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Journal articles on the topic 'Extended barter'
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1
Pañares, Zosima A., and Agnes C. Sequiño. "The dynamics of barter trade among Cebuano farmers." University of the Visayas - Journal of Research 7, no. 1 (2013): 195–206. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1683034.
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Barter is an old process of doing business in the olden times without the use of money. It is surprising to note that, during this age of technology and borderless commercialization, barter is still useful and is even used with technology. The study aimed to document the barter system used by Cebuano farmers to find out if this business process is still profitable. Moreover, both the economic and social implications are recorded in relation to Filipino culture. The findings revealed three types of barter: (1) goods with goods; (2) goods with service; and (3) extended barter system. Moreover, the farmers from northern and southern Cebu realized that the barter system was more profitable for them than selling their goods directly to consumers for money. Barter system revealed the peace-loving nature and generosity of Cebuanos.
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Metcalf, George. "A Microcosm of Why Africans sold Slaves: Akan Consumption Patterns in the 1770s." Journal of African History 28, no. 3 (1987): 377–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700030097.
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The European goods which Africans consumed in the slave trade era tell us much about the African societies which imported them. However the study of the subject has involved much confusion through the application of fragmentary evidence from different societies in different stages of development towards the fashioning of broad hypotheses about the impact of the trade on West Africa as a whole. It is important therefore, when the evidence is available, to study each society and each group of African middlemen individually as well as within the wider context.The papers (especially the barter records) of Richard Miles throw a good deal of light on one such microcosm: the Akan people of the Gold Coast in the second half of the eighteenth century. The Fante middlemen with whom Miles dealt required, for virtually every barter, an assortment of goods from five major categories: hardware, currencies, textiles, luxury items, arms and ammunition. Though all these categories were necessary for the trade, it is notable that textiles were far and away the dominant commodity desired by the Akan. Guns were in surprisingly low demand during this period which suggests that the Akan slave producers (principally the Asante) had no difficulty raising slaves through tribute in peacetime and were not forced to rely on wars and slave-raids.Miles's documents also make it clear that generalizations drawn from the Gold Coast in this period cannot be extended automatically to other areas; Akan history tells us that neither can they be extended on the Gold Coast into a different era.
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Edlund, Lena. "Cousin Marriage Is Not Choice: Muslim Marriage and Underdevelopment." AEA Papers and Proceedings 108 (May 1, 2018): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181084.
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According to classical Muslim marriage law, a woman needs her guardian's (viz. father's) consent to marry. However, the resulting marriage payment, the mahr, is hers. This split bill may lie behind the high rates of consanguineous marriage in the Muslim world, where country estimates range from 20 to 60 percent. Cousin marriage can stem from a form of barter in which fathers contribute daughters to an extended family bridal pool against sons' right to draw from the same pool. In the resulting system, women are robbed of their mahr and sons marry by guarding their sisters' “honor” and heeding clan elders.
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LIPIANINA-HONCHARENKO, KHRYSTYNA, ANATOLIY SACHENKO, VITALIY KULYK, et al. "SIMULATION MODEL STRUCTURE OF BUSINESS PROCESSES FOR A PRODUCT BASED ON AURALIZATION TECHNOLOGY." Computer systems and information technologies, no. 4 (December 29, 2022): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/csit-2022-4-15.
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Within the framework of the Auralization of acoustic heritage sites using Augmented and Virtual Reality (AURA) project, the task was to develop the business models for potential products that would use the developed auralized 3D model. Accordingly, the purpose of the article is to analyze typical business models for the specified products with an auralized 3D model, which can further be adapted to each specific use case (marketing scenario).
 In the most general terms, a business model is a method of doing business that allows a company to sustain itself, i.e. generate income and revenue. Therefore, the development of a business model is relevant to calculate the possible income or expenses of a future product.
 The article analyzes existing business models and determines which ones are most suitable for the task at hand. It is proposed to use the following business models: "Canvas", "Barter" and "Joint Ownership".
 The "Canvas" business model is described by the following structure: consumer segment, value proposition, sales channels, customer relationships, product revenues, key resources, key activities, key partners, and cost structure. In addition, this business model proposes the E-commerce, Affiliations, and Additional Opportunities business processes.
 The "Barter" business model is based on the use of a social media platform to promote products and services. And in the Shared Ownership business model, investors do not buy the entire asset, but only a part of it. For these business models, the Barter and Shared Ownership business processes are presented.
 Based on the business processes the structure of the simulation model was proposed. The study can be extended and adapted to other products. In further research, scenario modeling will be conducted using system dynamics approaches.
