Academic literature on the topic 'Extended barter'
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Journal articles on the topic "Extended barter"
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Pañares, Zosima A., and Agnes C. Sequiño. "The dynamics of barter trade among Cebuano farmers." University of the Visayas - Journal of Research 7, no. 1 (2013): 195–206. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1683034.
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Barter is an old process of doing business in the olden times without the use of money. It is surprising to note that, during this age of technology and borderless commercialization, barter is still useful and is even used with technology. The study aimed to document the barter system used by Cebuano farmers to find out if this business process is still profitable. Moreover, both the economic and social implications are recorded in relation to Filipino culture. The findings revealed three types of barter: (1) goods with goods; (2) goods with service; and (3) extended barter system. Moreover, the farmers from northern and southern Cebu realized that the barter system was more profitable for them than selling their goods directly to consumers for money. Barter system revealed the peace-loving nature and generosity of Cebuanos.
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Metcalf, George. "A Microcosm of Why Africans sold Slaves: Akan Consumption Patterns in the 1770s." Journal of African History 28, no. 3 (1987): 377–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700030097.
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The European goods which Africans consumed in the slave trade era tell us much about the African societies which imported them. However the study of the subject has involved much confusion through the application of fragmentary evidence from different societies in different stages of development towards the fashioning of broad hypotheses about the impact of the trade on West Africa as a whole. It is important therefore, when the evidence is available, to study each society and each group of African middlemen individually as well as within the wider context.The papers (especially the barter records) of Richard Miles throw a good deal of light on one such microcosm: the Akan people of the Gold Coast in the second half of the eighteenth century. The Fante middlemen with whom Miles dealt required, for virtually every barter, an assortment of goods from five major categories: hardware, currencies, textiles, luxury items, arms and ammunition. Though all these categories were necessary for the trade, it is notable that textiles were far and away the dominant commodity desired by the Akan. Guns were in surprisingly low demand during this period which suggests that the Akan slave producers (principally the Asante) had no difficulty raising slaves through tribute in peacetime and were not forced to rely on wars and slave-raids.Miles's documents also make it clear that generalizations drawn from the Gold Coast in this period cannot be extended automatically to other areas; Akan history tells us that neither can they be extended on the Gold Coast into a different era.
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Edlund, Lena. "Cousin Marriage Is Not Choice: Muslim Marriage and Underdevelopment." AEA Papers and Proceedings 108 (May 1, 2018): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181084.
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According to classical Muslim marriage law, a woman needs her guardian's (viz. father's) consent to marry. However, the resulting marriage payment, the mahr, is hers. This split bill may lie behind the high rates of consanguineous marriage in the Muslim world, where country estimates range from 20 to 60 percent. Cousin marriage can stem from a form of barter in which fathers contribute daughters to an extended family bridal pool against sons' right to draw from the same pool. In the resulting system, women are robbed of their mahr and sons marry by guarding their sisters' “honor” and heeding clan elders.
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LIPIANINA-HONCHARENKO, KHRYSTYNA, ANATOLIY SACHENKO, VITALIY KULYK, et al. "SIMULATION MODEL STRUCTURE OF BUSINESS PROCESSES FOR A PRODUCT BASED ON AURALIZATION TECHNOLOGY." Computer systems and information technologies, no. 4 (December 29, 2022): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/csit-2022-4-15.
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Within the framework of the Auralization of acoustic heritage sites using Augmented and Virtual Reality (AURA) project, the task was to develop the business models for potential products that would use the developed auralized 3D model. Accordingly, the purpose of the article is to analyze typical business models for the specified products with an auralized 3D model, which can further be adapted to each specific use case (marketing scenario).
 In the most general terms, a business model is a method of doing business that allows a company to sustain itself, i.e. generate income and revenue. Therefore, the development of a business model is relevant to calculate the possible income or expenses of a future product.
 The article analyzes existing business models and determines which ones are most suitable for the task at hand. It is proposed to use the following business models: "Canvas", "Barter" and "Joint Ownership".
 The "Canvas" business model is described by the following structure: consumer segment, value proposition, sales channels, customer relationships, product revenues, key resources, key activities, key partners, and cost structure. In addition, this business model proposes the E-commerce, Affiliations, and Additional Opportunities business processes.
 The "Barter" business model is based on the use of a social media platform to promote products and services. And in the Shared Ownership business model, investors do not buy the entire asset, but only a part of it. For these business models, the Barter and Shared Ownership business processes are presented.
 Based on the business processes the structure of the simulation model was proposed. The study can be extended and adapted to other products. In further research, scenario modeling will be conducted using system dynamics approaches.
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Festré, Agnès. "Knut Wicksell and Ludwig von Mises on Money, Interest, and Price Dynamics." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 28, no. 3 (2006): 333–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10427710600857856.
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In the aftermath of the so-called Marginal Revolution of the last end of the nineteenth century, economic analysis split into two branches. The first one was made up of economists who took as the methodological starting-point of their analyses the static or stationary state of a barter economy and considered that this basic framework was likely to be extended in order to account for monetary and financial considerations, as well as dynamics. However, in such a setting, the introduction of money, bank-credit, or any factor of growth did not substantially alter the features that are associated with the rudimentary economy of static real exchange.
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Zhao, Eric, Alexander R. Trott, Caiming Xiong, and Stephan Zheng. "Learning to Play General-Sum Games against Multiple Boundedly Rational Agents." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 10 (2023): 11781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i10.26391.
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We study the problem of training a principal in a multi-agent general-sum game using reinforcement learning (RL). Learning a robust principal policy requires anticipating the worst possible strategic responses of other agents, which is generally NP-hard. However, we show that no-regret dynamics can identify these worst-case responses in poly-time in smooth games. We propose a framework that uses this policy evaluation method for efficiently learning a robust principal policy using RL. This framework can be extended to provide robustness to boundedly rational agents too. Our motivating application is automated mechanism design: we empirically demonstrate our framework learns robust mechanisms in both matrix games and complex spatiotemporal games. In particular, we learn a dynamic tax policy that improves the welfare of a simulated trade-and-barter economy by 15%, even when facing previously unseen boundedly rational RL taxpayers.
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von Spee, Caspar Graf, and Gilles Ollier. "European Union Research Vessels." Marine Technology Society Journal 35, no. 3 (2001): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533201788057855.
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Ships are major capital consuming facilities and therefore cost intensive. They should be used as efficiently as possible. One of the goals of the European Union (EU) is to encourage transnational use of public or private facilities which address critical needs in order to further improve their exploitation while avoiding unnecessary duplication and to cover emerging priority needs.To support this aim and to prepare the basis for future European steps, a survey of the existing fleet of multi-role research ships in Europe was undertaken and future scientific requirements for research vessels were assessed.New projects such as new vessels have to be seen in a European context. Existing arrangements, such as the Tripartite-Agreement, which allows the exchange of ship time by a barter system, will have to be applied and extended. Such agreements will help to improve collaboration, which should of course not be restricted to Europe. Marine research addresses world-wide knowledge, concerns and projects. Transparency in the field of the technology available will also support global cooperation.
