Academic literature on the topic 'Export substitution'
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Journal articles on the topic "Export substitution"
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Ayeni, R. K., and Momodou Mustapha FANNEH. "Towards Export-Led Growth in the West Africa Sub Region Economies." Archives of Business Research 9, no. 10 (2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.910.10769.
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The policy of import substitution dominated developing economies especially Sub-Sharan African countries up till 1970. The focus later shifted to pursuing growth through increased export. Recently, countries of the West Africa Sub-region are clamoring for a revisit of growth through import substitution policies. This study therefore delved into the question of whether ECOWAS countries should go for import substitution growth strategy, or to develop strategy that promotes export-led growth, following the law of comparative advantage or a considerable mix of the two strategies. Using an export-augmented neoclassical production function, the study tested how relevant is the Export-led Growth Hypothesis for the ECOWAS sub-region over the period 1980-2014.
 Evidence does not offer a strong support for the Hypothesis in the short run but a strong evidence for improved capital stock and labor causing growth. However, long-run results suggest a significant relationship between export and growth but currently negative. A likely explanation of this negativity is that although exports, in the West African sub-regions has the tendency of increasing growth in the long run along with other factors of production, the present conditions of export, especially manufactured and agricultural exports, is experiencing a kind of “Import surge”. That is the import content of exports is high and the local content is low, thus reducing the spillover or multiplier effects. This was confirmed by the strong bilateral causality between export and import discovered in this study. A policy mix of import substitution and export promotion strategies was recommended for countries in this sub-region. Policies that will promote technological innovation in manufacturing and linkages with local suppliers alongside incentives to produce towards export are imperative. Production towards export should be focused on manufactured and agricultural products where each country has the highest comparative advantage so as to reduce the import content of the export.
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Ayeni, Raphael Kolade. "Towards Export-Led Growth in The West Africa Sub Region Economies." International Journal of Applied Research in Management and Economics 3, no. 2 (2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ijarme.v3i2.283.
Full textAbstract:
The policy of import substitution dominated developing economies especially Sub-Sharan African countries up till 1970. The focus later shifted to pursuing growth through increased export. Recently, countries of the West Africa Sub-region are clamoring for a revisit of growth through import substitution policies. This study therefore delved into the question of whether ECOWAS countries should go for import substitution growth strategy, or to develop strategy that promotes export-led growth, following the law of comparative advantage or a considerable mix of the two strategies. Using an export-augmented neoclassical production function, the study tested how relevant is the Export-led Growth Hypothesis for the ECOWAS sub-region over the period 1980-2014.
 Evidence does not offer a strong support for the Hypothesis in the short run but a strong evidence for improved capital stock and labor causing growth. However, long-run results suggest a significant relationship between export and growth but currently negative. A likely explanation of this negativity is that although exports, in the West African sub-regions has the tendency of increasing growth in the long run along with other factors of production, the present conditions of export, especially manufactured and agricultural exports, is experiencing a kind of “Import surge”. That is the import content of exports is high and the local content is low, thus reducing the spillover or multiplier effects. This was confirmed by the strong bilateral causality between export and import discovered in this study. A policy mix of import substitution and export promotion strategies was recommended for countries in this sub-region. Policies that will promote technological innovation in manufacturing and linkages with local suppliers alongside incentives to produce towards export are imperative. Production towards export should be focused on manufactured and agricultural products where each country has the highest comparative advantage so as to reduce the import content of the export.
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Öniş, Ziya. "The Dynamics of Export-Oriented Growth in a Second Generation Nic: Perspectives on the Turkish Case, 1980-1990." New Perspectives on Turkey 9 (1993): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600002223.
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Can a new generation of countries emerge and establish themselves as major exporters of manufactures on the basis neo-liberal economic policies and thus replicate the outstanding performance of the first generation Asian and Latin American newly industrialized countries (NICs)? The article seeks to answer this question on the basis of a case-study, Turkey, a country which has managed to undertake a significant switch from import-substitution to export-orientation under an essentially neo-liberal reform package. The central argument may be summarized as follows. Neo-liberal reforms, when combined with a number of favourable “external conditions”, are quite successful in terms of engineering a shift of the existing productive capacity from import-substitution towards exports. Yet, such policies, on the whole, are less successful in terms of generating the level of investment necessary to sustain rapid growth in manufactured exports over time and also to achieve a steady process of export deepening. A sustained breakthrough in manufactured export growth cannot be realized by trade liberalization and exchange rate policy alone. Macroeconomic management and strategic industrial policy are likely to play a key role, particularly following the initial and comparatively easy phase of export-substitution.
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Zhang, Zhaozhong, and Fangfang Deng. "How can artificial intelligence boost firms’ exports? evidence from China." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (2023): e0283230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283230.
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This paper explores the impact of artificial intelligence and industrial robots on firms’ export behaviour and divides the impact mechanism into the productivity effect and labour substitution effect. It examines the effect of industrial robots on firms’ export value by using Chinese Customs data, Chinese Industrial Firm data and robot data from the International Robot Federation (IRF). The main findings are as follows: Firstly, the impact of artificial intelligence and industrial robots on Chinese firms’ export value is generally negative, which means the negative labour substitution effect dominates the positive productivity effect. Secondly, the impact of artificial intelligence varies significantly by industry, and the export value of firms from high-tech industries benefits from the use of industrial robots. Thirdly, the impact of artificial intelligence on firms’ export value also varies by time; before 2003, the use of industrial robots showed mainly an inhibiting effect on firms’ exports, which turned into a driving effect thereafter, and after 2006, industrial robots began to significantly promote firms’ export. Finally, the higher the quality of export products, the more likely the use of industrial robots will be to promote firms’ export value, and the higher the capital–labour ratio is, the more likely firms’ export value will be to benefit from the use of artificial intelligence and industrial robots. On the basis of these findings, this study proposes promoting the productivity effect to dominate the labour substitution effect through technological progress and the improvement of export product quality.
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Kosekahyaoglu, Levent. "Test of Export-Led Growth Hypothesis: a Comparative Analysis on Turkey and Newly Developing Countries." Business: Theory and Practice 7, no. (4) (2006): 243–53. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2006.30.
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The relation between exports and national income of a country has long been a frequently debated issue in both trade and growth theory. This issue is particularly important in providing arguments for 'free trade' (export-led growth) or 'protectionism' (import substitution) because presence of any causality between exports and income would imply supremacy of outward looking policies over inward looking policies. In order to test the export-led growth hypothesis, this work examines the relation between trade (exports and imports) and income for Turkey and seven newly developing countries using Granger causality analysis. Our results suggest that the export-led growth hypothesis is not supported only in cases of Argentina, and Brazil and that there is a strong unidirectional causality running from exports to growth for Turkey, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, India and China.
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Semin, Alexander N., Rasul U. Gusmanov, Irina A. Chernogor, and Rustem R. Subkhangulov. "On some import substitution mechanisms in the second sphere of the Russian agro-industrial complex." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 3 (2024): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2024-0-3-2-9.
