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1
Ayeni, R. K., and Momodou Mustapha FANNEH. "Towards Export-Led Growth in the West Africa Sub Region Economies." Archives of Business Research 9, no. 10 (2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.910.10769.
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The policy of import substitution dominated developing economies especially Sub-Sharan African countries up till 1970. The focus later shifted to pursuing growth through increased export. Recently, countries of the West Africa Sub-region are clamoring for a revisit of growth through import substitution policies. This study therefore delved into the question of whether ECOWAS countries should go for import substitution growth strategy, or to develop strategy that promotes export-led growth, following the law of comparative advantage or a considerable mix of the two strategies. Using an export-augmented neoclassical production function, the study tested how relevant is the Export-led Growth Hypothesis for the ECOWAS sub-region over the period 1980-2014.
 Evidence does not offer a strong support for the Hypothesis in the short run but a strong evidence for improved capital stock and labor causing growth. However, long-run results suggest a significant relationship between export and growth but currently negative. A likely explanation of this negativity is that although exports, in the West African sub-regions has the tendency of increasing growth in the long run along with other factors of production, the present conditions of export, especially manufactured and agricultural exports, is experiencing a kind of “Import surge”. That is the import content of exports is high and the local content is low, thus reducing the spillover or multiplier effects. This was confirmed by the strong bilateral causality between export and import discovered in this study. A policy mix of import substitution and export promotion strategies was recommended for countries in this sub-region. Policies that will promote technological innovation in manufacturing and linkages with local suppliers alongside incentives to produce towards export are imperative. Production towards export should be focused on manufactured and agricultural products where each country has the highest comparative advantage so as to reduce the import content of the export.
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Ayeni, Raphael Kolade. "Towards Export-Led Growth in The West Africa Sub Region Economies." International Journal of Applied Research in Management and Economics 3, no. 2 (2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ijarme.v3i2.283.
Full textAbstract:
The policy of import substitution dominated developing economies especially Sub-Sharan African countries up till 1970. The focus later shifted to pursuing growth through increased export. Recently, countries of the West Africa Sub-region are clamoring for a revisit of growth through import substitution policies. This study therefore delved into the question of whether ECOWAS countries should go for import substitution growth strategy, or to develop strategy that promotes export-led growth, following the law of comparative advantage or a considerable mix of the two strategies. Using an export-augmented neoclassical production function, the study tested how relevant is the Export-led Growth Hypothesis for the ECOWAS sub-region over the period 1980-2014.
 Evidence does not offer a strong support for the Hypothesis in the short run but a strong evidence for improved capital stock and labor causing growth. However, long-run results suggest a significant relationship between export and growth but currently negative. A likely explanation of this negativity is that although exports, in the West African sub-regions has the tendency of increasing growth in the long run along with other factors of production, the present conditions of export, especially manufactured and agricultural exports, is experiencing a kind of “Import surge”. That is the import content of exports is high and the local content is low, thus reducing the spillover or multiplier effects. This was confirmed by the strong bilateral causality between export and import discovered in this study. A policy mix of import substitution and export promotion strategies was recommended for countries in this sub-region. Policies that will promote technological innovation in manufacturing and linkages with local suppliers alongside incentives to produce towards export are imperative. Production towards export should be focused on manufactured and agricultural products where each country has the highest comparative advantage so as to reduce the import content of the export.
3
Öniş, Ziya. "The Dynamics of Export-Oriented Growth in a Second Generation Nic: Perspectives on the Turkish Case, 1980-1990." New Perspectives on Turkey 9 (1993): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600002223.
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Can a new generation of countries emerge and establish themselves as major exporters of manufactures on the basis neo-liberal economic policies and thus replicate the outstanding performance of the first generation Asian and Latin American newly industrialized countries (NICs)? The article seeks to answer this question on the basis of a case-study, Turkey, a country which has managed to undertake a significant switch from import-substitution to export-orientation under an essentially neo-liberal reform package. The central argument may be summarized as follows. Neo-liberal reforms, when combined with a number of favourable “external conditions”, are quite successful in terms of engineering a shift of the existing productive capacity from import-substitution towards exports. Yet, such policies, on the whole, are less successful in terms of generating the level of investment necessary to sustain rapid growth in manufactured exports over time and also to achieve a steady process of export deepening. A sustained breakthrough in manufactured export growth cannot be realized by trade liberalization and exchange rate policy alone. Macroeconomic management and strategic industrial policy are likely to play a key role, particularly following the initial and comparatively easy phase of export-substitution.
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Zhang, Zhaozhong, and Fangfang Deng. "How can artificial intelligence boost firms’ exports? evidence from China." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (2023): e0283230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283230.
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This paper explores the impact of artificial intelligence and industrial robots on firms’ export behaviour and divides the impact mechanism into the productivity effect and labour substitution effect. It examines the effect of industrial robots on firms’ export value by using Chinese Customs data, Chinese Industrial Firm data and robot data from the International Robot Federation (IRF). The main findings are as follows: Firstly, the impact of artificial intelligence and industrial robots on Chinese firms’ export value is generally negative, which means the negative labour substitution effect dominates the positive productivity effect. Secondly, the impact of artificial intelligence varies significantly by industry, and the export value of firms from high-tech industries benefits from the use of industrial robots. Thirdly, the impact of artificial intelligence on firms’ export value also varies by time; before 2003, the use of industrial robots showed mainly an inhibiting effect on firms’ exports, which turned into a driving effect thereafter, and after 2006, industrial robots began to significantly promote firms’ export. Finally, the higher the quality of export products, the more likely the use of industrial robots will be to promote firms’ export value, and the higher the capital–labour ratio is, the more likely firms’ export value will be to benefit from the use of artificial intelligence and industrial robots. On the basis of these findings, this study proposes promoting the productivity effect to dominate the labour substitution effect through technological progress and the improvement of export product quality.
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Kosekahyaoglu, Levent. "Test of Export-Led Growth Hypothesis: a Comparative Analysis on Turkey and Newly Developing Countries." Business: Theory and Practice 7, no. (4) (2006): 243–53. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2006.30.
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The relation between exports and national income of a country has long been a frequently debated issue in both trade and growth theory. This issue is particularly important in providing arguments for 'free trade' (export-led growth) or 'protectionism' (import substitution) because presence of any causality between exports and income would imply supremacy of outward looking policies over inward looking policies. In order to test the export-led growth hypothesis, this work examines the relation between trade (exports and imports) and income for Turkey and seven newly developing countries using Granger causality analysis. Our results suggest that the export-led growth hypothesis is not supported only in cases of Argentina, and Brazil and that there is a strong unidirectional causality running from exports to growth for Turkey, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, India and China.
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Semin, Alexander N., Rasul U. Gusmanov, Irina A. Chernogor, and Rustem R. Subkhangulov. "On some import substitution mechanisms in the second sphere of the Russian agro-industrial complex." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 3 (2024): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2024-0-3-2-9.
