Academic literature on the topic 'Export Processing Zones Authority'
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Journal articles on the topic "Export Processing Zones Authority"
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Harry, Deinibiteim Monimah. "Value Addition Policy in Nigeria’s Export Processing Zones: Lessons from the Asian Economies." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 9, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2018-0058.
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Abstract The study examined the value addition in the Nigeria’s export processing zones, comparing it with the experiences from Asian economies. Upon the recommendation of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Nigeria adopted the EPZ scheme via Decree No 63 of 1992 to accelerate industrialization through increasing manufacturing for exports, among others. The Calabar Free Trade Zone was established as the pioneer zone in the country. The objective of this research work is to determine the extent of Value Addition at the zones in Nigeria. As at 2008, 25 zones have registered with NEPZA, the regulatory authority in the country. Out of the 25 registered zones, 11are operational, 9 under construction and 5 merely declared. Four (4) zones, namely, Calabar, Oil and Gas and Snake Island Integrated Free Trade Zones and Alscon Export Processing zone, were systematically selected from the 11 operational zones for the study. Two hundred and ninety copies of questionnaire were administered on 290 respondents drawn from 54 firms and 4 zonal management boards. Out of the 290 copies of questionnaire 242 copies were properly filled and returned. The 242 copies of questionnaire returned served as the primary source of data, while textbooks, journals, fasimiles, etc served as the secondary sources of data. The paper argued that for EPZs to help in the industrialization of a nation value addition and production segmentation must be made central to the manufacturing/ production processes; because the higher the level of value addition the greater the impact/contribution of EPZs to socio-economic development. The study revealed that the level of value addition in the Nigerian zones is very low, only labour element of value addition is visible, technology and material elements were absent. Hence, the paper recommends that value addition should be made compulsory in the production processes at the zones and emphasis should be on the technology and material elements. This, it is believed would enhance backward linkages with the domestic economy.
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Winarso, Eddy, and Revelino D. Garcia. "Corporate Leadership Responsibility of Global Top Executives at the Cavite Export Processing Zone Authority." Proceedings Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 1 (November 22, 2014): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21016/irrc.2014.14ntt034.
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This study was designed to evaluate the profile of various foreign top-level managers of multinational companies operating at the Cavite Export Processing Zone as a basis for proposing a model for global corporate leadership responsibility (GCLR). The study was conducted in 2011to 2012. The setting was multinational companies located at the Cavite Export Processing Zone: Cavite Export Processing Zone Authority in Rosario, Gateway Business Park in General Trias, and the First Cavite Industrial Economic Zone in Dasmariñas.
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Mukhtar, Uzma, Syed Ainud Din, Zohurul Islam, and Saubia Ramzan. "Identification of Impediments in Export Promotion Zones of Pakistan." JISR management and social sciences & economics 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2013): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31384/jisrmsse/2013.11.2.8.
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Pakistan enjoys pivotal position among energy-rich Central Asian States and Gulf countries. Export Promotion Zones (EPZs) are playing important role in the economic development of countries since the formation of these zones. In Pakistan, Export Processing Zones Authority (EPZA) was established in 1980. Comparative research studies and reports in literature depict that economic share of EPZs of Pakistan is not much impressive and its economic share in the country lags behind neighboring countries. EPZA hence is faced with external factors like devaluation of rupee, euro country crisis, foreign investors’ retention and attraction in Pakistan but this study aims to analyze internal factors or impediments that have a direct impact on foreign investment. Data was collected through survey questionnaire from respondents (n=480). Data was analyzed using SPSS (11.5 Version). Regression results identify work environment, bhatta culture, high inflation, political instability, inadequate skill enhancement, inadequate training and infrastructural facilities as major impediments for EPZ development in Pakistan. Thus, this study concludes that positive work environment, political stability and security, adequate infrastructural facilities, appropriate location of industrial units, upgradation of workers skill, provision of training, overcoming the bhatta culture and stable inflation will help boosting the development and performance of export promotion zones of Pakistan.
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Tyce, Matthew. "The politics of industrial policy in a context of competitive clientelism: The case of Kenya’s garment export sector." African Affairs 118, no. 472 (January 18, 2019): 553–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/ady059.
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Abstract The success of Kenya’s garment export sector relative to other African countries challenges a growing pessimism regarding the prospects of devising and implementing industrial policy in contemporary Africa, particularly in contexts characterized by Competitive Clientelism. Kenya became sub-Saharan Africa’s fourth largest exporter of garments by value during the last two decades, catching up with major players like Lesotho and South Africa while converging on the two largest exporters, Mauritius and Madagascar. Nuancing existing explanations for the sector’s growth, which emphasize external factors like trade regimes and donor interventions, this article assigns a central role to the state and the balance of power that underpins it. The interests of key actors within Kenya’s political settlement aligned in a way that allowed the country’s Export Processing Zones (EPZ) programme to be relatively insulated from political pressures, giving the Export Processing Zones Authority (EPZA) sufficient autonomy and coordination capacities to administer a highly-conducive business environment for predominantly foreign garment firms. However, while the sector’s employment and foreign exchange contributions have ensured ongoing political support, the resulting increase in garment firms’ holding power has made them more assertive in demanding policies that are not only decoupled from learning processes, but detrimental to other industry players.
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Adamiv, Marta, and Iryna Kots. "Customs procedures of the European Union: essence, typology and features of application." Management and Entrepreneurship in Ukraine: the stages of formation and problems of development 2022, no. 2 (December 27, 2022): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/smeu2022.02.344.