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In this work, an analysis of a possible option for introducing the “sandbox mechanism” into agriculture of the Russian Federation was carried out; the authors investigated the possible economic consequences of this implementation. The emphasis is placed on the fact that this step will allow our country to enter a completely new innovative path of agricultural development. The following research results were obtained: failures in imports and exports due to large-scale disruptions in food supply chains are the results of Western sanctions pressure on the Russian food market. Russia is still dependent on imports, so the main thesis is that exports and import substitution are complementary strategies. In order to level out the problem of import substitution, the authors propose the use of a “sandbox mechanism”; it is quite obvious that, through a certain methodology, we will reduce the time and costs of entering export-oriented products into the national market, and then world markets and, subsequently, expanding production capabilities for domestic manufacturers. The key directions of state policy in the field of import substitution have been identified - ensuring technological sovereignty in the country through the production of import-substituting and export-oriented products. The main threats to food security for 2024-2025 are formulated: the further use of parallel imports will only worsen the already difficult relations with the West, and new risks will also appear - an uncontrolled rise in food prices and, as a result, a loss of confidence of the domestic consumer. Specific models of import substitution are proposed with an emphasis on domestic high-tech developments and scientific competencies in the food market.
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Banerjee, Subrata. "India's Foreign Trade and Industrial Development." Foreign Trade Review 24, no. 1 (1989): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515890106.
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THE BASIC strategy of export promotion currently in vogue is import liberalization. The objective is to remove every possible obstacle to the production of goods for export. The logic is that the liberal import of machinery and intermediate products would make production for export less expensive, more profitable and hence easier. Whatever way we might look at it, the major beneficiary of a strategy of import-based export production and industrialization is the transnational corporation. We need a different approach to foreign trade as one of the components of industrial development. Foreign trade must become an integral part of the planning process. The basic principle of imports for industrial development and exports bas to be modified, to ensure that import liberalization meets priority needs of industry, not indigenously available or likely to be developed within a short time. Import substitution has not become irrelevant, however fashionable it might be to say so. In our drive to increase our exports of engineering goods, we should not Jose sight of our traditional exports. In the case of nontraditional goods, the need is to bear in mind comparative advantage and build up such thrust areas as are likely to have a continuing and expanding market over a reasonable time-frame. This is what demands unport substitution in certain well-identified thrust areas, in which we have comparative advantage.
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Quddus, Muhammad A., and Ikram Saeed. "An Analysis of Exports and Growth in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 44, no. 4II (2005): 921–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.921-937.
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Trade is presumed to act as a catalyst of economic growth and the growth in exports leads to increase in the incomes of factors of production, which in turn increases the demand for input for further expansion in production. The resultant pressure on domestic capacity may stimulate technological change and investment opportunities. Also increase in demand due to raising incomes of the factors of production on account of exports may spill over into other sectors of the economy. A part of such growths could also be diffused abroad through technical assistance and aid. According to Emery (1967) empirically proved that higher rates of exports growth leads to higher economic growth. Traditionally, a developing country had the choice of two alternative trade strategies for supporting industrial development, export promotion or import substitution. A consensus has emerged among many development economists that an export expansion policy by permitting resource exploitation according to comparative advantage and by allowing for utilisation and exploitation of economies of scale leads to higher growth rates of output and employment, greater technological progress and availability of foreign exchange. These in turn enable the countries with export oriented policies to attain higher rates of growth of GNP vis-à-vis countries following import substituting industrialisation [Donges and Muller-Ohlsen (1978)].
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Lero, Oni Ringgu, Agnes Quartina Pudjiastuti, and Sumarno Sumarno. "Factors Influencing Indonesia’s Cashew Export Volume." AGRIEKONOMIKA 9, no. 2 (2020): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/agriekonomika.v9i2.8524.
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Cashews contribute significantly to the Indonesian economy because it is one of the exporting countries. However, volume of exports tends to fluctuate, so it is necessary to identify the influencing factors. This study aims to analyze volume of Indonesian cashew exports and its determinants. Time series data for 8 variables during 1985–2016 were analyzed descriptively by multiple regression models. The results again show fluctuations in export volume and value over 1985–2016 period. Lowest export volume occurred in 1989, but its value was in 1985. Highest export volume and value occurred in 2015. National cashew export volume depends on the domestic cashew price, exchange rate and income per capita. Peanuts and coffee have a complementary relationship with cashews, while sugar has a substitution relationship with this commodity. Cashews are an inferior goods.
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Ha, Nguyen Thi Vu, Bui Thi Phuong Anh, Nguyen Huong Giang, Le Phuong Linh, Pham Mai Nhi, and Nguyen Thi Anh Tho. "Unleashing Vietnam’s Rice and Coffee Exports: Decoding The Power of Non-Tariff Measures in the CPTPP Market." VNU University of Economics and Business 3, no. 6 (2023): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.57110/vnujeb.v3i6.241.
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Rice and coffee are vital commodities in Vietnam’s economy. Amidst the evolving dynamics of global trade, the substitution of traditional tariff barriers with non-tariff measures (NTMs) is progressively increasing, and the CPTPP market is not exempt from this trend. Using the gravity model, this study explores the factors influencing Vietnam's rice and coffee exports to the CPTPP market. The study finds that economic factors, such as GDP, have a significant impact on export values. Import tariffs hinder exports, while lower tariffs enhance competitiveness. Geographical distance affects transportation costs and export values. The impact of NTMs on exports is mixed. Vietnam's CPTPP membership offers integration opportunities, albeit gradually. The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected exports, highlighting vulnerability. Policy recommendations include addressing adverse NTMs, promoting favorable measures, aligning legislation with the CPTPP, enhancing quality, and researching export markets and regulations. These recommendations aim to improve export performance, mitigate shocks, and leverage trade agreement benefits for the rice and coffee sectors.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Export substitution"
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Macuacua, Eduardo F. "Export expansion as determinant of economic growth in Mozambique: a co-integration analysis." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2412_1269987891.
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<p>The objective of this study is to empirically examine the export-led growth hypothesis in Mozambique using quarterly time series data over the period of 1987-2004, applying a co-integration analysis, Engle and Granger&rsquo<br>s (1987) Error Correction Model (ECM) and the Granger causality test. The paper explores the causal relationship between economic growth and othe explanatory variables, such as real exports, imports, labour force, gross capital formation, terms of trade, civil war and natural disasters (the last two as dummy variables).</p>
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Смачило, В. В., та В. Ю. Халіна. "Національний ринок будівельних матеріалів: від імпортозаміщення до експортоорієнтації". Thesis, Ткачов О.О, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/47767.
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Зміни, які відбуваються у сучасному геоекономічному просторі, диктують нові правила гри для національних товаровиробників, в тому числі й операторів ринку будівельних матеріалів. Підприємствам цієї галузі належить пройти шлях від імпортозаміщення до орієнтації на експорт, для чого необхідно
вирішити зазначені вищи проблеми.
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Rai, Ghadi C. "Système de connaissance expert dédié à la recherche translationnelle dans les maladies rares." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5057/document.
