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Journal articles on the topic 'Exposure parameters'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 22 June 2025

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1

K., Sunita. "HEMATOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS AFTER EXPOSURE PEROIDS OF ACEPHATE IN FRESHWATER SNAKE HEADED FISH, CHANNA PUNCTATA." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 3, no. 4 (2018): 302–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1322891.

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The present study assesses the acute toxicity and behavioral alterations due to Acephate, an organophosphate pesticide on Channa punctata. The sublethal concentration of Acephate is 910 mg/L. In the present study the alterations in the hematological profiles were investigated in C. punctata after exposure to lethal and sublethal exposures of Acephate. The values of different blood parameters after toxicant exposure and percent changes over control were presented. Toxicants mainly act on circulatory system and show major impact on blood parameters. Hence, our present study revealed the effect of pesticide toxicity on blood parameters. In our studies, we have observed the significant changes in blood parameters after exposed to 1 day lethal, 1 sublethal, 5 day sublethal and 10 sublethal concentrations of Acephate. In the present study the RBC counts, WBC counts, Hb, and PCV levels were decreased significantly (p <0.05) toxicant exposed fish when compared to control fish. The MCV, MCH and MCHC levels were increased in toxicant exposed fish when compared to control fish. Also the Glucose, TL, AST and ALT levels were increased significantly (p <0.05) after exposure of Acephate but the TP values were decreased significantly.

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Duty, Susan M., Manori J. Silva, Dana B. Barr, et al. "Phthalate Exposure and Human Semen Parameters." Epidemiology 14, no. 3 (2003): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000059950.11836.16.

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3

Tiitola, M., T. Vehmas, R. P. Kivisaari, and L. Kivisaari. "Optimising imaging parameters in experimental spiral CT." Acta Radiologica 38, no. 5 (1997): 913–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841859709172435.

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Purpose: This in vitro study was conducted to analyse lesion detection and relative radiation exposure in different CT techniques. Material and Methods: We used a plastic phantom (12x8x2 cm) containing holes filled with air or fluid of varying densities to simulate lesions. This was imaged with Siemens Somatom Plus S and GE High Speed Advantage units. We varied table feeds (3 and 6 mm/s in Siemens and 3 and 4.5 mm/s in GE) and increments (2 mm and 4 mm) while keeping collimation at 3 mm. The Smartscan program of GE and the reformatting algorithm of Siemens were also analysed. To evaluate the different methods, the phantom lesions were counted by 3 observers. Radiation exposures associated with each technique were also measured. Results: The images reformatted to a coronal direction were significantly inferior (p < 0.01) to those in other techniques. The use of Smartscan did not influence lesion detection, nor did changes in pitch or increment. Spiral and non-spiral techniques proved to be equal. Radiation exposure was lowest when a greater pitch or the Smartscan program was used. Conclusion: Radiation exposure in CT can be limited without significantly impairing the image quality by using low-dose techniques. Reformatting to a coronal direction should be used with care as it debases the image quality.

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Bahri, P., B. B??gaud, and N. Moore. "Exposure Data for Pharmacovigilance - Methods and Parameters." Drug Safety 29, no. 10 (2006): 911–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200629100-00077.

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5

Emmett, Edward A. "Community exposure to PFOA and health parameters." Reproductive Toxicology 27, no. 3-4 (2009): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.11.009.

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Robbins, Wendie A., Lin Xun, Juan Jia, Nola Kennedy, David A. Elashoff, and Liu Ping. "Chronic boron exposure and human semen parameters." Reproductive Toxicology 29, no. 2 (2010): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.11.003.

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Viegas, Olga, Mafalda Prucha, Vural Gökmen, and Isabel M. P. L. V. O. Ferreira. "Parameters affecting 5-hydroxymethylfurfural exposure from beer." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 35, no. 8 (2018): 1464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2018.1483584.

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8

Nelson, B. K. "Selecting exposure parameters in developmental neurotoxicity assessments." Neurotoxicology and Teratology 13, no. 6 (1991): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0892-0362(91)90039-y.

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9

Hirata, M., and H. Kosaka. "Effects of Lead Exposure on Neurophysiological Parameters." Environmental Research 63, no. 1 (1993): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1993.1127.

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10

Pôrto, Larissa Bertollo Gomes, and Adriana Pavesi Arisseto Bragotto. "Food Colors’ Dietary Exposure in the Brazilian Population Using the 2008–2009 and 2017–2018 POF Food Consumption Databases." Foods 13, no. 24 (2024): 4006. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13244006.