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Watson, Ian. "Ways of Understanding the Culture: Re-examining the Performance Paradigm." New Theatre Quarterly 16, no. 4 (2000): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00014081.
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The tendency for ‘performance studies’ to embrace and even supplant ‘theatre studies’ can usefully enlarge our perceptions of the relevance of theatricality to other disciplines and activities – but fully extended into the ‘performativities’ of everyday life can be counterproductive when definitions are so loose as to be redundant. Here, Ian Watson considers the boundary-crossing qualities of two variants on the ‘performance paradigm’ – Eugenio Barba's bridge-building concept of ‘Barter Theatre’ and Augusto Boal's deliberately provocative ‘Invisible Theatre’. He proceeds to relate the characteristics identified to an event no less clearly staged, though less often discussed as such: the set-piece political speech, in this case President Clinton's acceptance of his renomination as Democratic candidate at his party's Chicago convention in 1996. Ian Watson is an Advisory Editor of NTQ who teaches at the Rutgers campus of the State University of New Jersey. The last of his several contributions to the journal was his report on the Ninth International Gathering of Group Theatre in Ayacucho, Peru, in NTQ58 (May 1999).
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Jena, Rabindra Kumar. "Examining the Factors Affecting the Adoption of Blockchain Technology in the Banking Sector: An Extended UTAUT Model." International Journal of Financial Studies 10, no. 4 (2022): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs10040090.
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Technology innovation has dramatically transformed banks over time. Digital innovation in the banking sector began with the introduction of money to replace barter systems, and then gradually replaced wax seals with digital signatures. One such disruptive innovation that is transforming the banking sector around the world is blockchain technology (BCT). The banking sector in India has also started adopting blockchain technology in various financial transactions. However, they are encountering some difficulties in adapting to and implementing this new technology. The successful and speedy adoption of blockchain in banking largely depends on the users’ intention to use the services. Therefore, this study extended “the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology” (UTAUT) to understand the significant predictors of the bankers’ intention to use blockchain technology. The data was collected from leading banking institutions and FinTech firms in the country to empirically test and validate the extended model. The results found that facilitating conditions, performance expectancy, and initial trust, are the significant antecedents to predicting the bankers’ intention to use blockchain in banking transactions. The study also established the significant mediating role of initial trust in predicting usage intention to use blockchain. This study’s results would help government authorities, decision-makers, and technocrats to improve banking instructions for the speedy and smooth adoption of blockchain technology. The study suggested an extended UTAUT model that incorporates contextual factors based on the scope and usage of blockchain in Indian banking activities. The study helped to identify the key factors influencing blockchain adoption among Indian bankers. The proposed model and the findings make more sense in promoting the adoption of blockchain in the Indian banking sector.
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TCHERNINA, NATALIA V., and EFIM A. TCHERNIN. "Older people in Russia's transitional society: multiple deprivation and coping responses." Ageing and Society 22, no. 5 (2002): 543–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x02008851.
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Since 1989 there has been a widespread collapse of public services and income support for older people in the Russian Federation. Pensions have declined in real value and frequently are paid late, the system of collective health care has become less reliable, and the social institutions and services that formerly helped disadvantaged older people overcome isolation and loneliness have almost entirely ceased to function. Most people's personal assets and savings are insufficient for a decent life, and many cannot now afford the medical services and medications that they need. Given the absence of formal or institutional support, older people in Russia have had to develop pragmatic coping mechanisms, most commonly based on informal social networks and diverse income-generating activities, including barter and exchange in the informal ‘grey’ and ‘black’ economies. The household budgets of many pensioners increasingly rely upon their ability to raise income through their labour and the exchange of goods, and the time that they devote to these productive activities is increasing sharply. In comparison with other age groups, older people in Russia own many private apartments, garages, and garden or allotment plots, and they are important factors in the generation of income. These assets are used first and foremost to avert poverty and degradation, and more generally to support the immediate and extended family. The current economic system and the inadequacies of the existing system of social protection perpetuate the distinctive coping strategies.
Books on the topic "Extended barter"
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Levin, Frank S. Quantum Tunneling. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808275.003.0014.
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Quantum tunneling, wherein a quanject has a non-zero probability of tunneling into and then exiting a barrier of finite width and height, is the subject of Chapter 13. The description for the one-dimensional case is extended to the barrier being inverted, which forms an attractive potential well. The first application of this analysis is to the emission of alpha particles from the decay of radioactive nuclei, where the alpha-nucleus attraction is modeled by a potential well and the barrier is the repulsive Coulomb potential. Excellent results are obtained. Ditto for the similar analysis of proton burning in stars and yet a different analysis that explains tunneling through a Josephson junction, the connector between two superconductors. The final application is to the scanning tunneling microscope, a device that allows the microscopic surfaces of solids to be mapped via electrons from the surface molecules tunneling into the tip of the STM probe.
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Allen, Michael P., and Dominic J. Tildesley. Monte Carlo methods. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803195.003.0004.
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The estimation of integrals by Monte Carlo sampling is introduced through a simple example. The chapter then explains importance sampling, and the use of the Metropolis and Barker forms of the transition matrix defined in terms of the underlying matrix of the Markov chain. The creation of an appropriately weighted set of states in the canonical ensemble is described in detail and the method is extended to the isothermal–isobaric, grand canonical and semi-grand ensembles. The Monte Carlo simulation of molecular fluids and fluids containing flexible molecules using a reptation algorithm is discussed. The parallel tempering or replica exchange method for more efficient exploration of the phase space is introduced, and recent advances including solute tempering and convective replica exchange algorithms are described.
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Bock, Mary Angela. Seeing Justice. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190926977.001.0001.
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Seeing Justice examines the way criminal justice in the United States is presented in visual media by focusing on the grounded practices of visual journalists in relationship with law enforcement. The book extends the concept of embodied gatekeeping, the corporeal and discursive practices connected to controlling visual media production and the complex ways social actors struggle over the construction of visual messages. Based on research that includes participant observation, extended interviews, and critical discourse analysis, the book provides a detailed examination of the way these practices shape media constructions and the way digitization is altering the relationships between media, citizens, and the criminal justice system. The project looks at contemporary cases that made the headlines through a theoretical lens based on the work of Michel Foucault, Walter Fisher, Stuart Hall, Nicholas Mirzoeff, Nick Couldry, and Roland Barthes. Its cases reveal the way powerful interests are able to shape representations of justice in ways that serve their purposes, occasionally at the expense of marginalized groups. Based on cases ranging from the last US public hanging to the proliferation of “Karen-shaming” videos, this monograph offers three observations. First, visual journalism’s physicality increases its reliance on those in power, making it easy for officials in the criminal justice system to shape its image. Second, image indexicality, even while it is subject to narrative negation, remains an essential affordance in the public sphere. Finally, participation in this visual public sphere must be considered as an essential human capability if not a human right.