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Environ 6000 à 8000 maladies rares différentes existent aujourd’hui, affectant environ 6 à 8% de la population mondiale. La grande majorité d’entre elles correspond à des maladies génétiques, pour lesquelles il n'existe pas de traitement curatif. La révolution génomique a augmenté l’espoir d’obtenir des traitements spécifiques du défaut génétique pour de nombreuses maladies. Dans ces conditions, le traitement et l’analyse des données ne sont pas triviaux et s’éloignent de la simple routine.Cette thèse rapporte la création de Saut d'exon, capables d’aider les chercheurs et les cliniciens à identifier les mutations responsables de certaines maladies et développer de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. Ainsi, les systèmes Human Splicing Finder et UMD-Predictor permettent respectivement de prédire l’effet d’une mutation sur l’épissage et la fonction de la protéine. Ils ont été validés grâce à des jeux de données de référence et/ou issus de la littérature, et peuvent aider les cliniciens à annoter correctement les variations de signification inconnue. De plus, cette thèse propose deux outils à visées thérapeutiques : Skip-E, un outil d’identification des AON candidats à la thérapie par saut d’exon, et NR-Analyser, un système de prédiction des codons de terminaison prématurés candidats à la thérapie par translecture des codons stop.Ces différents systèmes s'intègrent dans un projet plus global dédié à la recherche translationnelle. Par ces deux volets, prédictif et thérapeutique, cette thèse s’inscrit dans une stratégie de recherche en adéquation avec les objectifs du Consortium International pour la Recherche contre les Maladies Rares, l’IRDiRC<br>About 6,000 to 8,000 distinct rare diseases exist today and are estimated to affect 6-8% of the world population. The vast majority of them are genetic and for most of them there is no cure. The genomic revolution has increased the hope of specific treatments based on the gene for many diseases. New technologies have emerged, changing drastically data scale produced in biomedical research. In these conditions, treatment and analysis of data are far from trivial and mere routine, despite spectacular advances in computer technology.This thesis reports the creation of bioinformatics systems, capable of helping researchers and clinicians to identify mutations responsible for certain diseases and to develop new therapies. Thus, the Human Splicing Finder and UMD-Predictor systems predict the effect of a mutation on splicing and protein, respectively. Both bioinformatics systems have been validated through high quality reference datasets, and may help clinicians to properly annotate variations of unknown significance. In addition, this thesis offers two new systems for therapeutic purposes: the Skip-E system identifies optimal candidates AONs for exon skipping therapies, and NR-Analyser, a system that predicts premature termination codons potentially candidates to nonsense readthrough therapies.These different systems are part of a larger project dedicated to translational research. With its predictive and therapeutic aspects, this thesis is part of a research strategy matching with the objectives of the IRDiRC (International Rare Diseases Research Consortium)
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Xue, Qiuzhi. "Compétition et substitution des exportations des pays en voie de développement sur les marchés internationaux: le cas des pays asiatiques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213374.
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Renou, Patricia. "Modélisation de la demande d'énergie : mise en évidence des substitutions énergétiques : application au secteur industriel des pays de l'OCDE /." Paris : Ed. Technip, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35511211k.
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Vahavi, Mulume Bertrand. "Instabilité sociopolitique et substitution des monnaies : essai sur la dollarisation en république démocratique du Congo." Paris 12, 2007. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990004051150204611&vid=upec.
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Les motivations majeures de cette étude consistent à dépasser la réflexion théorique sur les déterminants de la dollarisation. Sa spécificité est de se servir des estimations et tests économétriques pour ainsi mettre en évidence un facteur extra-économique dans l’explication de la dollarisation. Il s’agit d’affiner l’analyse sur les logiques des agents dans une économie aux déséquilibres structurels puis de conflictualité. Elle considère les formes les plus tangibles d’une incertitude généralisée qui entretiennent une dynamique désastreuse au Congo-Kinshasa depuis 1990. Dans ce pays, le conflit distributif à la suite de la répartition du revenu national se pose avec acuité. La partie théorique montre que la substitution des monnaies est inhérente aux fonctions de la monnaie. La partie empirique, consacrée à la dollarisation au Congo, montre la vulnérabilité du tissu économique face à la dégradation de l’environnement sociopolitique, l’ampleur de la dollarisation dans ce pays et surtout que l’instabilité sociopolitique est la principale cause de la substitution de sa monnaie par le dollar des Etats-Unis<br>The principle purpose of this study is to go beyond theoretical thought on the determinants of dollarization. Its specificity is to use econometric estimations and tests to establish the existence of an extra-economic factor in the explanation of dollarization. This consists in refining the analysis of the logic of agents in an economy of structural imbalances and conflict. It considers the more tangible forms of generalized uncertainty, which have maintained a disastrous dynamic in Congo-Kinshasa since 1990. In that country, the distributive conflict behind the distribution of national income is acute. The theoretical part shows that the substitution of currency is inherent in the functions of money. The empirical part, devoted to the dollarization in Congo, shows the vulnerability of the economic fabric in the face of the deterioration of the socio-political environment, the scale of dollarization in that country and especially that socio-political instability is the main cause of substitution of its currency for the US dollar
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Ващенко, Тетяна Володимирівна, Татьяна Владимировна Ващенко та Tetiana Volodymyrivna Vashchenko. "Організаційно-економічні засади формування стратегії імпортозаміщення промислового підприємства". Thesis, СумДУ, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/41859.
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Дисертація присвячена розвитку теоретичних та науково-методичних засад формування стратегії імпортозаміщення промислового підприємства. У дисертації розглянуто передумови та механізм реалізації стратегії імпортозаміщення на рівні промислового підприємства. Сформульовано визначення поняття «стратегія імпортозаміщення промислового підприємства». Розвинено науково-методичні положення до визначення перспективних напрямів реалізації стратегії імпортозаміщення, що дозволяє обирати найкраще рішення з урахуванням множини критеріїв, що здійснюють різноспрямований вплив на них. Удосконалено науково-методичний підхід до поетапного вибору напрямів реалізації стратегії імпортозаміщення, що враховує темпи зростання ринку, ступінь ризику, очікуваний дохід та темпи зростання товарної групи стосовно ринку. Запропоновано організаційно-економічну схему впровадження стратегії імпортозаміщення. У результаті проведеного економічного аналізу товарної політики машинобудівного підприємства було визначено напрям реалізації стратегії імпортозаміщення з метою підвищення його конкурентоспроможності та проведено оцінювання ефективності інвестиційного проекту. Впроваджено процес формування, вибору та реалізації стратегії імпортозаміщення на промислових підприємствах Сумської області.