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In this work, an analysis of a possible option for introducing the “sandbox mechanism” into agriculture of the Russian Federation was carried out; the authors investigated the possible economic consequences of this implementation. The emphasis is placed on the fact that this step will allow our country to enter a completely new innovative path of agricultural development. The following research results were obtained: failures in imports and exports due to large-scale disruptions in food supply chains are the results of Western sanctions pressure on the Russian food market. Russia is still dependent on imports, so the main thesis is that exports and import substitution are complementary strategies. In order to level out the problem of import substitution, the authors propose the use of a “sandbox mechanism”; it is quite obvious that, through a certain methodology, we will reduce the time and costs of entering export-oriented products into the national market, and then world markets and, subsequently, expanding production capabilities for domestic manufacturers. The key directions of state policy in the field of import substitution have been identified - ensuring technological sovereignty in the country through the production of import-substituting and export-oriented products. The main threats to food security for 2024-2025 are formulated: the further use of parallel imports will only worsen the already difficult relations with the West, and new risks will also appear - an uncontrolled rise in food prices and, as a result, a loss of confidence of the domestic consumer. Specific models of import substitution are proposed with an emphasis on domestic high-tech developments and scientific competencies in the food market.
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Banerjee, Subrata. "India's Foreign Trade and Industrial Development." Foreign Trade Review 24, no. 1 (1989): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515890106.
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THE BASIC strategy of export promotion currently in vogue is import liberalization. The objective is to remove every possible obstacle to the production of goods for export. The logic is that the liberal import of machinery and intermediate products would make production for export less expensive, more profitable and hence easier. Whatever way we might look at it, the major beneficiary of a strategy of import-based export production and industrialization is the transnational corporation. We need a different approach to foreign trade as one of the components of industrial development. Foreign trade must become an integral part of the planning process. The basic principle of imports for industrial development and exports bas to be modified, to ensure that import liberalization meets priority needs of industry, not indigenously available or likely to be developed within a short time. Import substitution has not become irrelevant, however fashionable it might be to say so. In our drive to increase our exports of engineering goods, we should not Jose sight of our traditional exports. In the case of nontraditional goods, the need is to bear in mind comparative advantage and build up such thrust areas as are likely to have a continuing and expanding market over a reasonable time-frame. This is what demands unport substitution in certain well-identified thrust areas, in which we have comparative advantage.
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Quddus, Muhammad A., and Ikram Saeed. "An Analysis of Exports and Growth in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 44, no. 4II (2005): 921–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.921-937.
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Trade is presumed to act as a catalyst of economic growth and the growth in exports leads to increase in the incomes of factors of production, which in turn increases the demand for input for further expansion in production. The resultant pressure on domestic capacity may stimulate technological change and investment opportunities. Also increase in demand due to raising incomes of the factors of production on account of exports may spill over into other sectors of the economy. A part of such growths could also be diffused abroad through technical assistance and aid. According to Emery (1967) empirically proved that higher rates of exports growth leads to higher economic growth. Traditionally, a developing country had the choice of two alternative trade strategies for supporting industrial development, export promotion or import substitution. A consensus has emerged among many development economists that an export expansion policy by permitting resource exploitation according to comparative advantage and by allowing for utilisation and exploitation of economies of scale leads to higher growth rates of output and employment, greater technological progress and availability of foreign exchange. These in turn enable the countries with export oriented policies to attain higher rates of growth of GNP vis-à-vis countries following import substituting industrialisation [Donges and Muller-Ohlsen (1978)].
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Lero, Oni Ringgu, Agnes Quartina Pudjiastuti, and Sumarno Sumarno. "Factors Influencing Indonesia’s Cashew Export Volume." AGRIEKONOMIKA 9, no. 2 (2020): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/agriekonomika.v9i2.8524.
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Cashews contribute significantly to the Indonesian economy because it is one of the exporting countries. However, volume of exports tends to fluctuate, so it is necessary to identify the influencing factors. This study aims to analyze volume of Indonesian cashew exports and its determinants. Time series data for 8 variables during 1985–2016 were analyzed descriptively by multiple regression models. The results again show fluctuations in export volume and value over 1985–2016 period. Lowest export volume occurred in 1989, but its value was in 1985. Highest export volume and value occurred in 2015. National cashew export volume depends on the domestic cashew price, exchange rate and income per capita. Peanuts and coffee have a complementary relationship with cashews, while sugar has a substitution relationship with this commodity. Cashews are an inferior goods.
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Ha, Nguyen Thi Vu, Bui Thi Phuong Anh, Nguyen Huong Giang, Le Phuong Linh, Pham Mai Nhi, and Nguyen Thi Anh Tho. "Unleashing Vietnam’s Rice and Coffee Exports: Decoding The Power of Non-Tariff Measures in the CPTPP Market." VNU University of Economics and Business 3, no. 6 (2023): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.57110/vnujeb.v3i6.241.
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Rice and coffee are vital commodities in Vietnam’s economy. Amidst the evolving dynamics of global trade, the substitution of traditional tariff barriers with non-tariff measures (NTMs) is progressively increasing, and the CPTPP market is not exempt from this trend. Using the gravity model, this study explores the factors influencing Vietnam's rice and coffee exports to the CPTPP market. The study finds that economic factors, such as GDP, have a significant impact on export values. Import tariffs hinder exports, while lower tariffs enhance competitiveness. Geographical distance affects transportation costs and export values. The impact of NTMs on exports is mixed. Vietnam's CPTPP membership offers integration opportunities, albeit gradually. The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected exports, highlighting vulnerability. Policy recommendations include addressing adverse NTMs, promoting favorable measures, aligning legislation with the CPTPP, enhancing quality, and researching export markets and regulations. These recommendations aim to improve export performance, mitigate shocks, and leverage trade agreement benefits for the rice and coffee sectors.
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Maslova, Vlada V., Vyacheslav S. Chekalin, and Mikhail V. Avdeev. "Russian agricultural development: import substitution." Вестник Российской академии наук 89, no. 10 (2019): 1024–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-587389101024-1032.
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This article describes trends in Russian agricultural development, results of import substitution in the economys agricultural sector, and food security. The authors analyzed consumption levels of the main agricultural products and food, depending on the populations level of income. The study associates the problem of import substitution with provision of domestic material and technical resources. The authors noted that the duration of the import substitution process for different agricultural products depends on the effectiveness of agricultures organizational and economic mechanisms. Growth opportunities are limited in the economys agricultural sector due to replacement of imports market share. Developing import substitution will create conditions for increasing exports of agricultural products and food and for transitioning from import dependence to development of export potential.
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von Auer, Ludwig, and Alena Shumskikh. "Substitution Bias in the Measurement of Import and Export Price Indices: Causes and Correction." Journal of Official Statistics 38, no. 1 (2022): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jos-2022-0006.