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Boudreau, Joseph F., and Eric S. Swanson. Continuum dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198708636.003.0019.
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The theory and application of a variety of methods to solve partial differential equations are introduced in this chapter. These methods rely on representing continuous quantities with discrete approximations. The resulting finite difference equations are solved using algorithms that stress different traits, such as stability or accuracy. The Crank-Nicolson method is described and extended to multidimensional partial differential equations via the technique of operator splitting. An application to the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, via scattering from a barrier, follows. Methods for solving boundary value problems are explored next. One of these is the ubiquitous fast Fourier transform which permits the accurate solution of problems with simple boundary conditions. Lastly, the finite element method that is central to modern engineering is developed. Methods for generating finite element meshes and estimating errors are also discussed.
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Banjara, Manoj, and Damir Janigro. Effects of the Ketogenic Diet on the Blood-Brain Barrier. Edited by Detlev Boison. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0030.
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Ketone bodies (KBs) are always present in the blood, and their levels increase after high-fat diet intake, prolonged exercise, or extended fasting. Thus, one can predict effects on the brain capillary endothelium from high levels of ketones in the blood. Prolonged exposure of blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells to KBs induces expression of monocarboxylate transporters and enhances brain uptake of KBs. In addition, cell migration and expression of gap junction proteins are up-regulated by KBs. Thus, beneficial effects of the ketogenic diet may depend on increased brain uptake of KBs to match metabolic demand and repair of a disrupted BBB. As the effects of KBs on the BBB and their transport mechanisms across the BBB are better understood, it will be possible to develop alternative strategies to optimize the therapeutic benefits of KBs for brain disorders where the BBB is compromised.
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Alden, Edward, and Laurie Trautman. When the World Closed Its Doors. Oxford University PressNew York, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197697818.001.0001.
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Abstract When the World Closed Its Doors tells the story of how nearly every country in the world shut its borders to respond to an external threat and explains how this global shock to the system ended up transforming state border policies around the world. It details the consequences of the Covid border restrictions—couples separated for years, children blocked from reuniting with their parents, container ship workers moving essential goods trapped at sea, pregnant citizens barred from returning home—and explains why governments used their harshest containment measures on those coming from outside. The book tells human stories to show the multiple impacts that states’ increasing restrictiveness has had—economic, demographic, social, and political. And the fallout continues: Covid taught governments that borders could be closed or heavily restricted for extended periods with strong public support and minimal disruption to the everyday lives of most of their people. The temptation to do so in future crises—from pandemics to terrorist attacks to flows of desperate asylum seekers—will be irresistible. This book is an effort to ensure that lessons are learned about what worked and what didn’t from this unprecedented closure of borders—and to highlight the enormous costs that were paid by millions of people whose lives straddle those borders.
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Hsu, Madeline Y. The Good Immigrants. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164021.001.0001.
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Conventionally, U.S. immigration history has been understood through the lens of restriction and those who have been barred from getting in. In contrast, this book considers immigration from the perspective of Chinese elites—intellectuals, businessmen, and students—who gained entrance because of immigration exemptions. Exploring a century of Chinese migrations, the book looks at how the model minority characteristics of many Asian Americans resulted from U.S. policies that screened for those with the highest credentials in the most employable fields, enhancing American economic competitiveness. The earliest U.S. immigration restrictions targeted Chinese people but exempted students as well as individuals who might extend America's influence in China. Western-educated Chinese such as Madame Chiang Kai-shek became symbols of the U.S. impact on China, even as they patriotically advocated for China's modernization. World War II and the rise of communism transformed Chinese students abroad into refugees, and the Cold War magnified the importance of their talent and training. As a result, Congress legislated piecemeal legal measures to enable Chinese of good standing with professional skills to become citizens. Pressures mounted to reform American discriminatory immigration laws, culminating with the 1965 Immigration Act. Filled with narratives featuring such renowned Chinese immigrants as I. M. Pei, this book examines the shifts in immigration laws and perceptions of cultural traits that enabled Asians to remain in the United States as exemplary, productive Americans.
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Teele, Dawn Langan. Forging the Franchise. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691180267.001.0001.
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In the 1880s, women were barred from voting in all national-level elections, but by 1920 they were going to the polls in nearly thirty countries. What caused this massive change? Contrary to conventional wisdom, it was not because of progressive ideas about women or suffragists' pluck. In most countries, elected politicians fiercely resisted enfranchising women, preferring to extend such rights only when it seemed electorally prudent and necessary to do so. This book demonstrates that the formation of a broad movement across social divides, and strategic alliances with political parties in competitive electoral conditions, provided the leverage that ultimately transformed women into voters. As the book shows, in competitive environments, politicians had incentives to seek out new sources of electoral influence. A broad-based suffrage movement could reinforce those incentives by providing information about women's preferences, and an infrastructure with which to mobilize future female voters. At the same time that politicians wanted to enfranchise women who were likely to support their party, suffragists also wanted to enfranchise women whose political preferences were similar to theirs. In contexts where political rifts were too deep, suffragists who were in favor of the vote in principle mobilized against their own political emancipation. Exploring tensions between elected leaders and suffragists and the uncertainty surrounding women as an electoral group, the book sheds new light on the strategic reasons behind women's enfranchisement.
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Plough, Alonzo L., ed. Necessary Conversations. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197641477.001.0001.
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Abstract The events of 2020 were an inflection point in an American journey toward health and racial equity. Necessary Conversations: Understanding Racism as a Barrier to Achieving Health Equity extends a powerful call to action. RWJF’s Sharing Knowledge conference was held in Jackson, Miss., a setting where it could build on its conviction that a Culture of Health is impossible without a commitment to racial equity. Hundreds of participants from around the country engaged in authentic dialogue about the systems and structures that are doing grave harm to people of color. With so many types of knowledge-builders in the room, a palette filled with blunt, provocative, and insistent ideas and strategies could be shared to inspire action. This sixth book in the Culture of Health series reflects a distinct shift in RWJF’s emphasis, based on a growing body of evidence that racism is the underlying cause of so many poor health outcomes. RWJF is considering what it would take to overhaul institutions that treat people differently on the basis of their race and to make very intentional shifts in their investments to elevate that focus. They are recognizing they have to commit resources and join with others to support working to advance health and racial equity. They are deepening their understanding of what it means to build partnerships and community power and the centrality of leadership by those who are most affected by the decisions that influence their lives.
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Hadley, John. Animal Property Rights. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781666985054.
