Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Exports – India'

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2007.
Thesis Advisor(s): Peter Lavoy, Anne Clunan. "June 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 51- 58). Also available in print.

The purpose of this research is to examine the determinants of the textile and apparel exports of India and South Korea over 1974-2001. This was addressed through an econometric analysis of the effects of several independent variables on the gross and net exports of textiles and apparel for India and South Korea. The analysis employed four linear models, which were each estimated separately for textiles and apparel for India and South Korea. The independent variables were net value of physical-capital stock, technological capital, two different levels of human capital, unit labor cost in textiles and in apparel, per-capita domestic apparel production, and domestic cotton production. The study extends that by Zhang and Dardis (1991) who analyzed the determinants of textile exports over the period 1970-1985, using a sample of 27 major textile exporting countries.

Secondary data for each year over 1974-2001 were used for the variables in the analysis. The data analysis included 32 estimations using the four different linear models to test the hypothesized relationships between textile and apparel exports and the independent variables for India and South Korea separately. Model 1 examined the impact of current year values of the independent variables on current-year gross or net exports of textiles or apparel. Model 2 examined the impact of one-year lagged values of the independent variables on current-year gross or net exports of textiles or apparel. Model 3 examined the impact of changes in the current-year values of the independent variables on changes in current-year gross or net exports of textiles or apparel. Model 4 examined the impact of one-year lagged values of changes in the independent variables on changes in current-year gross or net exports of textiles or apparel.

Major findings indicate that current-year net value of physical-capital stock positively impacted the gross textile exports of India and both gross and net textile exports of South Korea over 1974-2001.Although the results indicate positive effects of current-year net value of physical-capital stock on India's gross and net apparel exports, they indicate negative effects on South Korea's gross and net apparel exports. One-year lagged net values of physical-capital stock were positively related to South Korea's current-year gross and net apparel exports. A negative impact of previous-year net value of physical-capital stock was found in one instance, South Korea's current-year gross apparel exports. Technological capital measured as the number of scientists, engineers, technical personnel involved in R&D, negatively affected South Korea's gross and net apparel exports. The impact of one-year lagged technological capital was negative on both India's and South Korea's current-year gross and net apparel exports.

Human capital measured by enrollment in secondary-level education showed positive impact on India's current-year gross and net exports of textile and apparel and on South Korea's current-year gross and net apparel exports. The results also showed a negative impact of current-year changes in secondary-education enrollment on current-year changes in net textile exports of India. Human capital measures by enrollment in tertiary-level education indicated a positive impact on South Korea's net textile exports and gross apparel exports. One-year lagged tertiary-education enrollment also positively affected South Korea's gross textile exports and its gross and net apparel exports. Contrary to expectations, current-year change sin tertiary-education enrollment showed a negative impact on current-year changes in India's net textile exports.

Per-capita domestic apparel production showed a positive impact on India's gross and net textile exports and on South Korea's gross apparel exports. One-year lagged domestic apparel production also had a positive impact on India's current-year net textile exports and South Korea's gross apparel exports. The results of one-year lagged domestic cotton production had a positive impact on South Korea's current-year gross and net textile and apparel exports.

Master of Science

With an annual growth of almost 20% since the year 2000, Indian merchandise exports exceeded 300 billion U.S. dollars in 2012. The country is becoming a major supplier to the world. However, companies sourcing products and operating in India are experiencing a variety of supply chain disruptions that impede their operations and finances. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the frequency, impact and severity of supply chain risks experienced by companies in India, as well as assess the usefulness of mitigation methods and enquire about future expected disruptions. It is hoped that the results will prepare managers to better prioritize their supply chain risk management efforts and investments. The scope of this study is upstream (sourcing and operations) disruptions that affected Indian supply chains over the past three years, including the areas of logistics and transportation. The methodology is a quantitative, empirical study, using a survey instrument in the form of a questionnaire distributed electronically to thousands of members of four prominent trade associations in India. The platform for the questionnaire is a modification of a traditional risk analysis progression: mapping, identifying, assessing, mitigating and improving, also dubbed "MIAMI". The main findings are that there are major and significant differences in severity (frequency and impact) between the thirteen risk categories presented. There are also significant group differences among the respondents. Traditional mitigation methods differ with respect to usefulness, and expected risks are somewhat different than past risks. Conclusions reached are that chronic risks such as inadequate transportation, logistics and utilities infrastructure, supplier and labor problems, and bureaucracy/red tape are more severe than highly publicized and visible risks such as natural disasters, terrorism and crime. Traditional mitigation methods are useful for many of the disruptions, but ineffective for non-physical risks. There is a certain optimism with respect to future infrastructure related disruptions. Limitations of the study include a relatively low response rate, the classic difficulty in risk analysis of comparing and scaling the impact of disruptions, and that it is not fine grained enough to fully describe any specific industry sectors. This study contributes to the field of supply chain risk management by adding crucial empirical information from a heretofore unexplored market.