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Festré, Agnès. "Knut Wicksell and Ludwig von Mises on Money, Interest, and Price Dynamics." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 28, no. 3 (2006): 333–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10427710600857856.
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In the aftermath of the so-called Marginal Revolution of the last end of the nineteenth century, economic analysis split into two branches. The first one was made up of economists who took as the methodological starting-point of their analyses the static or stationary state of a barter economy and considered that this basic framework was likely to be extended in order to account for monetary and financial considerations, as well as dynamics. However, in such a setting, the introduction of money, bank-credit, or any factor of growth did not substantially alter the features that are associated with the rudimentary economy of static real exchange.
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Zhao, Eric, Alexander R. Trott, Caiming Xiong, and Stephan Zheng. "Learning to Play General-Sum Games against Multiple Boundedly Rational Agents." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 10 (2023): 11781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i10.26391.
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We study the problem of training a principal in a multi-agent general-sum game using reinforcement learning (RL). Learning a robust principal policy requires anticipating the worst possible strategic responses of other agents, which is generally NP-hard. However, we show that no-regret dynamics can identify these worst-case responses in poly-time in smooth games. We propose a framework that uses this policy evaluation method for efficiently learning a robust principal policy using RL. This framework can be extended to provide robustness to boundedly rational agents too. Our motivating application is automated mechanism design: we empirically demonstrate our framework learns robust mechanisms in both matrix games and complex spatiotemporal games. In particular, we learn a dynamic tax policy that improves the welfare of a simulated trade-and-barter economy by 15%, even when facing previously unseen boundedly rational RL taxpayers.
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von Spee, Caspar Graf, and Gilles Ollier. "European Union Research Vessels." Marine Technology Society Journal 35, no. 3 (2001): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533201788057855.
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Ships are major capital consuming facilities and therefore cost intensive. They should be used as efficiently as possible. One of the goals of the European Union (EU) is to encourage transnational use of public or private facilities which address critical needs in order to further improve their exploitation while avoiding unnecessary duplication and to cover emerging priority needs.To support this aim and to prepare the basis for future European steps, a survey of the existing fleet of multi-role research ships in Europe was undertaken and future scientific requirements for research vessels were assessed.New projects such as new vessels have to be seen in a European context. Existing arrangements, such as the Tripartite-Agreement, which allows the exchange of ship time by a barter system, will have to be applied and extended. Such agreements will help to improve collaboration, which should of course not be restricted to Europe. Marine research addresses world-wide knowledge, concerns and projects. Transparency in the field of the technology available will also support global cooperation.
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Watson, Ian. "Ways of Understanding the Culture: Re-examining the Performance Paradigm." New Theatre Quarterly 16, no. 4 (2000): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00014081.
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The tendency for ‘performance studies’ to embrace and even supplant ‘theatre studies’ can usefully enlarge our perceptions of the relevance of theatricality to other disciplines and activities – but fully extended into the ‘performativities’ of everyday life can be counterproductive when definitions are so loose as to be redundant. Here, Ian Watson considers the boundary-crossing qualities of two variants on the ‘performance paradigm’ – Eugenio Barba's bridge-building concept of ‘Barter Theatre’ and Augusto Boal's deliberately provocative ‘Invisible Theatre’. He proceeds to relate the characteristics identified to an event no less clearly staged, though less often discussed as such: the set-piece political speech, in this case President Clinton's acceptance of his renomination as Democratic candidate at his party's Chicago convention in 1996. Ian Watson is an Advisory Editor of NTQ who teaches at the Rutgers campus of the State University of New Jersey. The last of his several contributions to the journal was his report on the Ninth International Gathering of Group Theatre in Ayacucho, Peru, in NTQ58 (May 1999).
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Jena, Rabindra Kumar. "Examining the Factors Affecting the Adoption of Blockchain Technology in the Banking Sector: An Extended UTAUT Model." International Journal of Financial Studies 10, no. 4 (2022): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs10040090.
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Technology innovation has dramatically transformed banks over time. Digital innovation in the banking sector began with the introduction of money to replace barter systems, and then gradually replaced wax seals with digital signatures. One such disruptive innovation that is transforming the banking sector around the world is blockchain technology (BCT). The banking sector in India has also started adopting blockchain technology in various financial transactions. However, they are encountering some difficulties in adapting to and implementing this new technology. The successful and speedy adoption of blockchain in banking largely depends on the users’ intention to use the services. Therefore, this study extended “the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology” (UTAUT) to understand the significant predictors of the bankers’ intention to use blockchain technology. The data was collected from leading banking institutions and FinTech firms in the country to empirically test and validate the extended model. The results found that facilitating conditions, performance expectancy, and initial trust, are the significant antecedents to predicting the bankers’ intention to use blockchain in banking transactions. The study also established the significant mediating role of initial trust in predicting usage intention to use blockchain. This study’s results would help government authorities, decision-makers, and technocrats to improve banking instructions for the speedy and smooth adoption of blockchain technology. The study suggested an extended UTAUT model that incorporates contextual factors based on the scope and usage of blockchain in Indian banking activities. The study helped to identify the key factors influencing blockchain adoption among Indian bankers. The proposed model and the findings make more sense in promoting the adoption of blockchain in the Indian banking sector.