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Animal Property Rights: A Theory of Habitat Rights for Wild Animals represents the first attempt to extend liberal property rights theory across the species barrier to animals. It broadens the traditional focus of animal rights beyond basic rights to life and bodily integrity to rights to the natural areas in which animal reside. John Hadley argues that both proponents of animal rights and environmentalists ought to support animal property rights because protecting habitat promotes ecological values and helps to ensure animals live free from human interference. Hadley’s focus is pragmatist – he locates animal property rights within the institution of property as it exists today in liberal democracies. He argues that attempts to justify animal property rights on labor and first occupancy grounds will likely fail; instead, he grounds animal property rights upon the importance of habitat for the satisfaction of animals’ basic needs. The potential of animal property rights as a way of reinvigorating existing public policy responses to the problem of biodiversity loss due to habitat destruction is thoroughly explored. Using the concept of guardianship for cognitively impaired human beings, Hadley translates habitat rights as a right to negotiate – human guardians ought to be allowed to negotiate, on behalf of wild animals, with human landholders whose development activities put animals at risk. In addition to a theory of animal property rights, Animal Property Rights affords a critique of Donaldson and Kymlicka’s wild animal sovereignty theory, a defence of indirect approaches to animal rights, an extensive discussion of euthanasia as a ‘therapeutic hunting’ tool, and the first discussion of Locke’s theory of original acquisition in animal rights literature.
Book chapters on the topic "Extended barter"
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Boyd, Taylor. "Education Reform in Ontario: Building Capacity Through Collaboration." In Implementing Deeper Learning and 21st Education Reforms. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57039-2_2.
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Abstract The education system of the province of Ontario, Canada ranks among the best in the world and has been touted as a model of excellence for other countries seeking to improve their education system. In a system-wide reform, leaders used a political and professional perspective to improve student performance on basic academic skills. The school system rose to renown after this reform which moved Ontario from a “good” system in 2000 to a “great” one between 2003 and 2010 (Mourshed M, Chijioke C, Barber M. How the world’s most improved school systems keep getting better, a report McKinsey & Company. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/social-sector/our-insights/how-the-worlds-most-improved-school-systems-keep-getting-better, (2010)). Premier Dalton McGuinty arrived in office in 2003 with education as his priority and was dubbed the “Education Premier” because of this mandate. His plan for reform had two primary goals: to improve student literacy and numeracy, and to increase secondary school graduation rates. McGuinty also wanted to rebuild public trust that had been damaged under the previous administration. The essential element of Ontario’s approach to education reform was allowing educators to develop their own plans for improvement. Giving responsibility and freedom to educators was critical in improving professional norms and accountability among teachers (Mourshed M, Chijioke C, Barber M. How the world’s most improved school systems keep getting better, a report McKinsey & Company. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/social-sector/our-insights/how-the-worlds-most-improved-school-systems-keep-getting-better, (2010)) and the sustained political leadership throughout the entire reform concluding in 2013 provided an extended trajectory for implementing and adjusting learning initiatives. The Ministry of Education’s Student Achievement Division, which was responsible for designing and implementing strategies for student success, took a flexible “learning as we go” attitude in which the reform strategy adapted and improved over time (Directions Evidence and Policy Research Group. The Ontario student achievement division student success strategy evidence of improvement study. Retrieved from http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/research/EvidenceOfImprovementStudy.pdf, (2014)). This chapter will discuss influences on the reform design and key components of strategies to support student and teacher development and build a relationship of accountability and trust among teachers, the government and the public. The successes and shortcomings of this reform will be discussed in the context of their role in creating a foundation for the province’s next steps towards fostering twenty-first century competencies in classrooms.
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Dagan, Hanoch. "The Liberal Promise of Contract." In Private Law and Practical Reason. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192857330.003.0018.
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Abstract Chapter 18 studies Gardner’s reflections on contract and contractualization in order to evaluate the transfer theory of contract on which he implicitly relied. Gardner’s elaboration of the implications of transfer theory is convincing. But unlike Gardner, the chapter refuses to take transfer theory for granted. Transfer theory may nicely fit contracts that follow the model of an extended barter, but this is a particular and not particularly happy view of contract. Transfer theory is particular because it ill-fits a significant subset of contract law and the practice of contracting. Transfer theory is also not a particularly happy view of contract, and not only because its implementation would curtail law’s support of many human endeavors. Gardner’s critical insights are particularly significant here. The contrast to the alternative, autonomy-enhancing view of contract—referred to here as “liberal contract”—could not be sharper. Indeed, understanding contract as a joint plan, rather than transfer, and recognizing its reliance on reciprocal respect for self-determination, rather than for independence, radically transforms the role of “the contract part.” The implications of substituting the security-based view of contract with its autonomy-based counterpart suggest that while liberalism is indeed historically contingent, liberal values are indispensable for a just private law.
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Abel, Richard L. "State, Market, Philanthropy, And Self-Help As Legal Services Delivery Mechanisms." In Private Lawyers and the Public Interest. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195386073.003.0015.
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Abstract Bill Clinton is famous (or notorious) for promising to end welfare as we know it. Whether or not he succeeded, the boast expressed a tectonic shift in attitudes toward the state, possibly comparable to earlier “great transformations,” to use Polanyi’s phrase (1944). In societies with little or no division of labor, people produce most of the goods and services they consume (and barter for the rest). The market transforms this arrangement, enormously increasing the variety and quality of what can be enjoyed. Prior to the twentieth century, the primary method for redistributing goods and services to those who could not buy them was philanthropy: soup kitchens, poor houses, charity hospitals, foundling homes. The Great Depression and World War II changed all that. The British welfare state marginalized charity, assuming the obligation to end poverty or at least ameliorate its most conspicuous hardships. In the United States two decades later, Medicare and Medicaid severely undermined doctors’ feeling of responsibility to treat patients unable to pay. Governments that had begun to offer free primary and secondary education in the nineteenth century extended this to the university and added food, housing, transportation, communication, culture and recreation, unemployment compensation, health care, child care, and pensions. Almost simultaneously, however, this provoked a conservative backlash, driven in part by the fiscal crisis of the state, compounded by a taxpayer revolt. The only thing unusual about Clinton’s proposal was that he was a Democrat rather than a Republican. But his program differed little from Tony Blair’s “New” Labor or its contemporary socialist and social democratic counter-parts throughout continental Europe. The hegemony of the state—which seemed inevitable after World War II—may turn out to be little more than a brief interlude between the dominance of market and philanthropy before World War II and again today.
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Kárpati, János. "Bartók in North Africa: A Unique Fieldwork and Its Impact on His Music." In Bartók Perspectives. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195125627.003.0012.
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Abstract It is perhaps well known how Bartok eventually extended his trips to collect folk music in the territory of Greater Hungary, from the central Hungarian population to the Slovaks in the north and Romanians in the east.1 It is uncertain when he decided to extend his fieldwork to non-European regions. His intention to undertake a North African trip begins with his correspondence of 1911. On July 9, his letter to Mrs. Janos Bu itia from Munich states that he was en route to Paris, “in order to study Arab folk songs.”2 During his stay in Paris, July 11–23, he wrote to his wife, Marta, that he had already purchased an Arab-French dictionary and an Arabic grammar book but did not find any Arab folk song collections. In the same letter, he mentions the possibility of a journey to Africa: “It will be good for you to be carefully accustomed to the heat. Perhaps next summer we will go to such a place.”3
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Heyman, Barbara B. "The American Academy." In Samuel Barber. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863739.003.0007.
