Relevant bibliographies by topics / Export subsidies

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Export subsidies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Export subsidies"

1

Yeh, Yeong-Her. "Export subsidies vs. production subsidies." Atlantic Economic Journal 14, no. 2 (July 1986): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02316796.

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Mendez-Naya, Jose, and Tomas Gomez-Arias. "Export Subsidies and Customs Unions." Journal of International Business and Economy 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2008): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2008.2.3.

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This paper explores how the formation of customs unions affects the argument for export subsidies in imperfectly competitive international markets. It is shown that the existence of customs unions may eliminate the incentive for their members to subsidize exports as customs unions grow larger. Therefore, it can be affirmed that regionalism and multilateralism are complementary processes.
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Man Kim, Sang. "Export Credit Guarantee and Prohibited Subsidies Under the SCM Agreement." Journal of World Trade 54, Issue 3 (June 1, 2020): 439–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2020020.

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Export credit guarantee or insurance covers non-payment risks in exports. Many countries have established export credit agencies (ECAs) to promote exports through export credits including export credit guarantee or insurance. Officially supported export credits have brought the concern that they may distort fair competition in international trades. Export credit guarantee or insurance programmes with inadequate premium rates are likely to fall under the prohibited subsidies. ECAs need to understand the requirements of the prohibited subsidies under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement). This article will discuss features and functions of export credit guarantee or insurance in international trades. This article will also discuss some issues concerning the elements of a subsidy and illustrated list of prohibited export subsidies with regard to export credit guarantee or insurance by analysing the relevant provisions of the SCM Agreement and WTO Panel or Appellate Body Reports. countervailing measure, export credit, export credit insurance, export credit guarantee, prohibited subsidy, the SCM Agreement, subsidy
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Haley, Stephen L. "Multicommodity Export Subsidies." North Central Journal of Agricultural Economics 11, no. 1 (January 1989): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1349280.

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Melitz, Jacques, Patrick Messerlin, Francesco Giavazzi, and John Vickers. "Export Credit Subsidies." Economic Policy 2, no. 4 (April 1987): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1344555.

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RICHARDSON, MARTIN, and SIMON WILKIE. "Incremental Export Subsidies." Economic Record 62, no. 1 (March 1986): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1986.tb00885.x.

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Haley, Stephen L. "Multicommodity Export Subsidies." Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 11, no. 1 (January 1989): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aepp/11.1.27.

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Alston, Julian M., Colin A. Carter, and Vincent H. Smith. "Rationalizing Agricultural Export Subsidies." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75, no. 4 (November 1993): 1000–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1243987.

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Itoh, Motoshige, and Kazuharu Kiyono. "Welfare-enhancing Export Subsidies." Journal of Political Economy 95, no. 1 (February 1987): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/261444.

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WANG, YU-TER. "THE PROFITS OF FIRMS AND COUNTERVAILING DUTIES IN VERTICALLY RELATED MARKETS." Singapore Economic Review 55, no. 04 (December 2010): 749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590810004036.

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This paper studies the relationship between the profits of firms and countervailing duties in vertically related markets characterized by oligopolies. It is shown that a countervailing duty equal to the foreign export subsidy is required to neutralize the impact of foreign export subsidies on the profits of domestic firms. The domestic country has an incentive to impose a countervailing duty on foreign final goods even though foreign governments only subsidize exports of intermediate goods. In addition, foreign exporting firms may benefit from a countervailing duty more than a foreign export subsidy.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Export subsidies"

1

Collie, David Robert. "Strategic trade policy : export subsidies and countervailing tariffs." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1991. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1120/.

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This thesis analyses the effect of retaliation with countervailing tariffs and/or production subsidies on the strategic argument for export subsidies, and also proves the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium in the standard model of international trade under oligopoly. Retaliation will be modelled as a multistage game. At the first stage, the foreign country sets its export subsidy to maximise national welfare. Then, at the second stage, the domestic country sets its trade policy, import tariff and/or production subsidy, to maximise national welfare in response to the foreign export subsidy. The solution concept employed is the subgame perfect equilibrium. When the domestic country uses a tariff in response to a foreign export subsidy, then the optimal domestic response is a partially countervailing tariff, and the foreign country does not usually gain from an export subsidy. There is usually no profit shifting argument for an export subsidy when the foreign country faces retaliation with countervailing tariffs. When the domestic country uses a tariff and a production subsidy in response to a foreign export subsidy, then the surprising result is that an export subsidy may increase foreign welfare. In this case, the foreign export subsidy increases both foreign and domestic welfare. The domestic country will always gain from a foreign export subsidy when it sets its trade policy optimally.
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Giang, Do Truong. "Tariffs and export subsidies in a spatial economic model." Universität Potsdam, 2004. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1407/.

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In the recent years there are many researchs discussing the effects of trade policy (tariffs, subsidies etc.) in international trade. The results are manifold. Some authors show that trade policy has negative effects on welfare, some spatial economists demonstrate that trade policy can have positive effects on welfare. This paper considers the effects of the trade policy made by both countries participating in international trade in a spatial economic model. It can be showed that trade policy of both trade partners (tariffs of one country and export subsidies of the other country) can improve the world welfare in comparison with free trade.
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Carolissen, Lee-David. "An analysis of the impact of the European Union's policy of export subsidies has on South Africa's Agricultural sector." Thesis, Online access, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/usrfiles/modules/etd/docs/etd_gen8Srv25Nme4_9435_1256215062.pdf.