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TCHERNINA, NATALIA V., and EFIM A. TCHERNIN. "Older people in Russia's transitional society: multiple deprivation and coping responses." Ageing and Society 22, no. 5 (2002): 543–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x02008851.
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Since 1989 there has been a widespread collapse of public services and income support for older people in the Russian Federation. Pensions have declined in real value and frequently are paid late, the system of collective health care has become less reliable, and the social institutions and services that formerly helped disadvantaged older people overcome isolation and loneliness have almost entirely ceased to function. Most people's personal assets and savings are insufficient for a decent life, and many cannot now afford the medical services and medications that they need. Given the absence of formal or institutional support, older people in Russia have had to develop pragmatic coping mechanisms, most commonly based on informal social networks and diverse income-generating activities, including barter and exchange in the informal ‘grey’ and ‘black’ economies. The household budgets of many pensioners increasingly rely upon their ability to raise income through their labour and the exchange of goods, and the time that they devote to these productive activities is increasing sharply. In comparison with other age groups, older people in Russia own many private apartments, garages, and garden or allotment plots, and they are important factors in the generation of income. These assets are used first and foremost to avert poverty and degradation, and more generally to support the immediate and extended family. The current economic system and the inadequacies of the existing system of social protection perpetuate the distinctive coping strategies.
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Gómez-Sarabia, Cristina M., Angel Sauceda-Carvajal, Luis M. Ledesma-Carrillo, Miguel Torres-Cisneros, and Jorge Ojeda-Castañeda. "Extended axial irradiances: Barker rings." Optics Express 29, no. 24 (2021): 39709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.438772.
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H. Daly, Richard. "War, peace and Northwest Coast complex hunter-gatherers." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 6, no. 4 (2014): 240–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-03-2014-0113.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to question the assumptions behind the aggressive competitive image of Northwest Coast (NWC) forager societies, given that their most reflective descendants emphasize sharing and paying back as constant peacemaking actions through history. Also to seek data that help ascertain whether this contemporary view might predate today's sensibilities colored by life as post-foragers encapsulated in nation states. Design/methodology/approach – Historical, ethnographic and ethnohistorical documentary sources are studied, together with regional archeological findings. These are considered against the author's own ethnographic work among various foragers on the edge of, but integrated with higher profile coastal peoples. Some historical context for regional war and peace is provided. Findings – The archeology indicates that evidence for violent warlike activity appears clearly about three times in 10,000 years, the most extensive being contiguous with Europe's economic and political influence on the continent in the past half millennium. Even in this latter period, extended family foragers managed and sought to control aggression/competition by social sharing and cooperation between like units and by upholding established peacemaking processes and protocols. Research limitations/implications – Since the region and its literature are vast, this theme requires extensive long-term investigation. Findings given here from a limited number of locations are tentative and require detail from other parts of the region; however, they do suggest an existing ethic of sharing and peacemaking reflected back in time through oral history and archeology. Practical implications – The literature of the NWC's bellicosity, its slavery, war-making and agonistic giving is based on events reported from a very short span of contact history. If these conditions had been endemic over time, there would have been insufficient peace to allow these foragers to hunt, gather, fish, barter and prepare foods and goods with which to survive between annual growing and spawning seasons. Social implications – Instead of finding ways to cooperate with each other to seek better living conditions, some NWC post-foragers now assume competition and aggression to be endemic features of their relations with each other. Such persons, perhaps from a sense of inferiority engendered by history, cite the bellicose literature and the glories of the fur trade period as more typical of their heritage than the wisdom and peaceful teachings of their own elders about the past, the future, human relations and the natural world. Originality/value – The findings from the NWC suggest analogies in the emphasis on sharing as a mechanism for making and maintaining peace in the broader comparative context of hunter-gatherer studies. Sharing remains central whether one examines complex hunter-gathers or their more egalitarian colleagues.
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Carlson, Susan. "Politicizing Harley Granville Barker: Suffragists and Shakespeare." New Theatre Quarterly 22, no. 2 (2006): 122–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x06000364.