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Barber continued to receive numerous recognitions and awards for his work. In 1935, he was given the Prix de Rome, for being the most talented and promising music student at the time. With the award, he was granted two years of study at the American Academy in Rome, with full lodging and a regular stipend. In this new environment, Barber continued to flourish, winning a Pulitzer traveling scholarship, which provided him with an extended stay at the American Academy, where his fSymphony in One Movement was composed. His uncle, Sidney Homer, proudly observed Barber’s triumphs as he read stories in the local newspaper about his music being performed in America. Uncle and nephew continued to communicate regularly through letters, exchanging queries, comments, and criticisms about Barber’s new compositions. Correspondence between Mary Bok and Barber flourished. Barber wrote many songs on emotionally charged poems, which seem biographically pointed. During the summer, he and Menotti lived in a game warden’s cottage in St. Wolfgang, Austria; there he began work on the String Quartet in B minor, the second movement of which later became the famous Adagio for Strings. Both the symphony and the String Quartet were premiered at the American Academy.
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Stausberg J., Laghmouch M., and Moraga C. "Building a Terminology Server with a RDBMS." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 1996. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-878-6-179.
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We implemented a Data Dictionary with the relational database management system ORACLE7 as a part of a Terminology Server. The data modeling was carried out using the extended ER-Model of R. Barker. Our data model includes the core entities term and link. Term comprises terminological constructs like concept, relationship, attribute, etc. Connections between terms are realized by the entity link. A link consists of a start_term a link_type and a target_term. In addition a link could be used in the same way as a term. especially for the construction of compositional structures. The main advantages of our implementation are the high flexibility of the data model and the standardized access with the Structured Query Language. We will extend the database step by step to a Terminology Server.
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Miller, Richard. "managing the breath." In Securing Baritone, Bass-Baritone, and Bass Voices. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195322651.003.0003.
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Abstract We seldom engage in long bursts of speech. In everyday communication, most phrases are of brief duration—often five or six seconds in length. Yet, in singing, we sustain phrases for much longer periods. It is not unusual to encounter high-lying sung phrases of more than ten seconds’ duration. Extended melismatic passages may reach at least fifteen seconds—one need think only of how often Mozart, Brahms, Verdi, Strauss, Duparc, and Barber pile up series of lengthy phrases. In short, the duration factor is more extensive in song than in speech.
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Elizabeth, Mary, and Basile Chopas. "Bocce behind Barbed Wire." In Searching for Subversives. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469634340.003.0005.
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Chapter 4 is a social history of the daily lives of the internees in INS camps and Army camps. It shows how many internees developed a sense of powerlessness as requests for a reevaluation of their situation went unanswered. The United States chose to extend prisoner of war protections in the 1929 Geneva Convention to enemy aliens in internment camps, allowing them to refer to the convention’s guarantees of safe and humane treatment and a good standard of living to redress complaints. This chapter shows how the internees exercised agency by finding ways to prove that they could be loyal American citizens, particularly by exhibiting a good work ethic. Although the balance of power still weighed heavily in favor of the government, the personal letters of internees tell a story of resiliency in the bleak setting of internment.
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Noudelmann, François. "Barthes and Insignificant Music." In Interdisciplinary Barthes. British Academy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266670.003.0012.
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Barthes kept music separate from semiology, refusing to regard sounds as signs. By analysing music from the perspective of his body, he made audible its discreet phenomenologies. Many experiences, mental, psychic, and corporal, are at stake in performing and listening to music, and they played a subtle role in Barthes's thought. His listening and his musical practice led him to favour a relationship to his piano that permitted an imaginary appropriation and erotic play. Musical pulsation develops an intimate resistance to the law, one that combines repetition and perversion. Barthes highlights obsessive rhythms such as accents, syncopations, and off-beat rhythms. His writings on music, alluding to the language of the solitary body, emphasise erections and back-and-forth movements. He frequently over-interprets the performative indications on musical scores, such as the rubato or fingering, choosing to hear in them the sexual power of desire which leads the pianist towards a disseminated jouissance. By recording himself playing the piano, he extends this pleasure to enjoyment of his own rhythm as in an onanistic practice. From a theoretical perspective, musical practice allowed Barthes to bid his farewell to semiology and to maintain a subjective resistance, both philosophical and psychological, to social language.
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Stevenson, Randall. "Last Year in Jerusalem: Politics and Performance after 1968." In The Last of England? Oxford University PressOxford, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198184232.003.0011.
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Abstract Today, it is hard to see how a vital theatre and a necessary one can be other than out of tune with society—not seeking to celebrate the accepted values, but to challenge them. (Brook, The Empty Space (1968), p. 150) For about fifteen years after 1968, this challenge was extended throughout English theatre by a generation of writers including Edward Bond, David Hare, Howard Brenton, David Edgar, Howard Barker, John McGrath, and Trevor Griffiths. Most of them were strongly influenced by the emergence of the counter-culture in the late 1960s, by the new theatrical possibilities it encouraged, and above all by the ‘great watershed’, as Howard Brenton called it, of the near-revolution in Paris in the summer of 1968 (Trussler (ed.), p. 96).
Conference papers on the topic "Extended barter"
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Arias, Santiago, Jose Fernandes, Raquel Morales, and Munzir Khan. "Sustainable Activated Zinc Rich Epoxy Primers with Extended Durability." In MECC 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/mecc2023-20257.
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Abstract Zinc rich primers provide the first line of defense in the fight against corrosion. Zinc epoxies compared to zinc silicates as coating solutions, are more flexible regarding curing conditions, they are easier to overcoat and they are less demanding to substrate preparation prior to application. A new generation of activated zinc rich primers with enhanced corrosion and mechanical properties has been successfully introduced in the market since 2014. This new technology delivers an efficient galvanic protection while providing a more effective barrier and inhibition effects to the coating system. The purpose of this paper is to present real life and accelerated performance testing that provides additional data that go beyond standard performance in the market. A Life Cycle analysis will be presented as well demonstrating that solutions based on activated zinc have the best sustainability profile, based on outstanding performance and longer durability.
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Maeda, T., A. Saunders-Tack, and A. Wolfert. "The Carburization Properties of Plasma Powder Welded (PPW) Overlay Ethylene Pyrolysis Furnace Tubes." In CORROSION 2005. NACE International, 2005. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2005-05426.
