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1
Daniels, P. W. "Export of Services of Servicing Exports?" Geografiska Annaler, Series B: Human Geography 82B, no. 1 (January 2000): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0467.00069.
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Daniels, P. W. "Export of services of servicing exports?" Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 82, no. 1 (April 2000): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3684.2000.00069.x.
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Lindemane, Marija, Ilmars Purins, and Didzis Rutitis. "Factors influencing export of financial services." Oeconomia Copernicana 3, no. 4 (December 31, 2012): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2012.022.
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Almost all countries in the world are involved in the world trade of financial services. However, whereas for most countries the export of financial services is only a side result of their foreign economic activities, for some countries it composes a constitutive source of income. The purpose of the current research is to determine the factors that influence the export of financial services thereby explaining the differences in geographic allocation of financial services export throughout the world. For achieving this purpose, such research methodology as analysis of selected literature on financial services, an expert survey, as well as mathematical processing of the obtained research data have been used. The result of the research has reflected common factors, which according to the financial experts’ opinion have the most significant influence on any country's export of financial services.
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Sindhu, Dr M. "Recent trends in exports of computer software and information technology enabled services from India." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 8, no. 02 (February 18, 2020): 1584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v8i02.em04.
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Software industry occupies an important place in Indian economy. This sector has a significant role in term of contribution to GDP, employment, export earning etc. The present paper examined the performance of software service exports from India. The software service exports comprises of computer services and information technology enabled serices (ITES). The recent trends in the software export shows that the export earning has increased. The growth rate of export of this sector is 13 per cent during 2008-2019 period. ITES service exports shows a higher growth rate than the computer service exports during 2008-19 period. Though the public limited company was the major contributor of exports, in the last two years the private sector occupies the position. Major destination of software exports are USA and Canada. Majority of the software service exports are through the cross border supply, ie through Mode-1.
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Prohorovs, Anatolijs, and Marina Solesvik. "Services Sector Export in Europe." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 4, 2018): 4574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124574.
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In this paper, we consider the changes that occurred in the service exports of thirty-eight European countries in the period of 2005–2016. We have found that the existing world trend related to the growth of service exports is also present in Europe. However, the trend of the service exports’ share growth in the general volume of export is not common for all European countries. We found that higher growth rates are observed in European countries with lower levels of GDP per capita. We also discovered the presence of a strong positive correlation between growth in service exports and GDP growth, as well as between growth in service exports and GDP per capita. We also found that there is a linear correlation between the growth of service exports and the growth of GDP per capita, as well as between the growth in service exports and GDP growth. The data obtained allowed us to conclude that European countries, categorized as “Innovation Leaders” in accordance with the European Innovation Scoreboard, are not the leading countries in Europe with regard to the rates of service export growth. We also discovered that service exports in Europe are less sensitive to adverse macroeconomic effects than goods exports.
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Das, Sampriti, and Amiya Sarma. "Growth Behaviour of India’s Export of Services, 1975–2018." Foreign Trade Review 56, no. 3 (February 17, 2021): 301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732520982187.
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Trade in services has made phenomenal strides in the globalisation era with the advent of a technology revolution, fragmentation in production processes and rapid digitisation. The case of India has been exemplary, as she bypasses her sluggish growth in goods exports to emerge as a world leader in commercial services. By churning out positive net exports since 2003, this trade sector has considerably eased the country’s unfavourable current-account position. Further, the relatively robust performance of the country’s service exports in the face of the Great Recession of 2008–2009 has ignited speculations over its suitability as an instrument of sustainable economic growth. Though the stupendous growth of India’s export of services is well documented, not much has been said regarding consistency in this growth. Our study identifies that against the backdrop of key macroeconomic developments, the growth performance of the country’s real export of services has undergone vivid variations. The long-term trend of these exports, though increasing, is choppy. We identify three structural regimes in the course of these exports: 1975–1993, 1994–2004 and 2005–2018. We conscientiously deduce that the phenomenal growth of real service exports that accrued in the 1990s has been slowly wearing out post 2005. The slowdown has both cyclical and structural elements to it and corresponds to the changing cyclicality of service exports, subduing demand, slowing global value chains (GVCs) and post-crisis mood of protectionism. JEL Codes: F14, C32, E32
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Grater, S., E. Steenkamp, W. Viviers, and L. Cuyvers. "Combining the export promotion of products and services: the case of South Africa." Southern African Business Review 18, no. 3 (January 29, 2019): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1998-8125/5687.
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With the trade in services playing an increasingly important role in boosting economic growth and development in many countries, governments and business entities – particularly in developing countries – should be devoting more time to exploring export opportunities for the services sector. However, a major challenge is that the services sector is often not well understood by government, and service providers themselves lack insight into and contacts in foreign markets. Furthermore, many governments concentrate more on the export promotion of products, while giving the services sector relatively less attention. This study investigates how two complementary decision support models (DSMs), for products and services respectively, can help to address the challenge of identifying realistic export opportunities in both these sectors. Specifically, the two DSMs, which incorporate a scientifically designed filtering process, reveal which products and services have the greatest potential in a range of viable markets. This linked approach to identifying export opportunities is an important step in encouraging co-operation between tangible goods producers and service providers, and lays the foundation for the design of mutually beneficial export marketing programmes. The study also shows how export promotion agencies in South Africa can use the results of both models to develop strategic plans aimed at boosting product and service exports in specified markets, thereby contributing meaningfully to the country’s internationalisation drive.
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Sermcheep, Sineenat. "Services Export and Economic Growth in ASEAN Countries." Journal of Asian Economic Integration 1, no. 2 (September 2019): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631684619883443.
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Based on the panel data from 1980 to 2014, this article examines the effect of services export on economic growth in the ASEAN countries. The results show that there has been evidence of services export-led growth in ASEAN during the past decades. The services export data are disaggregated into modern and traditional services exports, and the estimations show that both exports contribute to the GDP growth with the less strong positive effect from the modern services exports. The goods export, conventional engine of growth, also maintains its significant and robust role as the growth-enhancing factor for ASEAN. In the period of a slow growth of goods exports and the direction of the growth policy towards services-oriented sector, the services exports have become increasingly significant as a new engine of growth, which also complement to the existing growth engine. JEL Codes: F43, O4
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SRIVASTAVA, SADHANA. "THE ROLE OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN INDIA'S SERVICES EXPORTS: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION." Singapore Economic Review 51, no. 02 (August 2006): 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590806002342.
