction in the export-import trade by considering the contents of the trade contract. The stages in the trade contract include the first stage of promotion. The second stage is the Inquir

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Sumanti, Eva, Camelia Sofwan Al-Rasyid, Pitriani Pitriani, Muhamad Izazi Nurjaman, and Raid Alghani. "Integrating Hybrid Sharia Contracts in Letter of Credit (L/C) Transactions for Export and Import in Islamic Banking in Indonesia." Al-'Adalah 21, no. 2 (2024): 449. https://doi.org/10.24042/adalah.v21i2.23301.

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This study aims to analyze the application of the hybrid contracts concept in the Sharia export and import of L/C products in Indonesia to contribute to developing a practical or theoretical framework in Sharia banking. This article is a juridical-normative study using qualitative data from a literature study. Primary data comes from several DSN-MUI Fatwas related to L/C products, plus secondary data from a review of other reading materials relevant to the research topic. The data analysis techniques used are condensation, data presentation, and conclusion. This study found that the concept of

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Li, Fuchang, Zhe Jiang, Xiaohui Hu, Yadong Du, and Yutong Gui. "Decision-making in cross-border e-commerce supply chains and coordination under revenue sharing and deferred payment contracts." International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations 16, no. 1 (2025): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ijiec.2024.12.001.

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Deferred payment and revenue-sharing contracts are significantly important for promoting the collaboration and the management of retail export supply chains for cross-border e-commerce. This research addresses the real-world challenges faced by managers in this domain by using a joint optimization model to investigate the best ordering and pricing tactics within cross-border e-commerce retail export supply chains, particularly taking into account export tax rebates and import tariffs. Our findings reveal that while revenue-sharing contracts and deferred payment mechanisms can significantly enh

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Ramadanti, Zhulis Anggraeni. "Penerapan Akad Wakalah pada Sistem Letter of Credit Syariah." Al-Kharaj : Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan & Bisnis Syariah 5, no. 2 (2022): 518–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/alkharaj.v5i2.1202.

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The existence of a letter of credit that is truly in accordance with sharia principles has been awaited by Muslim entrepreneurs who want to carry out their religious values throughout their lives. Conventional L/C is considered as in sharia L/C because the practice still applies the interest system. The Sharia L/C Regulation has been in Law no. 21/2008 regarding Sharia Banking, in article 19 p. 34/DSN-MUI/IX/2002 concerning Sharia Import L/C and MUI National Sharia Council Fatwa No. 35/DSN-MUI/IX/2002 concerning Sharia Export L/C. Sharia L/C can apply several contract contract models, such a

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Fileva, Iskra. "HISTORICAL INACCURACY IN FICTION." American Philosophical Quarterly 56, no. 2 (2019): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/48570835.

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Abstract I ask whether and when historical inaccuracy in a work of art constitutes an aesthetic flaw. I first consider a few replies derived from others: conceptual impossibility, import-export inconsistency, failure of reference, and imaginative resistance. I argue that while there is a grain of truth to some of these proposals, none of them ultimately succeeds. I proceed to offer an alternative account on which the aesthetic demerits of historical inaccuracies stem from a violation of the conversational contract between author and audience. The key question is what that contract implies.

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Cui, Xiaomin, Miaojie Yu, and Rui Zhang. "Judicial Quality, Input Customisation, and Trade Margins: The Role of Product Quality." Economic Journal 132, no. 643 (2021): 926–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueab098.

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Abstract We study how the contracting environment affects the quality of trade. A better contracting environment not only induces specialisations in industries intensively using customised inputs, but also causes quality upgrading of domestic varieties and tougher competition in these industries. We incorporate these effects into a Ricardian model with customised input and product quality. Our model predicts that better judicial quality raises a country’s import prices and quality more in contract-intensive products, but has no impacts on its export prices or quality. We empirically confirm th

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Butakova, Nadezhda Alexandrovna. "Letter Of Credit as a Payment Instrument of the Export-Import Deal." Theoretical and Applied Law, no. 1 (June 7, 2019): 81–87. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15350739.