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Abstract The carburization performance of plasma powder welded overlay ethylene pyrolysis furnace tubes has been evaluated in laboratory studies and plant trials. The results indicate that the PPW layer serves as a barrier to carburization of the tube base alloy by inhibiting carbon diffusion across the PPW/base material interface. The findings have a significant implication for the realisation of improved furnace performance and extended tube life. The carburization properties of the PPW overlayed tube have been quantified using a Larson-Miller approach and the benefits with respect to both extended tube life and/or increased tube metal temperature capacity determined. Tube life times of up to 3 times the life of conventional tubes have been predicted.
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Huang, Jiaxing, Alane Tarianna O. Lim, Chenlong Cui, and Hee Dong Jang. "Self-Healing Microcapsule-Thickened Oil Barrier Coatings." In Coatings+ 2020. SSPC, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2020-00024.
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Abstract Low-viscosity oils could potentially act as self-healing barrier coatings, because they can readily flow and reconnect to heal minor damage. For the same reason, however, they typically do not form stable coatings on metal surfaces. Increasing viscosity helps to stabilize the oil coating, but it also slows down the healing process. Here, we report a strategy for creating highly stable oil coatings on metal surfaces without sacrificing their remarkable self-healing properties. Using lightweight microcapsules as thickeners, low-viscosity oil films immobilize on metal surfaces, which form a dynamic network to prevent the creep of the coating. When we scratch the coating, oil around the opening can rapidly flow to cover the exposed area, reconnecting the particle network. We demonstrate the use of these coatings as anticorrosion barriers. We easily apply the coatings on metal surfaces, including those with complex geometries; both in air or under water, and remain stable even in turbulent water. They can protect metal in corrosive environments for extended periods and can self-heal repeatedly when scratched at the same spot. Such a strategy may offer effective mitigation of the dangerous localized corrosion aggravated by minor imperfections or damage in protective coatings, which are typically hard to prevent or detect, but can drastically degrade metal properties.
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Xiao, Fangqing, and Dirk Slock. "Breaking the Gaussian Barrier: Leveraging ReGVAMP to Extend EKF and IEKF." In 2024 58th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf60004.2024.10942737.
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Chris, M., R. Thiago, and B. Paul. "Low Thermal Conductivity Coatings for Thermal Barrier and CUI Prevention." In LatinCORR 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/lac23-21324.
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Extended Abstract This article discusses the critical issues of corrosion under insulation (CUI) in industrial settings, emphasizing the importance of insulating tanks, equipment, and pipework to reduce energy consumption and prevent burns. It identifies various factors contributing to CUI, such as insulation material choices, installation quality, mechanical damage, and moisture sources. The article highlights the significance of selecting appropriate coating systems to combat CUI effectively. It explores the benefits of thermally sprayed aluminum (TSA), polymeric coatings like epoxies and epoxy novolacs, and emerging low thermal conductivity coatings. The impact of coating thickness on surface temperature reduction is demonstrated, and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) quantifies energy savings. Additionally, the article underscores the moisture resistance of coatings compared to traditional materials like Rockwool. Overall, it emphasizes that selecting the right coating system can mitigate CUI, enhance energy efficiency, and yield long-term cost savings.
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Martin, Evandro R. "30 Years Lifetime with No Maintenance Needed in Splash Zones!!!" In LatinCORR 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/lac23-20440.
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Extended Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a proven coating system that can perform for more than 30 years corrosion protection with no maintenance in splash zones. This coating system technology, Special Flake Glass Polyester (SFGP) has been reintroduced in the new edition of Norsok M501 for paint system 7A and 7D emphasizing that very high durability has been experienced with glass flake polyester coatings. Polyesters are extremely tough and durable polymers used in aircraft, vehicle, and marine construction, even fake marble kitchen table-top can be made of polyesters. For this paper we will be talking about a special flake glass polyester technology (SFGP) that uses chemically resistant and inert C-Glass glass flakes as reinforcement to significantly increase its overall durability while improving its barrier properties. SFGP comes with a long track record in jobs at offshore and onshore facilities and has the most extensive 3rd Party Verification for products of its kind and purpose with proven protection after 30 years of service. This paper will present this long track record and third party testing as evidence that the technology can surpass its years in service to extend the life of assets to beyond 40 years. The tests carried out by independent laboratories and verified by third parties gives evidence of reduced life cycle costs and extended lifetime performance. Some examples will be presented showing high adherence after 35 and 22 years of service in splash zone areas of offshore assets. Fingerprint tests proven the technology applied 35 years ago was the same used today and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) proved the coating with 35 years applied in the asset is still working and protecting the asset. Some other tests and features of the technology will be presented.
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Wright, I. G., W. Y. Lee, and B. A. Pint. "High-Temperature Corrosion Issues in Advanced Gas Turbines Systems Intended for Power Generation." In CORROSION 1996. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96143.
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Abstract The new generation of land-based gas turbine systems to be based on technology developed by the Department of Energy’s Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS) program is intended to represent a significant step forward in overall efficiency, economy of operation, and environmental compatibility. These advances require the hot gas path components to endure increased combustion temperatures for extended times with a minimum of cooling. Improved bottoming cycles including chemical recuperation and humidified air are also being considered. Whereas some of the required improvements in performance will rely on the transfer of component design, materials and processing from aircraft gas turbines, the specific duty cycle of the ATS machines will require increased emphasis on the use of thermal barrier coatings. The high-temperature corrosion issues raised by the severe operating conditions of these turbines and, in particular, those associated with the use of thermal barrier coatings are discussed.
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Norton, John, Eric Delaby, and Rafic Moubarac. "ECTFE Veil for Corrosion Resistant FRP Equipment." In CORROSION 2001. NACE International, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2001-01394.
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Abstract Historically, veil used as corrosion barriers for Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) equipment were made of glass or polyester (PET) fibers. These materials are acceptable in non-aggressive environments. But in aggressive environments, the glass or PET material properties tend to degrade, forcing the FRP equipment to be relined or replaced. Ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) veil, by contrast, has demonstrated improved corrosion resistance and increased physical property retention for the corrosion barriers of FRP equipment. This should result in extended life of the FRP corrosion barrier. Case studies and case histories comparing corrosion data between veil types in aggressive chemical environments show evidence that the ECTFE veil outperforms other veils. Additional advantages are illustrated in fire and smoke characteristics and resistance to abrasion.
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Weaver, William, Lynn Chikosha, and Matthew Sharp. "Characterisation of a Novel Hybrid Anti-corrosive System Comprising Graphene Nano Platelets and Non-Metal-containing Anti-corrosive Pigments." In CORROSION 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2019-13266.