<br>Диссертация посвящена развитию теоретических и научно-методических основ формирования стратегии импортозамещения промышленного предприятия. В диссертации исследованы предпосылки и перспективы реализации импортозамещения отечественными производителями машиностроительной отрасли с учётом анализа опыта различных стран относительно практики применения импортозамещения для обновления экономики. Определены рациональные мотивы формирования и реализации стратегии импортозамещения на уровне предприятия, что позволяет сформировать более чётко миссию и задачи его эффективного управления в нестабильной внешней среде. Уточнён понятийный аппарат теории стратегического управления предприятием, базирующегося на принципах импортозамещения, что позволило определить место стратегии импортозамещения в системе классификации маркетинговых стратегий, предусматривающей выделение классификационного признака «трансформация готовой продукции по удельному весу ее составляющих». Таким образом, выделены возможные направления развития промышленного предприятия с учётом вектора импортозамещения. Предложенный научно-методический подход к определению целесообразности применения стратегии импортозамещения, базирующейся на сочетании оценки микро- и макросреды промышленного предприятия и использовании метода анализа иерархий, позволяет определить наилучшее из решений учитывая множество критериев, осуществляющих разнонаправленное влияние на них. Усовершенствована схема элементов механизма управления стратегией импортозамещения промышленного предприятия, что предполагает проведение поэтапного итерационного исследования выбора направления реализации стратегии импортозамещения под влиянием внешней и внутренней мотивации развития предприятия с учётом вектора импортозамещения, что рационализирует организационно-управленческие решения на промышленном предприятии. Разработана матрица выбора направления реализации стратегии импортозамещения, построенная в координатах «доля группы в товарном портфеле предприятия» и «степень приоритета направления реализации стратегии импортозамещения», определённая при помощи метода анализа иерархий. Согласно матрице возможно выделить пять зон выбора направления реализации стратегии импортозамещения на промышленном предприятии. Обосновано, что с целью определения стратегически эффективного направления развития промышленного предприятия целесообразно по принципу «воронки продаж» проводить поэтапный отбор перспективных групп товарного портфеля по критериям «степень рыночного риска» и «коэффициент дополнительной доходности на единицу риска инвестиций». Анализ этих показателей даёт возможность определить инвестиционно привлекательный проект с учётом риска изменчивой рыночной среды и темпа роста групп товарного портфеля по отношению к рынку. Принятие обоснованного решения обеспечит экономическую выгоду для собственников предприятия и инвесторов. Проведённый анализ деятельности нескольких промышленных предприятий Сумской области, а также их технико-экономического положения позволил определить АО «Сумский завод «Насосэнергомаш» как одно из типичных крупных промышленных предприятий машиностроительной отрасли. На основе модифицированной матрицы БКГ и значений глобального приоритета анализируемых направлений реализации стратегии импортозамещения определенных по методу анализа иерархий для АО «Сумский завод «Насосэнергомаш», выделено товарную группу центробежных нефтяных насосов как наиболее перспективную. Производство комплектующих для удовлетворения собственных потребностей обеспечит с учётом тенденций развития групп товарного портфеля и потребностей рынка эффективное и прогрессивное развитие предприятия.<br>The thesis deals with the development of theoretical, scientific and methodical bases for import substitution strategy formation at the industrial enterprise. The thesis considers conditions and mechanisms for implementation of the import substitution strategy of the industrial enterprise. The definition of the concept "import substitution strategy of the industrial enterprise" has been formulated. The scientific and methodical aspects to the definition of the perspective directions for the import substitution strategy have been developed, which allows you to choose the best solution, considering the set of criteria offering multidirectional impact on them. The scientific and methodical phased approach to the choice of the import substitution strategy, which takes into account the pace of the market growth, the risk, the expected revenue and the commodity group growth rate relative to the market, has been improved. The author has proposed organizational and economic implementation of the strategy of import substitution. As a result of the economic analysis of the engineering enterprise commodity policy, there was defined the import substitution strategy in order to enhance its competitiveness and to assess the effectiveness of the investment project. The process of formation, selection and implementation of the import substitution strategy of the Sumy region industry has been established.
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Hobbs, Jeremy. "The role of business organisations in the transition from an import substituting to an export orientated model of growth in Mexico after 1982." Thesis, University of Essex, 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/31994612.html.
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Stein, Rodrigo Steffen. "Estudo comparativo da neoforma??o ?ssea utilizando-se o enxerto aut?geno e tr?s substitutos : defeitos ?sseos em ratos." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/1509.
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Previous issue date: 2009-04-02<br>Introdu??o: O tratamento de elei??o para as corre??es de defeitos ?sseos ainda ? o enxerto ?sseo aut?geno. Suas principais limita??es, como o volume restrito na regi?o doadora, o p?s-operat?rio desconfort?vel nessa regi?o e a dif?cil aceita??o pelos pacientes, levaram ? busca por materiais que possam restaurar a forma e a fun??o do osso perdido com a excel?ncia do enxerto aut?geno, por?m com menos inconvenientes. O objetivo deste estudo ? comparar a porcentagem de neoforma??o ?ssea promovida pelo enxerto ?sseo aut?geno e tr?s tipos de materiais de substitui??o de caracter?sticas distintas em cavidades em f?mures de ratos. M?todos: Foram realizadas 2 cavidades de 5,4 x 2,7 mm, em cada f?mur (direito e esquerdo), de 14 ratos Wistar isog?nicos. Cada um dos 4 defeitos criados foi preenchido com o osso aut?geno ou com um dos tr?s materiais testados hidroxiapatita (HA), Genphos? (HA+ ?-TCP) e GenMix? (um enxerto ?sseo bovino composto). Ao final dos per?odos de 6 semanas (n=6) e 12 semanas (n=8), os animais foram sacrificados. As l?minas (coradas com Picro-Sirius) foram analisadas por microscopia ?tica normal e software espec?fico. Resultados: Os grupos com o osso aut?geno se mostraram muito superiores aos demais nos dois tempos analisados, tendo uma m?dia de neoforma??o ?ssea ? DP iguais a 90,6 ? 10,8 % em 6 semanas, e 98 ? 9,2 % em 12 semanas (p>0,0001 em ambos os tempos analisados). Em 6 semanas, os resultados para os demais grupos foram os seguintes: Genphos? 46 ? 7,1%, HA 43,1 ? 8,4% e GenMix? 57,3 ? 4,5%. Em 12 semanas, Genphos? 47,8 ? 11,1%, HA 39,9 ? 5,4%, GenMix? 59,7 ? 4,8 %. Discuss?o: O osso aut?geno apresentou um comportamento notadamente superior aos outros grupos nos 2 tempos analisados. Dentre os substitutos testados excetuando a compara??o HA com GemMix? em 12 semanas (p=0,007), n?o se conseguiu provar diferen?as que alcan?aram signific?ncia estat?stica. Conclus?es: Em ambos os tempos analisados, os tr?s materiais de substitui??o ?ssea testada se mostraram inferiores ao osso aut?geno na porcentagem de neoforma??o ?ssea.