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Export-oriented FDI is increasingly being perceived as an instrumental tool to strengthen country's export-competitiveness in developing countries. The theoretical literature suggests that both FDI and trade can be substitutive or complementary to each other depending on the nature of investment, industry-mix and host country's characteristics. In this context, the experience of the Indian economy is particularly instructive. Although some empirical studies have supported the view that FDI inflows in the Indian economy have not been export-oriented, it is important to note that none of these have studied the impact of FDI inflows on service exports, in spite of service sector emerging as a key driver of India's export growth. This paper examines the causal relationship between FDI inflows and service exports in the Indian economy during the post liberalization period since 1991. It uses a multivariate VAR framework for the analysis. The empirical results confirm the presence of short-run unidirectional Granger causality from FDI to services exports in the Indian economy.
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Halevi, Nadav. "Export Shares and Relative Export Affinities of Goods and Services of European OECD Countries, 2007." Global Economy Journal 15, no. 1 (January 29, 2015): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2014-0036.
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Using recent Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) data on bilateral exports of services and International Monetary Fund (IMF) data on bilateral exports of goods, this paper compares goods and services as regards export proportions and relative export affinity for 20 OECD countries in 2007. It finds great diversity in bilateral exports of both goods and services and between countries. Whereas the 20 countries as a region have significant relative affinity in both types of exports, most countries have strong relations with only particular partners in the region, and even export aversion with others. If minimal diffusion is used as an indicator of regional integration, there is little such internal integration in the European OECD countries in exports of goods and less of services.
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Nasir, Shahbaz. "Modern Services Exports from Emerging Countries—Perspectives and Opportunities." Pakistan Development Review 51, no. 4II (December 1, 2012): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v51i4iipp.209-226.
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Traditionally, developed countries are the major exporters of services; however, technological developments in IT and communications over the last two decades have made it possible for developing countries to exploit their comparative advantage in some modern services. The driving force for this comparative advantage is the large pool of semi-skilled and skilled graduates in emerging countries who can deliver their services across borders, using advanced communication technologies. Why do emerging countries have increasing modern services exports? How are these exports explained by theory? What are the factors behind this export growth and the reasons to expect future growth? These are some of the important questions that researchers and policy-makers would like to find answers to and an attempt has been made to answer these questions in this paper. Identification of the sources of services export growth from emerging and developing countries can be attempted through established theories of goods trade and production. This paper reviews selected theory and empirical work in order to explain the underlying causes for growing exports of services. Causes for the export of modern services may include a comparative advantage of the exporting country, cost reduction for the importing firm through outsourcing, reduction in trading costs due to technological improvements and an increase in gains from services trade.
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Satriani, Rini, and T. M. Zakir Machmud. "The Role of Banking Services in Determining the Destination Countries for Indonesia’s Non-Oil and Gas Export." Economics and Finance in Indonesia 66, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.47291/efi.v66i2.709.
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This study aims to examine whether the risk factor and banking services play a significant role in determining not only the export performance of a country but also the pattern of export destination markets, with the reference to the case of Indonesia. These two indicators are interrelated because the risk factor in export transactions can be mitigated by banking sector. Using the data of export Letter of Credits (LCs) for non-oil and gas exports of Indonesia as a banking instrument to mitigate special risk transactions to 102 export destination countries as well as a panel data methodology for the 2011–2018 period, this study discovers that the risk of export destination countries affects the decline in non-oil and gas exports of Indonesia to the alleged high-risk countries that are non-traditional export markets of Indonesia by 8.34%. In contrast, the LCs only significantly affect the increase in non-oil and gas exports of Indonesia to the lowand medium-risk countries by 0.024–0.029%, most of which are traditional export markets of Indonesia. It implies that banking sector in general does not have the appetite for providing financing for Indonesian exporters attempting to penetrate non-traditional export markets. This result underlines that commercial banks in Indonesia have a significant role in shaping the pattern of destination countries for Indonesian export. Consequently, government intervention is essentially needed by assuming or sharing part of the risk with state banks supposing the government continues to expect exporters to be able to penetrate into the non-traditional countries.
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Brambilla, Irene, Daniel Lederman, and Guido Porto. "Exports, Export Destinations, and Skills." American Economic Review 102, no. 7 (December 1, 2012): 3406–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.7.3406.
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This paper explores the links between exports, export destinations, and skill utilization. We identify two mechanisms behind these links: differences across destinations in quality valuation and in exporting required services, activities that are intensive in skilled labor. Depending on the characteristics of the source country (income, language), the theories suggest a skill-bias in export destinations. We test the theory using a panel of Argentine manufacturing firms. We find that Argentine firms exporting to high-income countries hired more skilled workers than other exporters and domestic firms. Instead, we cannot identify any causal effect of exporting per se on skill utilization. (JEL F14, F16, J24, L60, O14, O19)
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He, Xiaobo, and Christopher Findlay. "Policy restrictions and services performance: Evidence from 32 countries." Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 05, no. 01 (February 2014): 1440003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993314400031.
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The impact of services trade and investment policy which affects the performance of the service sector is the topic of this paper. The performance indicator is not the services share of total output but the services shares in the gross value of goods exports. We find that a more restrictive environment for services delivery is associated with a lower services share in exports, but with a diminishing effect. The results remain robust even after extra measures of the ease of doing business (such as number of documents to export, number of days to export and "rank of trading across borders") are included. There is a significant relationship between policy and the share of services from domestic origin, including those from foreign invested firms, in exports, but not with the share of services from offshore sources. This result indicates that at present the more important impact of services policy reforms is via the establishment of new providers, rather than via trade across borders. This causal channel has important consequences for the political economy of reforms in services.
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Lorde, Troy, Antonio Alleyne, and Brian Francis. "An Assessment of International Competitiveness in CARICOM Services Exports." Global Economy Journal 15, no. 4 (November 24, 2015): 525–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2015-0006.