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Abstract Applied Graphene Materials produces a number of graphene nano-platelet (GNPs) dispersions, enabling properties such as electrical/thermal conductivity, mechanical properties, gas permeability and barrier type to be achieved Anti-corrosive pigments have come under environmental pressure. The challenge is to develop anti- corrosive systems with performance equal to that of current anti-corrosive pigments. Prior work has demonstrated that very small additions of GNPs decreased water vapour transmission rates and extended time to initial corrosion and has been explained by the tortuous pathway created by the addition of GNPs to a host matrix. It has also been postulated that there is an anodic/cathodic process taking place in conjunction with typical active anti-corrosive pigments. This work is benchmarking GNPs against and in combination with commercially available anti-corrosive pigments via electrochemical, corrosion, and mechanical testing. We seek to characterise the mechanisms by which GNPs work as anti-corrosive pigments and investigate synergistic effects which will allow improvements in coatings anti-corrosive performance. Electrochemical AC impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and corrosion potential (OCP) measurements has been used to probe the properties of GNP-epoxy coatings. In their simplest form, values of impedance provide useful information concerning the passive barrier properties of a coating.
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Rahman, Mohammad Mizanur, and Akeem Adesina. "Circular Economy through the Protective Polyurethane Coating." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19057.
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Abstract Polyurethane (PU) coatings have a wide demand in industry and are used for the protection of metal, concrete and wood structures. However, PU coatings face challenges in regard to circular economy concepts. Although waterborne solvent formulation techniques as well as naturally derived monomers are compatible with a circular economy, PU coatings possess a strong barrier. In this study, a series of PU coatings were prepared using water as the main solvent, and the polyol and chain extender monomers used were prepared from natural resources. The synthesized PU coating showed UV resistance, fire retardancy and corrosion protection. The exposed PU coating was collected and used with Portland cement.
Reports on the topic "Extended barter"
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Hilhorst, Marieke, Sara Caliari, Wouter Post, Lambertus J. Kuijpers, and Fresia Alvarado Chacon. Thin films from modified Poly(glycolic acid) with excellent water vapor barrier. Universidad de los Andes, 2024. https://doi.org/10.51573/andes.pps39.gs.farp.1.
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Commercial biodegradable polymers that combine high oxygen and water vapor barrier properties are scarce. In the packaging industry multilayer materials are usually used to achieve the barrier requirements, however they are usually not recyclable and will not biodegrade when discarded. The outstanding barrier properties of poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) make it an excellent candidate for a biodegradable oxygen and water vapor barrier packaging material. At the same time, its processability into films using standard converting equipment is a major challenge. Low melt strength, high processing temperatures, and fast crystallization at the die limit its use in conventional packaging applications. Chain extenders are typically used to improve the melt strength of polymers and thereby the overall processability, however they may affect the intrinsic barrier properties of the material. This work studied the reactivity of PGA with different chain extenders. It found that by using less than 2% reactive chain extenders the processability of PGA could be highly improved while keeping the intrinsic barrier properties of the material. After compounding PGA with the chain extenders Joncryl and carbodiimide, stable flat sheet extrusion of the material was possible resulting in sheets thinner than 10 μm. The multidirectional stretchability of the melt was improved, showing an increase in the melt strength of the polymer. Barrier properties were measured, and it was found that the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) is not affected by the addition of the chain extender. This improvement in the processability of PGA offers a promising solution for biodegradable high-barrier packaging materials.
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Guarino, V., J. Grudzinski, and E. Petereit. Extended barrel support saddle design and analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/793907.
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Guarino, V. J., N. Hill, E. Petereit, L. E. Price, J. Proudfoot, and K. Wood. Master plate production for the tile calorimeter extended barrel modules. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/12019.
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Guarino, V., N. Hill, E. Petereit, et al. Production summary for extended barrel module fabrication at Argonne for the ATLAS tile calorimeter. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/920978.
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George and Hawley. PR-015-09605-R01 Extended Low Flow Range Metering. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010728.
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Natural gas meters are often used to measure flows below their minimum design flow rate. This can occur because of inaccurate flow projections, widely varying flow rates in the line, a lack of personnel available to change orifice plates, and other causes. The use of meters outside their design ranges can result in significant measurement errors. The objectives of this project were to examine parameters that contribute to measurement error at flow rates below 10% of a meters capacity, determine the expected range of error at these flow rates, and establish methods to reduce measurement error in this range. The project began with a literature search of prior studies of orifice, turbine, and ultrasonic meters for background information on their performance in low flows. Two conditions affecting multiple meter types were identified for study. First, temperature measurement errors in low flows can influence the accuracy of all three meter types, though the effect of a given temperature error can differ among the meter types. Second, thermally stratified flows at low flow rates are known to cause measurement errors in ultrasonic meters that cannot compensate for the resulting flow profiles, and the literature suggested that these flows could also affect orifice plates and turbine meters. Several possible ways to improve temperature measurements in low flows were also identified for further study. Next, an analytical study focused on potential errors due to inaccurate temperature measurements. Numerical tools were used to model a pipeline with different thermowell and RTD geometries. The goals were to estimate temperature measurement errors under different low-flow conditions, and to identify approaches to minimize temperature and flow rate errors. Thermal conduction from the pipe wall to the thermowell caused the largest predicted bias in measured temperature, while stratified temperatures in the flow caused relatively little temperature bias. Thermally isolating the thermowell from the pipe wall, or using a bare RTD, can minimize temperature bias, but are not usually practical approaches. Insulation of the meter run and the use of a finned thermowell design were practical methods predicted to potentially improve measurement accuracy, and were chosen for testing.
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Parchure, Trimbak M., Soraya Sarruff, and Ben Brown. Desktop Study for La Quinta Project; Shoaling Prediction in La Quinta Navigation Channel and Effect of a Barrier on Siltation in Extended La Quinta Channel. Defense Technical Information Center, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada407991.
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Huijser, M. P., and S. C. Getty. Electrified Barriers Installed on Top of Wildlife Guards to Help Keep Large Wild Mammals Out of a Fenced Road Corridor. Western Transportation Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/1702675805.
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Most wildlife mitigation measures along highways are aimed at improving human safety, reducing direct wildlife mortality, and providing safe crossing opportunities for wildlife. Fences in combination with wildlife crossing structures are the most effective combination of mitigation measures to achieve these objectives. For fences to reliably reduce collisions with large wild mammals by 80% or more, at least 5 kilometers (3 miles) of road length needs to be fenced, including a buffer zone that extends well beyond the known hotspots for wildlife-vehicle collisions. Collisions that still occur within the fenced road sections tend to be concentrated near the fence-ends. In addition, gaps in fences, including at access roads, can result in concentrations of collisions inside fenced road sections. Gates are commonly used at gaps in the fence at low traffic volume access roads, but they are often left open allowing wildlife to access the road corridor. While cattle guards or wildlife guards can be effective for some ungulate species, double wide cattle or wildlife guards consisting of round bars or bridge grate material, situated above a pit, are generally recommended for ungulates. However, such guards are not a substantial barrier for species with paws, including many carnivore species. Electrified mats or electrified guards can be a barrier for both ungulates and species with paws, but to prevent animals from jumping across the mat, they need to be 4.6-6.6 m (15-22 ft)) wide. For this project, a combination of wildlife guards and electrified barriers on top of these wildlife guards was evaluated. Both electrified mats that were tested (Crosstek and BS Fabrications) on top of existing wildlife guards resulted in a near absolute barrier for both ungulates and species with paws (97.9% barrier for the 2 deer species combined, 100% barrier for coyotes and black bears); an improvement to a wildlife guard only without an electrified mat (89.3% for the 2 deer species combined, 54.5% barrier for coyotes and 45.5% barrier for black bears). Based on the images, there is evidence that a shock is delivered to the animals that touch the electrified mats and that most of the animals respond by returning to the habitat side of the barrier. Specifically for bears, if it was not for the electrified barriers, likely at least 3 black bears and 1 grizzly bear would have crossed into the fenced road corridor where they would have been exposed to vehicles.