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On the way to European integration, Ukraine is facing many tasks related to the fulfillment of obligations under the Association Agreement with the European Union. One of the key places in the list of such tasks is harmonization of domestic customs legislation in terms of customs procedures with the norms of the European Union. In the context of assistance in solving this problem the essence and structure of customs procedures under the legislation of the European Union were studied. It was established that all customs procedures of the European Union are divided into three groups: release for free circulation, special procedures, export. The following special customs procedures are distinguished: transit (covers external and internal transit), storage (includes customs warehouse and free zones), special use (provides for temporary purpose and end-use), processing (includes processing in the customs territory of the European Union and outside the customs territory of the European Union). One of the most common customs procedures is the release for free circulation and export. The procedure of release for free circulation provides for: collection of duty; collection of other payments in individual cases according to the provisions of the relevant legislation, which obliges to pay them in such cases; application of trade policy instruments and prohibitions and restrictions, if they were not introduced in the previous stages; performance of other necessary formalities required when importing goods. As for the export procedure, it stipulates the following: all goods leaving the customs territory of the European Union must be placed under the customs procedure of export (only goods placed under the customs procedure of processing or transit may be an exception); goods exported outside the customs territory of the European Union are not the subject to customs duties; goods placed in the export procedure remain under customs control until they are in the customs territory of the European Union in the same condition as they were at the time of acceptance of the customs declaration; if the goods remain in the customs territory of the European Union, the exporter must promptly notify the customs authority.
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Hasan, Mohammad Ashraful. "Minimum Wage in Readymade Garments Industry in Bangladesh." American Journal of Trade and Policy 6, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v6i2.348.
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Manufacturing Ready-Made Garment (RMG) is labour intensive and low wage based industry. Nowhere, this industry was static or permanent basically on account of wage. As soon as any country became developed, the apparel and textile industry left that country. RMG is highly focused on the relocation of production. The relocation take place from high wage regions to low cost production regions just like water flows down-stream always. This single sector is dominating Bangladesh economy Since ‘80s. In Bangladesh different sectors have different wage levels according to the nature of job. The Minimum Wages Board recommended or re-recommended minimum wages of the 42 industrial sectors. The minimum wage of this very sector is lower than other sectors within the country and among the RMG manufacturing countries as well. On the contrary, within the country, for the same sector – RMG, there are dissimilarity in the minimum wage. Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority (BEPZA) declares the same for the industries inside Export Processing Zones (EPZ) which is higher than the declaration by Minimum Wage Board for outside EPZ factories. Minimum wage board has classified the non-EPZ workforces into seven grades according to their skills with seven different wage levels. Contrary, EPZs workers are divided into five categories. BEPZA has fixed higher wages and benefits compere to non-EPZ factories. Moreover, the study finds that the grading system has many loopholes which is not based on well thought and planned. There are so many posts and positions required to run an RMG factory that are not mentioned in the gazette. There is no guideline on how to measure workers’ competency for a particular grade and for how long a worker will be retained in the same grade. These loopholes are helping the employers to manipulate in determining workers’ grade. Minimum wage structure is applicable for whose positions mentioned in the gazette and entitled to all types of benefits mentioned in the law including overtime (OT) payment at double rate of wage. To avoid extra overtime payment factory management promotes or changes the designations like executive, supervisor etc. who are getting comparatively higher wage to keep them away from OT benefits. All those anomalies need to be addressed for properly.
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Kuria, John Njoroge, Dr Bernard Omboi, and Dr George Achoki. "THE EFFECT OF CAPITAL ALLOWANCE INCENTIVE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF EPZ FIRMS IN KENYA." International Journal of Finance and Accounting 2, no. 5 (August 29, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijfa.443.
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This study intended to investigate the influence of the effect of capital allowance incentives on the performance of EPZ firms in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive and explanatory research design. The study used a stratified sampling approach because the number of the EPZ firms in Kenya was categorized into 4 strata. The total numbers of firms used in the study were 86 registered EPZ firms in Kenya according to Export Processing Zones Authority (EPZA). The study adopted a census survey design. Census survey was adopted because the population of interest was small. A sample size of all the 86 registered EPZs firms was used in this study. Primary data was obtained using questionnaires. Secondary data from the registered firms was collected on; ROA, number and value of jobs created and the length of stay of the firms. The secondary data was collected from operating EPZ firms in Kenya annual report. The study assessed the performance of EPZ firms against the tax incentives they benefited for the last ten years. The study used both descriptive and inferential statistics to conduct data analysis. Descriptive statistics included frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviations while inferential statistics were correlations and regression analysis. The study findings revealed that at 5% significance level, capital allowance tax incentive had a positive and significant relationship with performance of EPZ firms measured using ROA, number of jobs created and length of stay. The study concluded that increase in capital allowance tax incentive resulted to increase in both ROA of the firms and the number of jobs and length of stay. The study recommended that stakeholders in tax policy should reconsider the economic value of capital allowances.
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Hasan, Syed Mahadi, Mohammad Ali Haider, and Md. Zakaria Hasan. "Suitability of Urban Green Belt and Green Wedges in Chittagong City, Bangladesh: An Investigation into the Sustainable Urban Environment." International Journal of Building, Urban, Interior and Landscape Technology (BUILT) 19 (June 29, 2022): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.56261/built.v19.246502.
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Green belts and green wedges promote ecological balancing and hazard reduction in urban areas. The study attempted to identify suitable locations for urban green belts and green wedges in Chittagong city (CC). The mechanisms of the study were reviewing CC Master Plan, Detailed Area Plan (DAP), field observation, key informant interviews, and small groups discussions. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index was used for the vegetation classification from 1990 to 2021 at a 10-year interval. The urban built-up area of the Chittagong Development Authority (CDA) was 18.64 sq. km in 1990 while it became 139.74 in 2021. In 1990, dense vegetation was 153.21 Sq.km but it decreased to 19.39 Sq.km in 2021, because of rapid population growth and unplanned urbanization. A highly suitable site for the green belt was found in CDA coastal area. Besides, Kalurghat industrial zone, Chittagong Export Processing Zone, Nasirabad, and Baijid area were found appropriate for urban green wedges. Most suitable (83.60 sq. km) and moderately suitable (232.6032 sq. km) areas for the urban green belt were identified and in the coastal zone maximum suitable areas’ length was 57.61 km. The study concluded by urging for land-use zoning and the implementation of the urban green belt and green wedges, and raising voices against hill cutting by urban neighbourhood communities in CC.