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Letter of credit — a financial term, one of the types of payment instruments between the participants of export-import contract. Today the letter of credit is recognized by financiers in all over the world as the most universal way of payment in foreign economic activity. The letter of credit allows the businessmen to solve several problems at once. The letter of credit guarantees: minimization of possible legal risks; additional insurance against unfair contractors in a foreign trade. Russian companies that have experience of working with international partners on the basis of long-term

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Ivanova, Maryna, Vasyl Shvets, and Olena Varyanichenko. "FORMATION OF STRATEGIC AREAS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISES IN ACCORDANCE WITH TENDENCIES IN EXPORT-IMPORT CHANGES." Economic discourse, no. 4 (December 2019): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36742/2410-0919-2019-4-5.

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Introduction. The top management of enterprises, as a rule, have to solve several strategic issues when concluding a foreign trade contract, among which the choice of strategic direction of activity and the counterparty country is the highest priority. Methods. General and specific methods of system-structural analysis and synthesis were used to formulate the author's definition of "development strategy", to identify the interrelated stages of the development strategy formation; correlation-regression analysis was applied to determine the correlation density between imports and exports for the

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Mazwi, Freedom, Abel Chemura, George T. Mudimu, and Walter Chambati. "Political Economy of Command Agriculture in Zimbabwe: A State-led Contract Farming Model." Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy: A triannual Journal of Agrarian South Network and CARES 8, no. 1-2 (2019): 232–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277976019856742.

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After the withdrawal of agrarian capital from financing agriculture in the context of a backlash following the implementation radical land redistribution and tenure reforms since 2000, the fiscally constrained Zimbabwean state assumed an enlarged role in funding production, especially of food grains. Various input subsidy programs were initiated by state and donor agencies to plug the challenges faced by farmers in accessing expensive agricultural inputs, such as seeds and fertilizer on the open markets. Notwithstanding these interventions, the country’s national production has been short of d

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Wang, Liang, Xianyan Xiong, and Mengmeng Hui. "Research on Financial Hedging Decision Based on Exchange Rate Risk in Transnational Supply Chain." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (September 13, 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5548386.

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This paper considers a three-echelon manufacturer-retailer-supplier supply chain, the purpose of which is to investigate the influence of the bilateral exchange rate risks of import and export and the leading company’s financial hedging on the decision-makers of the supply chain. Firstly, it constructs the profit function and the financial hedging decision-making model of each member in the decentralized supply chain. Secondly, it introduces the incentive mechanism of exchange rate risk hedging in the centralized supply chain. Thirdly, from the perspective of wholesale price agreements and rev

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马, 文萱. "Research on English-Chinese Translation of Business Contract Texts—A Case Study of Sales Contracts of China National Chemical Import & Export Corporation." Modern Linguistics 13, no. 07 (2025): 679–89. https://doi.org/10.12677/ml.2025.137757.

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Tutik, Titik Triwulan. "Penyelesaian sengketa letter of credit ekspor-impor syariah pascaputusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 93/PUU-X/2012." IJTIHAD Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan 16, no. 1 (2016): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v16i1.43-66.

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This research is aimed to examine on the dispute settlement Letter of Credit (L/C) Import-Export insharia banking. This dogmatic study was supported by the statute and conceptual approach. The stepsof research were conducted by collecting the primary and secondary data. All of the data were notedusing card system based on the subjects of the research problem and writing system. The results of theresearch show that: First, the position of the Letter of Credit as cross-border transactions in the Shariabanking, not only just set in national contract law, but also stipulated in the International t

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Saputra, Kuryani, A. Kumedi Jafar, and Muhammad Iqbal Fasa. "Pengadaan Vaksin Covid-19 Triwulan I Tahun 2021 di Indonesia Persfektif Hukum Ekonomi Syariah." Reslaj : Religion Education Social Laa Roiba Journal 4, no. 2 (2021): 260–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/reslaj.v4i2.698.