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Vlasáková, Martina. "Komparace proexportní politiky ČR a Rakouska." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4975.

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The work deals with the comparison of the export promotion policy of the Czech Republic and Austria. The first chapter describes the development, structure of the international trade and export position of the Czech Republic and Austria and subsequently compares the importance of export in both countries. The second and the third chapter characterize the export promotion system in the Czech Republic and Austria. The chapters focus at first on the concept of export promotion in both countries, its main objectives, projects and results and then on the main institutions dealing with the export promotion and their main services. The fourth chapter evaluates and compares the export promotion in both countries as far as its main concept, institutions and services are concerned.
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Sağlam, Aziz İbrahim. "Three essays on international trade strategic trade policies, intra-industry trade, and income convergence /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4602.

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Moy, Nicholas J. "The Export of an Algal Toxin into Terrestrial Predators via Emerging Aquatic Insects." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3953.

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Algal blooms are directly related to human-caused nutrient enrichment of water bodies. The cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa produces microcystin (MC), a toxin that has been linked with mortalities and illness of many organisms. We show that MC is not constrained by the aquatic-terrestrial ecotone. MC was detected in a primary consumer and emerging aquatic invertebrate (Hexagenia Mayfly), a terrestrial insect and predator of emerging aquatic invertebrates (Tetragnathidae Spider), and a vertebrate consumer (Prothonotary Warbler). Mayfly and spider MC levels varied across the blooming period. MC levels in prothonotary warbler livers varied by age class; nestlings having the highest levels. MC levels decreased in fledglings over time. A more aquatic diet was related to higher MC levels in nestlings at one site and nestling fecal-sacs varied spatially, also indicating that aquatic diet is related to MC consumption. Warbler body condition and growth rate was not related to liver microcystin levels.
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Chirwa, Watson Pajanji. "The regulation of subsidies and regional trade among developing countries in the multilateral trading system: the case of export processing zones in Malawi." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62428.

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The paradigm shift engaged by countries in SADC and COMESA, such as Malawi, from the use of import substitution policies which were aimed at protecting their infant industries, to export led growth strategies, necessitated these developing countries to liberalise their economies. The liberalisation of these economies meant that, for them to attain development, they needed to trade more on the international market. However, with underdeveloped industries and a lack of local entrepreneurs who could provide export supplies to fill the void created by the liberalisation policies, developing countries had to look beyond their borders for investors. In pursuit of this objective, governments have been devising ways of attracting foreign direct investment which can stimulate export growth. One of the methods employed is the granting of investment incentives to would-be investors. Unlike developed countries who provide investment incentives in the form of financial incentives, developing countries grant fiscal incentives. These are incentives that reduce tax burdens of enterprises to induce them to invest in particular projects or sectors. One of the mediums of providing the incentives adopted by the developing countries is the use of EPZ schemes. EPZs provide incentives such as exemptions of direct and indirect taxes to companies that operate in the zones. However, being Members of the WTO and SADC and/or COMESA, these countries are bound by obligations regulating trade and investment as found in these Agreements. The expectation is that the fiscal incentives employed in the EPZs do not grant subsidies that are prohibited under the SCM Agreement and rules regulating subsidies in SADC and COMESA. In addition, even though the use of EPZs is not expressly proscribed under the SADC Protocol on Trade, it may be against the objectives of the Protocol - one of which is the pursuance of the inter-jurisdictional goal of cooperation in attainment of free trade among its members. Therefore, this study assesses whether the use of EPZs by some countries in the two RTAs (particularly Malawi) is in tandem with the subsidies regulation as found in the multilateral trading system and at regional level. It also assesses whether, if there is a breach of the same, it might be justified as part of the special and differential treatment accorded to developing countries by developed countries under the WTO. The study further assesses whether the use of EPZs might be against the spirit and objects of FTAs such as SADC.
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Sorensen, Jacqueline Jody. "Short-term effects of clear-cut harvesting on the export of fish food subsidies in high elevation headwater streams of interior British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42264.

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I investigated the immediate effects of clear-cut logging on the export of invertebrates and organic matter from headwater streams by using a Before, After, Control, Impact, Paired series approach (BACIP). Seventeen high elevation streams within two study areas (Horsefly River and Eagle Lake) in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada were sampled for drifting macro-invertebrates, fine particulate organic matter (FPOM), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Invertebrate drift was collected by diverting the entire stream flow through a 250 µm mesh drift net over a 24 hour period (in triplicate for a total of 72 hours), directly before and one year after logging. I compared differences between 10 clear-cut treatment and 7 control streams in terms of invertebrate drift biomass/abundance flux (mg 24 hrs-1and invertebrates 24 hrs⁻¹), invertebrate drift biomass/abundance density (mg m⁻³ and invertebrates m⁻³), and FPOM and DOC concentration and flux (mg L⁻¹ and mg 24 hrs⁻¹). In addition to total invertebrate export, biotic metrics in the form of composition measures, taxa richness and diversity were calculated to determine changes in the invertebrate drift community. In the pre-impact phase of this study, I found that headwater streams were productive exporters of invertebrates (18-5382 invertebrates 24hrs⁻¹) and organic matter (FPOM: 3-516 g 24hrs⁻¹, DOC: 105-1579 g 24hrs⁻¹). In the post-impact analysis, significant increases in total drifting invertebrate biomass and abundance flux were detected in clear-cut streams at Horsefly River. Additionally, community analysis of the drift composition showed significant changes in flux and density of Ephemeroptera (E), Plecoptera (P), Trichoptera (T) and Diptera (D). %EPT (ratio of EPT/total invertebrate abundance) was the only measure to indicate reduced abundance of sensitive taxa as a result of logging at both study areas. Significant changes in diversity were also observed at Eagle Lake. Overall, no significant responses in total flux or concentrations of FPOM and DOC were revealed. It is possible that seasonal and longer term annual monitoring may further define trends that were observed in the short term.
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Pupeikienė, Irena. "Eksporto subsidijos ir jų įtaka Lietuvos žemės ūkio ir maisto produktų užsienio prekybos plėtrai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060525_145442-51086.