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CARICOM countries have determined that the export of services is the platform for future development of their economies in light of the loss of preferences for their traditional agricultural exports. This paper aims to determine if services can indeed fulfill this objective for the region within the context of international export competitiveness. We addressed the following questions: Which services exports in CARICOM countries are globally competitive; what is the degree of diversification in services exports; and what is the extent of export similarity in services in CARICOM. On a whole, other than Travel Services, and to a much lesser extent, Insurance Services, very few services exports in CARICOM countries are globally competitive. Most notably, Financial Services in the region, a sector touted as one to which several CARICOM countries are looking for future economic growth and development, are not competitive. St. Lucia and Jamaica are the only countries to exhibit advantages in Computer and Information Services and Personal, Cultural, and Recreational Services respectively. Guyana is competitive in Communications Services and Royalties and License Fees and Suriname in Transportation Services, Government Services and Other Business Services. Further, there is little diversification in services exports. Compounding this problem, there is a high degree of services exports similarity. If countries in the region wish to stake their future on the performance of services, regional governments will need to put in place strategies to enhance the sector’s competitiveness.
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Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm, and Shishir Priyadarshi. "Export Product Diversification, Services Production and Exports in Least Developed Countries." Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 07, no. 03 (September 26, 2016): 1650013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993316500137.
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This paper investigates the relationship between the diversification of export products in least developed countries (LDCs) and their services production and exports. It uses a dataset comprising 30 LDCs over the period 1995–2010. The empirical results suggest strong evidence that export product diversification in LDCs is a catalyzer for their commercial services exports, alongside factors such as per capita income, foreign direct investment (FDI), and regulatory quality policies. However, export products diversification does not appear to exert a significant effect on LDC services production. These findings have important implications for both the international trade community and LDC governments.
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Wolfmayr, Yvonne. "Export Performance and Increased Services Content in Manufacturing." National Institute Economic Review 220 (April 2012): R36—R52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011222000115.
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Against the background of the increasing services content of many manufactured goods, the paper attempts to assess the role of (domestically and internationally) purchased service inputs for the relative export performance of countries in a particular manufacturing industry. It estimates an empirical model of export market shares for EU15 countries and twelve disaggregated manufacturing industries over the period 1995 to 2007. Whereas most traditional explanations are based on the influence of relative costs and technology-related variables, this paper emphasises the importance of services as a determinant of both product quality and the sectors’ productivity. The service linkage variables are based on national input–output tables. The analysis finds a positive and highly significant impact of services on export market shares of manufactured goods. Distinguishing between domestically-sourced service inputs and imports results in a robust and highly significant impact of international service linkages, while the analysis finds no impact of domestic service linkages.
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International Monetary Fund. "Export Versus FDI in Services." IMF Working Papers 10, no. 290 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781455211715.001.
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Burn, Janice, and Martin Barnett. "Export Performance and E-Services." Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries 11, no. 1 (March 2003): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1681-4835.2003.tb00072.x.
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Bhattacharya, Rudrani, Ila Patnaik, and Ajay Shah. "Export Versus FDI in Services." World Economy 35, no. 1 (November 11, 2011): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01385.x.
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Beyers, William B., and Michael J. Alvine. "EXPORT SERVICES IN POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY." Papers in Regional Science 57, no. 1 (January 14, 2005): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1985.tb00856.x.
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Beyers, William B., and Michael J. Alvine. "Export services in postindustrial society." Papers of the Regional Science Association 57, no. 1 (December 1985): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01935279.
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Teteryatnikov, K., S. Каmolov, and E. Pototskaya. "Organizational and legal mechanisms of education export in the Russian Federation." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2004-07.
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The article is meant to analyze the legal basis and organizational models of educational services export in the Russian Federation. The authors believe that the sale of educational services to foreign legal entities and individuals can become one of the alternatives to commodity exports and an important source of income for educational institutions and the country’s budget. The regulatory framework for developing the export of educational services in the Russian Federation, despite some of its shortcomings, allows to eff ectively promote the interests of Russian universities both in Russia and abroad, but not all universities are ready for such activities. Within the framework of the Federal project "Development of the export potential of Russian education", fi ve models of educational services export by Russian universities were proposed. However, according to the authors, introduction of bilingual bachelor’s, master’s and postgraduate programs, creation of a unifi ed register of accredited providers of Russian educational export services, development of a list of export education courses and standards for their teaching could also contribute to the increase in export indicators.
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Shakhova, Margarita, and Kristina Sycheva. "Innovative Potential of Russian Export Sector." Moscow University Economics Bulletin 2019, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 116–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105201927.
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The purpose of this article is to identify the ways to develop the innovative potential of Russian export. As a perspective direction for enhancing Russian export sector, segment of services is considered to be the fastest growing and least dependent on the volatility of the global environment element of international trade. The article analyzes the dynamics of Russian exports of services over the past eleven years and concludes on the gradual strengthening of its position In this regard, attention is focused on the export of high - tech and intellectual services - analysis of Russian prospects and opportunities in this area. Also author's recommendations for the improvement of this segment in the long term are given. Special attention is paid to the development of national technology exports. As a result, the article analyzes experience of leading innovation-active countries and presents the author's development model of Russian export sector innovative potential.
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Upadhyay, Parijat, and Saikat Ghosh Roy. "Impact of exchange rate movement and macro-economic factors on exports of software and services from India." Benchmarking: An International Journal 23, no. 5 (July 4, 2016): 1193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-04-2014-0034.