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In the first quarter of 2021, Indonesia will purchase vaccines by importing COVID-19 vaccines from COVID-19 vaccine companies. Islamic Economic Law regulates the process of purchasing vaccines by importing Covid-19 vaccines, how transactions are completed, and aspects of the safety and halalness of Covid-19 vaccines. The purpose of this study was to determine the import contract of Indonesia's Covid-19 vaccine with halal guarantees and health aspects in accordance with sharia economic law. This research uses literature study method. The data analysis method used in this research is deductive a

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Sembodo, Cipto. "Analisis Kesesuaian Instrumen Hedge Konvensional terhadap Prinsip Syarih." TASAMUH: Jurnal Studi Islam 11, no. 1 (2019): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47945/tasamuh.v11i1.172.

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International finance is one of the areas that starts to attract attention of Islamic financial experts. In a more globalized market, Islamic banks need to be more exposed into international market in order to facilitate export-import transactions. Consequently, the Islamic banks are dealing with exchange rate risk higher than earlier. In the conventional counterpart, the risk can be minimized through hedging instruments; thus, gaining a higher level of operational efficiency. In an absence of such instruments, this paper offers possible mechanisms that could be beneficial for further developm

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15

Shiv, Kumar, and Kashif Ansari Md. "AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY INDUSTRY IN INDIA." International Journal of Research – Granthaalayah 4, no. 1 (2017): 153–57. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.848517.

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With the rise of factory farming, milk is now almost an unnatural operation. The modern dairy farm can have hundreds, even thousands of cows. Today’s average dairy cow produces six to seven times as much milk as she did a century ago. Currently, the United States is the largest producer of milk in the world, followed by India and China. India being one of the largest milk producer around the world, has to import a part of Milk products and its exports are negligible in the World Export Share. This paper tries to examine the issues regarding ‘Export Performance of Dairy Industry of India’: Tren

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ПАНАСЮК, Валентина, та Ірина ТКАЧУК. "ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ ОБЛІКУ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ В УМОВАХ ПОВНОМАСШТАБНОЇ ВІЙНИ". Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 328, № 2 (2024): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2024-328-50.

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In the conditions of a full-scale war, one of the key issues is conducting effective foreign economic activity, namely, meeting the needs of society and the army during the war. With the beginning of military aggression, when the question arose of quickly supplying the army with military equipment, food, and tools, the main shortcomings of the country's current foreign economic policy became apparent. The most famous cases are the processes of customs clearance and import of military goods from abroad. The work highlights two main groups of problems that our state faced when conducting foreign

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Bazvand, Aboutaleb. "The Principle of Indemnity in Valued Marine Policies." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (2016): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v3i1.p55-62.

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To consider people are encountering many perils that threat their health, life and property as such people interested to insure their belonging and get rid of risk and danger to live and work tranquility. As stated that marine insurance is the oldest branch of insurance and now days most of trade is by sea transportation and economic of countries are rely on export and import which are strongly depend on marine insurance, because the marine insurance plays an important role in the world and has high position. And how marine insurance includes the loss and which losses are not included consider

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18

Manurung, Samuel Karunia, and Yunanto Yunanto. "Agent Protection in an Agency Agreement." Journal of Social Research 2, no. 10 (2023): 3486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.55324/josr.v2i10.1418.

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Marketing products through agency business agreements is a common practice when manufacturers seek to expand their reach within specific territories. In Indonesia, this arrangement is often driven by import and export restrictions imposed on international entities. Due to these restrictions, foreign entities, referred to as principals, must engage agents or representatives to facilitate the sale of their products within Indonesia. This agency relationship is predominantly built upon a contractual agreement. In this agreement, the agent commits to representing the principal's interests, includi

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Al-Amaren, Emad Mohammed. "THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL THEORIES AND CONVENTIONS." Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 7, no. 3 (2018): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v7i3.26196.

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<p>The contract generally means the consent of two wills to make a particular legal effect of giving or doing work or abstaining from work in return for material or in-kind compensation. As for the commercial nature of the contract, in the Jordanian civil law, the contract is considered commercial if it is included in the business stipulated in Article 6 of the Jordanian Trade Law. A contract is commercial if its subject matter is one of the acts provided for in article 6 of the Trade Law, as is the case with the purchase of movables for the purpose of selling them, and the agency commis

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Nusamara, Arlyn Annabel, Virginia Virginia, and Matthew Mikha Sebastian Matondang. "Mechanism for Settlement of International Trade Disputes in the Case of the European Union's Lawsuit Against Indonesia Regarding Nickel Mining." AURELIA: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia 3, no. 2 (2024): 1408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.57235/aurelia.v3i2.2730.