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Research object: export sponsorship of agricultural and food products. Research subject: export subsidies and their influence on Lithuanian agricultural foreign trade. Research aim: prediction of alternative developmental trends on agricultural economy in case of export subsidies revocation of agricultural and food products since 2013. Objectives: • to analyse theoretical rules of export sponsorship policy; • to analyse Lithuanian export sponsorship policy of agricultural and food products; • to test influence of export subsidies on Lithuanian foreign trade expansion of agricultural and food products; • to predict of alternative developmental trends on agricultural economy in case of export subsidies revocation of agricultural and food products since 2013. Research methods: • in case of prospect and analyse of theoretical grounds on international trade policy also evolution of Lithuanian foreign trade policy used common scientific methods - analysis and synthesis of scientific literature and juridical/law documents; • in case of valuation of export subsidies influence on Lithuanian agricultural and food products foreign trade expansion used economical - statistical methods for data compilation and analysis; • in case of compute and systematize of statistical information used means of bunching, comparison and diagrammatical representation.
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Liabot, Michael. "Etude de l'impact des aides à l'innovation sur l'exportation des firmes." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAA009/document.

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Cette thèse étudie l’impact des aides publiques en faveur de l’innovation sur l’activité d’exportation des firmes. Jusqu’ici, les évaluations empiriques des aides à l’innovation se sont principalement intéressés à l’existence d’un effet sur l’investissement des firmes en R&D (effet additionnel). Si ce critère constitue logiquement le principal indicateur de l’efficacité des aides à l’innovation, il conduit à adopter une vision très partielle de la firme. Les impacts potentiels sur ses décisions stratégiques, en particulier l’exportation, sont largement ignorés. Ce travail de recherche combine deux littératures distinctes qui n’ont pas été mobilisées ensemble à ce jour. D’une part, la littérature visant à évaluer l’efficacité des aides montre que ces dispositifs peuvent induire les firmes à intensifier leurs investissements en R&D. D’autre part, les travaux de Constantini et Melitz, (2007) et Aw et al. (2008 ; 2011) mettent en évidence l’interdépendance entre les décisions d’innovation et d’exportation prises par les firmes. De plus, une attention particulière est portée sur les spécificités des aides fiscales en faveur de l’innovation. La méthodologie empirique mise en place combine deux méthodes économétriques, bi-variée récursive d’une part, et par appariement d’autre part. Trois résultats principaux sont mis en évidence.Tout d’abord, (1) les aides à l’innovation impactent la relation causale entre innovation de produit et exportation, sur le court terme. Ce résultat est également observé lorsque l’analyse se concentre sur l’effet des aides fiscales à l’innovation. Ensuite, (2) les aides à l’innovation impactent directement l’activité d’exportation des firmes, indépendamment de la réussite du projet d’innovation. Cet effet est observé pour les firmes ayant bénéficié uniquement d’incitations fiscales. En revanche, bénéficier à la fois d’aides directes et fiscales à l’innovation n’induit pas de décisions simultanées en innovation et en exportation. Enfin, (3) considérer le rôle central de la R&D permet de montrer que l’impact des aides à l’innovation sur l’exportation constitue une extension de l’efficacité des politiques d’innovation. Ces résultats conduisent à formuler des recommandations en matière de politiques publiques, afin d’améliorer le soutien public des activités d’innovation et d’exportation
This thesis investigates the impact of public subsidies for innovation on firms’ export activity. Previous research has focused mainly on understanding the effects of innovation support on investment in R&D (additional effect). While R&D investment is logically the primary indicator of innovation aid effectiveness, this approach ignores potential impact on strategy, particularly on export. Our research framework draws on two distinct streams of literature that have not been mobilized so far. First, the literature which evaluates the impact of aid shows that these devices can induce strategic R&D decisions in firms. Secondly, the work of Constantini and Melitz (2007) and Aw, Roberts and Xu, (2008) emphasizes the interdependence between firms' innovation and export decisions. Particular attention is paid in this study on the effect of innovation tax credits. The empirical methodology utilizes two econometric methods, bi-varied recursive and propensity score matching, generating three main results:First, (1) innovation support impacts the causal relationship between product innovation and export in the short term. This result is also observed when the analysis focuses on the effect of tax incentives. Then, (2) innovation subsidies impact the export activity of firms directly and simultaneously This effect occurs for firms that have benefited only from tax incentives. However, benefiting from both direct and tax subsidies for innovation does not affect? joint decisions regarding innovation and export. Finally, (3) considering the central role of R&D investments reveals that the impact of innovation subsidies on exports is an extension of the effectiveness of innovation policies. These results lead to several policy recommendations that can be used to improve public support effectiveness for both innovation and export activities
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Books on the topic "Export subsidies"

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Raynauld, André. Government export subsidies. Montréal: Université de Montréal, Dép. de science économique et Centre de recherche et développement en économique, 1985.