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The importance of Granville Barker’s association with J. E. Vedrenne in the seminal Court seasons of 1904-1907 is one of the ‘givens’ of twentieth-century theatre history, as are Barker’s later, groundbreaking productions of Shakespeare at the Savoy. Yet these and much of his intervening work were also in many ways collaborative achievements, now in association with his wife, the actress Lillah McCarthy – their later divorce helping to rewrite the history of their partnership. Lillah McCarthy was also a prominent suffragist, and Granville Barker allied himself with many other men and women who were working actively in support of the extended franchise. Susan Carlson argues that many of Granville Barker’s productions should be seen, in part, as artistic extensions of suffrage activism, and in this article she explores the ways in which his support for the suffragists manifested itself on as well as off the stage. Susan Carlson, Associate Provost and Professor of English at Iowa State University, has most recently published essays on suffrage theatre, focusing on its political use of comedy and its connections to productions of Shakespeare.
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Pelesko, J. A. "Nonlinear Stability, Thermoelastic Contact, and the Barber Condition." Journal of Applied Mechanics 68, no. 1 (2000): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1345699.
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The behavior of a one-dimensional thermoelastic rod is modeled and analyzed. The rod is held fixed and at constant temperature at one end, while at the other end it is free to separate from or make contact with a rigid wall. At this free end we impose a pressure and gap-dependent thermal boundary condition. This condition, known as the Barber condition, couples the thermal and elastic problems. Such systems have previously been shown to undergo a bifurcation from a unique linearly stable steady-state solution to multiple steady-state solutions with alternating stability. Here, the system is studied using the asymptotic matching techniques of boundary layer theory to derive short-time, long-time, and uniform expansions. In this manner, the analysis is extended into the nonlinear regime and dynamic information about the history dependence and temporal evolution of the solution is obtained.
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Armstrong, EL, and JS Pate. "The field pea crop in S.W. Australia. II. Effects of contrasting morphology and environment on reproductive performance." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 7 (1994): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9941363.
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Reproductive performance of six field pea genotypes was assessed at three contrasting field sites in Western Australia and under optimal conditions in a glasshouse using comparative data on phenology, branching pattern, green area indices, number distribution and fruiting success of reproductive nodes and final seed yields per plant or unit crop area. Two genotypes (Dundale and Wirrega) were tall, indeterminate and conventionally leaved, the other four semi-dwarf and more erect. Three of the latter were semi-leafless (Dinkurn, L82 and L80) and the other tare-leaved (Progreta). Seed yields at the field sites increased generally in relation to rainfall during the growing season (May-October), viz. Avondale (267 mm), Wongan Hills (350 mm), Mt Barker (421 mm). Superior performance at Mt Barker was related to greater biomass and green area index and higher number of reproductive nodes and pods per plant, but not to increased branches per plant, pods per node, seeds per pod or seed size. Improved harvest index, larger seeds and greater reproductive yield from basal and aerial branches were responsible for the trellised well-watered and fertilized glasshouse plants mostly outyielding those at the field sites. Field-site specific superiority of certain genotypes over others was evident, e.g. the top ranking performance of the deeper-rooted, late maturing Wirrega at the drier sites of Avondale or Wongan Hills and the much improved performance of the semi-leafless types in the extended cool and moist season of Mt Barker. Poor seed yields of tall types relative to their vegetative biomass were pronounced at Mt Barker due to poor fruit set and seed filling in the severely lodged and self-shaded canopies. Data are discussed in relation to previous cultivar evaluations and ideotype prescriptions by other workers in Australia or overseas.
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Moffa, Antonio, Lucrezia Giorgi, Luca Carnuccio, et al. "Barbed Pharyngoplasty for Snoring: Does It Meet the Expectations? A Systematic Review." Healthcare 11, no. 3 (2023): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030435.
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To date, the use of barbed sutures for the surgical management of patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea and snoring with retropalatal collapse and vibration has significantly increased. A systematic review was carried out, which included clinical studies that used barbed sutures for the treatment of snoring. A qualitative analysis, including six clinical studies, was conducted. Of these, five were studies on barbed pharyngoplasties, and one study involved a minimally invasive surgical procedure. The population consisted of 176 patients, aged 26 to 58 years old. Overall, the included studies showed a mean gain in the snoring Visual Analog Scale of 5.67 ± 1.88, with a mean preoperative value of 8.35 ± 1.17 and a postoperative value of 2.68 ± 1.27. No major complications were described. Given the lack and heterogeneity of this evidence, the conclusion calls for being cautious. In carefully selected snorers and obstructive sleep apnea patients, the use of barbed sutures could represent a valid therapeutic strategy for snoring, ensuring a statistically significant improvement in the subjective parameters. Further studies on a larger scale that assess the role of barbed pharyngoplasties in snoring surgery and more extended follow-up studies are needed in order to confirm these promising results.