Diese Dissertation ist eine Sammlung von Artikeln, die sich auf Kinderarbeit beziehen. In mehreren Ländern wurde eine Analyse durchgeführt, welche die Leistungsfähigkeit von arbeitsintensiven Exportgeschäften beurteilte. Das Ergebnis enthüllte, dass Kinderarbeit arbeitsintensive Exporttätigkeiten negativ beeinflusste gemessen am Bruttosozialprodukt. Die Faktoren zur Kinderarbeit wurden genauer untersucht, indem Datenmaterial von nationalen Stichprobenerhebungen Indiens benützt wurden. Man fand heraus, dass familiäre Eigenschaften, insbesondere der Bildungsgrad, ein bedeutsames Verhältnis zu den täglichen Tätigkeiten eines Kindes aufweist. Mit der gleichen Datengrundlage wurden die finanziellen Auswirkungen von Ausbildung im „informellen und formellen“ Arbeitsmarkt für die Städte und die ländlichen Regionen Indiens untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die finanziellen Auswirkungen im „informellen Arbeitsmarkt“ sowie in ländlichen Regionen und im primären Wirtschaftssektor geringer ausfielen. Eine Kostennutzenanalyse wurde durchgeführt, um den tatsächlichen Nutzen von Ausbildungskosten für alle Kinder ohne jegliche Schulausbildung zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Durchführung solcher Projekte für die indische Regierung sogar von großem Nutzen wäre.
This Dissertation is a collection of articles all related to child labour. A multi country analysis estimating performance of labour intensive exports was performed and the results revealed that child labour negatively influenced the labour intensive exports share to GDP. Using National Sample Survey data from India, determinants of child labour were studied. It was found that family characteristics, especially literacy levels had a significant relationship with the daily activity status of the child. With the same data set, returns to education in the informal and formal labour markets were studied for rural and urban India. Results showed that returns were lower in the informal market, rural regions and in the primary sector. A Cost Benefit Analysis was performed to examine the net benefits of educating all out of school children and the results showed that such a project would be within the reach of Indian Government.

In the diploma thesis, author focuses on the state of the Indian economy and the position of India in the foreign trade of the Czech Republic. Firstly, local specifics and current changes (after 2014 elections) are outlined. Afterwards, an analysis of the India's position in international relations, its foreign trade relations and the intensity of mutual trade with the Czech Republic is propounded. The third chapter deals with the Czech system of trade promotion, including a description of its institutional structure and relation to the Czech export destined to India. In the last part of the thesis, author provides readers with a case study of selected Czech companies operating in the Indian market. The aim is to evaluate the possibilities and limits of bilateral trade and investment exchange promotion.

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O presente trabalho estima os Ãndices de similaridade e de variedade para avaliar a competiÃÃo dos produtos indianos sobre os produtos brasileiros nos EUA no perÃodo de 2001 a 2009. Os principais resultados mostraram que a semelhanÃa entre as pautas de exportaÃÃo brasileiras e indianas à relativamente baixa e nÃo segue uma tendÃncia, alÃm da variedade dos produtos indianos no mercado norte-americano ser bastante superior à dos produtos brasileiros.
This work estimates the similarity and variety indexes to evaluate the competition of Indian products on Brazilian products in the U.S. from 2001 to 2009. The main results were that the similarity between the goods of Indian and Brazilian exports is relatively low and do not follow a trend and that the variety of Indian products in the U.S. market is well above the Brazilian products.