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Ali, Kemal M., and Pakistan Institute of Development Economics., eds. Impact of export subsidies on Pakistan's exports. Islamabad: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, 2007.

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Neary, J. Peter. Export subsidies and national welfare. Dublin: Department of Political Economy, UCD, 1988.

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Neary, J. Peter. Export subsidies and price competition. Dublin: Department of Political Economy, UCD, 1989.

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Desai, Mihir A. Market reactions to export subsidies. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

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Collie, David. Export subsidies and countervailing tariffs. Coventry: University of Warwick, Dept. of Economics, 1990.

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Desai, Mihir A. Market reactions to export subsidies. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

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Nogués, Julio J. Latin America's experience with export subsidies. Washington, DC: International Economics Department, World Bank, 1989.

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United States. General Accounting Office. National Security and International Affairs Division. Commitments by the European Union and the United States to reduce agricultural export subsidies. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1999.

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United States. General Accounting Office. National Security and International Affairs Division. Commitments by the European Union and the United States to reduce agricultural export subsidies. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Export subsidies"

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Ahuja, Rajeev. "Export Subsidies: Theory, Evidence and the WTO Agreement on Subsidies." In The WTO, Developing Countries and the Doha Development Agenda, 261–86. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230523265_10.

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Hwang, Hong, Chao-Cheng Mai, and Ya-Po Yang. "Capacity Constraint, Export Subsidies and World Recession." In Positive and Normative Analysis in International Economics, 117–37. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230348202_8.

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Roselli, Alessandro. "Bond Repatriation, Export Subsidies and Clearing Agreements." In Money and Trade Wars in Interwar Europe, 105–37. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137327000_5.

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Sheldon, Ian M., Daniel H. Pick, and Steve McCorriston. "Export Subsidies in a Vertically-Interrelated Marketing System: The Case of Durum Wheat and Pasta." In Contributions to Economics, 181–93. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48765-1_11.

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Ohkawa, Takao, and Koji Shimomura. "Dynamic Effects of Subsidies on Output and R&D in an International Export Rivalry Model." In Imperfect competition in international trade, 175–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2249-2_11.

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Nuetah, John Alexander, Ting Zuo, and Xin Xian. "Agricultural Export Subsidies and Domestic Support Reform under the WTO System: What Does It Mean for Welfare in West Africa?" In The World Economy, 61–79. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118321362.ch4.

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Svensson, Roger. "R&D Tax Incentives as an Alternative to Targeted R&D Subsidies." In International Studies in Entrepreneurship, 289–307. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49196-2_16.

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AbstractGovernments can provide targeted R&D subsidies and/or tax incentives to spur innovation and growth in the business sector. This chapter analyzes the theoretical pros and cons of these policy instruments and their practical implications according to the empirical literature. Tax incentives have low administrative costs, enable market agents to choose R&D projects, and can be provided to many firms. However, they entail the risk that governments might finance R&D that would have been undertaken anyway (deadweight loss) and that firms may relabel other costs as R&D costs. Targeted subsidies are preferable for projects with high uncertainty and those that require a long time to achieve a finished product and for contexts in which the government wishes to allocate resources to specific sectors. However, such subsidies have high bureaucratic costs, distort competition, and favor grant application experts. The greatest disadvantages of targeted R&D subsidies are that they are mainly allocated to large firms and are often used as covert industrial subsidies.
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Horwath, Alexander, and Roland Teichmann. "Film Subsidies, History, and the “Economization of Culture” in Austria: An Expert Interview." In Handbook of State Aid for Film, 273–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71716-6_16.

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Mokhtarzadeh, Fatemeh, and G. Cornelis van Kooten. "Economic analysis of a softwood lumber quota regime and a policy to subsidize biomass generation of electricity." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 83–109. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0083.

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Abstract The REPA spatial price equilibrium model developed in Chapter 4 is used to investigate the regional welfare impacts of a quota on exports of Canadian softwood lumber to the U.S. In the model, Canada is divided into seven regions and the U.S. into five regions, with the rest of the world constituting a 13th region; the model is calibrated to the bilateral trade flows that existed in 2016 when there was free trade in lumber. Various quota levels are examined in terms of their impact on producers and consumers in both countries. Canadian producers are found to be better off with a hard quota compared with free trade, although the quota leads to a reduction in market share while driving a wedge between Canadian and U.S. prices, both of which are aggravated with harder quotas. Overall, the loss of export sales to the U.S. is not recouped with sales to the rest of the world. The REPA model is also used to examine the impact of EU demand for wood pellets to generate electricity. Results indicate that pellet prices will approximately double.
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Mokhtarzadeh, Fatemeh, and G. Cornelis van Kooten. "Economic analysis of a softwood lumber quota regime and a policy to subsidize biomass generation of electricity." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 83–109. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0005.

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Abstract The REPA spatial price equilibrium model developed in Chapter 4 is used to investigate the regional welfare impacts of a quota on exports of Canadian softwood lumber to the U.S. In the model, Canada is divided into seven regions and the U.S. into five regions, with the rest of the world constituting a 13th region; the model is calibrated to the bilateral trade flows that existed in 2016 when there was free trade in lumber. Various quota levels are examined in terms of their impact on producers and consumers in both countries. Canadian producers are found to be better off with a hard quota compared with free trade, although the quota leads to a reduction in market share while driving a wedge between Canadian and U.S. prices, both of which are aggravated with harder quotas. Overall, the loss of export sales to the U.S. is not recouped with sales to the rest of the world. The REPA model is also used to examine the impact of EU demand for wood pellets to generate electricity. Results indicate that pellet prices will approximately double.
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Conference papers on the topic "Export subsidies"

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Sheng, Qiao-yan, and Qin Zhou. "Indirect energy subsidies embodied in the export of China: An output-input approach." In 2012 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2012.6414300.