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Nickel, a naturally formed metal element, has a shiny shape and a sparkling white color. On some islands in Indonesia, nickel is still abundantly found, such as in Sulawesi, which is a hub of mining industry, especially in Morowali and North Morowali. Besides, it is also found on several other islands, like Maluku North (Halmahera), Papua, and Kalimantan. In addition, total nickel exports by 2022 rose to $5.97 billion. Following the entry into force of a policy banning the export of crude nickel seeds on January 1, 2020, Indonesian nickle exports have increased. However, the EU opposed the pol

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Sudarwanto, AL Sentot, and Grace Ayu Purwosutedjo. "Bill of Lading in Transporting Goods at Sea to Envisage an Efficiency of Export and Import Transaction." Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 8, no. 2 (2019): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v8i2.19470.

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<p>This study discusses the law of transporting goods at sea by using a document of charge called Bill of Lading known in common law system is from the 16th century. The research is taken based on the empirical type by showing evidence obtained from the field then analyzed based on bibliography and theory which exists. The result of the research is that each of the international regulations studied does not describe explicitly what the rights and obligations of exporters and importers. However, the B/L contract on the back describes the rights and obligations of exporters and importers a

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Soboliev, Volodymyr M., Oleksiy S. Korepanov, Tеtyana G. Chala, and Yevhen V. Moloshnikov. "The Impact of the Construction Materials Market on Economic Growth in Wartime Conditions: A comparative Macro and Micro Analysis." Business Inform 1, no. 552 (2024): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2024-1-124-131.

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The aim of the article is to identify the features of the development of both the global and the national market of construction materials in the context of uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and russian armed aggression. Research methods: statistical analysis, logical modeling, graphical analysis, comparative analysis, unity of logical and historical approaches. The dynamics of the Ukrainian cement market is determined by a combination of internal and external factors. Domestic consumption of cement is determined by the volume of domestic production minus exports, taking into account

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Primakov, Denis, Anton Rudokvas, and Inese Tenberga. "The Salam transaction in the Islamic tradition and its application in Islamic banking." Pravovedenie 66, no. 4 (2022): 408–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2022.404.

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This article reveals some features of the “Salam” contract which refers to the purchase of a commodity for deferred delivery in exchange for immediate payment. The structure of the Salam Contract changes the logic of ordinary sales contracts, hereby article focuses on differentiation between pre-paid Salam Contract on the one hand and the sales of goods contract (bay’) and the concept of advanced payment on the other hand. Part 2 of the article highlights the Salam Contract as a type of pre-delivery finance instrument based on the Islamic banking theory and practice. As a banking instrument, t

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Amareen, Emad Mohammad Al, and Mustafa M. Al-Husban. "A critical overview of Islamic Performance Bonds." Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 32, no. 1 (2024): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v32i1.29964.

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Banks might finance international trade activities, including import and export, through letters of credit and letters of guarantee (performance bonds). This contract provides a high level of safety and stability for international trade because of the banks' unwavering assurances. This research intends to determine the degree to which Islamic Shariah regulations are followed by Islamic banks' activities while outlining the challenges these institutions face while using performance bonds. This study has highlighted the performance bond issues that importers and exporters are dealing with and ha

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Gogo, Gerta. "THE EFFECTS OF THE EURO’S DECLINE ONTHE ALBANIANECONOMY." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 23, no. 4 (2024): 13–22. https://doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2024.23.4.14.

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Aim: This study aims to analyze in detail the sectors that have suffered from the euro’s fall and evaluate their situation in the Albanian economy. This article investigates the impact of the euro’s devaluation on the primary economic sectors, including imports and exports. Since the clothing sector was among the most impacted by this drop, particular attention has been paid to the export of leather and its products, as well as the textile and footwear sectors. Methods: The data used in the analysis were sourced from the primary institute that published the data. These institutions, which are

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George, William, and Tareq Al-Ansari. "GM-Ledger: Blockchain-Based Certificate Authentication for International Food Trade." Foods 12, no. 21 (2023): 3914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12213914.