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Purpose – The information technology (IT) sector in India is the leading exporter from the service sector domain and also is a significant contributor to the overall export kitty of India. The IT sector’s contribution in total Indian exports (merchandise plus services) increased from less than 4 percent in FY1998-1999 to about 25 percent in FY2011-2012 as per IT industry nodal body National Association of Software and Services Companies and the central bank of the country, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). As this industry earns most of its revenue in foreign currencies it is exposed to the foreign exchange risks. The purpose of this paper is to validate the macro-economic theory that depreciation in domestic currency boosts export as it makes domestic good and services cheaper and appreciation in domestic currency deters export as it makes domestic good and services costlier. The authors are validating this theory for Indian rupee and keeping software services export in the focus. Design/methodology/approach – In this study the authors have done the multiple regression analysis on the obtained time-series data. The research was totally based on the secondary data from Quarter1 (April-June) of FY 2000-2001 to Quarter4 (January-March) of FY 2011-2012. It comprises of data for 48 consecutive quarters. The authors have taken the growth rate, so the final data set consist of data of 47 quarters. The main source of data are published data by RBI. Data have been collected for export of software services, merchandise export, real effective exchange rate, US-dollar-Indian rupee exchange rate, gross domestic product of India and selected countries. Findings – Data analysis leads the authors to the following findings: real effective exchange rate has no significant impact on software services export; US-dollar-Indian rupee exchange rate has no significant impact on software services export; external gross domestic product growth has no significant impact on software services export; and gross domestic product growth of India has no significant impact on software services export. The results obtained from multiple regression analysis are also supported by the results obtained from Granger Causality test. It does not identify any single factor as a major cause of software export. Results shows that the external GDP is having the statistically significant impact on the software export but the low value of R2 denotes that the impact is very low. Originality/value – There are no published studies available which has attempted similar kind of an approach to study using aggregated export data and other macro-economic variables like real effective exchange rate (REER) and GDP growth rate. All previous literatures used REER to measure the impact of the exchange rate on export.
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Doroshenko, Tatiana, and Svitlana Shybirina. "Analysis of export potential of ukraine in the context of european integration." Problems of Innovation and Investment Development, no. 24 (April 24, 2021): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33813/2224-1213.24.2021.4.
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European integration opens wide opportunities for Ukraine to cooperate with developed European countries, strengthening its position in the international arena. Export potential is the potential ability of a country to export goods or services. Exports of goods and services to EU countries in 2020 were $ 21.9 billion (37.1% of total exports), including exports of goods – $ 18.6 billion, exports of services – $ 3.3 billion. Compared to 2019, exports of goods to EU countries de- creased by $ 2.1 billion (10.3%). The export structure is dominated by agriculture products, the food industry (35%), and the metallurgical complex (16.7%). The greatest exporters of Ukrainian goods were the following EU countries: Poland ($ 3.3 billion or 6.71% of total exports of goods), Germany ($ 2.1 billion or 4.27%), Italy ($ 1.9 billion or 3, 86%), the Netherlands ($ 1.8 billion or 3.66%), Hungary ($ 1.3 billion or 2.64%), Romania ($ 1.1 billion or 2.24%). The analysis of the export potential of Ukraine shows the raw material structure of exports. Integration into the EU market as a raw material supplement is dangerous for the country because it can consolidate technological dependence on developed countries. Increasing the share of goods with a high level of processing increase the stability of export income. Promising areas of exporting activity are science-intensive industries: electronics, production of automation, technical means for non-traditional types of energy, new types of materials, biotechnology, etc. To transition Ukraine to the exporting of knowledge-intensive innovative products and successfully enter world markets, the Export Strategy of Ukraine (Roadmap for Strategic Trade Development) has been developed, which identifies the following promising sectors: information and communication technologies, software development, creative services, tourism, maintenance and repair of aircraft, production of spare parts and components for the aerospace and aviation industries, mechanical engineering, food industry. Sectors are grouped into clusters. An individual sectoral strategy is developed for each sector. Key words: export, export potential, European integration, goods, competitive advantages, market, sector.
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Malik, Manzoor Hassan, and Nirmala Velan. "Software and services export, IT investment and GDP nexus in India." International Trade, Politics and Development 3, no. 2 (July 15, 2019): 100–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itpd-05-2019-0001.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate both long-run and short-run dynamics among the software and services export, investment in information technology (IT) and GDP in India and to investigate the direction of the relationship among the given three macro-economic variables. Design/methodology/approach The time series data have been taken to investigate the long-run relationship exists among the variables. Annual data were collected from the NASSCOM Annual Reports, Planning Commission of India and Reserve Bank of India during the period 1980–2016. Cointegration and vector error correction model have been used for analyzing the causal relationship among investment in IT, software exports and GDP in India. Findings Cointegration results confirm that software and services export, investment in IT and GDP are cointegrated, implying that there exists the long-run equilibrium relationship among the given three macro-economic variables. Similarly, vector error correction mechanism Granger causality results hold that there is uni-directional long-run causality running from software and services export and investment in IT to GDP, implying that software and services export is an important determinant of economic growth in India. Research limitations/implications The limitations of the paper are generalization of the results and proxy variable for IT investments. Practical implications The paper has implications for the expansion of market concentration, diversification of software and service exports, and investments in R&D for increasing competitiveness of the industry in the global market. Originality/value This paper focuses on originality in the analysis of the relationship among the given variables software exports, investment in the IT sector and GDP in India. All the work has been done in original by the authors and the work used have been acknowledged properly.
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Siddique, Samina, Zafar Mahmood, and Shabana Noureen. "The Impact of Investment in Human Capital on the Exports of Goods and Services." NUST Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 2, no. 2 (March 18, 2021): 161–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.51732/njssh.v2i2.62.
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With the growth of services economy worldwide, it has become essential for policymakers to comprehend the export competitiveness of nations to identify offshore export locations or alternatively offer their own sites as an exporting location. Human capital investment is considered as a key component in attracting foreign countries for outsourcing purposes. Earlier studies have shown mixed role of human capital investment on off shoring activities. This study assesses the effects of control variables (business environment, wages and IT infrastructure) and human capital investment on export of goods and services from the selected Asian outsourcing countries. Panel Estimated Generalized Least Square (EGLS) technique is used with country weights to specifically overcome the problem of autocorrelation. Empirical findings show that investment in human capital is significant for both goods and services exports. We found a large impact of human capital investment on exports of goods and services in selected Asian countries as compared to selected developed countries. Empirical findings further suggest that human capital is more essential for export of goods than export of services. From these findings, the study draws important implications for policymaking in countries who intend to offer themselves as an attractive location for exporting and for those who intend to locate their production activities overseas.
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ONOSE, Okpeku Lilian, and Osman Nuri ARAS. "Does the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis Hold for Services Exports in Emerging Economies?" Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics 14, no. 27 (May 30, 2021): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/ejbe.2021.027.04.