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Two out of the four steps of risk assessment for chemical substances in food, i.e., exposure assessment and risk characterization, merit regional evaluation based on current legislation and local food consumption data. Therefore, mean and high exposures to food colors were estimated in Brazil using a conservative approach to screen substances with a higher risk of the exceedance of safety parameters. Brazilian National Consumption Surveys from the Household Budget Surveys (POF—Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares) from 2008–2009 and 2017–2018 were combined with the maximum permitted levels of 33 food colors. Higher exposure estimates were obtained for the oldest POF database. High priority for a refined exposure assessment was identified for six food colors for which the mean and high exposures were higher than the safety parameters, while medium priority was observed for eleven food colors for which the mean exposures were below but the high exposures were above the safety parameters. Low priority was noted for 16 substances for which no exceedance was obtained despite the conservativeness of the methodology applied. The prioritization of food colors for future risk assessments was achieved to identify substances for which more refined exposure methodologies are necessary to characterize the risk to health.

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Kumurya, A.S., Bitet, D. E., and Garba, A. "Semen Parameters: A Review." UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) 3, no. 2 (2018): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.1832.012.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) provides guidelines for assessing the various semen variables. Semen analysis is one of the most important predictive values of male infertility. Semen consists of spermatozoa suspended in a fluid medium referred to as seminal plasma. This review describe Semen parameters which include appearance (color), volume, pH, motility, morphology, viability, concentration, liquefaction, viscosity, presence of WBC and fructose level. These parameters have been found to be important determinant of functional competence of the spermatozoa. More than 90% of male infertility cases are due to low sperm counts, poor sperm quality and sperm abnormalities caused by a range of factors, including congenital birth defects, diseases, chemical exposure, and lifestyle/habits. Others includes environmental pollutants, exposure to high heat for prolonged periods, heavy use of alcohol, marijuana, or cocaine, smoking, hormone deficiency, infections of the testes or epididymis, older age, previous chemotherapy, previous scarring due to infection, trauma, or surgery, radiation exposure, retrograde ejaculation, use of prescribed drugs.

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12

Mustafa, Bestoon T., Sardar P. Yaba, and Asaad H. Ismail. "Moderate Range Static Magnetic Field Promoted Variation of Blood Parameters: An In vitro Study." ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY 8, no. 1 (2020): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.10612.

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This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of a homogenous and uniform static magnetic field (SMF) on the main blood cell counts in vitro experiment. Fresh blood samples were collected from albino rats and exposed to SMF (2.4, 6, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mT) versus 15–60 min. Results showed a significant change of blood counts under the low field effects. A 2.4 mT was a trend of white blood cells (WBCs) count increase non-linearly. However, a 6 mT exposure reduced WBCs with about 39%. Other variations fluctuated within 30%. The 25 mT decreased red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels with 13% similarly. The lower exposure field, (2.4 and 6) mT, and effects on RBCs were 6% fluctuation. The 6 mT reduced platelet counts with half in comparison to control blood samples. About 20% increase obtained due to 50 mT exposure during all period. None of 75 and 100 mT exposures dominated blood counts alterations. The quiet magnetic field exposure for a certain time can be interesting to control blood cell count-related diseases.

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Engelsman, Michelle, Leisa-Maree L. Toms, Xianyu Wang, Andrew P. W. Banks, and Debbie Blake. "Effects of firefighting on semen parameters: an exploratory study." Reproduction and Fertility 2, no. 1 (2021): L13—L15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/raf-20-0070.

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Lay summary Firefighters are occupationally exposed to heat intensities and chemical concentrations that may affect fertility. Twenty firefighters participated in an exploratory study assessing fertility of firefighters via an online survey and semen analysis. Data analysis included consideration of demographic characteristics, reproductive history and occupational exposures. Overall, firefighter semen parameters were below World Health Organisation reference values designating fertility in men. Firefighters younger than 45 years had a higher incidence of abnormal semen parameters (42%) than those aged 45 years or greater (9%). Increased rank and higher levels of occupational and/or personal hygiene were associated with improved semen quality. Increased frequency of fire exposure was associated with a reduction in normal forms, volume, sperm concentration and total sperm count. Sperm clumping was greater than 10% in 26% of samples, suggesting reduced semen quality. This exploratory study provides novel data that support the hypothesis of an association between semen quality and firefighter’s occupational exposure to toxic environments.