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Maritime transportation plays a critical role for many Arab countries and their food security and has evolved into a complex system that involves a plethora of supply chain stakeholders spread around the globe. This inherent complexity brings huge security challenges, including cargo loss and high burdens in cargo document inspection. The emerging blockchain technology provides a promising tool to build a unified maritime cargo tracking system critical for cargo security. This is because blockchains are a tamper-proof distributed ledger technology that can store and track data in a secure and

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Mustofa, Mustofa, and Manshur Idris. "AL-KHULUW (KOMPENSASI PELEPASAN HAK) ANTARA TEORI, PRAKTIK, DAN SOLUSI EKONOMI KONTEMPORER." LISAN AL-HAL: Jurnal Pengembangan Pemikiran dan Kebudayaan 12, no. 2 (2018): 347–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/lisanalhal.v12i2.159.

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Economy continues to grow rapidly especially supported by the advancement of science and technology which increasingly encourages the creation of economic practices that have never happened in the past, the distance between one country and another is getting closer, so it is possible to do transactions between countries both individually and institutionally. In the fields of trade, investment, export-import, stock exchange, leasing, buying and selling, bonds and almost all developing economic practices require answers and legal solutions for Muslims so that their implementation is in accordanc

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Myronenko, Ihor. "Application of «INCOTERMS» in drafting commercial transactions." Actual problems of improving of current legislation of Ukraine, no. 64 (January 15, 2024): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/apiclu.64.203-213.

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This article examines the legal nature, content and procedure of application of «International commercial terms» («Incoterms») when drafting commercial transactions. These rules are the development of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and constitute an important component of the mechanism of international trade. They are widely used all over the world in the implementation of international and domestic commercial activities. «Incoterms» are systematically updated in accordance with the needs of commercial practice, the most recent edition is from 2020.«Incoterms» by their legal natur

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Khaerah, Nur, Nursaleh Hartaman, and Miftahul Rahman. "Impact of Sustainable Development of Coastal Areas and Small Islands in Makassar." E3S Web of Conferences 277 (2021): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127701006.

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Makassar City is a national strategic project development area, namely the construction of the Makassar New Port with the value of the Cooperation contract with Royal Boskalis of 75 million Euros. According to the government’s expectation, Makassar New Port (MNP) can increase import-export activities in eastern Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the impact of economic, socio-cultural, and environmental or ecological aspects. The method used is descriptive qualitative and the data obtained were analyzed using Nvivo12 Plus software. The results of this study found that marine sand

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Imamova, Dilfuza. "Improvement of legal regulation of foreign economic transactions in the Republic of Uzbekistan." Общество и инновации 1, no. 2 (2020): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol1-iss2-pp94-104.

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The article deals with issues related to improving the legal regulation of foreign economic transactions in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It is determined that foreign economic transaction is a transaction in which one party is a foreign company or a commercial enterprise located in another state, the trade focused on the import or export abroad and to use in settlements with counterparty foreign currency. It was found out that some types of foreign economic transactions are not reflected in the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, namely distribute and forfeiting contracts.

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Al Amaren, Emad Mohammad, Che Thalbi Bt Md Ismail, and Mohd Zakhiri bin Md Nor. "The Fraud Rules in the Letter of Credit under Jordanian Legal System." Sriwijaya Law Review 5, no. 2 (2021): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol5.iss2.1058.pp218-235.

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Letter of credit (L/C) has a massive role in expanding international trade operations. It is considered the most secure and stable banking service to finance foreign trade operations such as import and export. As an international contract, potential legal issues arise due to fraud practices. In this case, L/C users have to be aware of different approaches followed by domestic courts while dealing with fraud at the international level. This paper aims to identify the fraud means under the fraud rule governing L/C and its impact on Jordan's practice. By applying a qualitative and doctrinal legal

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Choi, Chang-Yeol. "Legal Relationship of Assurance of Performance in Bilateral Contracts." Kyung Hee Law Journal 59, no. 4 (2024): 177–222. https://doi.org/10.15539/khlj.59.4.6.