The diploma thesis addresses the specific business decisions about entering foreign markets. With the example of the United Arab Emirates and India it shows the diversity of business and export strategies. It tries to answer the question of whether to use distributors in foreign markets, or whether a more appropriate way is to set up its own branches.

The aim of this thesis entitled Czech exporters opportunities in the Indian market is to provide these exporters enough information to evaluate the attractiveness of this market, an overview of the opportunities as well as how to penetrate this market. The first chapter focuses on general information about the Republic of India and demographic characteristics of the country. The next chapter deals with political and economic development of the country. The third chapter is concerned with foreign trade of the Republic of India. The fourth chapter continues with the mutual trade of the Czech Republic and India, and the last chapter is focused on opportunities for Czech exporters in the Indian market as well as the cultural differences of India in relation to successful business meetings with Indian business partners.

The diploma thesis deals with analysis of special economic zones in India and China. First, the general characteristics of special economic zones is given, the following section describes conditions of creation of special economic zones in China and India. Then the thesis focuses on the development of gross domestic product, foreign direct investments and exports in Chinese and Indian zones and relevant areas. The final chapter assesses the benefits of setting up special economic zones for India and China and compares the zones in both countries. The thesis finds out the development of special economic zones in China successful, while in India this policy did not reach satisfactory results. Fundamental roots of successful or unsuccessful functioning of Chinese and Indian zones are mentioned too.

This thesis deals with the development of mutual trade between the Czech Republic on one side and Russia, China, Ukraine and India on the other side in the last decade, focusing on export from CR to the chosen countries. It also includes a comparison of the main macroeconomic and demographic indicators describing these countries and a comparison of trade-policy terms. Furthermore it gives some recommendations to Czech exporters for their preparation for trade negotiations in the chosen countries.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

The aim of this thesis is to examine and evaluate the approaches of China and India towards their commercial diplomacy. The performance of these countries is compared in 4 broad areas: their involvement in the World Trade Organization, their approach towards regional and bilateral trade agreements and the architecture of their export and investment promotion systems. The comparison takes into account also the institutional set up of their commercial diplomacy at the government level. In the concluding section, we determine, which system is more efficient and we try to provide explanation for the same.

Pakistan, India and Bangladesh are part of the developing countries in the world. These countries are continuously working hard and discovering different alternates to overcome its problems. The main objective of these south Asian countries is to stand among those countries which are considered to be developed. In my thesis I am pursuing trade as my main subject. Export is extensive issue and can affect the economy of any country in many ways. In trade I will opt for that portion, which is playing vital role in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh’s economy and affecting the economy in a severe way. I decided to focus on the two sector model to know about productivity differential between the export and non export sectors of these countries. To find out how much export, labor and investment contributes to gross domestic product within the period of 1962-2016 for Pakistan and India and 1971-2016 for Bangladesh. After working on these matter I reached to my results and I found that productivity differential between the export and non-export sectors is positive and statistically significant. I also concluded that labor force, weighted export and investment to GDP contribute positively to economic growth in these countries.

This thesis deals with the evaluation of Russia, Ukraine, India and China in terms of prospects of their markets for Czech exporters. Evaluation of these states is performed using PEST and SWOT analysis, characteristics of foreign trade of individual countries, with a focus on trade and economic relations with the Czech Republic (mainly on the analysis of the contractual base, import requirements and existing trade barriers, commodity trade structure and trends in exports and imports focusing on the development of Czech exports). The paper also outlines export opportunities for Czech exporters, perspective fields for export, formulates general recommendations for Czech exporters and financing of export activities. The aim of this work is the formulation of potential recommendations for Czech exporters for the analysis of the target market.