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Abstract The import and export price indices of an economy are usually compiled by some Laspeyres type index. It is well known that such an index formula is prone to substitution bias. Therefore, also the terms of trade (ratio of export and import price index) are likely to be distorted. The underlying substitution bias accumulates over time. The present article introduces a simple and transparent retroactive correction approach that addresses the source of the substitution bias and produces meaningful long-run time series of import and export price levels and, therefore, of the terms of trade. Furthermore, an empirical case study is conducted that demonstrates the efficacy and versatility of the correction approach.
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Hamano, Masashige, and Wessel N. Vermeulen. "Natural disasters and trade: the mitigating impact of port substitution." Journal of Economic Geography 20, no. 3 (2019): 809–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbz020.
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Abstract We study the effect of natural disasters on port-level exports. We model the interaction between firms and ports to study how strongly exports from one port are affected by changes in the cost of exporting at neighboring ports. We extend the standard trade model with heterogeneous firms to a multiple port structure where exporting is subject to port specific local transportation costs, port specific fixed export costs and international bilateral trade costs. We show that gravity distortion due to firm heterogeneity is conditional on the comparative advantage at the port level and resulting substitution of exports across ports. We present evidence of the substitution effect using the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, indicating that at least 40% of exports was substituted to other ports following the disaster. The substitution effect is the strongest in technology intensive product categories, which suggests an interaction between supply chains and domestic trade costs.
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Lyubimov, Ivan L. "Where you export matters." Russian Journal of Economics 7, no. (4) (2021): 313–25. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.7.75423.
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Economic complexity theory deepens our understanding of export diversification. However, it relies on aggregated data which might disguise important details. In particular, these data do not take information on importers into account even though this information can provide new insights about the pace of economic complexity evolution in a particular economy. The paper introduces these new insights by incorporating more detailed export data into analysis. I find that wealthier economies not only tend to export more sophisticated products, but also sell them to richer destinations. I discuss the case of Russia which seeks to become a more complex economy and gain technological sovereignty by implementing reindustrialization policy. However, Russian complex products rarely conquer richer markets and are better known to Russia's geographic neighbors. Our findings suggest that such a pattern of reindustrialization might not be promising as long as a higher level of wealth is a concern. The paper claims that even though redesigning industrial policy such that it becomes more conditioned on export outcomes is not a solution to the problem, it is, however, one of its important ingredients.
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Pradina, Yanira Berthi Ayu, and Dhian Adhitya. "Effect of International CPO Prices, Substitution Goods Prices, and Exchange Rates on Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Export Volume in Indonesia." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 21, no. 1 (2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29259/jep.v21i1.19447.
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This study aims to analyze the effect of international CPO prices, substitution goods prices, and exchange rates on CPO export volume in Indonesia in the long and short term. The type of research used is quantitative. The data used in this study used secondary data in the form of time series data from January 2014 to June 2022. The data was obtained from the websites of Bank Indonesia (BI), the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency (BPS), the Ministry of Trade and Economic Research. The analysis method used in this study is the Error Correction Model (ECM). The results of research that has been conducted where international CPO prices in the short and long term have a significant and positive influence on Indonesia's CPO export volume. Meanwhile, the price of substitution goods in the short and long term has a negative relationship with CPO Export Volume. Then the variable exchange rate in the long term and in the short term has a significant influence on the CPO Export Volume. For this reason, the government is that it can be used for information and input materials to improve CPO exports for the better in the future. This can be done in several ways to reduce export costs charged to producers so as to maximize international CPO prices in Indonesia.
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Fabryka, Iryna. "MECHANISM OF MANAGEMENT OF EXPORT POTENTIAL OF MACHINE-BUILDING ENTERPRISE." Economic Analysis, no. 27(2) (2017): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2017.02.209.
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The mechanism of management of the export potential of the machine-building enterprise on the principle of import substitution of the component of material costs is developed. This mechanism provides for the definition of export volumes of sales of products in value terms and reflects the interconnection of key production and economic indicators of the enterprise with the account of the needs of the external market in the context of implementation of measures of import substitution of material costs. The target function, which is a criterion for determining the limits of the level of import substitution of the component of material costs and the possibilities of creating a reserve of growth of the export potential of the machine-building enterprise based on increasing its competitiveness, is determined. It has been developed the model for determining the limitations of using the export potential of an enterprise with a view to minimize material costs when introducing measures for their import substitution, taking into account the pricing policy aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the enterprise. On the example of the results of the production and economic activity of the machine-building enterprise PJSC "Hydrosila" it is defined that the introduction of measures of import substitution of the component of material costs gives positive results in terms of improving the efficiency of the enterprise. It is proved by the relevant calculations for determining the "upper" and "lower" limits of the growth of profitability of sales. The developed mechanism for managing the export potential of a machine-building enterprise can be practically used in the economic activity of machine-building enterprises in order to find the optimal correlation between export sales volumes, production costs, material costs and profits.
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GENERALOVA, S. V., and I. B. KONSTANTINOV. "MANAGEMENT OF ASSORTMENT DIVERSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL EXPORT IN THE CONDITIONS OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, no. 4 (2020): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2020.04.01.008.
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The article discusses the essence of assortment diversification of agri-food exports. It is noted that export diversification is inextricably linked with the diversification of the national economy. Attention is drawn to the fact that the import substitution policy largely contributes to the diversification of exports. It is concluded that due to the fact that Russia mainly exports low-value-added products, it is necessary to develop a strategy for managing assortment diversification of exports in order to increase its profitability.
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Shi, Kang, Juanyi Xu, and Xiaopeng Yin. "Input substitution, export pricing, and exchange rate policy." Journal of International Money and Finance 51 (March 2015): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2014.09.009.
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Hameed, Abid, Muhammed Ali Chaudhary, and Kiran Younas Khan. "The Growth Impact of Exports in South Asian Countries." Pakistan Development Review 44, no. 4II (2005): 901–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.901-919.
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How exports affect growth has attracted considerable attention of the researchers in recent years. The failure of the import substitution policy during 1950s and 1960s to engender growth, led the South Asian countries to adopt export promotion strategy in the 70s and 80s to foster their economic growth. Many factors have caused this shift. Firstly, higher export earnings are expected to enhance the ability of a developing country to import additional industrial raw materials and capital goods, which in turn, are likely to expand its productive capacity. Secondly, the competition in the exports market may allow for greater capacity utilisation, higher economies of scale, greater specialisation on the basis of comparative advantage and accelerated technical progress in production for greater contribution to increased employment. Thirdly, strong correlation observed between exports and economic growth prompts export promotion further as part of the development strategy [Khan, et al. (1995)].
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Ahmad, Mohsin Hasnain, Shaista Alam, and Mohammad Sabihuddin Butt. "Foreign Direct Investment, Exports, and Domestic Output in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 42, no. 4II (2003): 715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v42i4iipp.715-723.