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Assurance of performance is the right that the party obligated to first perform in a bilateral contract can refuse the performance of his/her obligation when there is a significant reason why the other party has difficulty performing. Since bilateral contracts have connectedness between benefit and compensation mutually dependent, so assurance of performance is recognized. However, even if it is a bilateral contract, but there is a prior performance obligation, assurance of performance functions to secure the possibility of performance in a bilateral contract that is interdependent by being re

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Kolisnyk, Olena. "DECOMPOSITION OF ACCOUNTING PROCEDURES IN FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: FROM CONTRACT TO FINANCIAL REPORT." Економіка розвитку систем 7, no. 1 (2025): 32–41. https://doi.org/10.32782/2707-8019/2025-1-5.

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The article examines the features of decomposing accounting procedures in foreign economic activities (FEA), which is considered a systemic tool for improving the efficiency of accounting support for international operations. The necessity to harmonise national and international financial reporting standards is emphasised, with the objective being to ensure transparency and reliability of information. The article further substantiates the relevance of a systematic approach to the structuring of accounting processes in FEA, with a view to minimising risks associated with the legal, economic and

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Veselovsky, M. Ya, and A. A. Yurev. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE UNCERTAINTY OF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ON THE BUSINESS PROCESS OF HIGH-TECH MANUFACTURING COMPANIES." Beneficium, no. 2 (2023): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34680/beneficium.2023.2(47).34-40.

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The article is devoted to the study of the impact of external environment uncertainty on individual links of the business process of knowledge-intensive industrial enterprises in modern Russia. The foreign economic activities of such enterprises face external market constraints and they have to change their business processes to minimize losses and maintain competitiveness.The problem is to identify the most sensitive to the imposed restrictions and the associated uncertainty of the links of the busi-ness process. The article analyzes the context of the market situation and reveals that in rel

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Savickis, J., L. Zemite, L. Jansons, et al. "Liquefied Natural Gas Infrastructure and Prospects for the Use of LNG in the Baltic States and Finland." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 58, no. 2 (2021): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2021-0011.

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Abstract In the early 2010s, only 23 countries had access to the liquefied natural gas (hereinafter – LNG). Import terminals, despite attractive short-term economics, took long time to build, and rigid supply contracts made truly global use of LNG rather complicated. Concerns about geo-political risks also stunted demand growth from existing supply sources, even when new LNG export routes and sources became available. Current natural gas market is very different, both in terms of market participants and accessibility and diversity of services. In 2019, the number of LNG importing countries rea

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Habibbayli, S. "ENERGY PROJECTS CONNECTING AZERBAIJAN AND GEORGIA." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 139 (2018): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2018.139.05.

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After the restoration of the state independence of Azerbaijan, one of the main goals was to use natural resources freely, in the interests of the Azerbaijani people and state. Since the early 1990’s, several western companies have begun to show interest in the energy sources of the Caspian region. In the first years of independence, certain steps were taken to obtain energy resources and bring them to the world market. The “Contract of the Century” concluded on September 20, 1994, with 11 transnational oil companies worldwide, which laid the foundation of the oil strategy proposed by national

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Pebrianti, Winda. "PENERAPAN LEMBAGA PILIHAN HUKUM TERHADAP SENGKETA HUKUM DALAM PELAKSANAAN KONTRAK BISNIS INTERNASIONAL." ADIL: Jurnal Hukum 3, no. 2 (2015): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.33476/ajl.v3i2.59.

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AbstractThe rapid growth of international cooperation in economic sector has recently resulted in the increase of international business activities and transactions which include export-import, investment, corporate loans, etc. It is quite common that the parties involved in a certain transaction are faced with disputes resulting from the legal contract they previously made. To anticipate such happenings, they always include choices in the contract clause although they sometimes skip to do so. The lack of such a clause will bring about a number of problems: first, which law should they refer t

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Asmyatullin, R. R., I. A. Aydrus, and Nagy Szabolcs. "International trade between Hungary and Russia within the development of the pharmaceutical industry." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 4 (2022): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-3-79-92.