This thesis sets out to investigate the changing social significance of the hand-block printed and resist-dyed cottons of Rajasthan. Once a vital part of the region’s everyday rural textile and dress traditions, communicating information about its wearers and demonstrating the craftsmanship of its makers, today block printed textiles are produced primarily for export and tourist markets. In the space of just a few decades the growing effects of globalisation have wrought irrevocable change upon this traditional craft. Under the pressures of new market forces, modern hand block printed textiles bear little resemblance to their traditional counterparts. Drawing on an ethnographic perspective in general, and an ethnomethodological perspective in particular, the main objective of this thesis is to develop a deeper understanding of traditional hand block printed and resist-dyed textiles – with particular focus on the modernisation of traditional forms of hand block printing in Rajasthan, and the various strategies and experiences which the craftspeople have undertaken to deal with the changes to the market for their products. Using the recent history of block printed cloth production in Rajasthan, as told by local artisans, it explores the manner in which such phenomena as modernisation and globalisation are embodied by shifts in production technology, design aesthetics, and market forces. In order to explore the rural roots and chart the dramatic recent modernisation of the craft this thesis identifies and documents the range of textiles traditionally made by the region’s hereditary communities of cloth printers and dyers, and investigates their role in the projection of identity, exploring the changing communicative function of these textiles, notably with the rise of synthetic fabrics, among the rural communities of Rajasthan. In doing so, this thesis investigates how the consumption of hand block printed textiles has changed over the past forty years and considers the impact of the growth of export and tourism on traditions of cloth printing in the region. It is a socially situated study, based on extensive firsthand fieldwork with the Chhipa community of hereditary cloth printers, making use of ethnography, photography, and personal experience of textile dyeing, printing and design. By developing methodologies based on the detailed documentation of the technologies, materials and processes involved in hand block printing this thesis seeks to update and expand upon the existing literature on the craft by providing and analysing contemporary accounts of family traditions and modern developments in use by current generations of artisans. In doing so this thesis also contributes to current discourse on the preservation of craft knowledge as a form of intangible cultural heritage. The study is primarily located within the field of Indian textile and dress studies. It contributes to contemporary ethnographies of textile crafts through the detailed analysis of print and dye technologies, and, by also considering the meanings and values of block printed cloth as clothing, adds to the literature on the social role of textiles and dress with a regionally-specific focus on the role of pattern and colour. By focussing on the communicative functions of pattern and cloth, it also enhances cross-disciplinary attentions to regional identities and intangible cultural heritage. Finally it engages with the very local processes of globalisation and the contemporary values of handcrafted cloth.

NO
The relationship between exports and economic growth has been analysed by a number of recent empirical studies. This paper re-examines the sources of growth for the period 1971-2001 for India. It builds upon Feder's (1983) model to investigate empirically the relationship between export growth and GDP growth (the export led growth hypothesis), using recent data from the Reserve Bank of India, and by focusing on GDP growth and GDP growth net of exports. We investigate the following hypotheses: (i) whether exports, imports and GDP are cointegrated using the Johansen approach and Breitung's nonparametric cointegration test; (ii) whether export growth Granger causes GDP growth; (iii) and whether export growth Granger causes investment. Finally, a VAR is constructed and impulse response functions (IRFs) are employed to investigate the effects of macroeconomic shocks.

This thesis examines at a micro-level the effect of foreign collaborations in India on trade and production. The data used is classified according to the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). It is examined at both the one digit (sector) and the two digit (industry) levels. The results of the analysis are inconclusive. This is possibly due to the lack of availability of sufficient foreign collaborations data and the lack of sufficient disaggregation of data relating to domestic investment. With the availability of additional data on foreign collaborations and disaggregated data on domestic investment, it is hoped that this study would lead to stronger, more conclusive results under the adopted framework.