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Amirahmadi, Hooshang, and Weiping Wu. "Export Processing Zones in Asia." Asian Survey 35, no. 9 (September 1995): 828–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2645785.
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Amirahmadi, Hooshang, and Weiping Wu. "Export Processing Zones in Asia." Asian Survey 35, no. 9 (September 1995): 828–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.1995.35.9.01p00532.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Export Processing Zones Authority"
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Baldissera, Marco <1988>. "EPZs: Export Processing Zones or Exploiting People Zones?" Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3724.
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Il lavoro nobilita l'uomo, sostiene la saggezza popolare. Ma è sempre così? Questa tesi vuole gettare luce su un fenomeno tanto diffuso a livello globale quanto - deliberatamente - ignorato: le cosidette Zone Industriali di Esportazione.
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Karaerua, Gerson Uaeta. "Namibian Export Processing Zones (EPZ) : success or myth?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6431.
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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the quest to attract foreign investments which is seen as one way of alleviating poverty by creating employment opportunities and earning foreign currency many countries have implemented the EPZ regime. Though the concept remains the same throughout the world, it has adopted different names depending on the country. In Mexico the EPZ's are called the "Maquiladoras" and in Bulgaria EPZ's are called Free Trade Zones. No matter the differences in names the concept is principally the same: EPZ is an enclave which operates outside the normal economic framework of the country. At independence Namibia faced a high unemployment rate and poverty. In 1995 the Namibian government passed the EPZ Act in order to pave the way for the development of EPZ industrial parks. The need for passing the EPZ Act was necessitated by the acute unemployment rate which the country faced at the time, which had the potential to threaten the political stability the country enjoyed. Thus, amongst other policy instruments, the EPZ Act was passed with the principle objective of attracting the much needed foreign investments which would result in creation of the needed employment opportunities. The government set a very ambitious target for the EPZ regime; it was expected that by 1999 the EPZ regime would have created about 25 000 job opportunities. Thus, the anticipated number of job opportunities was quite frequently used as a justification for the massive investments provided for the development of infrastructures in the EPZ industrial parks and hefty subsidies which were extended to some EPZ companies. It is important to note that unlike other countries who adopted the location-based EPZ model, Namibia has adopted a flexible EPZ model implying that a company which acquires the EPZ status is free to locate or set-up its facility anywhere in the country. In 2003 a Malaysian textile company called Ramatex closed its operations in South Africa and relocated to Namibia. In terms of employment creation the EPZ reached its peak in 2004 when about 10 057 persons / individuals were actively employed in the EPZ companies. Ramatex accounted for about 80% of the total of 10 057 EPZ jobs. Since 2004 the number of jobs in the Namibian EPZ regime started to decline at an alarming rate; at the end of 2007 there were only 5 248 people employed by the EPZ companies. Many times Ramatex threatened to close its operations, citing decline in the demand of its products and low productivity, but after some closed-door negotiations the government initially managed to convince it to continue its operation. Regrettably the success of the Namibian government to convince Ramatex to continue with its operation in Namibia was short-lived, when in the first quarter of 2008; the inevitable closure of Ramatex became a reality. The closure of Ramatex has resulted in the retrenchment of about 3 000 people. The overall performance of the Namibian EPZ regime leaves a lot to be desired. The Namibian EPZ regime so far failed to attract enough investments to create the anticipated job opportunities and to increase the export of manufactured goods. On a positive note, EPZ regime compelled the authority to invest in infrastructures which it might otherwise not have invested in.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die soeke na 'n wyse om buitelandse beleggings te trek as een van die maniere om armoede te verlig deur die skepping van werksgeleenthede en die verkryging van buitelandse valuta, het baie lande die EPZ-regime geimplementeer. Hoewel die konsep dwarsdeur die wereld dieselfde bly, het dit verskillende name in verskillende lande. In Meksiko word dit die UMaquiladoras' genoem en in Bulgarye is dit Vryehandelsones. Ongeag wat dit genoem word , bly die konsep in wese dieselfde: EPZ is 'n enklave wat buite die normale ekonomiese raamwerk van die land opereer. Toe Namibia onafhanklik geword het, het die land gebuk gegaan onder 'n hoe werkloosheidskoers en armoede. In 1995 het die Namibiese regering die Wet op EPZ uitgevaardig om ruimte te skep vir die ontwikkeling van EPZ-nywerheidsparke. Die akute werkloosheidskoers van die land op daardie tydstip het dit noodsaaklik gemaak dat hierdie wet uitgevaardig word, aangesien die werkloosheid potensieel die politieke stabiliteit in die land kon bedreig. As deel van ander politieke instrumente is die Wet op EPZ dus uitgevaardig, met as hoofdoelwit die 10k van broodnodige buitelandse beleggings wat sou lei tot die skepping van die ewe nodige werksgeleenthede. Die regering het 'n baie ambisieuse doelwit vir die EPZregime gestel; dit sou na verwagting teen 1999 nagenoeg 25 000 werksgeleenthede skep. Die verwagte getal werksgeleenthede is dus dikwels gebruik as regverdiging vir die massiewe beleggings wat voorsien is vir die ontwikkeling van die infrastrukture in die EPZ nywerheidsparke asook die groot subsidies toegestaan aan sommige EPZ-maatskappye. Dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat, anders as ander lande waar die EPZ-model plekgebonde was, Namibia 'n buigsame EPZ-model aanvaar het. Dit het geimpliseer dat 'n maatskappy wat EPZ-status verwerf het, sy fasiliteit enige plek in die land kon vestig. 'n Maleisiese tekstielmaatskappy met die naam Ramatex het in 2003 sy bedryf in Suid Afrika toegemaak en na Namibie verhuis. Sover dit die skepping van werksgeleenthede aangaan, het die EPZ in Namibie in 2004 sy hoogtepunt bereik, toe ongeveer 10 057 persone / individue aktief in diens van die EPZ-maatskappye was. Ramatex het ongeveer 80% van die totale 10057 EPZ-werksgeleenthede voorsien. Sedert 2004 het die getal werksgeleenthede in die Namibiese EPZ-regime teen 'n ontstellende koers afgeneem, sodat daar teen die einde van 2007 net 5248 mense in diens van die EPZ-maatskappye was. Ramatex het by verskeie geleenthede gedreig om sy bedrywighede te sluit weens die afname in die vraag na sy produkte en lae produktiwiteit, maar na onderhandelinge agter geslote deure het die regering aanvanklik daarin geslaag om Ramatex te oortuig om voort te gaan. Hierdie sukses van die Namibiese regering was ongelukkig van korte duur, aangesien die onafwendbare sluiting van Ramatex in die eerste kwartaal van 2008 werklikheid geword het. Die gevolg was die afdanking van ongeveer 3 000 mense. Die oorkoepelende prestasie van die Namibiese EPZ-regime is ver van bevredigend. Hierdie regime het tot nou toe nie daarin geslaag om genoeg beleggings te lok om die verwagte werksgeleenthede te skep en die uitvoer van vervaardigde produkte te verhoog nie. Aan die positiewe kant het die EPZ-regime die owerheid gedwing om te bele in infrastrukture waarin hulle andersins nie sou bele het nie.