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Casagrande, Dieison Lenon. "UMA ANÁLISE EMPÍRICA DOS DETERMINANTES DAS EXPORTAÇÕES BRASILEIRAS POR SETOR E POR DESTINO (1999-2013)." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/6608.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>This study aims to analyze the performance of Brazilian exports, disaggregated by
aggregate factor (Basic, Semi-manufactured and Manufactured), to Asia and Trade Partners
NAFTA and the European Union, based on monthly data for the period January 1999 to June
2013. For this, were identified based on theoretical grounds, the main determinants and, through
statistical tools, equations of short and long run for Brazilian sector exports were estimated, so
that they could evaluate the elasticities quantum exported from the country. Still, were analyzed
the performance and structure of Brazilian exports sector, their relationships with selected trade
partners as well as their participation in world trade. For this, from an extension of the
traditional theoretical model of imperfect substitutes, elaborated by Goldstein and Khan (1978),
we use the method of Johansen cointegration and Error Correction Model (ECM) for
determining the elasticities. Through the traditional literature of foreign trade, it was inferred
that the determinants of exports are pegged to an index of income from trading partners, to
index relative price of exports and the exchange rate. The results showed that the elasticities
are greater than the long term to short term. Facing the sectorial impacts, the elasticities of trade
with Asia and NAFTA show that the class of basic goods is more sensitive to income, while
the other classes are more sensitive to exchange rate variations. On the other hand, exports to
the European Union, income is the main determinant of the classes of manufactured and semimanufactured
goods, while basics goods are more sensitive to exchange rates. In reference to
average sectorial elasticities, one can say that income is the main determinant of basic products
exports, while the classes of semi-manufactured and manufactured goods are more sensitive to
changes in price levels. Finally, the negative effect of exchange rate volatility, verified is be a
dynamic mainly short run.<br>O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o desempenho das exportações brasileiras,
desagregadas por fator agregado (Básicos, Semimanufaturados e Manufaturados), para a Ásia
e os Blocos Econômicos Nafta e União Europeia, a partir de dados mensais para o período de
janeiro de 1999 a junho de 2013. Para isso, foram identificados, com base nos fundamentos
teóricos, os principais determinantes e, através do ferramental estatístico, foram estimadas
equações de curto e longo prazo para as exportações setoriais brasileiras, para que se pudesse
avaliar as elasticidades do quantum exportado do país. Ainda, foram analisados o desempenho
e a estrutura das exportações setoriais brasileiras, suas relações com os parceiros comerciais
selecionados, bem como sua participação no comércio mundial. Para tanto, a partir de uma
extensão do tradicional modelo teórico de substitutos imperfeitos, elaborado por Goldstein e
Khan (1978), utiliza-se o método de cointegração de Johansen e o Modelo de Correção de Erros
(ECM) para a determinação das elasticidades. Através da literatura tradicional de comércio
exterior, inferiu-se que os determinantes das exportações estão atrelados a um índice de renda
dos parceiros comerciais, ao índice de preço relativo das exportações e a taxa de câmbio. Os
resultados mostraram que as elasticidades de longo prazo são superiores às de curto prazo.
Frente aos impactos setoriais, as elasticidades do comércio com a Ásia e o Nafta mostram que
a classe de produtos básicos é mais sensível à renda, enquanto que as demais classes são mais
sensíveis às variações cambiais. Por outro lado, nas exportações para a União Europeia, a renda
é o principal determinante das classes de manufaturados e semimanufaturados, enquanto que
os produtos básicos são mais sensíveis ao câmbio. Em referência às elasticidades setoriais
médias, pode-se dizer que a renda é o principal determinante das exportações de produtos
básicos, enquanto que as classes de semimanufaturados e manufaturados são mais sensíveis às
variações dos níveis de preços. Por fim, quanto ao impacto negativo da volatilidade cambial,
verificou-se ser uma dinâmica, principalmente, de curto prazo.
Books on the topic "Export substitution"
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Favaro, Edgardo. Export promotion and economic growth. Centro de Estudio de la Realidad Económica y Social, 1989.
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Mengistae, Taye. Export orientation and productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Monetary Fund, Research Department, 2002.
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Céspedes, Ennio Rodríguez. Costa Rica: Policies and conditions for export diversification. UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research, 1998.
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János, Gács, ed. Beruházási rendszer, exportfejlesztés, importhelyettesités: Tanulmánykötet. Konjunktúra- és Piackutató Intézet, 1986.
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Sapelli, Claudio. Export promotion and economic growth: Executive summary. ICS Press, 1989.
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Céspedes, Ennio Rodríguez. Costa Rica: Policies and conditions for export diversification. UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research, 1998.
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Williams, Glen. Not for export: The international competitiveness of Canadian manufacturing. 3rd ed. McClelland and Stewart, 1994.
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Williams, Glen. Not for export: Toward a political economy of Canada's arrested industrialization. McClelland and Stewart, 1986.
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Blonigen, Bruce A. In search of substitution between foreign production and exports. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.
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Rudnyeva, Anastasiya, Artem Altuhov, Natal'ya Butenko, et al. Russia's foreign trade under sanctions. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2025. https://doi.org/10.12737/2157182.
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The monograph is devoted to the assessment of quantitative and qualitative indicators of Russia's foreign trade under the influence of the sanctions shocks. The change in the commodity and the geographical structure is considered in the context of the profound transformation of the entire economic mechanism, which is based on the mobilization of own resources and the search for new areas of strategic partnership. The article analyzes the state, dynamics and prospects of development of various industries, including the defense industry complex, in the context of modern challenges and threats, from the perspective of not only risks, but also the opportunities for the development of domestic production, including in the context of import substitution, and increasing export potential of the country.
Book chapters on the topic "Export substitution"
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Södersten, Bo, and Geoffrey Reed. "Import-Substitution versus Export-Promotion." In International Economics. Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15030-4_19.
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Södersten, Bo, and Geoffrey Reed. "Import-Substitution versus Export-Promotion." In International Economics. Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23320-5_19.
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Eatwell, John. "Import Substitution and Export-led Growth." In The World of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21315-3_43.
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Eatwell, John. "Import Substitution and Export-Led Growth." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1141-1.
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Eatwell, John. "Import Substitution and Export-Led Growth." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_1141.
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Goldman, Marshall I. "Conservation, Substitution and Export Policy — American and Russian." In The Enigma of Soviet Petroleum. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003390640-7.
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Litvinova, Alla V., and Natalya S. Talalaeva. "Foresight Model of Export-Oriented Import Substitution in Russia." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45913-0_5.
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Gusakova, E. P., D. E. Tsirulev, and I. S. Prokopenko. "From Import Substitution to Export Orientation in the Regional Agribusiness." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60929-0_11.
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Semenychev, V. K., G. A. Khmeleva, S. S. Asanova, and A. A. Korobetskaya. "Making Decisions in Cyclical Regional Economy: Innovative Import Substitution and Export." In Engineering Economics: Decisions and Solutions from Eurasian Perspective. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53277-2_74.
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Cheng, Wenjun. "Partisanship and Export Performance: The Conditional Effect of Left-Wing Government on Latin America’s Exportation." In Countries and Regions. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2835-0_11.
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AbstractAre there noticeable differences among political parties over the countries’ export performance? Are left-wing parties more protectionist in free trade than right-wing parties in Latin American countries, where Import Substitution Industrialization remains a legacy? This paper argues that partisanship matters, but the effects on export are more heterogeneous than previous research has acknowledged. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the left-wing governments favor exportation, and they export more instead of being protectionist when domestic industries have underperformed. Cross-country data of 15 Latin American and Caribbean countries from 1995 to 2019 supports our prediction of the conditional effect, leading to a variation in their export performance. We also test such a conditional effect on the subdivision of trade categories and trading partners, to assess more accurately how exactly this effect plays out. These findings have implications for the studies of trade and for Sino-Latin American relations in a changing global context.
Conference papers on the topic "Export substitution"
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Sharma, Arun Kumar, Sukanta Ghosh, Rajiv Srinivasan, Anupom Sabhapondit, Karl Stephenne, and Heather Gower. "Unveiling the Mechanical Feasibility of Glass Reinforced Plastic for Post Combustion CO2 Capture Amine Service: A Thorough Examination." In CONFERENCE 2024. AMPP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2024-20710.