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The export-led growth hypothesis states a positive relationship between the growth of exports and long-run economic growth. This study examines the validity of the export-led growth hypothesis of services exports in 5 emerging economies, including Brazil, India, Nigeria, China, and South Africa (BINCS), for the period of 1980-2019. The study employs the panel mean group autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) procedure to identify a causal relationship between services exports and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. The findings show that the export-led growth hypothesis in services only has a positive effect on economic growth in the short run while other variables, including foreign direct investment (FDI), gross capital formation, and labour, increase economic growth in the long run. Hence, the emerging countries should focus more on internal investment to boost growth in the long and short run.
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Roelfsema, Hein, Christopher Findlay, and Xianjia Ye. "Decomposing International Trade in Commercial Services." Foreign Trade Review 56, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 238–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00157325211018890.
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To delve deeper into the rise of trade in commercial services as the most important determinant of the recent increase in digital trade, this article offers a decomposition of international service trade using the latest release of the Inter-Country Input–Output (ICIO) tables. The analysis decomposes international service trade into a split between (a) direct services exports and services embodied in goods, (b) advanced economies and the major emerging markets, and (c) the major commercial services industries. We show that overall direct service exports have become more important relative to services embodied in goods, especially in advanced economies (the ‘cross-border’ effect). Further, we show that for emerging markets, the rise of the exports of services comes from the increase in volume of export of goods, which embed services and not because of an increased share of services embodied in the domestic value of exported goods (the ‘embodied volume’ effect). Finally, we show that the increase in services trade can be attributed to the increase in traded information technology (IT) services and not so much to that in financial and business services that are increasingly traded digitally across borders (the ‘plain vanilla digitalisation’ effect). JEL Codes: F14, F15, G20
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Holubova, H. V. "Application of Index Models in Assessing the Foreign Economic Activity of Ukraine." Statistics of Ukraine 84, no. 1 (March 23, 2019): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.1(84)2019.01.03.
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The importance of statistical assessment of foreign economic activities in Ukraine, considering the structure and geographical re-orientation of the Ukrainian foreign trade and new challenges of the globalized and highly competitive market of goods and services, gives rise to the modeling of patterns underlying future tendencies in the development of the Ukrainian foreign trade. The article contains a description of approaches to the analysis of foreign economic activities in Ukraine by use of index models. Several index models are constructed and used for assessing the debt burden of Ukraine, the impact of selected sub-factors on it are determined, and the dynamics of the export quota in 2016–2017 are highlighted
By use of the chain substitutions method it is found that the debt burden of Ukraine decreased in 2017, compared to 2016, by 21.0% due to the reduced import dependence of Ukraine, by 12.0% due to the partial debt burden, but increased by 4.1% due to the export losses. The results show that the strongest impact on the dynamics of debt burden of Ukraine came from the import dependence (56.6%), which means that the strict import quota remains the main factor of the increasing foreign debt of Ukraine, which caused 5.9% loss of export earnings in 2016, and 2.3% in 2017.
The analysis of the export quota dynamics based on the index model showed that the impact of the international intraspecific specialization of the country on it was 43.2%, and the impact of the exports’ share in the foreign trade balance made 44.7%. That is, the main factors of change are the commodity and geographical specialization of Ukraine, as well as the imbalance in the foreign trade.
Results of the analysis of the indices of averages show that due to the growth in export quotas of products of vegetable origin, fats and oils by 12.7%, and under the influence of the commodity structure of exports (–8.4%), the export quota increased by 3.2% in 2017 compared to 2012. The import quota of goods decreased by 17%, including by 7.6% due to the reduced import dependence of the country, and by 10.1% due to the changed structure of imports.
Results of the analysis indicate significant change in the trend of export and import quotas of Ukraine on account of geographical reorientation: due to changes in the geographical structure of exports and imports of Ukraine, the export and import quotas decreased by 41.5%, and 32.2%, respectively.
The analysis of the commodity structure of the Ukrainian foreign trade in 2012–2017 shows that the largest export positions were non-precious metals (ferrous metals and products made thereof), grain crops, fats and oils, electric machinery; in the exports of services, the largest share was accounted for by transport services, telecommunication services, computer and information services, processing of material resources, and business services. In the commodity structure of imports, mineral products had the largest share, which, however, decreased by 7.36 percentage points in 2017 compared to 2012. Imports of services are dominated by transport services and government services.
The Russian Federation remains to be main partner in export-import operations of Ukraine: 9.1% of the Ukraine’s exports of goods in 2017, which is 16.53 percentage points less than in 2012; and 14.5% of the imports of goods in 2017, which is 17.86 percentage points less than in 2012. The main partner of Ukraine in the imports of services is the U.S., with 11.78% of the total imports of services in 2017, which is 6.7 percentage points more than in 2012.
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Jeníček, V. "World trade with services in globalisation processes." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 2 (January 7, 2008): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1229-agricecon.
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Abstract: Services become an important participant of the international economic relationships during the last 20 to 30 years. Since the sector of services used formerly to be applied rather more on the national level, we speak of the internalisation of services, which become an important article of international trade. Compared to the dynamics of world trade with tangible goods, services reach higher year-to year increases and their share in the world trade turnover still increases. The explanation lies in the growing importance of services connected to the level of the economy development and in the foreign trade with services liberalisation. The value of the services export on the world level reached approx.1.5 trill. USD in 2000. The value of the world export of tangible goods was 5.5 trill. USD in the same year, so that export of services covered approximately one fifth of the total world tangible and non-tangible goods. The share of services in the world export (tangible and non-tangible) grew continually.
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Trokhova, E. V., and T. A. Izutina. "EXPORT POTENTIAL OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE NON–RESOURCE SECTOR AND PROSPECTS FOR ITS GROWTH." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 4 (December 20, 2018): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2018-4-62-70.
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TodayRussiahas embarked on the difficult path of transition to a new, higher, production and export level, so it is important to understand in which areas domestic enterprises can increase supply volumes abroad and most successfully compete in the global market. To this end, the article identified the key features of the concept of «export potential»: its dependence on the existing production capacity and the competitiveness of products manufactured for export. A retrospective analysis of the commodity structure of Russian export deliveries showed that non-fuel components account for about 41%, and about 34% of products have a non-resource character, with positive dynamics in such important groups as «machinery and equipment», «chemical products and rubber» and others. However, by the end of 2017, there is a predominance of goods of the lower redistribution (about 46% of non-resource non-energy exports), that indicates the high dependence of the Russian exports on the simplest products. Experts identified the points of growth of non-resource exports: the sphere of high technologies, the internationalization of small and medium-sized firms, the development of the regional export potential, and the expansion of tourism and educational services exports.