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The global pharmaceutical market is one of the most innovative and dynamically developing sectors of the global economy. In addition, this industry can be considered highly profitable. Its role has especially increased in the context during the coronavirus pandemic. This article examines trade relations between Russia and Hungary in the pharmaceutical sector. For the Hungarian economy, the pharmaceutical industry is one of the traditional and most innovative sectors of the economy: about 86% of the manufactured products are exported. Hungary is among the top 20 largest exporting and importing

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IRTYSHCHEVA, Inna, and Natalia PROKOPENKO. "FORMATION OF THE MECHANISM OF TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY ON THE BASIS OF DESIGN MANAGEMENT." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 5, no. 1 (2020): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2020-1-23.

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Introduction. The main participants in the transformation processes of the national economy are representatives of government, community and business. Producers and providers of economic products and services act on the business side, and consumers of economic goods and services act on the community side. The government expresses its complicity in the formation of mechanisms of transformational processes of the national economy in the form of normative-legislative and social-regulatory influence on the formation of economic phenomena and processes. The purpose of the article is to form a mecha

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Demirdag, Ismail, and Anang Widhi Nirwansyah. "Unravelling the Economic Impacts." Journal of Regional and City Planning 35, no. 1 (2024): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jpwk.2024.35.1.2.

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This study aimed to reveal the macroeconomic effects of the earthquakes that occurred in Türkiye in February 2023 on the country as a whole, the affected region (covering 11 provinces), and other provinces. Using secondary data obtained from data sets of various institutions, this research firstly attempted to estimate the negative effects of the February Earthquakes on the country’s GDP. The study presents a base scenario using the economic growth forecasts of international organizations such as the IMF and the World Bank for 2023 and 2024 as well as three possible loss scenarios for Türkiye,

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TOPOR, Claudiu-Lucian. "Carsten Nielsen and his “controversial” agreements in Romania (1915). Files re-opened in Nazi Germany." Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iaşi, s.n., Istorie 69 (2024): 169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/asui-2023-0011.

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Neutrality-era Romania sometimes behaves like a transit country with the appearance of an oriental bazaar. The ideal place where all sorts of foreigners (some of dubious reputation) come to do noisy business. Eager traders who are eager to make a profit and are eager to get their hands on the most precious commodities in wartime: food and fuel. They were selling, sadly, almost everything. Corruption had touched the moral fibre of a nation in search of its identity. The insiders were well aware of the situation when they wrote: “With the refined senses that usually distinguish thieves, these in

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Vitiuk, Anna. "EXPORT AND IMPORT MANAGEMENT OF ENGINEERING ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE." Economic scope, no. 193 (October 17, 2024): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/ep.193.87-93.

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The paper reviews the general business trends and proves the need for cooperation at the international level for enterprises. It has been established that export-import operations are a special form of the enterprise's foreign economic activity and are characterized by certain features. Therefore, the use of the "export-import management" category is suggested. The interpretation of export-import management as a special direction of the enterprise's activity which involves the effective organization of the interaction of all divisions and officials of the enterprise in order to ensure the rapi

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Ivanova, Kseniia. "Interests of participants in technology transfer and the mechanism of their provision." Law and innovative society, no. 2 (15) (January 4, 2020): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2309-9275-2020-2(15)-18.

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Problem setting. One of the subsystems of the National Innovative System is the field of technology transfer. Considering the NIS from the point of view of the interests pursued by its participants (subjects), the mechanism introduced by the legislator, providing legal regulation of certain social relations, directly depends on what interests they pursue. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The following scientists drew attention to the problems of regulation of relations in the field of technology transfer: O. M. Davydiuk, Yu. M. Kapitsa, D. S. Makhnovsky, V. S. Milash, O. P. Orly

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Sachdev, Shrikesh, Sriparna Bagchi, Donna D. Zhang, Angela C. Mings та Mark Hannink. "Nuclear Import of IκBα Is Accomplished by a Ran-Independent Transport Pathway". Molecular and Cellular Biology 20, № 5 (2000): 1571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.20.5.1571-1582.2000.