碩士
中國文化大學
國際企業管理學系
101
This paper investigates the causal relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and exports for China and India employing dynamic econometric models with annual data for the period 1980-2011. Unit root test, lag length selection, co-integration test, and Granger causality test are conducted to reveal the relationships. The results indicate that there is a unidirectional causality running from energy consumption to exports and also from energy consumption to economic growth in China. Therefore, energy should be fulfilled to the production sectors to support exports in terms of economic growth. Moreover, investments on alternative energy production should be improved. VAT reduction, tax incentives and R&D subsidies are form of government support in renewable energy investment. Additionally, this research reveals that there is a unidirectional causality flowing from exports to energy consumption, economic growth to energy consumption, and export to economic growth in India. Hence, the evidences seem to support the growth-led-export hypothesis in India for the period analyzed. The implication based on the results is to implement energy conservation policies, including efficiency improvement and energy mix policies, which are designed to reduce energy consumption without sacrificing the country’s economic growth.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
國際企業研究所
106
In this paper, the Johansen cointegration test shows the economic growth of Taiwan, the export growth of Brazil, the export growth of Russia, the export growth of India and the export growth of China (first period 1993 to 2002), there are no a long-run stable relationship, the growth of export to China (second period 2003 to 2017) and Taiwan GDP growth rate have no significant relationship in the long-run. The Granger causality test shows the economic growth of Taiwan leads the change of Brazil export and India export trending. It proves the causality exists between the economic growth of Taiwan in Brazil and India.

碩士
國立臺中科技大學
流通管理系碩士班
105
Following the “New Southbound Policy”, this study aims at India as the target market. It’s a qualitative research that adopted inductive method and document analysis. This study clarified the internal and external environment of cross-border e-commerce model by a view of ecosystem and divided Taiwan''s cross-border e-commerce industry into four types: self-employed sellers, sales sellers, commodity suppliers, and service providers. Combined with the role setting to build the concept map of supply and demand chain of Taiwanese industry that provide the industry to clarify their own absolute and relative position in the ecosystem. Through the analysis of product flow, material flow, cash flow, and information flow, this study puts forward three candidate models, including cross-border direct sales model, landing platform sales model and local platform sales model. Then, evaluate the feasibility according to Indian laws and regulations. In each model, the role of supply and demand chain is distinguished by the view of “foreign investment is feasible” and “foreign investment is not feasible”, and the relationship among the roles is depicted, hoping for an improvement on the practice of Taiwan export to India.

É consensual que um dos drivers do crescimento nacional seja pela via da internacionalização, trocas comerciais e IDE. Contudo e apesar de aceite a relevância e até a prioridade do eixo estratégico de crescimento por via da internacionalização, constata-se, por vezes, que a eficácia do processo de internacionalização das empresas nacionais, é manifestamente insuficiente. Importará por isso investigar as razões explicativas e sobretudo identificar uma proposta de ação que, de alguma forma, melhore a intervenção dos Stakeholders ao nível do ambiente de negócios e com isso, melhore a performance de Portugal no seu processo de internacionalização. Para o efeito foi utilizado o caso da relação Portugal – Índia em termos de trocas comerciais e IDE. Após a aplicação de inquérito por questionário e entrevista semiestruturada bem como feito pesquisa documental suportada em investigações mais recentes, concluiu-se pela influência das dimensões e respetivas variáveis de contexto no processo de internacionalização das empresas nacionais. Razão porque é proposto um Plano de Ação que, de alguma forma, melhore a intervenção dos Stakeholders ao nível do ambiente de negócios da internacionalização e com isso, melhore a performance de Portugal no seu processo de internacionalização.
From an economic point of view, there is consensus that the national growth driver has to be done through the internationalization, either by trade or by the FDI. However, and despite accepted relevance and priority of the strategic area for growth through internationalization, at times we find that the country's internationalization process towards some markets, is clearly insufficient. It is therefore necessary to investigate the explanatory reasons and above all identify and propose an action plan which in some way, can improve the involvement of Stakeholders to the business environment level and thereby improve the performance of Portugal in its internationalization process. With this purpose it was used the case of the relationship between Portugal - India in terms of trade and FDI exchanges. The application of the questionnaire survey, the interview survey and recent investigation, allowed us to conclude that there is an influence of the dimensions context variables in the internationalization process of the Portuguese companies. Thus, an Action Plan is proposed, which, in some way, can improve the involvement of Stakeholders at the level of the international business environment and thereby improve the performance of Portugal`s internationalization process.