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Virgill, Nicola. "Export processing zones tools of development or reform delay? /." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/4509.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2009.Vita: p. 205. Thesis director: Zoltan J. Acs. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Policy. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed June 10, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 191-204). Also issued in print.
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Nilsson, Erika, and Nicklas Lagerberg. "Exportledd utvecklingsstrategi : en studie av ”Export Processing Zones” i Mexico." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8063.
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I denna uppsats undersöker vi Export Processing Zones (EPZ) roll i ett lands ekonomiska utveckling, exemplifierat med Mexico. Fokus för uppsatsen är centrerat kring de bakåtriktade länkeffekter som förväntas uppstå som en effekt av ett EPZ-program. Fenomenet längs den mexikansk-amerikanska gränsen kan sägas ha flera orsaker, men grundas i tillgången på billig arbetskraft samt närhet till världens enskilt största konsumentmarknad. Uppsatsen visar på ett minskat FDI-inflöde, ökad sysselsättning, begränsad teknologiöverföring samt mest jobbspecifik kunskapsöverföring. Eftersom få lokala eller inhemska underleverantörer kontrakteras av EPZ-företagen minimeras länkbildningen. De flesta ekonomiska vinster av zonen noteras i form av fler arbetstillfällen. Resultaten visar att även fast Mexico förlorat sina komparativa fördelar inom arbetsintensiv tillverkning i jämförelse med andra länder har man inte lyckats få ett motsvarande skift mot en mer kapitalintensiv produktion. Detta kan till stor del sägas bero på hur staten har hanterat zonen, bland annat med avseende på utländskt ägande.
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Kiria, Joseph Simon. "Export processing zones (EPZs) in Tanzania : impact and influencing factors." Thesis, University of Hull, 2017. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16446.
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This thesis is an attempt to understand the impact of, and factors influencing the outcomes of EPZs in a latecomer context, using Tanzania as a case study. Also, it aims to understand why governments in developing context preserve tax incentives. The analysis in this study works within the context of neoliberal theoretical thinking, and employs multiple research methods, in which, multiple sources of data namely document analysis, questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and direct observation are used. The study first examines the factors which might have hindered Tanzanian EPZ initiative from replicating East Asian success. The results demonstrate that the failure is associated to country’s political and institutional factors relevant in determining strategic planning and implementation of a successful EPZ. The factors include inadequate knowledge about crucial aspects of EPZ development and management, vested interests and conflicting interests between bureaucracies, use of EPZ as a tool for corruption and rent seeking, prevalent anti-FDI sentiment, and adoption of single factory scheme. The second part explores the impact of governance on investors’ decisions to locate in an EPZ. The results demonstrate that a relationship exists between level of governance in host country and the flow of FDI in EPZs. The results support the perception that poor governance deters FDI inflows. The last part of the study examines why the use of tax incentives in the Tanzanian EPZ program has remained politically popular and whether there is a rent seeking motive in its application. It also explores whether investors’ location decisions would change if no tax holidays were offered in EPZs. The findings demonstrate that tax incentives have often been motivated by political rather than economic considerations, resulting into rent seeking behaviour. The findings revealed presence of too much political influence of vested interests in the design and implementation of tax incentives policy. The results also demonstrate that absence of tax holidays in EPZs would not result in to disincentive to invest.
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Kanjungu, Donald. "Export processing zones in Zambia : what lessons can be learnt?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/8577.