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ABSTRACT The inhibitor of kappa B alpha (IκBα) protein is able to shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. We have utilized a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches to provide mechanistic insight into nucleocytoplasmic shuttling by IκBα. IκBα contains multiple functional domains that contribute to shuttling of IκBα between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Nuclear import of IκBα is mediated by the central ankyrin repeat domain. Similar to previously described nuclear import pathways, nuclear import of IκBα is temperature and ATP dependent and is blocked by a dominant-negative mutant

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Ekadjaja, Margarita, Amory Takahiro Theja, and Wilson Wijaya. "Hedging Training for Export and Import Business." Journal of Innovation and Community Engagement 4, no. 4 (2023): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.28932/ice.v4i4.7552.

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Globalization causes changes and provides convenience in trading activities between countries, exports, and imports. This community service program was conducted for a company engaged in the field of iron trading, which deals with imported products from Japan, America, Europe, China, and Taiwan. The main problem faced by this community service partner was the profit uncertainty due to fluctuations in the foreign exchange market. As a way to avoid currency exchange rate uncertainty, companies can hedge. One of the hedging activities carried out by company management in dealing with fluctuations

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Gracheva, M. V. "German-Turkish Commodities Trade in Contrast to the Decline in German Foreign Trade." Sovremennaâ Evropa, no. 6 (127) (December 15, 2024): 124–36. https://doi.org/10.31857/s0201708324060111.

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The article examines the specifics of Germany's trade with Turkey in comparison with the characteristics of all-German foreign trade. The author shows the successful development of the Turkish direction of German foreign trade after 2010, the roles of Turkey and Germany as trading partners, and examines in detail the structure of bilateral trade. Structural changes are analysed on the basis of the electronic database of German Federal Statistical Office, which allows to use the statistics in three profiles – four product groups, thirty branches and 248 product items. Particular attention is pa

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Audu, P. F., and F. Shabih. "Configuration of Incoterms into Smart Contracts: a View of International Sales Contracts through a Futuristic Periscope." Journal of Digital Technologies and Law 2, no. 2 (2024): 308–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21202/jdtl.2024.16.

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Objective: to identify the prospects of international trade in the light of synchronizing Incoterms with smart contracts.Methods: the study is based on the general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, and formal-legal method necessary to analyze the provisions of Incoterms.Results: the authors analyzed the provisions of Incoterms and technological innovations in commercial law; showed the connection between the practice of commercial law and technological development due to the inclusion of contractual terms in blockchain. It is noted that the integration of blockchain techno

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Toktaş, Yılmaz. "THE IMPACT OF EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION ON CO2 EMISSIONS: EVIDENCE FROM POLAND." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 20, no. 3 (2022): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2021.20.3.24.

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The study aims to analyze the impact of export diversification on CO2 emissions over the period of 1990–2015 in Poland by ARDL bounds test approach. For the export diversification, three variables were used: export product diversification, export margin and import margin. A cointegration relationship was determined for all models in the study. Export product diversification and import margin long-run coefficients were found to be statistically significant and positive. This means that export diversification increases environmental degradation. GDP and economic complexity are additional factors

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Tang, Tuck Cheong. "Determinants of Aggregate Import Demand in Bangladesh." Journal of Bangladesh Studies 4, no. 2 (2002): 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1163/27715086-00402006.

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This paper aims to examine the determinants of aggregate import demand behaviour in Bangladesh. In contrast with traditional import demand specification, the final demand variable (Real Gross Domestic Product) was further disaggregated into private consumption, government consumption, expenditure on export goods, and gross domestic investment. The other determinant is relative price. The bounds testing approach and unrestricted error correction model were employed for analysis. The findings are first, a long run relationship exists among quantity of import demand and its determinants over samp

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Wang, Audrey H., and Xiang-Jiao Yang. "Histone Deacetylase 4 Possesses Intrinsic Nuclear Import and Export Signals." Molecular and Cellular Biology 21, no. 17 (2001): 5992–6005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.21.17.5992-6005.2001.

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ABSTRACT Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) plays an important role in regulating its function, and binding of 14-3-3 proteins is necessary for its cytoplasmic retention. Here, we report the identification of nuclear import and export sequences of HDAC4. While its N-terminal 118 residues modulate the nuclear localization, residues 244 to 279 constitute an authentic, strong nuclear localization signal. Mutational analysis of this signal revealed that three arginine-lysine clusters are necessary for its nuclear import activity. As for nuclear export, leucine-rich sequ

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