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The impact of the policy reform on economic performance has been one of the stifling issues in development economics in the recent years. Since the middle 1970s, there has been considerable progress in the trade reform in the most developing countries, turning from an import substitution strategy to export-oriented approach. Pakistan also follows export-oriented policies. Pakistan’s trade pattern and trade policy have been moving towards fewer and fewer controls, tariffs rates have come tumbling down. Export-led-growth hypothesis (ELG) suggests that due to positive correlation between export and growth, therefore, export-oriented policies contribute to economic growth. Thus, international trade and development theory suggests that export growth contributes positively to economic growth. On the basis of this framework, most empirical work on the effects of export promoting strategy followed in developing countries evaluated openness with trade. Empirical research about the effect of this liberalisation process has treated export as principal channel for growth. The relationship with exports and growth, grounded in endogenous growth theory, has been tested for Pakistan [Khan (1995); Ahmad, Butt, and Alam (2000) and Akbar (2000)].
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Krivenko, N. V., A. V. Trynov, and D. S. Epaneshnikova. "Investment activity in the Ural Federal District in the context of import substitution." Finance and Credit 26, no. 12 (2020): 2678–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.26.12.2678.
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Subject. The article considers the investment activity in the regions of the Ural Federal District. Objectives. We analyze the impact of import substitution policy on investment activity by type of economic activity, using the regions of the Ural Federal District case. Methods. We employed methods of logic, statistical, and structural analysis. Results. We offer our own approach to the study of the impact of import substitution policy on the investment activity of regions. It rests on comparing the dynamics of Russian imports by major commodity group and the dynamics of investment in fixed assets by type of economic activity. The study revealed two trends. First, the development of substitute goods production. Second, the commodity sector development. It was found that in 2013–2019, investments in the sectors of mining and processing of mineral resources demonstrated faster growth. At the same time, investments in the production of import substituting goods did not show a stable positive dynamics. Thus, the enterprises of the Ural Federal District are more focused on the production of traditional export goods; the orientation of the import substitution policy to the domestic market and high-tech exports currently does not give the expected results and is local in nature. Conclusions. The results of the study can be used by Federal and regional authorities to assess the impact of import substitution policies on the investment activity of enterprises.
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Muhammad Waqas, Muhammad Niamat Ullah Babar, Saima Munir, et al. "Impact Assessment of Import Substitution and Export Promotion on Economic Growth of Pakistan." Journal for Social Science Archives 3, no. 2 (2025): 685–91. https://doi.org/10.59075/jssa.v3i2.273.
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The present study aimed at investigating the impact assessment of import substitution and export promotion on economic growth of Pakistan over period of time 1994-95 to 2020-21. In this regard, econometric techniques i.e Augmented Dicky Fuller Unit Root Test, Ordinary Least Square Test, Auto-regressive Distributive Lag Model, Bound Test and Error Correction Models were applied. The result findings revealed that Export Promotion significantly influenced economic growth of Pakistan. Bound Test witnessed log run relationships exist between explanatory variables (import substitution and export promotion) in the model. Findings of Error Correction Model provided F-Stat value as 4.9 which is higher than upper and lower limit, whereas error correction value is termed as negative (-0.80) and significant (P<0.05) revealing speed of adjustment from short run dynamics towards long run equilibrium. Author recommends as policy implications that special emphasis needs to be paid in utilizing effective trade policies emphasizing the export promotion over import substitution for ensuring aggregate demand exclusively so necessary for accelerating economic growth in Pakistan.
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Klunko, Natalia S., Anastasia N. Olishevskaya, and Maxim S. Frolov. "REDUCTION OF EXPORTS AND OVERCOMING ITS RAW MATERIALS ORIENTATION IN THE NEW KAZAKHSTAN." Today and Tomorrow of Russian Economy, no. 105-106 (2021): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/1993-4947-2021-105-106-05.
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The purpose of this article is to find and develop ways to increase exports and overcome its raw material orientation in New Kazakhstan. In the course of this study, issues related to import-substituting economic growth were investigated, which require the obligatory consideration of the characteristics of the transitional economy, the specific conditions for its functioning. Considering raw materials, geographical and transit advantages of Kazakhstan and state programs to increase industrialization, support entrepreneurship, agro-industrial complex and stimulate effective employment of the population, the state has a great potential for import substitution and export growth. The specificity of the post-industrial breakthrough of the Republic of Kazakhstan involves the promotion of the task of ensuring the flexibility and adaptability of the economic system as a whole, the ability of its economic agents, which are enterprises and organizations, to quickly and adequately respond to the challenges of the time. The implementation of the main directions will contribute to an increase in the volume of exports of products of deep processing of raw materials, modern materials and finished products with improved properties; development of exports of technically and technologically complex products, as well as an increase in the export of science-intensive and intellectual services, primarily engineering, technical, computer, educational, pharmaceutical developments and own controlled drug supply.
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Galeev, Marat Mirsayafovich, and Alexander Sergeevich Baleevskikh. "Functioning of food enterprises in the context of export development policies implementation." Revista de la Universidad del Zulia 11, no. 31 (2020): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.31.09.
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The article describes the development trends of the modern poultry product subcomplex as a raw material base for food industry and state export activity. Import substitution and increasing export volumes are a priority for the federal and regional development policies of Russia. In this regard, the aim of the study was to analyze the current state of food industry in the context of policy implementation of import substitution and export development. The achievement of the set goal was disclosed by solving several interrelated tasks: 1) analysis of resources of food products (eggs and egg products) and their use; 2) identification of a hidden correlation between indicators “production” and “import”; 3) identification of a hidden correlation between indicators “production” and “export”. We hypothesized that indicators “production” and “export” of agri-food are directly correlated. Studies to identify hidden correlation dependencies have shown that there is a direct correlation between indicators “production” and “import”. Indicators “production” and “export” don’t have dependencies and influence on each other, therefore an increase in production doesn’t affect the direct export of eggs from the country.
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Souki, Stuart K., Paul D. Gershon, and Rozanne M. Sandri-Goldin. "Arginine Methylation of the ICP27 RGG Box Regulates ICP27 Export and Is Required for Efficient Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Replication." Journal of Virology 83, no. 11 (2009): 5309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00238-09.
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ABSTRACT The herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) multifunctional regulatory protein ICP27 shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm in its role as a viral mRNA export factor. Arginine methylation on glycine- and arginine-rich motifs has been shown to regulate protein export. ICP27 contains an RGG box and has been shown to be methylated during viral infection. We found by mass spectrometric analysis that three arginine residues within the RGG box were methylated. Viral mutants with substitutions of lysine for arginine residues were created as single, double, and triple mutants. Growth of these mutants was impaired and the viral replication cycle was delayed compared to wild-type HSV-1. Most striking was the finding that under conditions of hypomethylation resulting from infection with arginine substitution mutants or treatment of wild-type HSV-1-infected cells with the methylation inhibitor adenosine dialdehyde, ICP27 export to the cytoplasm occurred earlier and was more rapid than wild-type ICP27 export. We conclude that arginine methylation of the ICP27 RGG box regulates its export activity and that early export of ICP27 interferes with the performance of its nuclear functions.