碩士
國防大學政治作戰學院
政治研究所
98
After the Cold War, Russia undertake former Soviet Union a huge army and military industry, though it formed the burden of economic development, but it earned foreign exchange by exporting weapons to support the re-emergence of the energy required. For a long time, the Russian general fire output as improving economic power, diplomacy and the implementation of weapons to carry out an important means of international strategy. In addition to the positive development of the Middle East and the Third World arms market, the traditional arms market, Russia has been part of Conservatism, in particular China and India, were the first and the second largest Russian arms export destination. However, in the face of Europe and the United States waited for opportunities to share this arms market, Russia after the Cold War because of the lack of financial support, leading to the development of technological progress in arms range far and Western countries, the past, weapons and equipment can not meet export policy has been gradually China and India, the key output of weapons manufacturing technology had become the Russian arms industry under a move. The formation of an arms race will not be able to avoid, China and India, due to geopolitical relations, there has long been a considerable degree of conflict, were opened in Russia and China and India jointly manufacture and development of weapons and equipment, on the one hand raised China and India homemade weapons capability, but also strengthened China's export of weapons. In addition, Pakistan is one of the main output arms, and the conflict between India and Pakistan affecting peace and stability in South Asia is a major factor. In short, Russia China and India weaponry and technology to the amount of output, the level of that also affect Sino-Russian relations, Russian-Indian relations, Sino-Indian relations, China-Pakistan relations and India-Pakistan relations, affecting the Asia-Pacific region, from Pacific by the South China Sea to the Indian Ocean has become the Asia-Pacific regional security considerations. The scope of this study is the arms export policy assessment and the contents of of Russia to China and Indi 2a, to explore the role Russia playing in the interaction of India-China and its neighboring countries, and argued that its impact to the Asia-Pacific regional security.