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Mohite, S. D. D. "LNG Imports - A Strategic Choice for GCC Region." In SPE Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-169980-ms.

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Abstract Although Middle East region is blessed with 43% of global proven gas reserves equivalent at 80 trillion cubic meters, of which 50 % are in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, apart from the challenge of historic under-investment, regional gas endowments have been highly uneven and unique. The region is responding to gas shortages by boosting supplies through a combination of E&P developments and imports. As per IEA, the current 240 billion cubic meters (BCM) demand is expected to rise to 300 BCM by 2020 and 600 BCM by 2030. About 90% of incremental energy demand for power generation would come from gas then. Strategic investment will have to focus on creating large volumes of storage capacity as well as peak deliverability to cope with rising imports and power demand requirements. Currently, Dubai and Kuwait import LNG through floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU) projects. At first these imports were seasonal (i.e. summer demand for electricity for air conditioning) and on a spot or short-term basis. Now, demand extends into all but the winter months and soon demand will be year round. The expansion of FSRU in Kuwait in to a permanent facility would increase capacity from 500 MMSCF/d to 3 BCF/d in two phases. This 11.0 million ton per annum (MMTPA) Kuwaiti LNG project under phase-I, is likely to replace the country's FSRU by 2020, mainly to replace the fuel oil firing in power plants. Abu Dhabi is developing a 8.7 MMTPA project in the Emirate of Fujairah on the Indian Ocean outside the Strait of Hormuz. Depending on supply-demand dynamics, Abu Dhabi may be both an importer and exporter of LNG, possibly relying on gas from the Shah and Bab fields. Bahrain has plans to develop 3.6 MMPTA shore-based import facility. Oman has combined Oman LNG and Qalhat LNG projects for integrated benefits, is developing unconventional gas reserves and would reduce gas subsidies to improve the demand equilibrium. Yemen continues to export LNG but has interruptions because of security issues. While Qatar gains geo-political benefits from its broader LNG export customers, with plans to expand its LNG capacity further, the possibility of it supplying gas to its neighbors is remote. Whereas, Saudi Arabia is better dedicated to its oil-field development, has realized benefits of developing and commercializing its gas fields, for both power and job generation. In view of the above, LNG thus remains a strategic choice for GCC countries mainly due to: Most environment-friendly and efficient option for rapidly escalating power demand at ~ 8% p.a.Techno-economics favoring fuel mix of LSFO and LNG for power and industries, instead of crude and dieselRefinery-Petrochemical integration becomes a more viable optionLimitations on geo-technical and geo-political contentious issues on developing non-associated gas fieldsChallenges on speeding up trade and strengthening exchange of power using 2009-set GCC grid, at full capacitySlow diversification into high-profile renewable power projects and its bold initiatives
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Stade, Ekkehard. "The Experiences From the First Rounds of Offshore Wind Farm Installation in the German EEZ (Both Baltic and North Sea) and Lessons Learnt to Achieve Serial Production Status: A Consultant’s Perspective." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24682.

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Offshore wind farms present a lesser safety risk to operators and contractors than traditional oil and gas installations. In the post Macondo world this does not come as a surprise since the risks involved in construction, operation and maintenance of an offshore wind farm are by far lower. Even with higher probability of incidents and near misses (due to serial construction) the severity/ impact of those is considerably lower. On the other hand projects are complex, profit margins are what they are called: marginal. Hence there is no room for errors, perhaps in form of delays. If, for example, the installation completion of the turbines and the inner array cabling/ export cables are not perfectly in tune, the little commercial success that can be achieved is rapidly diminishing by costly compensation activities. The paper will try to present solutions to the most pressing challenges and elaborate on the effect those would have had, had they been implemented at the beginning of the projects. How can a sustainable new industry evolve by learning from established industries? Presently, there is a view that offshore wind is a short-lived business. Particularly representatives of the oil and gas industry raise such concern. Apart from the obvious bias of those voices, this controversy is also caused by the fact that offshore wind seems to have a tendency to try and re-invent the wheel rather than using established procedures. Even with a relatively stable commitment to the offshore wind development regardless of the respective government focus within European coastal states the industry suffers from financing issues, subsidies, over-regulation due to lack of expertise within authorities and other challenges. The avoidance of those is key to a successful development for this industry in other areas of the planet. In conjunction with a stable commitment this is essential in order to attract the long lead-time projects and to establish the complex supply chains to achieve above goals. The paper will look at the short but intensive history of the industry and establish mitigation to some of the involved risks of offshore wind farm EPCI.
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Hillner, Matthias. "Towards a Democratisation of Innovation." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001518.