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14

Tenga, Albert Z., Beverley Hale, and Douglas P. Ormrod. "Growth responses of young cuttings of Populus deltoides × nigra to ozone in controlled environments." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 5 (1993): 854–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-111.

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Controlled-environment facilities were used to determine the growth response of hybrid poplar using concentrations and exposure frequencies of ozone (O3) that mimic ambient patterns. Young cuttings of Populusdeltoides × nigra were exposed to daily bell-shaped concentration profiles of O3 with four peak concentrations and two exposures per week for 1 to 4 weeks. Exposure to O3 initially stimulated height growth rate, but repeated exposure resulted in decreases in height growth rate. Stem diameter growth rate decreased with increasing O3 concentration. Leaf greenness decreased with repeated exposure. The rate of leaf production declined with increasing O3 concentration. Many leaves abscised in the higher O3 treatments, resulting ultimately in stimulation of bud break. Leaf area, leaf dry weight, and root dry weight at harvest decreased with increasing total O3 exposure regardless of number of exposures. Stem dry weight was greater after limited initial O3 exposure but was less after repeated O3 exposures. Repeated exposures to O3 were uniformly detrimental to poplar growth parameters.

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15

Günbey, Emre, Rıfat Karlı, and Recep Ünal. "Impact of odor exposure time on olfactory parameters." ENT Updates 5, no. 2 (2015): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2399/jmu.2015002006.

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16

Forsberg, Hans. "Clinically Acceptable Tolerance of Roentgen Generator Exposure Parameters." Acta Radiologica 28, no. 1 (1987): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841858709177320.

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17

Forsberg, H. "Clinically Acceptable Tolerance of Roentgen Generator Exposure Parameters." Acta Radiologica 28, no. 1 (1987): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518702800124.

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The clinical demands for accuracy of roentgen generator scales were investigated in order to define suitable levels of tolerance to be required during calibration procedures and preventive maintenance on modern equipment. Radiographs of various film densities were made of four body parts. As test observers 59 radiologists and 53 radiologic technicians were asked to judge which radiographs they considered acceptable or not acceptable. Ninety-five per cent of the radiographs were accepted with the ***under- or overexposure of one mAs step. The spread of the estimations of suitable exposure data made by 38 radiologic technicians was also investigated. From these data the clinically acceptable tolerance of roentgen generator exposure parameters could be derived. It is suggested that the tolerance of tube voltage (kV) should be less than ±5 per cent, current-time product (mAs) −20 to +25 per cent and automatic exposure control systems (AEC) −20 to +25 per cent.

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18

Keil, C. B. "Experimental Measurements of Near-Source Exposure Modeling Parameters." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 12, no. 10 (2015): 692–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2015.1029619.

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19

Habibi, M., N. Kollaros, P. Karyofyllis, I. Mastorakou, and V. Voudris. "Factors affecting exposure parameters during diagnostic coronary catheterization." Physica Medica 32 (September 2016): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.07.558.

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20

Bunzel, Katja, Matthias Liess, and Mira Kattwinkel. "Landscape parameters driving aquatic pesticide exposure and effects." Environmental Pollution 186 (March 2014): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.11.021.

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21

Chen, Shu-Ying, and Shing-Hwang Doong. "Predicting item exposure parameters in computerized adaptive testing." British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 61, no. 1 (2008): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/000711006x129553.

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22

Swaen, Gerard M. H., Ludovic van Amelsvoort, Johannes J. Twisk, et al. "Low level occupational benzene exposure and hematological parameters." Chemico-Biological Interactions 184, no. 1-2 (2010): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2010.01.007.

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23

Bosner-Cucančić, B., Lj Skender, V. Karačić, and D. Prpić-Majić. "Effects of occupational styrene exposure on hematological parameters." Toxicology Letters 74 (August 1994): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(94)90228-3.

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24

Svenson, Björn, Ulf Welander, Göran Anneroth, and Björn Söderfeldt. "Exposure parameters and their effects on diagnostic accuracy." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 78, no. 4 (1994): 544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(94)90050-7.

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25

Booysen, Susan. "political world within the parameters of SABC politics." Communicare: Journal for Communication Studies in Africa 7, no. 2 (2022): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v7i2.2067.

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Political events are crucial in the political resocialisation of the youth. In this article the impact of the political unrest in the mid-1980s on the political consciousness of the Afrikaner student youth is investigated. Through a panel study of students of the Rand Afrikaans University in Johannesburg, South Africa, trends in exposure to political events were established. Exposure occurs through direct political participation, political discourse or through the mass media. The important role of the mass media for exposure of these youths is illuminated. Attention is also focused on which media are utilised for obtaining political information. The political implications of this exposure are considered. A political world within the parameters of SABC politics: the case of Afrikaner students.