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Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Export Processing Zone (EPZ) regime is not new across the world. The first known form was established in the 13th century in modern day Spain. However, the growth of EPZs only became prominent after the First World War, as first world countries were trying to rebuild their economies through export-oriented manufacturing. By the turn of the century, more than two thirds of the countries in the world had embraced the EPZ regime with more than 3,000 zones established, employing more than 43 million people. China contributed a big number to this as it pushed through its Special Economic Zone (SEZ) regime to experiment with market-driven reforms. EPZs have made a significant contribution towards the growth of countries that have fully embraced the EPZ regime. The majority of these countries are in Asia, the Caribbean and South America. In Africa, Mauritius and Madagascar have benefited from the establishment of zones. On the other hand, other countries have failed to realize benefits from their zones such as Senegal. Zambia was slow to develop policy related to establishment of EPZ. The first attempt to establish EPZ legislature was only made in 2001. However, nothing happened on the ground until 2007, due mostly to concerns around revenue benefits from zones. Since then, two zones have been set up, construction of another is about to start and three more are planned. Despite this ambitious drive, there are still concerns around the realization of benefits from zones compared to the foregone tax, as well as costs associated with establishing infrastructure to support the zones. Other concerns related to the working conditions and wages of people employed by zone enterprises This study explores further such concerns. It is noted in this study that the policy framework for attracting investment in zones is adequate and addresses all concerns. However, the level of infrastructure development is not adequate to support the EPZ regime. The domestic business environment is not well developed to support and benefit from the EPZ regime. Considering its past economic performance, the country has no choice but to embrace the EPZ regime, as a means to develop growth in exports.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vryhandelsgebiedkonsep is by verre nie nuut in die ekonomiese wêreld nie. Die eerste van hierdie tipe markstelsels dateer terug van sover as 13de eeuse Spanje. Dit is egter interessant dat die vryhandelsgebiedmodel eers na die beëindiging van die eerste wêreldoorlog pertinent posgevat het. Die konsep was in hierdie tyd veral vir eerste wêreld lande van groot waarde. Hulle kon toesien dat hul ekonomieë deur uitvoergedrewe vervaardiging in ere herstel word. Dit is ook verder werd om te weet dat teen die draai van die eeu, meer as twee derdes van die wêreld in meer as 3000 vryhandelsooreenkomste belang gehad het. Dit het direk of indirek daartoe bygedra dat meer as 43 miljoen mense op een of ander wyse by die arbeidsmark betrek is. China het 'n groot rol gespeel deur sy “Spesiale” vryhandelsgebiede waarmee hy markgedrewe hervorming kon toets. Vryhandelsgebiede het daadwerklik 'n groot invloed gehad op die groei van ekonomieë van lande wat volwaardig by die konsep ingekoop het. Die oorgrootte meerderheid van die lande is afkomstig uit Asië, die Karibiese Eilande en Suid Amerika. Uit Afrika was dit onder andere Mauritius en Madagaskar wat die meeste voordeel hieruit geput het. Andersyds het lande soos Senegal klaarblyklik geen voordeel uit sy vryhandelsgebiede gekry nie. Zambië was veral stadig om beleid neer te lê rondom die vestiging van 'n eie vryhandelsgebied(e). Sy eerste poging om amptelike wetgewing in die verband neer te lê was in 2001. Daar het egter niks konkreet hieruit voortgevloei voor 2007 nie. Die land was veral besorg oor inkomstevoordele tussen die voorgestelde gebiede. Sedertdien is twee gebiede reeds gevestig, 'n derde in wording en 'n verdere drie in die beplanningsfase. Ten spyte van die nuutgevonde dryfkrag is daar steeds twyfel oor die voordeel tussen die handelsgebiede, opgeweeg teen die uitgemaakte belasting en kostes wat met die daarstelling van die nodige infrastruktuur gepaard gaan. Daar is ook kommer oor die werksomstandighede en besoldiging van mense wat deur Vryhandelsondernemings in diens geneem word. Die doel van hierdie studie is om verdere kwelpunte te identifiseer en dan te analiseer. Daar word in die studie bevestig dat die beleidsraamwerk, wat daarop gemik is om belegging aantreklik te maak, voldoende is. Die infrastruktuur is egter nie huidiglik voldoende om die Vryhandelsgebiede te ondersteun nie. Die plaaslike besigheidsspeelveld is ook nie goed ontwikkel nie en kan derhalwe nie dié besigheidsmodel ondersteun en voordeel daaruit put nie. Gegewe sy ekonomiese prestasies van die verlede kan Zambië nie anders as om die Vryhandelsgebiedkonsep aan te hang, om sodoende daadwerklike groei in sy uitvoermark te bewerkstellig nie.
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Gondwe, Kasonde Lwao. "The effectiveness of export processing zones : the case of Zambia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95566.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.Export processing zones (EPZs) are policy instruments that are aimed at achieving the goal of economic development through boosting the manufacturing industry in a bid to increase and promote export. This is achieved by setting up or designating various areas or warehouses as free zones in which an environment that is friendly to manufacturing for exports, is established. Incentives such as tax exemptions for the import of required raw materials are given in these zones. EPZs are also known by other names but the most commonly used are free trade zones, industrial free zones, maquiladoras, export free zones, duty-free export processing zones, free zones and privileged zones, to mention a few. Similar to many other developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Zambia has a bias towards export orientation as a tool of economic development. This culminated in the formulation of EPZ legislation in 2001. The EPZ act was similar to EPZ legislation in various other countries and provided for the development of an industrial park in which manufacturing for export purposes would take place for both the public and the private sector. After awarding a few companies EPZ status, the government abandoned the act and embarked on more research, resulting in the development of the multi-facility economic zone (MFEZ) in 2007. Recognition of the role of non-traditional exports (NTEs) in increasing export earnings has been important in the justification for EPZ’s development in the country. There has been a drive to attract investment into this sector by means of export-promoting policies. However, and notwithstanding the fact that numerous cost benefit studies have been undertaken to determine actual benefits of zone erection, Zambia has not yet undertaken a comprehensive synopsis of the country’s specific policies which would need to be established in order for the zone to be successful.
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Buri, Elena <1996>. "Post-colonial double jeopardy: female workers in Export Processing Zones." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19712.
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Il presente elaborato si pone l’obiettivo di evidenziare alcune dinamiche intrinsecamente di genere che la diffusione del modello di sviluppo neoliberale su scala globale presenta. Tale tema verrà sviluppato tramite una problematizzazione del fenomeno della femminilizzazione della forza lavoro entro le Export Processing Zones (EPZs), ossia una tipologia particolare di distretto industriale le cui produzioni sono orientate al mercato globale. Sulla base dell'esplorazione delle condizioni di lavoro per le donne nelle EPZs, l’elaborato discute criticamente l'intersezione delle donne con l'economia globale; cercando inoltre di collocare il dibattito sull'emancipazione femminile con la dovuta attenzione alle categorie di geografia, sesso e classe. Il quadro teorico sulla base del quale esperienze femminili saranno interpretate è fornito dal femminismo marxista, dal femminismo post-coloniale e dal Capability Approach di Amartya Sen.