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) occupy a place of strategic importance in most of the developed and emerging economies. This is primarily because they contribute significantly to employment, GDP, exports and wealth creation in many economies .In addition, they stimulate innovative ideas, entrepreneurial skills and are adaptable to the changing conditions of business environment. An important characteristic of SME growth in recent decades has been its penetration and expansion in the international market to accomplish the objective of growth. This is commonly known as internationalization. The empirical studies on SME internationalization provide several indications about different factors that can be expected to influence the strategy and the degree of internationalization. Accordingly, export behavior of SMEs is determined by the internal factors involving the characteristics of SMEs. Subsequently, SMEs with limited access to financial resources, managerial abilities, and marketing skills find it difficult to enter the foreign market. These barriers would adversely affect their potential for expansion and their survival. Such firms might hardly dare to internationalize. Further, export marketing literature has recognized and highlighted the importance of external determinants that influence the entrepreneurs to initiate the internationalization activity and in formulating the strategies that would enhance their export performance A significant volume of empirical research argues that firms need to focus upon the external situation, on the element of external forces, and on managerial perceptions about these environmental attributes that should be regarded as a significant causal element in determining the internationalization activities. Therefore, SMEs in their early export stages are likely to be determined by both internal and external forces In this respect, a “holistic” approach is required which would facilitate the understanding of the multitude of issues that influence the internationalization decision .Therefore, internationalization of SMEs has to be seen from a strategic angle determined by both internal and external settings. In this view, it is highly important to analyze the factors that affect the SME internationalization decision from a holistic approach by taking into account the influence of antecedents (drivers, barriers, and firm level factors) on internationalization strategy and performance. A consolidated assessment of literature on determinants, strategies, and performance indicates that even though considerable information about these issues are available, research gaps exist in these areas. Therefore, it is to fill this gap that we have proposed a theoretical framework which has been conceptualized around the core aspects of SME internationalization process linking antecedents, strategies, and performance. The specific objectives of this study are: 1. To ascertain the factors that differentiate internationalized SMEs from non-internationalized SMEs. 2. To identify and analyze the different antecedents and its influence on the internationalization speed. 3. To examine the influence of various antecedents on the mode of exports adopted by SMEs. 4. To probe the achievements of SME internationalization in terms of scope, degree of internationalization, and economic performance in terms of sales turnover. 5. To derive policy implications for promoting SME internationalization in India. Furthermore, we decided to confine our study to Karnataka state, since this is one of the better industrially developed states in India. Initially, we approached MSMEDI, VITC and FKCCI in Bangalore to get the lists of SME exporters in the state. Subsequently, we merged all the three databases and prepared the district-wise and industry wise distribution of internationalized (exporting) SMEs in Karnataka. We cleaned the raw data as it comprised duplications. The final database comprised 1271 exporting SMEs for 2012/13. Later, we prepared a district-wise list of SME exporters. Since the Bangalore urban district accounted for 958 SMEs (75%) of the total 1271 SME exporters in Karnataka, we decided to confine our study to Bangalore district. We prepared an industry-wise list of SME exporters (as per National Industrial Classification (NIC) 2008, and found that machinery manufacturing industry accounted for a maximum share (182 out of 920) of the total SME exporters in Bangalore. Therefore, we decided to confine our study to the machinery industry SMEs in Bangalore district. Bangalore is the capital of Karnataka state and a major industrial city in India. Bangalore has become a most attractive city for the global investment and has been recognized as the IT capital of India. The study is based on an Ex Post Facto Exploratory research using primary data collected from a sample of 102 exporting and 52 non-exporting SMEs in Bangalore. The data was collected during the period November 2013 to December 2014 using a semi-structured questionnaire followed by visiting the firms and having personal interviews with entrepreneurs/senior managers of the firms and data analysis is done using appropriate statistical packages. Initially, we decided to examine and differentiate internationalized SMEs from non-internationalized SMEs in same sector, in terms of their characteristics and economic performance. Further, to bring out the factors that distinguish internationalized SMEs from non-internationalized SMEs, we carried out a binary logistic regression analysis for their general profile, technical profile and size profile by combining all the three groups of profiles together. The dependent binary variables distinguished internationalized SMEs from non-internationalized SMEs. The overall results indicate that (i) non- internationalized firms are younger than internationalized SMEs, (ii) CEOs of internationalized SMEs are older than that of the later, (iii) internationalized SMEs accounted for a higher sales turnover than non-internationalized SMEs. The very fact that internationalized SMEs accounted for a higher sales turnover than non-internationalized SMEs indicated that internationalization would have enabled SMEs to achieve a higher sales turnover relative to non-internationalized SMEs. We analyzed a range of antecedents and its impact on the international strategies and performance of internationalized SMEs. Basically, the antecedents have been classified into drivers, barriers and firm level factors. For the quantitative measurement of different kinds of drivers and barriers, a Likert type ordinal scale which ranged from 1 to 5, was used. In addition, firm level factors were also taken into account as the antecedents to analyze its influence on the SME internationalization process. Further, an Exploratory Factor Analysis was first undertaken to explain the export drivers into a few underlying dimensions. The results of the Exploratory Factor Analysis showed that the 13 identified export drivers could be reduced to three underlying dimensions. On the other hand, firms might get discouraged to internationalize, due to the obstacles faced either in the form of internal or external sources. According to the results of the Exploratory Factor Analysis, internal barriers which consisted of variables were grouped under four dimensions. The external barriers which consisted of 14 variables were grouped under two dimensions. After identifying the different determinants to SMEs internationalization, we analyzed how these identified determinants were able to differentiate between early and late in terms of internationalization speed. Thereafter, discriminant analysis was performed to analyze how well the explanatory variables were able to differentiate the two groups or categories i.e. early entrants compared to late entrants. Among the different firm level factors, CEOs age and exclusive export marketing division had a significant discriminant coefficient. The results revealed that it is the younger CEOs and their commitment towards internationalization facilitate firms to enter the international market at any early age. Further, among the different barriers, competitive constraints significantly differed between early and late internationalization stating that lack of competitiveness was a major factor responsible for the late internationalization of SMEs. Subsequently, we looked at how various determining factors (antecedents) influence the mode of exports adopted by the SMEs. Firstly, based on the survey data the mode of exports are classified as exports through (i) a multinational company, (ii) international trade exhibitions, (iii) exports through the network of friends and export organization and (iv) E-commerce. Secondly, we looked at the factors which influenced these SMEs in choosing the four alternative modes of entry for internationalization, by means of binary logistic regression technique. Further, the results revealed that those SMEs with CEOs who are less qualified, not highly committed and smaller in size relied on local MNC customers to enter the international market. Further, if SMEs are not highly competitive, face market barriers and influenced by the unanticipated conditions preferred to use MNC route. Subsequently, SMEs with more qualified CEOs’, face operating constraints and policy barriers preferred to enter international market through international trade exhibitions. Those SMEs with CEOs’ who are younger and face finance and information barriers and policy constraints facilitate firms to depend on various sources of network. Finally, SMEs with more qualified CEOs’, smaller in size and face policy barriers have entered the international market through E-commerce route. Finally, we analyzed the role of determining factors on the scope, degree of internationalization and on the economic performance of SMEs. Initially, the different determinants that influence the scope and the degree of internationalization are analyzed. Finally, we analyzed the impact of degree of internationalization on the economic performance of SMEs by using three multiple regression models. Among the firm level factors, only CEOs’ international experience positively influenced the scope of internationalization compared to those firms with CEOs who had lesser international experience. Therefore, it is the entrepreneurs’ competency and skills acquired over a period of time which facilitated firms to expand their scope of internationalization. Subsequently, internationalization speed had positively influenced the scope of internationalization indicating that those SMEs that had entered the international market at an early age were able to diversify its international market. Generally, early exporters were more entrepreneurial in the sense they were capable of identifying, exploring and exploiting opportunities abroad by means of their proactive behavior. We analyzed the influence of speed, scope of internationalization and along with the firm level factors on the degree of internationalization. The results revealed that it was the capabilities that were acquired in terms of experience and the commitment that facilitated firms to achieve a higher degree of internationalization compared to firms that were not capable and committed to internationalization. Further, internationalization speed had positively influenced the degree of internationalization indicating that those SMEs that had entered international market at an early age were able to achieve a higher degree of internationalization compared to those firms that had entered at a later age. Finally, we analyzed the influence of scope and degree of internationalization along with the antecedents on the economic performance in terms of total sales turnover. In the present study, the degree of internationalization had positively influenced the economic performance of SMEs indicating that those firms that had achieved a higher degree of internationalization were able to achieve higher sales turnover than the firms with a lesser degree of internationalization. Therefore, by means of widening foreign markets and building room for expansion, exporting to foreign markets was considered an important route for firm progress. The results of this study underline the need for policy trust to improve the international activities of SMEs. Further, from the research perspective, results provide a significant addition to the existing knowledge about the importance of entrepreneurial competency, commitment to internationalization and an appropriate strategy in explaining the internationalization efforts of SMEs in the emerging market of India.