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Osahon, O. David, and Lateef Bamidele. "Evaluation of Radiation Doses from Paediatric Chest X-ray Examination at Three Hospitals in South-West Nigeria." Physical Science International Journal 15, no. 2 (2017): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.9734/PSIJ/2017/34269.

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The aim of this study is essentially to evaluate radiation doses to paediatric patients who were referred for chest X-ray examination between April, 2015 and December, 2016 in three hospitals South-West, Nigeria. The methodology employed in this study involved measurements based on the use of exposure parameters to determine Entrance Surface Dose (ESD). A total of one hundred (100) paediatric patients randomly chosen were included in this study. ESD was determined from exposure parameters using dose calculation software (Dosecal). The results of this study show that the range of Entrance Surface Doses (ESDs) obtained for 0-1year patient is 38.00-150.00 µGy, for 1-5 years is 43.34-194.00 µGy, for 5-10 years is 74.00-223.00 µGy and for 10-15 years is 87.60-292.00 µGy. The mean ESDs obtained in this study were found to be relatively lower than the ESDs obtained in other previous studies in Nigeria but higher than the recommended reference dose value given by the European guidelines. This indicates that more attention needs to be given to X-ray facilities in the Country and that X-ray departments need to review their practice in terms of training and re-training of radiographers, repeated chest X-ray procedures for paediatrics, calibration of X-ray machines and standardisation of processing chemicals in order to bring dose given to patients to optimum levels. This study has also revealed the need to have dedicated X-ray facilities for paediatrics throughout the country.

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Monchaux, Georges. "Risk of fatal versus incidental lung cancer in radon-exposed rats: A reanalysis of French data." Archive of Oncology 12, no. 1 (2004): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo0401007m.

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This review summarizes data on lung cancer risk from radon experimental studies performed by our group in France with emphasis on the most recent findings and analyses on the influence of dose-rate and that of fatal versus incidental tumors. A dose-effect relationship was established in rats, which was very similar for medium and high cumulative exposures, to that observed in uranium miners. At low cumulative exposures in the range of 0.18 Jhm-3 (50 WLM) to 0.36 Jhm-3 (100 WLM), the proportion of fatal lung cancer is about 80% that of total lung cancers. In contrast, at cumulative exposures of 0.72 Jhm-3 (200 WLM) and higher, the proportion of fatal lung cancer is about half that of total lung cancers. The parameters that influence fatal lung cancer risk are cumulative exposure, potential alpha energy concentration (PAEC), exposure rate, and protraction of exposure. At high cumulative exposures up to 10.8 Jhm-3 (3,000 WLM), an inverse dose-rate effect similar to that observed in uranium miners was also found in rats. The inverse exposure- rate effect was observed mainly at the highest exposure-rates. In contrast, our recent results indicate that at relatively low cumulative exposures of 0.36 Jhm-3 (100 WLM), comparable to lifetime exposures in high-radon houses or current underground mining exposures, the risk of lung cancer in rats decreases with decreasing PAEC, i.e., exposure rate. These data suggest that the induction of lung cancer results from a complex inter- play between cumulative exposure and exposure rate, with an optimal combination of these two parameters that results in a maximum risk of lung cancer induction. They support the hypothesis that, at low doses, the risk of lung cancer is governed by the rate at which the dose is delivered, and not by the total cumulative dose alone. These data are also consistent with those of underground uranium miners showing an inverse dose-rate effect at high cumulative exposures, but an attenuation of this effect at cumulative exposures lower than 0.18 Jhm-3 (50 WLM). They support both an inverse dose-rate effect at high cumulative exposures, as well as its attenuation or disappearance at low cumulative exposures.

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Sathick, O. "TOXICITY OF MONOCROTOPHOS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF MARINE FISH MUGIL CEPHALUS." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 3, no. 4 (2018): 327–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1339652.

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The haematological parameters of Mughil cephalus were investigated after exposing the fish to the sublethal concentrations of (1/10, 1/30 of 96h LC50) monocrotophos. The 96h LC50 value of the monocrotophos during acute exposure was found to be 0.0038 ppm. Exposure of the fish to monocrotophos showed a significant decrease in RBC and haemoglobin (Hb) content at the end of 30th day as compared to control whereas the WBC increased significantly, with the increase in exposure periods.