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Abstract Mitigating global warming and reducing CO2 emissions from the environment necessitates the implementation of carbon capture, sequestration, and storage (CCS) as an immediate and feasible solution. Amines are widely employed to capture CO2 gas from industrial exhaust streams. To enhance the cost-effectiveness of amine services, the incorporation of glass-reinforced plastic material holds immense potential for substantial cost benefits. The primary aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of utilizing glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) as a construction material for vessels, piping, and ducting in the cold section of the carbon capture and storage (CCS) system. The research examined the potential of completely replacing metallic equipment and piping (such as carbon steel (CS), stainless steel (SS) or SS cladded CS) with GRP materials. The investigation revealed that complete substitution of GRP for certain CO2 service components, including the scrubber, pre-scrubber, tanks, piping, and ducting, may be feasible under specific process conditions. These process conditions encompassed temperatures below 100°C, pressures below 10 bar for piping, and pressures below 0.2 bar for the remaining components. Two fabrication methods, filament winding and contact molding, were employed throughout the design calculations and utilizing corresponding material properties. A chemical compatibility study by Shell, presented at the 2023 AMPP conference and expo (Paper # AMPP-2023-18832), confirmed that the selected resins used to prepare the GRP material are chemically compatible with the commercial amine formulation used for CO2 capturing at the same application limit identified for the present work. The study unequivocally confirmed that glass-reinforced plastic can be incorporated with confidence, adhering to the safety limits prescribed by international standards. This resounding validation strengthens the viability and applicability of GRP in the given context, bolstering its position as a reliable and suitable construction material.
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Arakelova, L. S., and G. V. Getmanova. "IMPORT SUBSTITUTION AND EXPORT GROWTH AS FACTORS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT." In MODELING AND SITUATIONAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS. St. Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/978-5-8088-1449-3-2020-1-99-102.
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Bakumenko, O. A. "Mechanism Of Export Oriented Import Substitution Management At A Regional Level." In MTSDT 2019 - Modern Tools for Sustainable Development of Territories. Special Topic: Project Management in the Regions of Russia. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.12.05.8.
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Bal, Harun, and Emrah Akça. "An Empirical Examination on the Validity of Export-Led Growth: Evidence from Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.01991.
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The failure of attaining the desired outcome following the import substitution industrialization in the period of 1963-1980 led Turkey to adopt export-oriented growth (EOG) model after the 1980s. In this context, the impacts of export performance on economic growth are important for assessing how successful these practices are. With this motivation, the study aims to provide new empirical evidence on the validity of the export-led growth hypothesis in Turkey. The study employees time series data of the period 1990M1-2016M12 to examine the causality relation between export and economic growth. The Bootstrap approach developed by Hacker and Hatemi (2006) was followed in order to determine this relationship in the study. A two-way causality relationship between export and output growth is evident in test results based on the bootstrap simulation technique. Findings indicate that export-oriented growth hypothesis is not valid in narrow sense, whereas the hypothesis is valid in broad sense for Turkey. The overall results obtained from the study indicate that exports policies can be used as a tool to speed up economic growth with existing practices. However, the two-way causality relationship indicates that the increase in output growth has boosted exports by increasing imports of inputs used in export products. In this respect, in order to accelerate economic growth through the export-oriented strategies, Turkey needs to increase its domestic input production and the share of global value chains of local companies; in other words, it is necessary to focus on export of higher value added products.
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Gerni, Cevat, Selahattin Sarı, Ömer Selçuk Emsen, and Burhan Kabadayı. "Foreign Direct Investment in Transition Economies: Is It Related to Export Expansion or Import Substitution?" In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00968.
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It is propounded that there are two motivations behind foreign direct investments (FDI). One of them is to invest in foreign countries because of trade barrier to export. In this case foreign investors operate in import substitution industries (ISI). The second fact to invest in another country away from homeland is to get benefit from cost advantages such as cheap labor and inputs, positioning closed to developed countries. With this aspect foreign investors operate in export oriented sectors (EOS). The economic consequences were discussed lighting on study’s aim examining the FDI to Transitions Countries whether are ISI or EOS. The foreign direct investments to Transitions Countries were investigated by panel data analysis. First and second generation unit root tests and cross section dependency tests were applied. Long and short term regressions were realized. The data set were obtained from Word Bank Data Base and annually data were collected between 1993 and 2012. Theoretically and statistically expected coefficients and coefficient’s sign for explanatory variables have been obtained. It is as a result observed that the countries have higher internal market potential to take foreign direct investments to import substitution industries. The countries close to developed economies have been drawing foreign direct investments to export oriented sectors.
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Кругляк, Людмила Ивановна, Лариса Сергеевна Шишкина, and Егор Андреевич Дудников. "MPORT SUBSTITUTION POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF ENSURING RUSSIA'S FOOD SECURITY." In Сборник избранных статей по материалам научных конференций ГНИИ "Нацразвитие" (Санкт-Петербург, Октябрь 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/oct299.2021.83.79.003.
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В статье рассматриваются итоги импортозамещения в продовольственной сфере в современной России. Анализируются денежные показатели импорта и экспорта основных видов продукции за 2013-2020 гг. Приводятся результаты исследований экспертов по данной проблеме. The article deals with the problems of import substitution in the food sector of Russia. It represents actual statistics covering import and export of crucial foodstuff types financial indexes. It includes the number of research corollaries on similar topics.
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Shabanov, Mikhail, E. Chernikov, and R. Shabanov. "THE STATE AND FEATURES OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS IN AUTOMOTIVE SERVICE CENTERS." In INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN MOTOR TRANSPORT. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58168/motor2024_65-69.
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The article considers the state and features of import substitution of measuring instruments in automobile service centers in Russia. The relevance of the topic is due to the introduction of Western sanctions and the need to reduce dependence on imports. The purpose of the study is to study the current state of use of imported and domestic measuring instruments in car services, analyze the advantages and limitations of using domestic measuring instruments, assess the impact of import substitution on the quality and cost of services, and develop measures to support import substitution. The state of import substitution in the automotive industry is analyzed, including existing programs and initiatives, the current use of measuring instruments and the effectiveness of support measures. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics and requirements for measuring instruments in car services, the advantages and limitations of domestic measuring instruments, the impact of import substitution on the quality and cost of services. Measures to support import substitution are proposed, including subsidies, benefits, quotas, R & D and export subsidies. In conclusion, the results are summarized, the prospects for import substitution of measuring instruments in car services are assessed, and recommendations for government agencies and businesses on the development of import substitution in the automotive industry are formulated.
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Dzhailov, Dzhumabek, and Mardalieva Leila. "Strategy to Increase Competitiveness and Agro-Export Potential of Kyrgyzstan in the Conditions of Eurasian Integration." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02060.
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The analysis of the development of the agrarian sector, dynamics and structure of exports and imports of food and the state of the food market in Kyrgyzstan is carried out. The assessment of the level of competitiveness of the industry and food security is presented. Factors and risks of increasing the competitiveness of the agricultural sector under conditions of integration are revealed. The factors of unjustified growth of import-privatizability of the domestic food market and a reduction in the volume of exports of agri-food products were revealed. It is determined that the primary development of small-peasant forms of entrepreneurial activity negatively affects the effective use of the economic potential, the dynamics and growth rates of production and, in general, the competitiveness of the industry. The directions of development of import substitution of food have been developed. Prospects and economic mechanisms for supporting and stimulating the development of the production of competitive products of the industry and developing the country's agro-export potential under conditions of integration are grounded. Measures are proposed for the development of agricultural cooperation and the formation of competitive forms of management that will facilitate the effective transformation of the country's agricultural sector within the framework of the Unified Energy System.