LL.M. (International Commercial Law)
The Original BRIC Organization comprising Brazil, Russia, India and China, was first conceived in 2001 as part of an economic modeling exercise to forecast global economic trends. Fast forward almost a decade into its existence and BRIC was up for a change. The BRIC foreign Ministers at a meeting held in New York in 2010, came to an agreement to invite South Africa to join the Organization. On the 14 April 2011, South Africa attended the first joint summit, evolving the former BRIC to what is known today as BRICS, the “S” referring to South Africa. This move is seen as a significant step, as its members‟ now come from four different continents and is sure to turn heads in the “old North”, what used to be the traditional Western dominance over the global economy. BRICS comprises some of the world‟s fastest growing and biggest economies, as illustrated by the statistics that emanated from the most recent summit held in Durban in March 2013. Senior Goldman Sachs economist Jim O‟ Neil, the person responsible for coining the „BRIC‟ acronym, predicted in 2001 that the combined economies of Brazil, Russia and China would overtake the United States and the G-7 countries. Since that bold statement in 2001, the words uttered by O‟Neil have become more than just a prediction. As Bidwai points out, BRICS account for over 40% of the world‟s population, 18% of its market- exchange GDP, 15% of world trade and two-fifths of its foreign currency reserves. It goes without saying that the BRICS group has many advantages and strengths that would stand it in good stead going forward. As previously stated, its members are among the fastest growing in the world, economically speaking, and were also least affected by the financial crisis that rocked many of the world‟s powerhouses. There has even been talk of a BRICS Development Bank, which was first tabled in 2012 at the Delhi summit. Although discussions are in its infancy, a proposed $100-billion currency-stabilization contingency reserve arrangement is to be negotiated...