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Brucka-Jastrzębska, Ewa, and Mikołaj Protasowicki. "Effects of cadmium and nickel exposure on haematological parameters of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 35, no. 1 (2005): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3750/aip2005.35.1.04.

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Wenlock, M. C. "Oral drug suitability parameters." MedChemComm 9, no. 3 (2018): 460–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7md00586e.

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Assessing the oral drug suitability of compounds as early as possible is an important objective in drug discovery. Two new oral drug suitability parameters are proposed to facilitate the ranking of compounds with respect to dose and in vivo exposure.

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Amine, Ines, Alicia Guillien, Claire Philippat, et al. "Environmental exposures in early-life and general health in childhood." Environmental Health 22, no. 1 (2023): 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-023-01001-x.

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<strong>Background: </strong>Early-life environmental exposures are suspected to be involved in the development of chronic diseases later in life. Most studies conducted so far considered single or few exposures and single-health parameter. Our study aimed to identify a childhood general health score and assess its association with a wide range of pre- and post-natal environmental exposures.<strong>Methods: </strong>The analysis is based on 870 children (6–12 years) from six European birth cohorts participating in the Human Early-Life Exposome project. A total of 53 prenatal and 105 childhood environmental factors were considered, including lifestyle, social, urban and chemical exposures. We built a general health score by averaging three sub-scores (cardiometabolic, respiratory/allergy and mental) built from 15 health parameters. By construct, a child with a low score has a low general health status. Penalized multivariable regression through Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) was fitted in order to identify exposures associated with the general health score.<strong>Findings: </strong>The results of LASSO show that a lower general health score was associated with maternal passive and active smoking during pregnancy and postnatal exposure to methylparaben, copper, indoor air pollutants, high intake of caffeinated drinks and few contacts with friends and family. Higher child's general health score was associated with prenatal exposure to a bluespace near residency and postnatal exposures to pets, cobalt, high intakes of vegetables and more physical activity. Against our hypotheses, postnatal exposure to organochlorine compounds and perfluorooctanoate were associated with a higher child's general health score.<strong>Conclusion: </strong>By using a general health score summarizing the child cardiometabolic, respiratory/allergy and mental health, this study reinforced previously suspected environmental factors associated with various child health parameters (e.g. tobacco, air pollutants) and identified new factors (e.g. pets, bluespace) warranting further investigations.

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Verberk, Maarten M. "Biomarkers of exposure versus parameters of external exposure; practical applications in estimating health risks." Toxicology 101, no. 1-2 (1995): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(95)03024-a.

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Fonseca, A., S. F. Neves, and J. B. L. M. Campos. "Thermal performance deterrence caused by PCM inclusion in firefighting garments: The other side of the story." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2116, no. 1 (2021): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2116/1/012018.

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Abstract Firefighters usually encounter high heat flux exposures, which can cause severe burns. The addition of a phase change material (PCM) layer into a firefighting garment assembly has proven to be beneficial as it lowers the garments temperature during the fire exposure. However, after the fire exposure, accumulated heat in the PCM garment is discharged towards skin and environment which can have a negative influence on thermal performance. In this study, a one dimensional numerical approach was used to study the effect of environment parameters (ambient convective heat flux) as well as PCM parameters (latent heat, melting temperature) on the thermal performance of the firefighting garment, after the fire exposure. It was concluded that the amount and phase change temperature at which latent heat is discharged had a significant effect on thermal performance, depending on the heat exposure scenario. For high – intensity exposures, skin damage is promoted by an increase in both properties whilst for low intensity exposures, a decrease in melting temperature would promote greater skin damage. The results outlined in this paper could aid in the manufacture of PCM firefighting garments, as skin damage due to PCM resolidification might be an important parameter to take into account when maximizing thermal performance.

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Gerlich, Jessica, Johan Ohlander, Hans Kromhout, et al. "Cumulative occupational exposure to gases and fumes is associated with impairment in lung function and disease-related quality of life in a German COPD patient cohort." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 81, no. 1 (2023): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2023-108908.