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Turdalieva, Ainura. "Sources of Economic Growth in Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.01977.
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The input - output analysis is an analytical technique of economic analysis and used to examine the production-consumption relationship between the economic production sectors. At the same time, this technique is the useful tool for macroeconomic analysis, which identifies inter-sectoral economic relations in the industry by production and consumption dimensions.
 For this study, two input-output tables for the years 2005 and 2014 were used. Tables consist of the same content and number of sectors and the sources of economic growth for the given period calculated by Syrquin Decomposition model. Syrquin Model is a demand-side approach, which decomposes economic growth into four main sources: domestic demand expansion, export expansion, import substitution and technological change.
 In addition, the study investigates the source of production increase that occurred in producing sectors. Within this framework, the results obtained for aggregated main eight sectors and the whole economy will give insight for the efficiency of macroeconomic policies, which implemented in Kyrgyzstan. This aspect of the research results is expected to contribute for the more rational economic policy.
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Braslina, Liga, Martins Danusevics, Anda Batraga, Daina Skiltere, Jelena Salkovska, and Girts Braslins. "Preconditions for the development of new jobs in rural areas: case study of Latvia." In 24th International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2023”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2023.57.020.
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The availability of well-paid jobs in the regions plays a crucial role in today's regional development, as it provides employment opportunities, prosperity and stimulates the population to stay in the regions. In view of the ever-shrinking population in rural areas, it is essential to create instruments to support the creation of new jobs that are directly aimed at attracting human resources to the regions. The aim of the study is to conduct a research on job opportunities in the regions of Latvia. It evaluates job opportunities in the regions of Latvia. The study analyses the dynamics of available jobs in the regions of Latvia, wages, municipal support tools, influencing factors and analysis of best practices. Various economic instruments are being considered that could contribute to the creation of new well-paid jobs in the regions. The study included feasibility study interviews, statistical data analysis, focus groups and expert survey. The result of the study is an assessment of the current situation regarding job opportunities in the regions of Latvia. The study finds solutions for creating new jobs and attracting labour force to the regions ability to create well-paid jobs. Business support is recommended for companies with the potential to transform from small to medium-sized enterprises, resulting in a greater positive impact on the number and quality of jobs. More substantial support should be provided to companies whose growth is based on export or import substitution, as well as to companies investing in machine-based innovations.
Reports on the topic "Export substitution"
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Weiss, John. Export Growth and Industrial Policy: Lessons from the East Asian Miracle Experience. Inter-American Development Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006860.
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Industrial policy was for many years associated in policy discourse with failed interventionist import substitution strategies despite its apparent success in East Asia. Further despite the obvious point that in the real world 'markets fail' and enterprises impinge on each other, so that inevitably private and social returns deviate, public policy interventions to try to address these issues in the context of manufacturing have been treated with considerable suspicion. Industrial policy has seen a minor revival in recent times, however, stimulated in part by new theorizing and in part by ongoing debates on 'national competitiveness' strategies which have offered a new entrée in the context of globalization. The paper commences with a survey of the evidence on export growth and industrial policy in the NIEs, before turning to lessons for contemporary policy. This paper was prepared to be presented at the LAEBA Second Annual Meeting, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 28-29 November, 2005.
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Belser, Patrick. Does Latin American and Caribbean Unemployment Depend on Asian Labor Standards? Inter-American Development Bank, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011553.
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Many Latin American nations have recently implemented liberal trade regimes, often as part of a larger set of market-oriented reforms, and have abandoned their industrialization policies based on import substitution. In the 1980s, Chile, Mexico, and Bolivia were among the continent's first nations to slash tariff rates and virtually eliminate quantitative restrictions on imports. They were followed by many others, including Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Jamaica, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Trinidad and Tobago. All these countries are now much more exposed to international competition than ever before. But is this a good idea? Are labor rights really more restricted in export-oriented Asian nations than they are in Latin America? And if so, are Latin American workers prejudiced by Asia's lower standards?
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De Paiva Abreu, Marcelo. The Political Economy of High Protection in Brazil before 1987. Inter-American Development Bank, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011099.
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The paper is concerned with the high protection cum high growth experience in Brazil until the second half of the 1980s and its crisis. The paper is structured in four sections. The first section is a summary of the arguments presented in the following three sections of the paper. Section II considers the level of protection in Brazil compared with those of other Latin American economies and examines the reasons why it was so high while its economic growth performance was outstanding. The following section analyses the golden age of autarky until the early 1960s, including the role of foreign direct investment (FDI). The last section centers on the combination of export incentives with closed domestic markets that extended the life of import substitution industrialization (ISI) as a decreasingly effective economic strategy.
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Hertel, Thomas, David Hummels, Maros Ivanic, and Roman Keeney. How Confident Can We Be in CGE-Based Assessments of Free Trade Agreements? GTAP Working Paper, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp26.
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With the proliferation of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) over the past decade, demand for quantitative analysis of their likely impacts has surged. The main quantitative tool for performing such analysis is Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modeling. Yet these models have been widely criticized for performing poorly (Kehoe, 2002) and having weak econometric foundations (McKitrick, 1998; Jorgenson, 1984). FTA results have been shown to be particularly sensitive to the trade elasticities, with small trade elasticities generating large terms of trade effects and relatively modest efficiency gains, whereas large trade elasticities lead to the opposite result. Critics are understandably wary of results being determined largely by the authors’ choice of trade elasticities. Where do these trade elasticities come from? CGE modelers typically draw these elasticities from econometric work that uses time series price variation to identify an elasticity of substitution between domestic goods and composite imports (Alaouze, 1977; Alaouze, et al., 1977; Stern et al., 1976; Gallaway, McDaniel and Rivera, 2003). This approach has three problems: the use of point estimates as “truth”, the magnitude of the point estimates, and estimating the relevant elasticity. First, modelers take point estimates drawn from the econometric literature, while ignoring the precision of these estimates. As we will make clear below, the confidence one has in various CGE conclusions depends critically on the size of the confidence interval around parameter estimates. Standard “robustness checks” such as systematically raising or lowering the substitution parameters does not properly address this problem because it ignores information about which parameters we know with some precision and which we do not. A second problem with most existing studies derives from the use of import price series to identify home vs. foreign substitution, for example, tends to systematically understate the true elasticity. This is because these estimates take price variation as exogenous when estimating the import demand functions, and ignore quality variation. When quality is high, import demand and prices will be jointly high. This biases estimated elasticities toward zero. A related point is that the fixed-weight import price series used by most authors are theoretically inappropriate for estimating the elasticities of interest. CGE modelers generally examine a nested utility structure, with domestic production substitution for a CES composite import bundle. The appropriate price series is then the corresponding CES price index among foreign varieties. Constructing such an index requires knowledge of the elasticity of substitution among foreign varieties (see below). By using a fixed-weight import price series, previous estimates place too much weight on high foreign prices, and too small a weight on low foreign prices. In other words, they overstate the degree of price variation that exists, relative to a CES price index. Reconciling small trade volume movements with large import price series movements requires a small elasticity of substitution. This problem, and that of