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Pyatigorskaya, Natalia, Andrei Meshkovski, Zhanna Aladysheva, et al. "Export Potential of the Russian Pharmaceutical Market and its Prospects." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (2018): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.27766.
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Export of medicines is one of the most profitable businesses, which attracts the attention of an increasing number of producers. The international medicines’ trade largely depends on national or regional regulatory mechanisms. In addition, the export terms and conditions differ for various categories of medicines. Innovative drugs account for the main share of the global medicines’ export. Therefore, export of innovative drugs developed in Russia to advanced countries is the most economically profitable direction. Export of generic drugs can bring considerable revenue to the producer and the state, but import substitution by releasing generic drugs weakens the innovative direction of studies and production. The import substitution policy targets manufacturers of medicines to produce generic drugs, as well as products intended, mainly or exclusively, for sale within the country. One of the ways to improve the efficiency of the entire pharmaceutical sector is international cooperation.
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Obolenskiy, V. "Foreign Trade of Russia: Barometer Foretells Storm." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 2 (2016): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-2-15-25.
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The development of Russian foreign trade during the previous five years is analyzed. It is stated that, in terms of value, exports of services and imports of goods and services steadily grew during the first four years of the period under review. Exports of goods also rose during three years, but in 2014 both exports and imports again fell in comparison with the previous year as was the case five years ago. The composition of the Russian exports and imports of goods did not change radically during the previous years. The main items of export are, as always, mineral products, metals and fertilizers. Import is prevailed by foodstuffs, chemicals and heavy engineering equipment. The current situation is featured by the reduction of world oil prices, slump of the domestic economy and war of sanctions with the Western countries. All this substantially impairs the conditions of Russia’s foreign trade activities and inhibits its development in the upcoming years. In the author’s view, the implementation of measures worked out by the government – correction of tariff liabilities before the WTO, redirecting of trade streams from the European to the Asian markets, import substitution and export support – will unlikely improve the situation. Revision of the liabilities before the WTO in the conditions of the decrease of the internal demand and serious devaluation of Ruble is considered as inappropriate and counterproductive. “Asiatic turn” is only capable to compensate to a certain respect the loss of supplies of some food products from Europe, but cannot fully offset the loss of potentialities of the acquisition of modern technologies and equipment from the developed countries. It is doubtful that it will be possible to dramatically cut the import dependence. It is necessary to replace many kinds of foreign goods, but it is impossible to implement a frontal substitution of import in all directions. Excessive stress on the import substitution might lead to the emergence of shortages and poorer availability of some goods at the internal market and, at the worst, to self-isolation and economic autarky. The attempts to build up an effective system of export support might be successful only in the conditions of the establishment of the large-scale production of goods and services which would be comparable with the foreign analogues in respect to the criteria of price and quality. Taking this into consideration the technological renovation of production processes, first of all in the manufacturing industry, and on this basis rising up of the competitiveness of plants and factories are the most important prerequisites for encouraging export activities and formation of the new export specialization of the country.
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Ahmetshina, Liliya. "From grain to processed products: export potential and prospects." Agrarian Bulletin of the 224, no. 09 (2022): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2022-224-09-71-86.
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Abstract. The purpose of the study is to assess the current trends in export deliveries of grain and products of its processing, to identify opportunities and conditions for increasing the export potential of high value-added products. The main research methods were economic-statistical, tabular, graphical, comparative with subsequent generalization of data. The information base included materials from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, the Federal Customs Service of Russia, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, as well as analytical reports and reports in the field of international trade in grain crops and current regulations. The scientific novelty of the study is to substantiate the feasibility and develop recommendations for increasing the production of grain processing products, substituting import supplies and expanding the export of high value-added products to the world market in the face of increased economic sanctions. The results are as follows: the place of Russia in the world market was analyzed in terms of gross yields and exports of grain crops, wheat, as a raw material for the production of final products; assessed the country's prospects for the export of grain, taking into account the instability of geopolitical and trade and economic cooperation; the volumes and structure of grain consumption in Russia are considered, the dynamics of production and export-import operations for grain processing products are studied; deterrents were identified in expanding the export potential of grain processing products, lost profits from the export of raw materials, and not finished products; recommendations are offered on priority areas that contribute to the growth in the volume of export-oriented products of grain processing, including deep processing. The high level of self-sufficiency in raw materials, the low utilization of production capacities of the food and processing industry, the ratio of export, import and domestic prices for grain processing products indicate the existing opportunities for redirecting part of the carry-over stocks and export volumes of grain for processing, import substitution and further export.
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Sokolova, Galina Nikolaevna, Inessa Anatolyevna Vasilyeva, and Artem Sergeevich Evseev. "FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN THE SYSTEM OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF A TERRITORY WITH A SPECIAL ECONOMIC STATUS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CHUVASH REPUBLIC." Scientific Review: Theory and Practice 14, no. 10 (2024): 1939–46. https://doi.org/10.35679/2226-0226-2024-14-10-1939-1946.
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The article is devoted to the topical topic of the impact of foreign economic activity on the prospects for sustainable development of territories with a special economic status, which acts as the most important factor in ensuring economic security. The interdependence of the concepts of "foreign economic activity" and "economic security" is determined, since foreign economic potential is one of the factors and conditions for the sustainable development of the territory's economy, which affects "qualitative and structural positive transformations. The research is aimed at identifying the main aspects of the transformation of modern state foreign economic activity. The article identifies the existing challenges in the development of the Chuvash Republic's foreign economic activity, as well as the need for a policy of import substitution and increased production of high-value-added products, including the preservation and growth of exports of agricultural products and reorientation to the markets of Asia and the Middle East. Under current conditions, increasing the export potential of the Chuvash Republic is becoming a key task of regional authorities, which should be aimed at harnessing the full range of opportunities of the territory, and special attention should be paid to stimulating exports, that is, supporting exporters in expanding the geography of exports and improving the competitiveness of goods and services, as well as administrative support measures aimed at protecting protection of the domestic market from competition from foreign countries and thus the implementation of import substitution policy. The main aspects of the transformation of modern state foreign economic activity have been identified, which include the development of the export potential of the Russian Federation, which in turn should be based primarily on the diversification of export opportunities and government decision-making in support of priority export product groups. In addition to the oil and gas and mineral resource components, these include strategically high-priority integrated services such as the export of tourism, medical and educational services, the improvement of which, in turn, is not possible without the local development of our country's territories, primarily regional and municipal levels.
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Гончарова, Н. А., and Н. В. Мерзлякова. "The practice of implementing Russian foreign trade policy." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 6(119) (June 23, 2020): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2020.119.6.032.