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ObjectivesThe impact of occupational exposures on lung function impairments and quality of life (QoL) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was analysed and compared with that of smoking.MethodsData from 1283 men and 759 women (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) grades 1–4 or former grade 0, without alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency) of the COPD and Systemic Consequences Comorbidities Network cohort were analysed. Cumulative exposure to gases/fumes, biological dust, mineral dust or the combination vapours/gases/dusts/fumes was assessed using the ALOHA job exposure matrix. The effect of both occupational and smoking exposure on lung function and disease-specific QoL (St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire) was analysed using linear regression analysis adjusting for age, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension and coronary artery disease, stratified by sex.ResultsIn men, exposure to gases/fumes showed the strongest effects among occupational exposures, being significantly associated with all lung function parameters and QoL; the effects were partially stronger than of smoking. Smoking had a larger effect than occupational exposure on lung diffusing capacity (transfer factor for carbon monoxide) but not on air trapping (residual volume/total lung capacity). In women, occupational exposures were not significantly associated with QoL or lung function, while the relationships between lung function parameters and smoking were comparable to men.ConclusionsIn patients with COPD, cumulative occupational exposure, particularly to gases/fumes, showed effects on airway obstruction, air trapping, gas uptake capacity and disease-related QoL, some of which were larger than those of smoking. These findings suggest that lung air trapping and QoL should be considered as outcomes of occupational exposure to gases and fumes in patients with COPD.Trial registration numberNCT01245933.

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Jónsson, Á., K. Herrlin, K. Jonsson, B. Lundin, J. Sanfridsson, and H. Pettersson. "Radiation Dose Reduction in Computed Skeletal Radiography." Acta Radiologica 37, no. 1P1 (1996): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02841851960371p127.

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Purpose: To evaluate the effect of radiation dose reduction on image quality in computed musculoskeletal radiography and determine optimal exposure range. Material and Methods: In 11 corpses, 1 hand and 1 hip were examined with film-screen radiography, and a series of computed radiographs was obtained using exactly the same technique except for the exposure, which was 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, and 1.56% of the mAs numbers used for the film-screen images. The computed hip radiographs were processed in 2 different ways, one simulating the film-screen images and one using contrast enhancement. Four radiologists reviewed the images regarding the following parameters: cortical bone, trabecular bone, joint space, and soft tissue, giving each a diagnostic quality rating on a scale from 1 to 5. The median and mean values were found for the pooled results. Results: For the hands, the computed radiographs were ranked inferior to the film-screen images for all parameters except soft tissue, where the computed radiographs scored higher. The computed images with 50 and 25% exposure were ranked equal to the 100% ones. The quality rating slowly declined with lower exposures. For the hips, the 100 and 50% computed radiographs were generally similar to or slightly better than the film-screen images. The decline was somewhat faster than for the hands. The contrast-enhanced hip images scored less than the nonenhanced images at any given exposure for all parameters except soft tissue, where the contrast-enhanced images scored better at all exposures. The difference between nonenhanced and enhanced images became less at the lower exposures. Conclusion: Lowering the exposure in computed musculoskeletal radiography below the level of film-screen radiography is feasible, especially in the peripheral skeleton. Contrast enhancement seems to be valuable only in the evaluation of soft-tissue structures.

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Singh, Akanksha, and Kaneez Zahra. "Effect of garlic extract on mortality and biochemical parameters of fresh water fishes Heteropneustes fossilis against Cypermethrin." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 2 (2019): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i2.2365.

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To find out the effect of garlic extract (GE) on mortality different concentrations of GE (1ml/l, 2ml/l, 5ml/l & 10ml/l) were administered along with the LC50 values of cypermethrin after 24, 48, 72 & 96 h exposures and 10 ml/l of GE was found to be effective at which no mortality occurred. To analyze the effect of GE on biochemical parameters after acute exposure of cypermethrin, fishes were divided into 4 groups of 10 fishes each. Ist group served as control, IInd, IIIrd and IVth group were treated with toxicant (24h LC50), GE (10ml/l) and toxicant + GE respectively. Same protocol was employed using 48-96 h LC50 values & 10ml/l GE. For chronic toxicity experiments fishes were divided into 4 groups of 10 fishes each. Ist group taken as control, IInd group contained 1/10th of 96 h LC50 of CYP, IIIrd group contained 10ml/l GE and in IVth group GE (10ml/l) + CYP (1/10th of 96 h LC50) for 15 days. Experiments were also carried out after 30 and 45 days exposure by same protocol. After acute and chronic exposure periods blood samples were collected, centrifuged and serum was separated to analyze biochemical parameters. Increased level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, ACP, Creatinine, and Blood Glucose were observed during both acute and chronic exposure. Activity of Total protein was found to be decreased following acute and chronic exposure. Level of Uric acid increased in acute exposure but decreased during chronic exposure. However, garlic extract supplementation showed a remarkable reduction to these changes and all the parameters tends to become normalize. Our data indicate that garlic is a powerful antioxidant against cypermethrin induced toxicity. Keywords: Cypermethrin, Garlic extract, Heteropneustus fossilis, LC50.