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Singapore is an innovation-intensive nation. In 2020 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong pledged to inject ‘up to S$150million’ in the country’s startup ecosystem (Channel News Asia). This paper discusses the distribution of public funds amongst startups in Singapore. It raises questions about the effectiveness of early-stage pre-seed funding and discusses medium and long-term impact of distributed funds on business performance. The paper defines startups as growth-oriented independent SMEs in pursuit Series A investments. It distinguishes between bootstrap initiatives and funding-intensive initiatives. The paper argues that there is currently a problematic emphasis on funding-intensive startups, and a potentially compromising neglect of bootstrap ventures who do typically not have equal access to smart funds, mentoring schemes and support frameworks. Equally importantly, bootstrap initiatives often escape the radar of government authorities, thus compromising the authorities’ capabilities of monitoring innovation performance across the entire spectrum.This paper uses a mixed-method approach. It draws on a series of exchanges with experts — entrepreneurs, incubator managers, investors, VC firms, as well as representatives of government funding bodies — and secondary research findings. The primary research data has been collected over a period of nine years. The preliminary hypothesis is that the support mechanisms in the context of contemporary startup ecosystems tend to be ill-directed and may compromise overall innovation performance. Various studies carried out in different parts of the world raise questions about the effectiveness of government funding for innovations that are pursued by startups and suggest that the distribution of public funds does often not benefit innovation performance generally: Following an investigation of public fund distribution in China, Hong et al. (2015) claim that ‘government grants negatively impact the overall innovation efficiency in the high-tech sector.’ Other studies (Liu and Rammer, 2016) point towards the possibility that government grants are often used as substitute for private innovation investment by established businesses who, in the absence of public funding, would be able to afford R&D financing internally, whilst early-stage startups that are in greater need of funding, often miss out on support due to requirements related to match funding or trading history. This means that early-stage startups are often disadvantaged, in particular bootstrap initiatives, whilst established SMEs and large businesses do not enhance their innovation performance through subsidies. It is also thought that there is a prioritisation of incremental innovations and a lack in funding for potentially disruptive innovations because the latter are at higher risk of economic failure. As a result, firms tend to prioritise incremental innovation, in conjunction with which it is easier to predict viability.This paper, which primarily focuses on the distribution processes used by Enterprise Singapore (ESG) and other public institutions in Singapore, raises questions about the effectiveness of public spending in relation to innovation. Bootstrap ventures that might benefit from smart-fund injections, are not captured by the Singapore authorities, and there is currently no reliable progress tracking to objectively monitor startup performance. Instead, various funding organisations including universities, VC firms, as well as the ESG, rely on each other’s recommendations in their decision-making. There is a likelihood that the selection process is subject to bias which may have compromising macro-economic implications in the long term.To summarise the above, the proposed paper raises questions about the tracking of government funded startups, and it explores the consequences of startup funding from an economic and a sociopolitical point of view. The paper discusses possibilities of reversing this trend by empowering independent startups through accessible support frameworks that operate autonomously and independent from profit-oriented incubators, VC firms and angel investment networks.Sample Sources:Hong, J. et al. (2015): Government Grants, Private R&D Funding and Innovation Efficiency in Transition Economy, Abingdon-on-Thames, UK: RoutledgeLiu, R., Rammer, C. (2016): The Contribution of Different Public Innovation Funding Programs to SMEs’ Export Performance, ZEW Discussion PapersSoetanto, D. P., van Geenhuizen, M. (2015): Getting the right balance: University networks’ influence on spin-offs’ attraction of funding for innovation, in: Technovation, Volumes 36–37, February–March 2015, Pages 26-38, Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Teece, D. (2009): Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation, Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier
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Carpentier, Thibault, Jinning Zhang, Albert S. J. van Heerden, and Ioannis Roumeliotis. "Performance and Economic Assessment of Mechanically Integrated Parallel Hybrid Aircraft." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-81939.

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Abstract In this study, a selection of environmental and economic considerations of mechanically integrated parallel hybrid (MIPH) electric propulsion systems for single-aisle civil transport aircraft are assessed. The environmental assessment focuses on the carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions with different power management strategies and levels of battery technology. In the economic study, the potential subsidies and tax incentives required to make these aircraft financially viable are determined. To capture the performance results, models of the propulsion systems and airframe were constructed using the Siemens Simcenter Amesim systems modelling software. The operating cost was then computed using adapted direct operating cost estimation methods. Battery replacement was incorporated by using a battery cycle aging model. The results showed that using a battery energy density of 300 Wh/kg will not provide any meaningful benefits. For 600 Wh/kg, fuel savings of up to 3% for missions below 650 nm could be obtained for a PMS where the electrical powertrain operates during takeoff, climb, and cruise. However, the NOx emissions were lowest for the takeoff and climb only PMS, implying a trade-off when selecting a PMS. Based on the cost results, it is determined that taxation on carbon emissions would have to increase at least 50-fold from its current levels for the most optimistic scenarios. Alternatively, considerable subsidies, representing large percentages of the purchase price of the aircraft, will be needed.
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Cataldo, Vincenzo. "Torri, corsari e contrabbandieri in Calabria Ultra durante il Decennio Francese (1806-1815)." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11334.

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Towers, corsairs and smugglers in Calabria Ultra during the French Decade (1806-1815)At the beginning of the nineteenth century, even if the phenomenon of running war had subsided, the watch towers still had an active role in controlling the coasts of Southern Italy. Under the French administration some of them were assigned to customs posts, others continued to report the corsair boats always ready to carry out incursive actions. Merchant ships, fishermen and peasants were still struck by the devastating Turkish-Barbarian cruises, but also by corsairs armed by the British in an eternal struggle against the French. The towers are regularly guarded by sentinels armed with non-military weapons, which are not functional to the increasingly sophisticated assaults of the Corsair marines. The people in charge of the customs had to manage a staff often absent from the guardhouse due to malarial fevers, especially during the summer when the coasts were excessively hot. The customs documentation shows the economy of a Southern Italy still rooted in the classic export products: oil, dried figs, cotton, cheese, wine and coarse wool cloths. Raw silk is absent from the market, one of the most exported products until the second half of the eighteenth century and supplanted by the olive tree.
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Borodkina, Olga, and Alevtina Starshinova. "PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF NGOS IN RUSSIA." In 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2023/sv07.17.