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Суть данной статьи сводится к практике реализации внешнеторговой политики России и ее стратегических интересов в мировой торговле в современных условиях. В статье рассматривается опыт использования импортозамещающих и экспортоориентирующих стратегий в Российской Федерации. Научная гипотеза выражается в следующем тезисе: изучение теоретических аспектов импортозамещающих и экспортоориентирующих стратегий; изучение сущности, целей, характеристик и результатов импортозамещения в России. Сущность импортозамещения заключается в экономической политике государства, направленной на сокращение, а в некоторых случаях и полное прекращение выхода товаров из других стран на рынок страны. Стратегия импортозамещения направлена на поддержание собственной промышленности, способствует модернизации отраслей экономики, инновационному развитию и общей безопасности государства. Методологическим подходом разрабатываемой стратегии импортозамещения является возможность увеличения производства товаров в стране. Особое внимание уделено изучению сущности, целей, характеристик и результатов импортозамещения в России. Окончательная концепция позиционирования сформулирована в статье. The gist of this article boils down to the practice of implementing the foreign trade policy of Russia and its strategic interests in world trade in modern conditions. The article discusses the experience of using import-substituting and export-oriented strategies in the Russian Federation. The scientific hypothesis is expressed in the following thesis: the study of the theoretical aspects of import-substituting and export-oriented strategies; study of the nature, goals, characteristics and results of import substitution in Russia. The essence of import substitution is the economic policy of the state, aimed at reducing, and in some cases, completely stopping the release of goods from other countries to the country's market. The import substitution strategy is aimed at maintaining its own industry, contributes to the modernization of economic sectors, innovative development and the general security of the state. The methodological approach of the developed strategy of import substitution is the possibility of increasing the production of goods in the country. Particular attention is paid to the study of the nature, goals, characteristics and results of import substitution in Russia. The final concept of positioning is formulated in the article.
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Charykova, O. G., M. E. Otinova, and A. A. Tiutiunikov. "Key Directions of Agricultural Export Development in Russian Regions." Economy of regions 18, no. 1 (2022): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2022-1-14.
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Steady growth of global demand for agricultural products provides opportunities for Russian economic development. Since the country’s considerable (but geographically heterogeneous) agricultural potential and government policies encourage import substitution and food exports, the main possibilities for agricultural export development should be explored considering regional differences. The present research substantiates the feasibility of agricultural export development, assesses regional export potential and offers recommendations on export-oriented development of regional agri-food industries. Criteria-based assessment and cluster analysis methods were applied. The study database includes quantitative indicators of agriculture and agri-food trade dynamics observed in Russian regions. At the first stage, analysis and generalisation of relevant publications, world experience and current trends allowed us to substantiate the feasibility of export-oriented development of the Russian agricultural sector. At the second stage, in order to assess export orientation, export openness and international involvement of regional agri-food markets, a methodology was proposed and tested on the Central Black Earth region data. At the third stage, a cluster approach was created to classify Russian regions and examine the potential of agricultural production and foreign trade of the agri-food market. The research proposes recommendations on the development of agricultural and food exports for the most prospective regions. The presented approaches and findings can be used in strategies and programmes for monitoring the export-oriented development of regional agricultural sectors. Future research can focus on methodological design for assessing and modelling the development of regional agri-food markets.
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Ferreira, Gustavo F. C., and R. Wes Harrison. "From Coffee Beans to Microchips: Export Diversification and Economic Growth in Costa Rica." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 44, no. 4 (2012): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800024081.
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In the wake of a severe economic crisis in the 1980s Costa Rica abandoned an import substitution model of development adopted in the 1960s and implemented policies supporting foreign investment and the diversification of its exports. This study presents an application of the model proposed by Herzer and Nowak-Lehnmann to test the hypothesis that export diversification has contributed to economic growth in Costa Rica via externalities of learning-by-doing and learning-by-exporting over the period of 1965–2006. After using the autoregressive distributed lags and dynamic ordinary least squares models no long-run relationship was found between export diversification and growth.
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Monogbe, Tunde G., and O. John Okah. "Export Promotion, Import Substitution and Economic Integration in Nigeria." iBusiness 09, no. 04 (2017): 134–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ib.2017.94010.
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Willmore, Larry. "Export promotion and import substitution in Central American industry." CEPAL Review 1989, no. 38 (1989): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/af055ecc-en.
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Gel'bras, V. "Import Substitution and Export Orientation of the Chinese Economy." World Economy and International Relations, no. 7 (1999): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-1999-7-30-38.
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Mahran, Hatim A., and Sajal Lahiri. "Elasticity of substitution and the perverse export supply response." Journal of Development Economics 33, no. 2 (1990): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(90)90029-b.
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Ishchuk, Svitlana O., and Oksana S. Protsevyat. "Diagnostics of transformations in regions’ commodity export under the influence of full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 4(156) (2022): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2022-4-2.
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The Ukrainian economy is traditionally export-oriented – the export share of goods and services in GDP (in actual prices) was 40.6% in 2021, and in GVA – more than 45 %. The military aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine has actualized the problematic topic of strengthening the domestic export potential to ensure the proper level of socio-economic development. Therefore, the Government has announced an orientation towards the export model of the national economy’s growth – the goal has been set to increase the share of exports in GDP up to 50%. The purpose of the article is to assess the dynamics and directions of the structural transformations in the commodity exports of Ukrainian regions under the influence of armed aggression by the russian federation. The authors conduct an express diagnosis of export-import operations in Ukraine in the conditions of a full-scale russian-Ukrainian war. The export activity at the meso level is analyzed based on the calculation of indicators that characterize: the export coverage level of imports, the commodity export orientation of the economy, the degree of technological export, and the high-tech export orientation of industry. Attention is focused on a significant share of toll manufacturing products in the high-tech commodity exports of the vast majority of the Western regions. Based on the structural assessment of the commodity exports of Ukraine and its regions, changes in the export specialization of the latter ones by main commodity groups are defined. Key trends and problems in the formation and development of Ukraine's export potential in the face of external challenges and threats are outlined. Measures for the implementation of an effective state policy for domestic export stimulation are offered, and their target orientations from the standpoint of national interest protection are defined. The need for a large-scale import substitution program initially focused on investment stimulation in the processing industries where Ukraine has sufficient raw materials potential for their development (agro-processing and production of finished metal products) is emphasized. Further establishment of the production of goods with high added value will allow changing the product structure of Ukrainian exports toward the increase in the finished products’ share of processing industries and mechanical engineering.
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Khan, Ashfaque H. "Employment Creation Effects of Pakistan's Exports." Pakistan Development Review 30, no. 4II (1991): 865–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i4iipp.865-877.