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Hlisníková, Henrieta, Branislav Kolena, Miroslava Šidlovská, Miloš Mlynček, and Ida Petrovičová. "Urinary Phthalate Biomarkers during Pregnancy, and Maternal Endocrine Parameters in Association with Anthropometric Parameters of Newborns." Children 9, no. 3 (2022): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9030413.

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Adverse birth outcomes present risk factors resulting in neonatal morbidity and mortality. Sufficient maternal hormonal concentrations are crucial for normal foetal development. Previous studies have shown a relationship between phthalate exposure and maternal hormonal levels during pregnancy. This study aims to investigate if neonatal anthropometric parameters are associated with maternal endocrine parameters during the ≤15th week of gestation and the third trimester of pregnancy concerning phthalate exposure in pregnant women from Nitra, Slovakia. We used high-performance liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), and electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay to quantify urinary concentrations of phthalates and serum concentrations of hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), respectively. We observed a mostly positive correlation between neonatal anthropometric parameters (gestational age, birth length, birth weight, head circumference) and maternal concentration of phthalate metabolites (p ≤ 0.05). The hierarchical multivariate regression results showed a statistically significant association between Apgar score at 5 min after delivery, gestational age, birth weight, head circumference, and maternal endocrine parameters during pregnancy (p ≤ 0.05), adjusted to phthalate metabolites. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to indicate that prenatal exposure to phthalates may also affect birth outcomes through interaction with the maternal endocrine system.

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Acho, Sussan N., Caroline Stofile, Mia Moller, and Michaella Morphis. "VERIFICATION AND OPTIMISATION OF PRESELECTED EXPOSURE PARAMETERS IN SCREENING MAMMOGRAPHY: A CENTRAL COMPOSITE DESIGN METHODOLOGY." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 188, no. 3 (2020): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz291.

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Abstract In screening mammography, the automatic exposure control (AEC) device selects the optimum exposure parameters for each patient exposure. In practice, this device is calibrated to deliver an optimum figure of merit (FOM) for each set of exposure parameters. This study utilises the central composite design methodology to verify the operating level of the AEC performance for polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) thicknesses of 4 and 5 cm. Quadratic surface plots reveal that the exposure parameters of the default AEC mode are optimised for the 4-cm thickness of the PMMA. However, the exposure parameters of the 5-cm thickness of PMMA need fine-tuning to obtain a maximum value for the FOM.

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Siani, A. M., G. R. Casale, H. Diémoz, et al. "Personal UV exposure on a ski-field at an alpine site." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 1 (2008): 2745–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-2745-2008.

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Abstract. Mountain sites experience enhanced ambient UV radiation levels due to the concurrent effects of shorter radiation path-length, low aerosol load and high reflectivity of the snow surfaces. This study was encouraged by the possibility to collect data of personal UV exposure in the mountainous areas of Italy, for the first time. Personal UV exposure (expressed in terms of Exposure Ratio, ER) of two groups of volunteers (ski instructors and skiers) at the Alpine site of La Thuile (Valle d'Aosta region, Italy) was assessed using polysulphone dosimetry which was tested in a mountainous snow-covered environment. In addition measurements of biological markers of individual response to UV exposure such as skin colorimetric parameters were carried out. It was found that snow and altitude of study site affect calibration curves of polysulphone dosimeters in comparison to a situation without snow. The median ER, taking into account the whole sample, is 0.60 in winter, with a range of 0.29 to 1.46, and 1.02 in spring, ranging from 0.46 to 1.72. There are no differences in exposures across skiers and instructors in spring while in winter skiers experience lower values. UV exposures are not sensitive to the use of sunscreen across instructor/skier group by day or by seasons or by photo-type. With regard to colorimetric parameters, the main result was that both skiers and instructors had on average significantly lower values of L* and b* after exposure i.e. becoming darker but the inappropriate sunscreen use did not reveal any changes in skin colorimetric parameters except in one spring day. In conclusions UV intensities on the ski-fields are often significantly higher than those on horizontal surfaces. Given the high levels of exposure observed in the present study, dedicated public heath messages on the correct sunscreen use should be adopted.

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A., Amsath. "EFFECT OF ARSENIC ON HAEMETOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF FRESHWATER FISH, CHANNA PUNCTATUS (BLOCH)." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 2, no. 3 (2017): 117–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1311725.