unmeasured quality variation, helps explain why typical estimated elasticities are very small. The third problem with the existing literature is that estimates taken from other researchers’ studies typically employ different levels of aggregation, and exploit different sources of price variation, from what policy modelers have in mind. Employment of elasticities in experiments ill-matched to their original estimation can be problematic. For example, estimates may be calculated at a higher or lower level of aggregation than the level of analysis than the modeler wants to examine. Estimating substitutability across sources for paddy rice gives one a quite different answer than estimates that look at agriculture as a whole. When analyzing Free Trade Agreements, the principle policy experiment is a change in relative prices among foreign suppliers caused by lowering tariffs within the FTA. Understanding the substitution this will induce across those suppliers is critical to gauging the FTA’s real effects. Using home v. foreign elasticities rather than elasticities of substitution among imports supplied from different countries may be quite misleading. Moreover, these “sourcing” elasticities are critical for constructing composite import price series to appropriate estimate home v. foreign substitutability. In summary, the history of estimating the substitution elasticities governing trade flows in CGE models has been checkered at best. Clearly there is a need for improved econometric estimation of these trade elasticities that is well-integrated into the CGE modeling framework. This paper provides such estimation and integration, and has several significant merits. First, we choose our experiment carefully. Our CGE analysis focuses on the prospective Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) currently under negotiation. This is one of the most important FTAs currently “in play” in international negotiations. It also fits nicely with the source data used to estimate the trade elasticities, which is largely based on imports into North and South America. Our assessment is done in a perfectly competitive, comparative static setting in order to emphasize the role of the trade elasticities in determining the conventional gains/losses from such an FTA. This type of model is still widely used by government agencies for the evaluation of such agreements. Extensions to incorporate imperfect competition are straightforward, but involve the introduction of additional parameters (markups, extent of unexploited scale economies) as well as structural assumptions (entry/no-entry, nature of inter-firm rivalry) that introduce further uncertainty. Since our focus is on the effects of a PTA we estimate elasticities of substitution across multiple foreign supply sources. We do not use cross-exporter variation in prices or tariffs alone. Exporter price series exhibit a high degree of multicolinearity, and in any case, would be subject to unmeasured quality variation as described previously. Similarly, tariff variation by itself is typically unhelpful because by their very nature, Most Favored Nation (MFN) tariffs are non-discriminatory in nature, affecting all suppliers in the same way. Tariff preferences, where they exist, are often difficult to measure – sometimes being confounded by quantitative barriers, restrictive rules of origin, and other restrictions. Instead we employ a unique methodology and data set drawing on not only tariffs, but also bilateral transportation costs for goods traded internationally (Hummels, 1999). Transportation costs vary much more widely than do tariffs, allowing much more precise estimation of the trade elasticities that are central to CGE analysis of FTAs. We have highly disaggregated commodity trade flow data, and are therefore able to provide estimates that precisely match the commodity aggregation scheme employed in the subsequent CGE model. We follow the GTAP Version 5.0 aggregation scheme which includes 42 merchandise trade commodities covering food products, natural resources and manufactured goods. With the exception of two primary commodities that are not traded, we are able to estimate trade elasticities for all merchandise commodities that are significantly different form zero at the 95% confidence level. Rather than producing point estimates of the resulting welfare, export and employment effects, we report confidence intervals instead. These are based on repeated solution of the model, drawing from a distribution of trade elasticity estimates constructed based on the econometrically estimated standard errors. There is now a long history of CGE studies based on SSA: Systematic Sensitivity Analysis (Harrison and Vinod, 1992; Wigle, 1991; Pagon and Shannon, 1987) Ho
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Blonigen, Bruce. In Search of Substitution Between Foreign Production and Exports. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7154.
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Wojciechowski, M. J. Recherche et développement dans le secteur des minéraux. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331554.
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Canada has the potential for good long-term development of its mineral resources, and needs to maintain a competitive position for crude minerals in export markets. Therefore, Canada should strongly support the mineral exploration and mining sectors. This conclusion is reinforced by the finding that most of the other countries in this study, which represent much of the world's mining technology and mining education expertise, are in or are approaching the decline phase of their mining industries' life cycles. They are also dependent on imported crude minerals, and are turning their R&amp;D focus away from primary resources towards substitution and efficiency in the use of raw materials. This pattern of R&amp;D focus is not appropriate for Canada, although it is in fact being followed. Canada should stress R&amp;D in extractive metallurgy with a special emphasis on environmental and health aspects and on conservation of energy. This can give Canada a comparative advantage in smelting and refining over the United States and Western Europe, where the cost pressures resulting from dependence on raw materials and energy and from environmental controls make such R&amp;D investments relatively unattractive. Canada should make special efforts to compensate for and reduce the negative effects of the prevalent separation of scientists and engineers from management and formulators of public policy. These three initiatives, if adopted, should help Canada to realize the benefits of its mineral endowment, to keep its mineral sector viable for the long term, to take advantage of opportunities arising from the decline of the primary mineral sectors in other countries, and to avoid being le ft potential. behind by newly emerging countries with mineral The views expressed in this report and in the background study are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Centre for Resource Studies and its sponsors, or of The Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET).
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Arrowood, L. F., and B. E. Tonn. Expert systems and the CPI product substitution review: A needs analysis for the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5761559.
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Arrowood, L. F., and B. E. Tonn. Expert systems and the CPI product substitution review: A needs analysis for the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10124152.
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Johnson, Michael. Demand for alternative feed grains for broiler production in an era of global price uncertainty. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32747/2025.9015827.ers.
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"Global demand for chicken meat has grown more than fivefold since the 1960s, from 6.2 to 33.9 pounds per person today. The expansion of broiler production to meet this growing demand has also increased the need for feed. However, the demand for feed is complex, as these feedstuffs are also used for human consumption and biofuels, and broiler farmers tend to be risk averse for input prices. This study looks at how the increased demand for broiler feed may have affected the demand for feed alternatives among some of the world's major broiler producing countries when faced with uncertain global feed prices and rising feed costs. The study examines these countries' willingness to substitute sorghum for corn and what this substitution means for future sorghum exports from the United States. Results indicate a high substitution effect of sorghum for corn may have occurred over this period when price risk is considered. Whenever the price of sorghum fell sufficiently below that of corn and if corn prices were more volatile, risk-averse broiler producers shifted to sorghum. Countries that strongly showed this behavior are China, the United States, Egypt, and, to some degree, Mexico."--
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Shepherd, Ben, and Anirudh Shingal. Services Trade of Commonwealth Member Countries: Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Commonwealth Secretariat, 2021. https://doi.org/10.14217/comsec.335.
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In most Commonwealth member countries, services account for at least half of total economic activity in terms of gross domestic product. Levels are particularly high in high-income countries but also in some small island states, where activities like tourism and finance – both services – are important in the overall economy. This paper analyses services exports of Commonwealth countries and develops a conceptual framework about the impacts of COVID-19 on services exports. It presents a set of case studies from Commonwealth countries to identify the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic for services trade, and the responses by governments and private sector actors, including the possibilities for cross-modal substitution in services supply due to digital technologies. The case studies cover a wide range of sectors, namely education, information technology, health, tourism and finance. The available evidence, which is scarce, suggests that country experiences have varied depending on the pre-existing pattern of sectoral specialisation, as well as the level of online connectivity.