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During the past two decades, an increasing number of developing countries have sought to pursue export -oriented trade and industrial policies as against the import -substitution strategy of industrialization.1 It has been argued that production for the world market not only restores the momentum of industrial growth but it leads to efficient resource allocation, greater capacity utilization, permits the exploitation of economies of scale, generates technological improvement in response to competition abroad and, most importantly, creates productive employment opportunities for a labour-surplus country [Balassa (1978), p. 180). This paper is not concerned with the merits or otherwise of export -oriented trade and industrialization policies rather we concentrate on the most important contribution of outward looking or export-oriented policy, i.e., its employment creation effects. It has been argued that an increased level of activity in the export sector gives rise to dynamic external economies of scale besides having its own direct effect. For example, an increase in exports creates jobs for workers directly engaged in the production of the export commodities. This being the direct effect, an increase in exports also creates employment via the linkage effect, multiplier effect and foreign exchange effect.2 A large number of studies over the last two decades have attempted to measure the direct and indirect contributions of exports in employment creation in developing countries.3 Almost all studies have used static input-output analysis to quantify the contribution of exports in employment generation.
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Kong, Duk Ahm. "Trade Policy and Its Implications." Foreign Trade Review 36, no. 1-2 (2001): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515010101.
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Adoption of relevant trade strategies has been the bone of contention in the post-colonial period particularly since the 1950s in developing countries. But what has been the real story behind the turn of economic events in respect of diverse economies such as Korea and India. Is Korea completely protection-free? Did export-led strategy led to higher growth in Korea? Is the slow growth in India mainly due to IS/ strategy? This article attempts to analyse various trade policies adopted since the 1970s in both India and Korea and will evaluate its performance in these two economies. While Korea had forged ahead in a rapid and sustained way in pushing up its exports thereby accelerating the overall growth rate of the economy, India, on the other hand, failed miserably to increase export momentum eventually resulting in its export share in world exports dwindling to an insignificant share at present. Enormous literature in this area support the argument that it is mainly because of the active state intervention Korea could march forward in conjunction with selective competition policies. Korean experience further suggests that both import-substitution and export-oriented policies when employed together and effectively would bear desired results.
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Litvinova, A. V., N. S. Talalaeva, and M. V. Parfenova. "Comparative analysis of the prerequisites and priorities of import substitution at various stages of development of the Russian economy." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 81, no. 1 (2019): 366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2019-1-366-372.
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Import substitution is an integral part of the strategy to improve the competitiveness of the national agri-food complex. It should be a stimulus that will accelerate the economy and will contribute to the formation of a self-replicating mechanism of economic growth. The study analyzed the development of import substitution during the introduction of economic sanctions by Western countries and the United States. The study showed that the need for import substitution was brewing for a long time, however, the sanctions served as the impetus for its acceleration. The introduction by the President of the Russian Federation of special economic measures did not contradict the existing legislation and was aimed at restricting the importation of many types of products from abroad for the development of domestic production. The commodity structure of domestic exports and imports was also analyzed: the export of hydrocarbons has been prevailing for many years, but over the past two years their share in the total export structure has decreased. Most of the country imports machinery, equipment, vehicles, food and agricultural products, chemical products. For most indicators, there is a negative trend, due to which domestic imports decreased over the period of the sanctions by more than 100 billion US dollars. Despite economic sanctions, the European Union remains the main trading partner of Russia. Over the past 25 years, Russia has been a passive participant in international trade and, despite its high potential in the development of agriculture, was perceived by the world community as a country focused on the export of raw materials and hydrocarbons to a foreign market, rather than on the development of its own production, including agricultural production.
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Rogachev, A. F., and E. V. Melikhova. "Fuzzy cognitive modeling of product import and export impacts on food security." SHS Web of Conferences 94 (2021): 01035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219401035.
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The modern economy of the Russian Federation is in a difficult foreign economic situation, due to the sanctions pressure forced import substitution in a number of sectors of agricultural production. The sanctions imposed by developed countries led to a response from Russia, which imposed an embargo on certain groups of agricultural raw materials and food products. The aim of the research is to develop and implement software for fuzzy cognitive modeling of the level of food security in the context of import substitution, taking into account food exports. To determine the perspective directions of numerical estimation and increase the level of FS in modern Russia, by modeling and justifying import substitution, the method of fuzzy cognitive mathematical modeling is used, which allows us to build models of the evolution of the emerging level of interaction of key factors of the simulated system. The conducted cognitive modeling of the FS level showed that import substitution increases infrastructure costs and has a positive effect on the overall economic situation, as it determines the development of production. The study of the mutual influence of the import substitution factor, within the framework of ensuring the required level of FS, is limited by the existing conditions, largely determined by the sanctions pressure on the Russian Federation. It is shown that a promising area of research is the analysis of the sensitivity of the cognitive model to the influence of all key factors, as well as the search for factors that are most responsive to the control actions of the governing bodies.
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Palm, Oil Agribusiness Strategic Policy Institute. "THE CONTRIBUTION OF PALM OIL AS A SOURCE OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE AND SURPLUS IN INDONESIA'S TRADE BALANCE." Journal Analysis of Palm Oil Strategic Issues 4, no. 19 (2024): 867–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13906877.
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The contribution of the palm oil industry as a source of foreign exchange is demonstrated throughtwo mechanisms, namely export foreign exchange and import substitution foreign exchange. Foreignexchange for exports of palm oil products continues to increase, resulting in a large surplus in thenon-oil and gas trade balance. Likewise, foreign exchange saving from import substitution (due tothe implementation of the palm-based biodiesel program) also continues to increase, therebyreducing the oil and gas trade balance deficit. The net effect of “With Biodiesel and Palm Oil” cangenerate a large surplus in Indonesia's trade balance. On the other hand, “Without Biodiesel and PalmOil”, Indonesia's trade balance will experience a deficit.
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Prasetyo, Agung, Sri Marwanti, and Darsono . "The Influence of Exchange Rate on CPO Exports of Indonesia." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 18, no. 2 (2017): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v18i2.4233.
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This study analyzes the effect of the exchange rate (IDR to US Dollar) on Indonesian CPO exports using Error Correction Model (ECM). The result of ECM analysis showed that exchange rate has a weak effect on Indonesian CPO export. These were due to several things; first, it takes a time to produce CPO. Second, importers are unaware of price changes. Third, policy factors, such as refusal of Indonesian CPO in USA and imposition of high import duty tariff in France. Fourth, price factor of CPO substitution goods and negative issues in the palm oil industry. Fifth, Indonesian exporters were less creative in marketing CPO products than Malaysia. ECM analysis also resulted that CPO production and CPO prices have no effect on Indonesian CPO exports, while the price of soybean oil and CPO production in the previous month has a strong influence on Indonesian CPO exports. Indonesian CPO export is inelastic.
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KRIVENKO, Natal'ya V., and Ol'ga E. KROPOTINA. "Development of innovation-oriented import substitution in Russia: Nationwide and regional experience." National Interests: Priorities and Security 18, no. 8 (2022): 1468–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.18.8.1468.