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Golubova, G. V. "The Statistical Analysis and Forecasting of Ukraine’s Export." Statistics of Ukraine 81, no. 2 (October 18, 2018): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.2(81)2018.02.01.
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In the article the author determined the main directions of foreign economic activity of the country and was established that the main course for Ukraine is foreign trade and international investment activity. The author done analysis of the foreign trade balance of Ukraine for 2017 shows the passive balance of trade balance. The analyzed indicators of foreign trade balance show that in 2017 Ukraine economy was opened (0.93), i. e. it is risk-prone, import-dependent (46.8%), the share of exports in the total amount of the gross domestic product was 45.8%, the coefficient of coverage the export over import was 98%.
The calculated coefficient of the international intraspecific specialization of the country shows that Ukraine is import-dependent from the following groups of goods and services: works of art (–75,5%), polymer materials, plastics and articles (–75,0%), means of land transport, aircraft, floating means (–68.4%), optical and photographic equipment (-59.9%), state and government services (–99.5%), royalties (–83.3 %), financial services (–74.2%).
The author was determined and substantiated the factors influencing the tendencies of export development of Ukraine, which were the basis of correlation-regression analysis. The export links with all selected factors based on the pair correlation coefficients are analyzed. A high correlation was found between exports with imports (0.987), a rather close but inverse relationship with the US dollar (–0.887), a significant and direct correlation between export of FDI to Ukraine (0.693) and a noticeable but inverse relationship exports with GDP (–0.693) and consumer price index (–0.690).
During the analysis, the author built two regressive models of export dependence from import transactions and under the influence of the exchange rate. The author substantiated the effect of the fluctuation of the US dollar exchange rate on exports of goods and services, and predicted Ukraine’s exports in the short period.
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Volpe Martincus, Christian, and Jerónimo Carballo. "Export Promotion: Bundled Services Work Better." World Economy 33, no. 12 (December 2010): 1718–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2010.01296.x.
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Lindemane, Marija. "Financial services export by Baltic banks." Business and Economic Horizons 4 (January 14, 2011): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15208/beh.2011.6.
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Stefaniak-Kopoboru, Joanna, and Joanna Kuczewska. "Export specialization in services of the Visegrad countries." Equilibrium 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2016.012.
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The importance of services and the international trade in services is growing systematically. There are some reasons for that, especially the rapid development of IT technologies. This increase in the international trade in services is a global phenomenon, however there are some other specific issues, other than economic or technological, which might influence the trade in services in particular countries. As for the countries of the Central and Eastern Europe such a factor could be the accession to the European Union (EU). The objective of the paper is to analyse the export specialization of the Visegrad countries in the international trade in services and how it changed over seven years after the EU accession. The service sector comprises of a variety of highly heterogeneous economic activities and the diversity of services is also reflected in the international trade of particular countries. Generally, the trade theories deal with trade of goods, but there are some attempts already to apply these theories for services. To find out the export specialization based on the comparative advantage in particular services, the main categories of services are analysed based on the adjusted RCA index assumptions. The analysis prepared in the paper is based on the balance of payment statistics provided by the WTO. The article is concluded by discussing the questions about the export specialization of particular countries and how it changed after the accession to the EU.
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Jansen Van Rensburg, Susara J., Riaan Rossouw, and Wilma Viviers. "Liberalizing Bangladesh’s Services Trade: Is Joining Trade in Services Agreement the Way to Go?" South Asia Economic Journal 21, no. 1 (February 23, 2020): 99–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561420903198.
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Although currently limited, services trade holds great potential for Bangladesh, as services already make a major contribution to GDP and employment. Services represent an important alternative (in the longer term) or complement (in the shorter term) to ready-made garments (RMGs), which have long dominated Bangladesh’s export mix. The country is poised to see declining RMG export revenues when the country graduates out of least developed country (LDC) status and loses its trade preferences in global markets. To build domestic capacity with a view to developing its services export sector, Bangladesh needs to open its market to services imports. But what approach would be best? Can a plurilateral trade agreement (PTA) like the Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA), whose members have sought to stimulate their services sectors through more liberalized trade, ever be an option? We use a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to simulate the effects of TiSA membership on Bangladesh’s economy. The results show that, overall, Bangladesh would derive marginal benefit from TiSA, but employment and exports would suffer. The worst-affected sectors would be agriculture and textiles and clothing, the country’s largest employers. To lessen the impact of increased foreign competition, a regional trade approach is recommended, supported by a sound national services strategy which would include a roadmap for tackling the country’s myriad supply-side shortcomings. JEL: F13, F14, F15, F16
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Fourie, Johan. "Travel service exports as comparative advantage in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 14, no. 2 (June 6, 2011): 210–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v14i2.146.
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World service exports have grown at a rapid rate over the past few decades. While some countries have benefited from the surge in service exports, others have been left behind. This paper provides a snapshot of South Africa’s comparative performance in service exports, using a new measure of revealed comparative advantage, the normalised revealed comparative advantage (NRCA). Countries are ranked according to their performance in 10 service export sectors. South Africa is found to reveal a strong comparative advantage in travel service exports (tourism). A discussion of the travel services sector follows, with historical, theoretical and empirical evidence to support the NRCA findings.