Sebbene una maggiore integrazione nell’economia formale dia l’impressione di emancipazione, questo non vale per tutte le donne e per tutti i tipi di impiego. L’elaborato porta ad osservare che le EPZs rappresentano un esempio di come i bisogni di accumulazione di capitale si sono intersecati a ideologie patriarcali presenti su più livelli, dal locale all’internazionale, creando opportunità e contesti per sfruttare le donne ed esacerbare la discriminazione di genere.
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Mathews, Dale Thomas. "Export processing zones in the Dominican Republic : their nature and trajectory." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239611.
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Matthysen, Carlo. "A comparison of export processing zones and industrial development zones in Africa : key factors for success." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50555.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: 'Our industrial development zones have not performed as we have expected - we need to revisit the incentives that we give in these zones', says the deputy president of South Africa, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka (Business Report, 2005: http://www.ecdc.co.za/media/article.asp?pageid=929). This statement raises 2 important questions. Firstly, how was the deputy president able to conclude that these zones have underperformed and secondly, which incentives must South Africa offer potential investors to turn around the fortunes of their programme? To determine how performance can be measured, two investigations were consulted to come up with a list of ten criteria against which export processing zones can be measured to determine whether they have performed successfully or not. As experts are of the opinion that industrial development zones run along similar lines to export processing zones, these criteria could very easily be applied to measuring the success of the former as well. The list includes: • Location • A politically and socially stable host country • High business confidence • Adequate infrastructure • Incentives on offer and administrative set-up • Employment creation • Backward linkages and technology transfer • Foreign exchange eamings • The availability of a competitive labour force • Market accessibility By assessing the zones in Mauritius and Namibia in terms of these criteria, it becomes clear why Schulze (1999: 182) states that Mauritius has become the shining star on the horizon of successful export processing zones and why Tabby Moyo (1999: 1), deputy news editor at The Namibian, is of the opinion that Namibia has so far achieved dismal results. The South African industrial development zone programme was started in the late 1990's and the zones - which are located at Coega, East London, Richards Bay and the Johannesburg International airport - have been in operation for too short a period to allow accurate conclusions to be made about their performance in terms of the ten criteria listed above. However, since their inception, these zones have attrac1ed less than R3.5-billion in planned investments despite the government spending more than R4-billion on infrastructure (www.eedc.co.zalmedia/article.asp?pageid=929). To make these investment-starved zones more attractive to foreign investors, the South African government and the National Treasury, in particular, will have to offer potential investors a much more comprehensive incentive package. They need to: • Review the tax incentives they offer; • Maintain the country's general business; • Make the country's labour laws more flexible; • Increase the literacy rate of the labour force; • Lower the cost of transport, energy and telecoms; • Articulate a vision, build consensus around It and move to action this vision. South Africa needs a world class industrial development zone programme as Schulze (1999: 170) sums it up nicely when he says that free trade zones can indeed contribute to domestic economic growth which will thereby help to alleviate the country's dramatic unemployment rate in addition to enhancing foreign commerce, generating additional foreign exchange and attracting foreign investment. Improvements that South Africa can greatly benefit from.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'Our industrial development zones have not performed as we have expected - we need to revisit the incentives that we give in these zones', verklaar die adjunkpresident van Suid-Afrika, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka (Business Report, 2005: hltp:/lwww.ecdc.co.za/media/article.asp?pageid=929). Hierdie stelling wek twee belangrike vrae. Eerstens, hoe was dit vir die adjunk-president moontlik om tot die slotsom te kom dat hierdie sones onderpresteer en tweedens, watter tipe aanmoedigingsmaatreels moet Suid Afrika aan potensiele beleggers bied om 'n ommekeer in die voorspoed van die programme te bewerkstellig? Twee ondersoeke is geraadpleeg ten einde vas te stel hoe prestasie gemeet kan word. Hieruit is 'n Iys van tien kriteria bepaal waarteen uitvoerproseseringssones gemeet kan word om vas te stel of hulle suksesvol presteer of nie. Aangesien deskundiges van mening is dat nywerheidsontwikkelingssones op soortgelyke basis as die van uitvoerproseseringssones funksioneer, kan hierdie kriteria ewe maklik toegepas word om die sukses van die eersgenoemde te bepaal. Die Iys sluit die volgende in: • Ligging; • 'n Politieke en sosiaal standvastige gasheerland; • Hoe handelsvertroue; • 'n Bevredigende infrastruktuur; • Die aanbieding van aanmoedigingsmaatreels en 'n administratiewe opset; • Werkskepping; • Terugskakeling en tegnologiese oordrag; • Buitelandse valuta inkomste; • Die beskikbaarheid van 'n kompeterende werksmag; • Toegang tot die mark. Deur die sones in Mauritius en Namibia te evalueer na aanleiding van hierdie kriteria, word dit duidelik waarom Schulze (1999:182) verklaar dat Mauritius die skynende ster op die horison geword het van suksesvolle uitvoerproseseringssones en waarom Tabby Moyo (1999:1), adjunk-redakteur vir The Namibian, van mening is dat Namibia tot dusver uiters swak resultate behaal het. Die Suid Afrikaanse nyweheidsontwikkelingssone program het in die laat 1990's begin en die sones - Coega, Oos Londen, Richardsbaai en die Johannesburgse Internasionale Lughawe - is nog vir te kort 'n periode in werking om 'n akkurate gevolgtrekking te maak van hulle prestasie in terme van die voorafgenoemde tien kriteria. Nogtans, sedert hul begin, het hierdie sones minder as R3.5b in beplande investering gelok ten spyte daarvan dat die regering meer as R4b op infrastruktuur spandeer het (www.eedc.co.za/media/article.asp?pageid=929). Om hierdie beleggingshonger sones meer aanloklik te maak vir buitelandse beleggers, sal veral die Suid Afrikaanse Regering en die Nasionale Tesourie 'n meer omvattende aanmoedigingspakket aan potensiele beleggers moet bied. Hulle sal die volgende moet doen: • Die belastingsaanmoedigings wat hulle tans bied, te hersien; • Die land se algemene sakebedryf te ondersteun; • Arbiedswetgewing meer buigbaar maak; • Die geletterdheid onder die ambagsmag te verhoog; • Vervoer-, energie- en telekommunikasie koste te verlaag; • 'n Visie artikuleer, konsensus daar random bou en hierdie visie tot aksie te transformeer. Suid Afrika benodig 'n wereld-gehalte industriele ontwikkelingssone-program soos wat Schulze (1999:170) goed opsom wanneer hy sê dat vrye handelsones inderdaad kan bydra tot binnelandse ekonomies groei wat kan help om die land se dramatiese werkloosheid syfer te verlaag asook om buitelandse handel te bevorder. Hierdeur kan addisionele buitelandse valuta gegenereer word en buitelandse beleggings gelok word. Suid-Afrika kan baie baat vind by hierdie verbeterings.