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Subject. This article analyzes the competitiveness of Russian products and the possibilities and opportunities to increase exports. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the challenges and problems associated with import substitution, considering the enterprises of the Ural Federal District as a case study. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of statistical, systems, and comparative analyses. Results. The article highlights the export surplus for the period from 2020 to 2021 and structural disparities in the field of exports and imports. Conclusions. There is a need to curtail the dependence of production on imported parts and components, as well as to build up business and enterprises in Russia that can implement a complete production cycle.
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Kheyfets, Boris A., and Veronica Yu Chernova. "The export-oriented import substitution potential in the agro-industrial complex of the EAEU." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 4 (April 4, 2019): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2019-4-74-89.
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The paper analyzes the possibilities of improving the Russian policy of import substitution using the potential of the EAEU. A concrete analysis was carried out for the branches of the agro-industrial complex, where the greatest success was achieved in import substitution. There is a need for smart selective import substitution, the most important direction of which is the export-oriented one. This will improve the competitiveness of Russia and the EAEU as a whole in the global economy and will also promote the deepening of mutual ties of the EAEU countries. The main ways of solving this problem are shown.
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Akbar, Mohammad, and Zareen F. Naqvi. "Export Diversification and the Structural Dynamics in the Growth Process: The Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 4II (2000): 573–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i4iipp.573-589.
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In the present paper we have tried to examine Pakistan’s experience with exports and growth by constructing several measures of diversification and structural change in Pakistan’s exports from a dis-aggregated data over a period of 27 years (1972-73 to 1997-98). Then using these measures we have tested a number of relationships among the structure of exports, export growth, aggregate growth, and world growth. By looking at the evolution and structural change of exports by sectors over the long run, we find a number of interesting results. First, the degree of export diversification increased sharply from 1979 and continued till 1985. After 1985, and with the return of the democracy in the country. There was a marked reduction in the export diversification and it went back to pre-1979 level. Secondly, a crude association of ‘traditionality’ with primary products and ‘non-traditionality’ with manufactured exports fails to represent Pakistan’s experience. As Pakistan emerged from an import substitution period into a period of structural change and free trade, its true comparative advantage was more visibly expressed, thus some manufactured exports declined while some primary products grew. Third, the shortrun dynamics of diversification and structural change show a marked pattern. Most change in the composition of exports has taken place during periods of boom in the domestic economy but when the world economy was experiencing a relatively recessionary period.
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Prokopyev, Michail. "The impact of foreign trade policy on food independence for separate commodity groups: Methodological aspects." Economics and the Mathematical Methods 58, no. 4 (2022): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s042473880023018-8.
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The article considers the problem of the impact of foreign trade policy and external environment (world trade conditions) on the food independence of the country. The aim of the study is to develop a toolkit to quantify the impact of foreign trade policy on the indicator of food self-sufficiency in certain commodity groups of food and agricultural raw materials. The study is based on methodological approaches to assess the effect of import and export prices transfer in domestic prices under imperfect substitution and imperfect transformation. Imperfect substitution of the domestic and imported products on the domestic market and imperfect transformation of food flows between domestic and foreign markets are largely a consequence of the heterogeneity of commodity groups both on the import and export side, and domestic consumption. The reasons for heterogeneity of commodity groups are considered and their classification is given. In particular, the commodity groups of import substitution and export-oriented commodity groups are distinguished. For each of them the equilibrium conditions of supply and demand for domestic products on the domestic market, which have a significant impact on the formation of domestic prices, are considered. The effect of export and import prices transfer on aggregate demand (domestic and imported goods composite on the domestic market) and aggregate supply (domestic products composite for external and domestic markets) is shown. A toolkit is proposed to analyze the impact of &quot;perturbations&quot; — small deviations of exogenous parameters of foreign trade policy on food independence by separate commodity groups. A qualitative analysis of the impact of import tariffs, export subsidies and export duties, as well as world prices on the indicator of food self-sufficiency is given.
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Tariq, Ahmad, and Qazi Najeeb. "Export Earnings Instability in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 34, no. 4III (1995): 1181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v34i4iiipp.1181-1189.
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Since independence, Pakistan, like many other countries, has been facing the problem of the balance-of-payments deficit. A number of policies have been introduced during different periods for rapid and continuous growth in Pakistan’s exports. These policies, like import substitution, devaluation of the rupee in 1972, export finance schemes, tax concessions, delinking of the rupee from the U.S. dollar in 1982, etc., have helped in boosting its exports to some extent but not enough to stabilise its export earnings. The fluctuations in export earnings are known to have serious consequences. Specifically, unstable export earnings affect the investment decisions by hindering the continuous import of industrial raw materials. This, in turn, impedes the growth of the industrial sector. Moreover, it causes fluctuations in the GNP and promotes uncertainty in the economy. This uncertainty plays a decisive role in the private sector’s hesitation to invest in the large-scale manufacturing industries, thereby hampering the country’s overall development. Keeping in view the possibly serious consequences of export earnings instability, a study exploring its causes is in order. Concentration of exports on a few commodities and exporting to only a few markets is among the possible explanations of the current instability in Pakistan’s export earnings. Due to commodity concentration, the chances of offsetting the impact of adverse price movements in the international market are reduced. This commodity concentration is often associated with the concentration on primary products and is, therefore, the basis for a policy of diversification away from primary products. A diversification away from primary products and towards industrial goods is desirable for another reason, not central to this paper; and that is that the terms of trade argument which claims that the relative prices of the primary products have increased slowly relative to the prices of the manufactured goods in the international market.
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Karpov, N. V., N. N. Vakhromov, E. V. Dutlov, M. A. Bubnov, I. V. Gudkevich, and D. V. Borisanov. "Base for drilling fluids. From import substitution to export prospective." World of Oil products the Oil Companies Bulletin 1, no. 1 (2021): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32758/2071-5951-2021-0-4-20-23.
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The method for production of hydrocarbon base for drilling fluids implemented at slavneftyanos PJsC and the relevance of product production increase for the purpose of import substitution are described. a large-scale technology for the product production increase has been developed using a diesel fuel dewaxing unit. Organization of product production with the use of new technology will fully meet russian demand and move on to the study of export opportunities. In recent years, oil production has made a big step towards modern technologies. First place is taken by such concepts as efficiency and safety, and only modern methods of oil production are prospective, which require constant development of the technological base and use of the latest high-quality products. one of these products that allows the development of complex oil fields and increase the productivity of formations is hydrocarbon-based drilling fluid. Until recently, the overwhelming majority of such hydrocarbon base were imported, which put such an important industry for our country in a vulnerable position.
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SMORGUNOV, L. V. "FROM IMPORT SUBSTITUTION TO EXPORT–ORIENTED POLICY IN RUSSIAN REGIONS." Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 14, no. 5 (2019): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2071-2367-2019-14-5-15-34.
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