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The social policy and social support are closely related to the development of the nonprofitsector of social services. The article deals with the problems of financialsustainability of NGOs in Russia. The main research method was expert interviews(N=72) in different Russian regions. The findings demonstrated that a significant part ofRussian NGOs is experiencing the financial problems. One of the most popular ways offinancial stability of the non-profit sector are grants, primarily from the President'sFund. Representatives of NGOs admit that there is forming a peculiar dependence ongrant support, therefore, organizations are actively discussing the possibilities ofdeveloping other sources of financial support. The alternative sources are subsidies fromregional budgets, the contracts with government for the provision of social services,donor donations, volunteer resources, and commercial activities. The commercialinitiatives, partnership with business are promising strategies for ensuring financialstability. In conclusion, it is noted that despite the high level of development of theRussian non-profit sector of social services during the last years, it still has to go furtherbuilding up human and social capital by organizations.
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Kadlecik, Pavel. "DETERMINATION�OF�EXTENT�OF�THE�SUBSIDING�AREAS�IN�THE�CZECH�PART�OF�UPPER�SILESIAN�BASIN." In SGEM2012 12th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference and EXPO. Stef92 Technology, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2012/s07.v2007.

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Gouvêa, Denise de Campos, and Letícia Pacheco dos Passos Claro. "Challenges for The Implementation of The Regulatory Framework of Urban Land Regularization in Brazil’s Federal District." In 4th International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism – Full book proceedings of ICCAUA2020, 20-21 May 2021. Alanya Hamdullah Emin Paşa University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/iccaua2021260n4.

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This article seeks to reflect on the current legal framework for urban land regularization, Federal Law No. 13,465/2017, and to explore the challenges of Brazil’s Federal District, the country's capital, to implement this recent Law. Questions about the proposed new paradigms that favor a privatist logic of urban property characterized especially from an asset in the financial market and with great profitability. This research also exposes the methodology for identifying informal settlements with urban characteristics in the Federal District, especially the areas with the most vulnerable population, to subsidize the inclusion of new areas of urban land regularization in the local regulatory framework.
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Ciobu, Stela, and Ana Balan. "Directions taken by the European Union and the Republic of Moldova in fuel supply as result of Ukraine war." In International Scientific-Practical Conference "Economic growth in the conditions of globalization". National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cecg.iii.2023.17.16.

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The consequences of the war in Ukraine have a negative impact on the economies of many countries. A survey by the UN development program says that in just three months, 71 million people have reached the poverty line, which shows a much faster increase than during the pandemic. It is evident that the fuel prices, which have been increasing more and more, have influenced the increase in the prices of food and maintenance products. The ever-increasing growth of oil consumption and the economic crisis as a consequence of the war in Ukraine have pushed the price of Brent oil above $100/barrel, a record price recorded in recent years. We understand the challenges governments around the world now face to make quick decisions while ensuring those decisions position their countries' economies for a better future. Experts in the field say that the world must find solutions in the use of renewable sources to replace fossil fuels. This implies fair access for everyone to renewable energy technology, but without implemented policies that encourage domestic and foreign investments in renewable energy, of course and with subsidies from the state, we will not be able to achieve the desired goal.
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Reports on the topic "Export subsidies"

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Desai, Mihir, and James Hines. Market Reactions to Export Subsidies. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10233.

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Bandyopadhyay, Subhayu, Eun-Soo Park, and Howard J. Wall. Endogenous Export Subsidies and Welfare Under Domestic Cost Heterogeneity. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.1999.017.

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Gardner, Bruce. The Political Economy of U.S. Export Subsidies for Wheat. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4747.

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Ishikawa, Jota, and Barbara Spencer. Rent-Shifting Export Subsidies with an Imported Intermediate Product. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5458.

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Bagwell, Kyle, and Robert Staiger. Strategic Export Subsidies and Reciprocal Trade Agreements: The Natural Monopoly Case. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5574.

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Pérez del Castillo, Carlos. Agricultural Negotiations in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and Their Links to the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). Inter-American Development Bank, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012266.

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This paper was developed for the Regional Policy Dialogue on Trade and Integration Network in August of 2002. This paper is an in-depth discussion of how agriculture occupied a sideline position during the negotiations for the formation of the FTAA and WTO. Main topics in regards to the negotiation rounds include a discussion of export subsidies, export credits, food aid, state trading enterprises, and export restrictions and taxes. In addition, this paper reflects on the relationship between both negotiations and their differences as compared to Latin American countries' priorities in the sphere of negotiation.
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Granados, Jaime. Export Processing Zones and Other Special Regimes in the Context of Multilateral and Regional Trade Negotiations. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008602.