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Chen, Min Hui. "Services in global value chains – the cases of Taiwan and Korea." Journal of Korea Trade 22, no. 4 (December 3, 2018): 364–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-12-2017-0101.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the value added of exports of services, which increasingly involve intermediate inputs to manufacturing and are indirectly embodied in intermediate and finished good exports to the global market earned by Taiwan and South Korea. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses the World Input-Output Database to examine and compare the competitiveness of service industry between Taiwan and South Korea in China from 1995 to 2011. The author measures the value added of export in two ways: value added in trade (VAiT) and trade in value added (TiVA). Findings The proportion of domestic (intermediate and final demand) VAiT was created by Taiwanese and South Korean exports to China. The services amount share of value added embodied in Taiwanese electrical and optical equipment (ELE) exports to China increased gradually (38.0–45.7 percent) from 1996 to 2011, that was more than that of South Korea (26.7–23.3 percent). Taiwanese financial and business (F&B) service contributed to Taiwanese ELE production exported to China. In service sectors, the proportion of VAiT of Taiwanese F&B service embodied in ELE exports to China increased annually (9.8–11.5 percent), that was similar to that of South Korea (12.2–11.3 percent). Thus, F&B sector played an increasingly important role in service sectors. Taiwanese F&B promotes the ELE export to China with higher efficiency than South Korea does. Originality/value Over the past two decades, the development of information technology and the growth of international specialization and fragmentation of production processes have brought about a global value chains (GVCs) phenomenon in services, which has already been taking place in manufacturing for a long time. Intangible value added of services increasingly involved intermediate inputs from manufacturing and were indirectly embodied in intermediate and finished goods exported to the global market. The focus of this paper is to analyze how the service industry participates in the development of the GVC, with emphasis on the export of ELE production to China in the bilateral trade of Taiwan and Korea with China. In addition to the value-added components, the exports of F&B intermediate products to China have been increasing year by year, and Taiwanese is higher than South Korean. In the bilateral trade between Taiwan or Korea and China, for ELE production exported to China, double counted part of intermediate products is increasing year by year. In terms of the value added of the double counting of F&B exports to China, Taiwan is higher (PDC, 31.23–17.26 percent) than South Korea. (PDC, 8.7–15.12 percent). South Korea and China are not as closely related as Taiwan and China.
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Catanzaro, Alexis, Karim Messeghem, and Sylvie Sammut. "Impact of export support: a conceptual model for export start-ups1." Management international 19, no. 2 (May 7, 2015): 226–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1030397ar.
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Export Start-Ups are a type of International New Ventures which has a high potential for growth and job creation. Nevertheless, they are weakened by their lack of resources and are likely to fail in foreign markets. Building on the Resources-based Theory, we ask the question of the effectiveness of Export Support Services to provide these companies with missing resources to perform in foreign markets, even though these services were originally designed for traditional exporter with internationalization by stages. We propose a conceptual model suggesting that several export services are effective and influence the knowledge, networks, and the export performance of Export Start-Ups.
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Cornish, S. L. "Marketing Software Products: The Importance of ‘Being There’ and the Implications for Business Service Exports." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 28, no. 9 (September 1996): 1661–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a281661.
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If business services have any potential to function as basic industries that access autonomous sources of demand outside the region or nation, it hinges on the degree to which these activities can be sold to distant, and preferably international, export markets. It is essential to understand the factors that make business services more or less tradeable over distance. In this paper, empirical evidence concerning the extent of producer and business service exports is reviewed, and the more qualitative dimensions of the tradeability of business services are explored in greater detail in order to identify factors that both limit and encourage exports of business services. Research in the software product segment of the computer services sector suggests that it may not actually be the ‘need’ for face-to-face interaction with clients that keeps some types of suppliers of business services from exporting. The traditional rationale regarding the importance of proximity to markets, the impact of information technology, and the dynamics of producer—user interaction is examined in order to identify when it is most important for suppliers to ‘be there’, close to customers. Based on research with software products, it is possible to identify other attributes of business services that may be more critical to determining tradeability and explaining sectoral differences in export intensity than the need to ‘be there’ for clients.
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Sutradhar, Debabrata. "FDI and Growth of Service Sector in India." Artha - Journal of Social Sciences 13, no. 4 (October 17, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12724/ajss.31.1.
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In the contemporary globalised economy, service sector attracts the major share of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the world. India being a part of this phenomenon also attracts most of its FDI in the service sector. The present paper highlights the trend in FDI movement in the world in general and India in particular. Further, it reviews the FDI policy in India in the post liberalized period. The growth of FDI in services sector may be attributed to the changing pattern of global FDI and also the liberalization and globalization policies pursued by India. Since 2000, the high inflow of FDI has resulted in the growth of new services viz., financial and non-financial services, telecommunication, computer software and hardware, hotel and tourism, construction activities and real estate. The growth of services sector had led to the growth of export of services from India which now accounts the majority of export from the country.Keywords: FDI, Services sector, Export, Liberalization.
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Peng, Li-Chun, Wan-Yu Lien, and Yu-Pin Lin. "How Experts’ Opinions and Knowledge Affect Their Willingness to Pay for and Ranking of Hydrological Ecosystem Services." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 2, 2020): 10055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310055.
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To ensure that ecosystem services are included in decision-making processes, many studies have relied on expert opinions and knowledge to identify, rank, and assess willingness to pay. In this study, expert opinions according to their expertise in hydrology, ecology, and sociology were surveyed and compared in terms of (1) recognition and ranking of hydrological ecosystem services (HESs) and (2) willingness to pay for HESs. The decision-making process was also investigated, specifically the rankings of factors in experts’ plans for climate change adaptation. The experts’ recognition of and opinions concerning HESs were positively correlated at various levels with intention to pay (i.e., whether respondents were willing to pay for HESs). Most experts recognized the importance of HESs and allocated high average scores of 9.15, 8.17, and 8.41 to water yield, sediment export, and nutrient export, respectively, using a scale from 1 (least important) to 10 (most important). The percentage of sociologists (100%) exhibited greater intention to pay than those of hydrologists (70%) and ecologists (93%), respectively. Experts prioritized environmental impact over economic cost in policy decision-making, and they differed significantly by field in terms of their rankings of the functional, economic, environmental, and social considerations of decision-making. The results revealed significant differences among experts in their decision-making preferences according to their fields of knowledge. The experts of a specific study field may be more willing to pay for that than for another. Greater intellectual exchange and analysis among experts should be implemented and diverse expert opinions should be solicited in policy decision-making.
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Kondeev, Aleksandr V. "Development of Services Export to European Countries in the Paradigm of Value Chains on the Example of Event Tourism in Moscow." Economic Strategies 144 (November 20, 2020): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33917/es-7.173.2020.136-143.