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The study was conducted to investigate the effect of sublethal concentration of heavy metal Arsenic (NaAsO2) exposure on haematological parameters such as red blood cells (RBC), Haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (WBC) and clotting time (CT) in the blood of fresh water fish, Channa punctatus. The present study shows the level of RBC and Hb were significantly decreased simultaneously the WBC significantly increased due to arsenic exposure. While the clotting time also increased with exposure. Thus the present study concludes that the hematological parameters of fish of Channa punctatus affected by exposure to arsenic. Further the duration of exposure determines the rate the impact on blood parameters.

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Nussbaum, Justin, and Nathan B. Crane. "Evaluation of processing variables in polymer projection sintering." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 5 (2018): 880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-04-2017-0070.

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Purpose Projection sintering, a system for selectively sintering large areas of polymer powder simultaneously with a high-power projector is introduced. This paper aims to evaluate the suitability of laser sintering (LS) process parameters for projection sintering, as it uses substantially lower intensities, longer exposure times and larger areas than conventional LS. Design/methodology/approach The tradeoffs in sintering outcomes are evaluated by creating single layer components with varied exposure times and optical intensities. Some of these components were cross-sectioned and evaluated for degree of densification, while the single-layer thickness and the maximum tensile force was measured for the rest. Findings Shorter exposure times and higher intensities can create thicker and therefore stronger parts than when equal energy is applied over longer exposures. This is different from LS in which energy input (Andrew’s Number) is accepted as a reliable process variable. This difference is likely because significant thermal energy is lost from the sintering region during the exposure time – resulting in reduced peak temperatures. These thermal losses can be offset by imparting additional energy through increased exposure time or light intensity. Practical implications Most methods for evaluating LS process parameters, such as the energy melt ratio and Andrew’s Number, estimate energy input from basic process parameters. These methods do not account for thermal losses and assume that the powder absorbs all incident light. These methods become increasingly inaccurate for projection sintering with visible light where exposure times are much higher (>1s) and a larger portion of the light is reflected from the power’s surface. Understanding the appropriate sintering criteria is critical for the development of long-exposure sintering. Originality/value A new method of selectively sintering large areas is introduced that could sinter a wider variety of materials by enabling longer sintering times and may increase productivity relative to LS. This work shows that new processing parameters are required for projection sintering as traditional LS process parameters are inadequate.

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Simescu, M., C. Podia Igna, E. Nicolaescu, et al. "Multiple pesticides exposure of greenhouse workers and thyroid parameters." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 9, no. 1 (2014): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sdp-v9-n1-15-28.

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Williams, Mark B., Priya Raghunathan, Mitali J. More, et al. "Optimization of exposure parameters in full field digital mammography." Medical Physics 35, no. 6Part1 (2008): 2414–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2912177.

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Oh, Junyoung, Eun-Jin Park, Seongeun Kang, and Seungheon Lee. "Exposure to Dithiopyr Alters Swimming Performance Parameters in Zebrafish." Journal of Life Science 26, no. 2 (2016): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/jls.2016.26.2.181.

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Tuschl, Helga, Ferdinand Steger, and R. Kovac. "Occupational Exposure and Its Effect on Some Immune Parameters." Health Physics 68, no. 1 (1995): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199501000-00007.

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Arslan, Şűkrű, Isil Uzunhasan, Betul Balaban Kocas, et al. "Effect of chronic toluene exposure on heart rhythm parameters." Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 41, no. 7 (2018): 783–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pace.13381.

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Dunn, Ariel J., Trevor Maloney, Edgar Villaruel, et al. "SEMEN PARAMETERS AND EXPOSURE RISKS IN MILITARY MALES (SPERMM)." Fertility and Sterility 122, no. 4 (2024): e119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2024.07.390.

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Alexandre, Maria Cecilia Manenti, Niuany Viel Mendes, Carolina Antunes Torres, et al. "Weekly ethanol exposure alters dopaminergic parameters in zebrafish brain." Neurotoxicology and Teratology 75 (September 2019): 106822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2019.106822.

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SULLIVAN-JONES, P., C. A. KIMMEL, and G. L. KIMMEL. "Prenatal Reserpine Exposure Alters Cardiovascular Parameters in Rat Offspring." Toxicological Sciences 13, no. 4 (1989): 652–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/13.4.652.

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van Kan, J. A., F. Zhang, C. Zhang, A. A. Bettiol, and F. Watt. "Exposure parameters in proton beam writing for hydrogen silsesquioxane." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 266, no. 8 (2008): 1676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.12.081.

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