Books on the topic "Export Processing Zones Authority"
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Pakistan. The Customs Act (Act IV of 1969) with Prevention of Smuggling Ordinance, Export Processing Zone Authority Ordinance & relevant rules. 5th ed. Lahore, Pakistan: Legal Research Centre, 1990.
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Ge, Wei. The dynamics of export-processing zones. Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 1999.
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M, Miller Ruby, ed. Industrial parks, export processing zones, and enterprise zones: A bibliography. Monticello, Ill., USA: Vance Bibliographies, 1987.
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Foundation, IBON. Export processing zones: A path towards industrialization? Manila, Philippines: IBON Books, 2005.
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Roberts, Matthew W. Export processing zones in Jamaica and Mauritius: Evolution of an export-oriented development model. San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press, 1992.
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Harvard Institute for International Development. Export processing zones and export: Some experiences from foreign countries and their lessons for Tamil Nadu. [Chennai]: Secretary to Govt., Finance Dept., Govt. of Tamil Nadu, 2001.
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Sherbourne, Robin. Export processing zones and their relevance to Namibia. Ausspannplatz, Windhoek, Namibia: Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit, 1993.
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Currie, Jean. Export processing zones in the 1980s: Customs free manufacturing. London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Export Processing Zones Authority"
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Gordon, Michael E. "4. Export Processing Zones." In Transnational Cooperation among Labor Unions, edited by Michael A. Gordon and Lowell Turner, 60–78. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501721694-005.
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Balasubramanyam, V. N. "Export Processing Zones in Developing Countries: Theory and Empirical Evidence." In Economic Development and International Trade, 157–65. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19174-1_9.
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Weersma-Haworth, Teresa S. "Export Processing Free Zones as an Export Strategy for Central America and the Caribbean." In Latin America’s New Insertion in the World Economy, 85–93. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24720-2_6.
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Jessup, David, and Michael E. Gordon. "9. Organizing in Export Processing Zones: The Bibong Experience in the Dominican Republic." In Transnational Cooperation among Labor Unions, edited by Michael A. Gordon and Lowell Turner, 179–201. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501721694-010.
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Heron, Tony. "Export Processing Zones and Policy Competition for Foreign Direct Investment: The Caribbean ‘Offshore’ Development Model." In Global Encounters, 213–28. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230502819_12.
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Ramasamy, Jaysen. "Impact of the Dismantling of the Multi-Fiber Agreement in the Export Processing Zones of Mauritius." In Development and Sustainable Growth of Mauritius, 119–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96166-8_5.
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Kim, Young-Chan. "Assessing the Role of Local Governments in Line with the ‘Special Economic Zones’ Agenda: Case on Shenzhen in Guangdong and Kandla Export Processing Zone in Gujarat, India." In China-India Relations, 139–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44425-9_8.
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Wu, Fulong. "Export Processing Zones." In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 367–71. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10058-7.
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Wu, F. "Export Processing Zones." In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 691–96. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008044910-4.00156-5.
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LI, KUO-TING. "EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES." In The Evolution of Policy Behind Taiwan's Development Success, 159–68. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814261487_0008.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Export Processing Zones Authority"
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Henderson, Hugh I., Bharathkrishna Karambakkam, Jeffrey Boyer, and Rhonda Staudt. "An Hourly Building Simulation Model Aimed at Fuel Cell Applications." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97224.
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The successful widespread adoption of fuel cell systems is highly dependent upon the economics of the installation. This entails closely matching system capabilities with customer requirements. System sizing requires accurate predictions of building thermal and electrical loads. The TRNSYS-based building simulation model presented in this paper was developed to accurately integrate a fuel cell into the space heating, water heating, and cooling equipment in a building. The simulation tool determines water heating, space heating, and cooling loads for a single zone building on an hour-by-hour basis throughout the year using TMY2 weather data. It integrates empirical and theoretical state point models of the components of a fuel cell-based cogeneration and tri-generation system as well as baseline HVAC technologies. The key components include: hot water loops, stratified water tanks, boilers, furnaces, air conditioners, absorption chillers, space conditioning coils, heat rejection equipment, and ventilation controls. Various control options are incorporated to maintain setpoints, stage equipment, and limit power export. Renewable power systems such as PV and wind are also integrated into the model. The TRNSYS calculation engine iterates to find the state of the system for each hour. The simulation tool also includes post-processing capabilities to apply complex electric tariffs, organize annual simulation results, and manage multiple parametric runs. The tool has been developed to optimize the configuration of a fuel cell in a given building application and to complete numerous parametric runs to evaluate the economics of a system in different locations and building applications. This work was funded in part by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority.