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The article examines application of the value-added chains paradigm to developing services exports. The author analyses development strategy for the export of services until 2025 and the possibility of applying the value chains paradigm when forming measures and planning activities. On the example of the event tourism development, the author identifies value chains of an integrated service with the value proposition “Russia (Moscow) is the best place to celebrate the New Year in Europe” and its provision with tools and support measures
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Mohammadbeigi, K. F., S. Daniali, and Y. Mohammadbeiki. "Prioritizing factors affecting Iranian non-oil export using group decision making approach based on hierarchical analysis process." Upravlenie 7, no. 4 (January 27, 2020): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2019-4-60-66.
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Iran’s economy has three sectors: hydrocarbons, agriculture and services. Due to the historical trend, Iranian economy is under the influence of government governance in production and services. Considering the role of non-oil exports and the over-reliance of Iranian economy on petroleum and petroleum products, it is necessary to conduct a research to determine the factors, which affect non-oil export.Since oil revenues are not considered as a reliable source of revenue for the government due to their volatility, development of non-oil export is one of the major goals of Iranian most important goals. If the goals, set in this area will be achieved, the country’s position will be improved in terms of foreign exchange, curbing the volatility, caused by oil prices and gaining economic and competitive advantages in the global arena. The most important issue in the development of nonoil exports is the liberalization of economic capacity through new investments.In this article all factors, affecting non-oil exports have been determined, based on studying literature. Considering a survey of 32 executives and experts of Fajre Jam Refining Company as one of the most important condensate exporter companies in the country and region, the most important of them have been identified and then categorized using the affinity graph approach. Pairwise comparisons were used to weight the main and sub-factors with the participation of 10 executives and experts of the mentioned company within the framework of the analytic hierarchy process in expert choice software.
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Burange, L. G., Rucha R. Ranadive, and Neha N. Karnik. "Trade Openness and Economic Growth Nexus: A Case Study of BRICS." Foreign Trade Review 54, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732518810902.
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The article analyses a causal relationship between trade openness and economic growth for the member countries of BRICS by using an econometric technique of time series analysis. Member countries of BRICS adopted a series of liberalization reforms, almost simultaneously, from the late 1980s. The article attempts to study the impact of trade openness on their growth in GDP per capita. It captures structural composition of GDP and openness of trade in four aspects, that is, merchandise exports, merchandise imports, services export and services import. In India, the study found growth-led trade in services hypothesis. The article supports the growth-led export and growth-led import hypothesis for China and export- and import-led growth for South Africa. However, no causal relationship was evident for Brazil and Russia. JEL Codes: F43, C22
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Guo, Shan, Geoffrey Shen, Jay Yang, Bingxia Sun, and Fan Xue. "Embodied energy of service trading in Hong Kong." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 4, no. 2 (September 21, 2015): 234–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-08-2014-0046.
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Purpose – Energy is a resource of strategic importance for high density cities. International trade reshapes the urban economy and industrial structure of a city, which will indirectly affect energy use. As an international trade hub, Hong Kong relies on the import and export of services. Energy performance in the international trading of these services needs to be properly understood and assessed for Hong Kong’s urban renewal efforts. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This study evaluates Hong Kong’s embodied energy in service trades based on an input-output analysis. The three criteria used for assessment include trading areas, industry sector and trade balance. Findings – Analyzed by region, results show that Mainland China and the USA are the two largest sources of embodied energy in imports of services, while Mainland China and Japan are the two largest destinations of exports. In terms of net embodied energy transfer, Hong Kong mainly receives net energy import from Mainland China and the USA and supplies net energy export to Japan, the UK and Taiwan. Among industry sectors, manufacturing services, transport and travel contribute most significantly to the embodied energy in Hong Kong’s imported services, while transport and travel contribute most to the energy embodied in exported services. Originality/value – This study identifies the characteristics of energy consumption of service trading and establishes a feasible approach to analyze energy performance of service trade in energy-deficient Hong Kong for the first time. It provides necessary understanding and foundation for developing energy strategies in a service-based, high density urban economy.
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Czarny, Elżbieta, Andżelika Kuźnar, and Katarzyna Śledziewska . "Na ile innowacyjny jest eksport usług z Polski?" Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 2 (November 26, 2017): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2017.2.7.
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We analyse Polish export of services, examining how innovative it is. We examine both the changes in the size of Polish exports of services as well as the importance of branches and geographical directions. We stress the relatively small economic and, consequently, export potential of Poland, as compared to the EU and the USA. At the same time, similar potentials of the EU and the USA, and different geographic distances and characteristics of their connections with Poland were the reason for comparing Poland's exports to both partners. To analyse Poland's total export of services, we add to the two previously mentioned trade partners a third group, which consists of relatively less developed countries. Consequently, the recipients of services from Poland are divided into the European Union, the United States and other trading partners defined as non-EU markets minus the USA. Due to absence of data and limited research framework, we limit the overall analysis to the years 2004-2013, while the detailed (industry) analysis to the years 2004-2012. In either case, the last year of the survey is also the last year for which annual Eurostat data is available.
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Peng, Li-Chun, Yu-Pin Lin, Guan-Wei Chen, and Wan-Yu Lien. "Climate Change Impact on Spatiotemporal Hotspots of Hydrologic Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of Chinan Catchment, Taiwan." Water 11, no. 4 (April 25, 2019): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040867.
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Hydrologic ecosystem services are greatly affected by the changing climate. In this study, the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model was used to quantify hydrologic ecosystem services. Five general circulation models (GCMs) and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs) were selected to estimate hydrologic ecosystem services. The Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) index was used to identify hydrologic ecosystem hotspots. The hotspots were used to evaluate the impact of climate change on the services. Results indicate that annual water yields vary from −17% to 8%, with significant intra-year fluctuation. Compared to baseline data, the CESM1-CAM5 predicts an increase of 45% in June, but HadGEM2-AO predicts a drop to only 12% in January. Sediment export results show a similar trend to water yield, with sediment export increasing significantly under RCP 8.5, and monthly sediment export increases concentrated from June and October. Nitrogen and phosphorous exports both show less significant changes but obvious intra-year variations. The CESM1-CAM5 predicts strong seasonal and spatial variation of the hydrologic ecosystem services. Our proposed approach successfully identifies annual and monthly hotspot spatial changes of hydrologic ecosystem services under climate change.