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Gui, Feng, and Sean Brossia. PR-186-073502-R01 Large-Scale Cathodic Disbondment Testing for Coal Tar Enamel(CTE). Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010646.
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Corrosion protection of installed transmission pipelines is mainly achieved by isolating the pipeline from the environment through the use of applied coatings. In areas where coating damage (e.g., holidays) exist, cathodic protection (CP), often by impressed current, is used to protect any bare areas. The amount of current output required for CP tends to increase as the damaged area (e.g. holidays, cracks) progresses over time. Although CP is necessary to protect any bare areas, it can also enhance coating disbondment. Likewise, the extent of cathodic disbondment (CD) could increase as the current from the rectifier is augmented to compensate for the extended damage. In the United Stated approximately 50 % of the transmission pipelines are coated with coal tar enamel (CTE), many of which have been in service for more than 50 years. The extent of the coating damage (in the form of holidays, open disbondments, cracks and tears) requires incremental increases in CP levels to be applied over time. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of CP levels on the growth of CD of CTE coated pipes. The CD extent at under protected CP levels was investigated as well. Additionally, the effect of surface contaminant (chloride) on CD of the CTE coated pipes was evaluated.
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Glasscott, Matthew, Johanna Jernberg, Erik Alberts, and Lee Moores. Toward the electrochemical detection of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43826.
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Analytical methods to rapidly detect explosive compounds with high precision are paramount for applications ranging from national security to environmental remediation. This report demonstrates two proof-of-concept electroanalytical methods for the quantification of 2,4-dinitroanisol (DNAN) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). For the first time, DNAN reduction was analyzed and compared at a bare graphitic carbon electrode, a polyaniline-modified (PANI) electrode, and a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrode utilizing PANI to explore the effect of surface-area and preconcentration affinity on the analytical response. Since some explosive compounds such as PETN are not appreciably soluble in water (<10 μg/L), necessitating a different solvent system to permit direct detection via electrochemical reduction. A 1,2-dichloroethane system was explored as a possibility by generating a liquid-liquid extraction-based sensor exploiting the immiscibility of 1,2-dichloroethane and water. The reduction process was explored using a scan rate analysis to extract a diffusion coefficient of 6.67 x 10⁻⁶ cm/s, in agreement with literature values for similarly structured nitrate esters. Once further refined, these techniques may be extended to other explosives and combined with portable electrochemical hardware to bring real-time chemical information to soldiers and citizens alike.
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Burkholder, JoAnn, Ellen Allen, Carol Kinder, Stacie Flood, and Wendy Wright. Natural resource condition assessment: Cape Lookout National Seashore. National Park Service, 2017. https://doi.org/10.36967/2240259.
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The two major goals of this report were to (i) inventory the natural resources of Cape Lookout National Seashore (CALO, or the seashore, or Cape Lookout NS) along the Outer Banks of North Carolina, including synthesis of available information and collection of geospatial data layers and maps; and (ii) develop a set of indicators, quantitative insofar as possible, for natural resource conditions that can be tracked over time. The natural resources that were evaluated included climate, air quality, geology and soils, groundwater, surface water, terrestrial, wetland, and aquatic biota, and species of special concern. This analysis emphasized the most recent years of available information through 2012, especially for water quality and biota, so that the national resource assessment and “Report Card” would target present/recent conditions. Cape Lookout is a dynamic barrier island system that forms the southern portion of the Outer Banks, one of the nation’s major natural, highly dynamic geological wonders, and among the most remote of national parks despite its close proximity to the mainland. It is about 11,430 hectares (28,244 acres [ac] or 44.1 mi2]) in extent, and more than one-third of the area is water. Its ocean side beaches span a length of 91 kilometers (56.5 miles [mi]), stretching from Ocracoke Inlet southwest to Beaufort Inlet. The three main barrier islands or “banks” of Cape Lookout—also known as part of the “Crystal Coast of North Carolina”—are only 1–2 kilometers (0.6–1.2 mi) wide. From north to southwest, they include North Core Banks, South Core Banks, and Shackleford Banks. The highest topographic features of Cape Lookout, sand dunes, rise approximately 3.7 meters (12.1 ft) above mean sea level on North and South Core Banks, and about 10–13 meters (32.8–42.7 ft) on Shackleford Banks. The seashore headquarters, on Harkers Island, hugs the mainland and is accessible by automobile, but the three barrier islands are accessible to the general public only by ferry service and there are no connecting roads. The ocean side seashore boundary is mean low tide, and the sound side boundary extends 45.7 meters (150 ft) from the shore into the water. Given this definition of park boundaries, together with accelerating sea-level rise from climate change, Cape Lookout NS boundaries area constantly shifting. Climate change is rapidly advancing in the Southeast—including Cape Lookout—and is manifested through warming temperatures, altered patterns and amounts of precipitation (droughts, floods), and storm frequency. The seashore sustains a high frequency of naturally occurring storm-, wind-, tide-, and wave-driven processes of erosion, accretion, and overwash that cause it to migrate landward. The narrow barrier islands of sand, very near to mean sea level, are extremely vulnerable to climate change impacts such as inundation from sea-level rise. The predicted changes would dramatically impact the natural resources of this seashore. Park staff and the Southeast Coast Network are proactively engaged in planning efforts to better prepare for those impacts. The Cape Lookout barrier islands are separated from the mainland by two shallow, narrow sounds, Core Sound and Back Sound, which are only 3.2–6.4 kilometers (2–4 mi) wide. In addition, the northwestern edge of North Core Banks abuts the wide expanse of Pamlico Sound (24–48 kilometers [15–20 mi]) in width. Moderate noise and light pollution from the Morehead City-Beaufort population center on the mainland likely adversely affect the closest barrier island, Shackleford Banks, which has been proposed as and is managed as a Wilderness Area by the National Park Service. Mainland water pollution impacts, such as chemical substances and sea trash, are a potential concern on the barrier islands. Air pollution from mainland urban and agricultural areas has caused poor air quality as an ongoing, serious problem in the seashore. Low fecal coliform bacterial densites indicate...