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Export processing zones and other special regimes will be subject to extensive regulatory reforms as a result of the progressive insertion of the countries into international economy. On the one hand commitments with the World Trade Organization (WTO) impose the elimination of export subsidies. On the other, regional integration schemes will generally exert pressure for the elimination of tariff reduction and other taxes on import goods or equipments, which are incorporated or used as export merchandise to trade partners under those schemes. The combined effect of these two trends has generated and will generate a substantial change in the operation mechanism of these special regimes. This document intends to explain these factors and some general scenarios on export processing zones and other special regimes.
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Coyle, William, Mark Gehlhar, Thomas Hertel, Zhi Wang, and Wusheng Yu. Understanding the Determinants of structural Change in World Food Markets. GTAP Working Paper, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp02.

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This study assesses the interaction between climate change and agricultural trade policies. We distinguish between two dimensions of agricultural trade policy: market insulation and subsidy levels. Building on the previous work of Tsigas, Frisvold and Kuhn (1997) we find that, in the presence of current levels of agricultural subsidies, increased price transmission --as called for under the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture-- reduces global welfare in the wake of climate change. This is due to the positive correlation between productivity changes and current levels of agricultural support. Increases in subsidized output under climate change tend to exacerbate inefficiencies in the global agricultural economy in the absence of market insulation. However, once agricultural subsidies have also been eliminated, price transmission via the global trading system contributes positively to economic adaptation under climate change. products. This may partially explain the relatively slow growth of world grain import demand in recent years. In addition, bilateral agreements with East Asia, NAFTA, and the evolution of the CAP, have all had important impacts on the structure of world food and agricultural trade. The objective of this paper is to assess the relative role of each of the major forces-- consumer demand, factor accumulation, transport costs, and policy change--in driving changes in the composition of world food trade in 1980-1995. To do so, we employ a modified version of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model of world trade which permits us to isolate the contribution of each of these related factors to the changing composition of world food trade in a general equilibrium context. We evaluate the relative role of each of these factors by simulating the model backwards in time, from 1995 to 1980 under different assumptions. This general approach, termed “backcasting” (i.e. backwards forecasting), takes as exogenous the basic drivers of change and attempts to explain the resulting change in food trade composition. The model-produced changes in the composition of agricultural and food trade are compared with historical trade data, to determine the relative importance of each factor on the changing composition of food trade. Given limited space, our focus will be on explaining the changes in the global composition of food and agriculture trade. A natural follow-on effort would target specific markets in more detail. This type of backcasting approach was first employed by Gehlhar (1997) who sought to explain the shift in exports of primary commodities to manufactures in East Asia in the 1980's. He calibrated the GTAP model to 1992 data, then implemented shocks to factor endowments and economywide total factor productivity (TFP) in order to force each economy back to its 1982 levels of population, land, labor, human capital, physical capital and technology. By comparing actual and predicted changes in export shares in this period, he found human capital accumulation played a key role in explaining the change in the aggregate composition of East Asian exports. Gehlhar, Hertel and Martin (1994) built on this work in an effort to predict future changes in the pattern of agricultural trade from 1992-2002. They also emphasized the importance of supply-side determinants of agricultural trade. In this paper, we go beyond this earlier work in a number of ways. First, we focus on the composition of agricultural exports, rather than simply looking at the share of agriculture in total trade. Secondly, we incorporate the Cranfield et al. estimates of Rimmer and Powell’s recently developed, implicitly directly additive demand system (nicknamed AIDADS) into the GTAP model. This permits us to better capture the impact of demand-side changes on the pattern of global tr
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Nogués, Julio J. Agricultural Exporters in a Protectionist World: Review and Policy Implications of Barriers Against Mercosur. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011107.

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Worldwide, the Mercosur countries are probably the ones that face the most hostile trading system. Their strong comparative advantage in temperate agricultural and agro-industrial products make them particularly vulnerable to the irrationally high and variable agricultural protectionism cum subsidies that continues to distort this trade. In retrospect the paper argues that signing the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture was a kiss of death for the development prospects of these countries. Likewise, the continued expansion of regional policies and particularly that practiced by the EU, continues to reduce export earnings of Mercosur. The paper presents a selected survey of the literature as well as new estimates on these and other effects including the financial consequences that agricultural protectionism has on Mercosur; their ability to sustain and service their external debts. Based on the findings, the paper concludes with some policy suggestions which at best represent defensive opportunities. Nothing would boost more the development prospects of these countries than a comprehensive and ambitious multilateral agreement to reduce agricultural protectionism. Nevertheless given the highly protectionist stance of the US and EU, the prospects that this will materialize anytime soon are dim.
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Gómez-Lobo, Andrés, Santiago Sánchez González, and Vileydy González Mejia. Means-tested transit subsidies in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004532.

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This paper reviews three targeted transit subsidies applied in Latin America. The Vale Transporte scheme in Brazil is the oldest, having been introduced in 1985. Household survey data for 26 metropolitan areas were used to estimate the distributional impact of the Vale Transporte. The results indicate that this program is badly targeted to low-income individuals. In 19 of the 26 cities, this subsidy is regressive. The reason is that only formal sector workers are eligible for this benefit while many low-income individuals work in the informal sector in Brazil. In addition, since this subsidy is paid by employers it is reasonable to expect compensating equilibrium effects in wages or unemployment. We present evidence that suggests that this may have occurred with wages. In contrast, Bogota and Buenos Aires have implemented demand side means-tested subsidies during the last decade. In these cases, criteria from the general welfare system are used to determine eligibility and both have been implemented using smartcard payment technology. We review the available information on the design, operation, and distributional outcomes for each case. This review provides useful information for policymakers interested in the design and implementation of targeted transit subsidies.
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