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Hanwu, Ma, and Bai Ke. "The research on factors in different phases of Export Processing Zones in China based system dynamics." In 2010 International Conference on Logistics Systems and Intelligent Management (ICLSIM). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iclsim.2010.5461357.
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Hien Ho, T. T., T. Thanh Lam, N. Q. Thinh Le, and T. K. Oanh Le. "Generation rates of bottom and fly ash from thermal generation facilities in industrial and export processing zones in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam." In 1ST VAN LANG INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HERITAGE AND TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE PROCEEDING, 2021: VanLang-HeriTech, 2021. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0066726.
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Badr, O., R. Al-Kuwari, and A. Abdel-Sattar. "Abnormal Release of Toxic Gases From Natural Gas Processing Plants." In ASME 2001 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2001-17012.
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Abstract Qatar, one of the Arabian Gulf States, possesses one of the world’s largest non-associated gas fields. Most of the country’s development plans are based on the preparation of natural gas for export and local use. Under normal operation of gas processing plants, the residual, H2S-rich Acid Gas is treated in a sulfur recovery unit to produce pure sulfur. However, under abnormal situations, the acid gas is burned in incinerators or flares releasing SO2–rich combustion products. Under severe weather conditions, such a flare may get extinguished and the acid gas is released unignited into the atmosphere. This paper studies the environmental hazards due to the release of such dangerous gases. Dispersion models developed by the US EPA have been used to determine the size and map location of the dangerous zones. For ignited acid gas, the results indicated the possible formation of SO2-toxic clouds extending to 110 km from the flare location in the downwind direction and 210 m above ground level. For the less common case of releasing unignited acid gas, the H2S-toxic cloud may extend to 20 km and 110 m in the downwind and vertical directions, respectively. A parametric study has been conducted to consider the effects of some meteorological conditions (wind speed and atmospheric stability) as well as the number of operating trains in a typical gas processing plant.
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Ravichandran, Tenamutha, Sulaiman Sidek, Ahmed Nabil Zakaria, Karim Ahmed Shata, Zool Nasri Sapiee, Hazrina Abdul Rahman, Nicholas Foo Kwang Hui, et al. "Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Aqueous Retarded Acid System for Carbonate Gas Field, Offshore Borneo Island." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207961-ms.
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Abstract Objectives, Scope This paper provides valuable insights on aqueous retarded acid system evaluation based on laboratory testing, literature review and engineering analysis prior to the field application for a candidate well in a gas field, offshore East Malaysia (Figure 1). The field is a reefal carbonates build-up overlayed by a thick shale sequence and is one of the deepest fields in Sarawak Asset, in which the produced fluid contains up to 3,500ppm H2S, 20% CO2 and bottomhole temperature up to 288°F. Production enhancement for this carbonate reservoir requires application of a more effective approach to address challenges associated with acid placement and reservoir contact in long pay zones of complex diagenetic facies high temperature carbonate reservoirs, thereby improving return on investment. Figure 1Structural map of Central Luconia carbonate platform offshore Sarawak, Malaysia (Janjuhah et al. 2016) Methods, Procedures, Process The workflow adopted for the stimulation job involves thorough historical production data analysis, detail petrophysical review to evaluate reservoir properties, in-depth production performance analysis (i.e. nodal and network modeling), completion review to ascertain damage mechanism and economic evaluation that include decision risk analysis to evaluate all range of probabilistic outcome. Initial selection of stimulation fluids was based on the mineralogical composition of the main producing formation. A detailed study of reservoir rock and its reaction to various acid systems has been based upon software modeling where sensitivity analyses involving multiple treatment schedule scenarios incorporating various acid and diverter fluid systems are considered. Coreflood experiment was then performed to determine the Pore Volume to Breakthrough (PVBT) comparing emulsified acid with aqueous retarded acid at temperature of 250°F, injection rate of 3ml/min and at confining pressure of 1,500psi. The low PVBT values (i.e. 1.125 and 0.521) and unique breakthrough features obtained from the coreflood confirmed that aqueous retarded acid is effective to stimulate the carbonate reservoir. Compatibility testing was also conducted to assess the stability of the retarded acid recipes and potential reaction with reservoir fluids (i.e. water and condensate), downhole completion and surface equipment. Results, Observation, Conclusion An established stimulation software was used to refine the acid volume calculation and placement analysis. Field trial was made using combined application of the aqueous retarded acid and viscoelastic diverting acid. Considering several case scenarios, the remedial treatment was performed via bullheading to achieve optimum injection rate within 5bpm to 7bpm. Total of 197bbls acid and 197bbls diverter was be pumped during the treatment that will be split in several stages to achieve average invasion profile of 2.8ft and -1.3 skin value. This paper presents aqueous retarded acid system as alternative to widely used emulsified acid systems. Field application of the approach supports the theoretical findings based on substantial improvement in well production, pressure matching of the remedial treatment and calibrated nodal analysis assessment. This demonstrates the value of holistic approach of laboratory testing, comprehensive software modeling and application of enhanced stimulation fluids to overcome complex technical challenges Novel, Additive Information The field production was previously constrained by its high CO2 levels and the supply gas ratio agreement. The information and lessons learnt from this paper will be applicable as evident of practical improvements to achieve sustainable production from the field since it has a strategic importance as production, processing and export hub to other four gas fields. Recent CO2 blending project has allow a better distribution of gas across the network and therefore demand higher production from the field, thus further unlock it potential to achieve economic optimization.
Reports on the topic "Export Processing Zones Authority"
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Cirera, Xavier, and Rajith Lakshman. The impact of export processing zones on employment, wages and labour conditions in developing countries. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), April 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/sr31406.
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