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Jaśkiewicz, Jacek. "Ograniczanie barier prawnych i administracyjnych w polityce transgranicznej Unii Europejskiej." Politeja 17, no. 3(66) (2020): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.17.2020.66.06.
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Resolving Legal and Administrative Obstacles in the EU 
 Cross‑border Policy In the face of the crises in the European Union, it has become necessary to review the EU cohesion policy. This new approach can be seen in the recently introduced solutions, which are aimed at the development of cross‑border regions and the elimination of disproportions between them. However, they are not effective enough. Therefore, it is proposed to use further instruments in order to enforce changes in the legal and institutional environment in the regions. This idea is extended in the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a mechanism to resolve legal and administrative obstacles in a cross‑border context, which enables a direct application of law of one member state in a cross‑border region of the neighbouring country. The functioning of such mechanism will be a test of the durability of European integration and at the same time will verify if the Polish legal and political system belongs to modern Europe.
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Bujeng, Velat, and Stephen Chia. "Zooarchaeological Perspectives on Faunal Remains from Gua Kain Hitam B, Niah, Sarawak." Sarawak Museum Journal LXVI, no. 87 (2009): 199–227. https://doi.org/10.61507/smj22-2009-vcvv-06.
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Archaeological research carried out since the 1950’s in Sarawak has revealed evidence of early human occupation, dating from around 43,000 BP until 1,300 A.D., in the limestone complex of Niah Subis, Niah (Harrisson, 1959; Zuraina, 1982; Barker, 2005; Barker et al., 2001). The prehistory of Sarawak, in particular the Niah Caves, shows a long and continuous period of human occupation from the Late Pleistocene (Paleolithic) to the Late Holocene (Harrisson, 1958; Cranbrook, 2000; Barker et al., 2007). In 2007 and 2008, archaeological research was conducted at Gua Kain Hitam B, Niah by the Centre for Global Archaeological Research at Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang with the cooperation of the Sarawak Museum Department, Kuching. The research was conducted in order to obtain new’ dates and data on the prehistory of Gua Kain Hitam B, which is located in the Niah-Subis limestone complex, about 110 km southeast from Miri, Sarawak (Fig. 1). Gazetted in 1974, the Niah-Subis limestone complex,now’ known as the Niah National Park, is a relatively popular tourist destination due to its rich diversity of flora as well as its archaeological findings and geological formations (Wilford, 1964; Dana, 2001). Results of the recent archaeological research at Gua Kain Hitam B revealed evidence of a prehistoric cemetery associated with earthenware sherds, shell ornaments and faunal remains. Radiocarbon dating of the burials and the excavated artefacts from the various cultural levels is currently being done. The extended burials and associated artefacts, however, suggested that the burials and artefacts could date from the Late Neolithic to Early Holocene period. This article presents and discusses the preliminary findings of the faunal remains excavated from Gua Kain Hitam B in 2007 and 2008 from a zooarchaeological perspective.
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Shankar, P. R., R. M. Piryani, and S. Piryani. "The state of the world’s antibiotics 2015." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 6, no. 4 (2017): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v6i4.16721.
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Antibiotics play an important role in modern healthcare and the modern medical system is dangerously and solely dependent on them to fight and prevent infections. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is however, becoming increasingly common with the injudicious use of antibiotics being one of the common reasons. AMR is now attracting attention both in the lay and the scientific press and the grim possibility of a world without antibiotics is being visualized. The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy, Washington DC, United States of America (USA) has recently published a report on the state of the world’s antibiotics. Eight working groups of the Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership (GARP), one each from India, Kenya, Mozambique, Nepal, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Vietnam have contributed to the report and Hellen Gelband, Molly Miller-Petrie, Suraj Pant, Sumanth Gandra, Jordan Levinson, Devra Barter, Andrea White and Ramanan Laxminarayan have authored the report.The authors of the report mention that two factors are driving the world’s increased requirement for antibiotics. Rising incomes is increasing access to antibiotics and an increased demand for animal protein is resulting in intensification of agriculture and animal husbandry with a greater potential for antibiotic use. The book briefly mentions the tool, Resistance Map which brings together AMR statistics from a number of nations. There has been a huge increase in antibiotic consumption in livestock especially among developing nations.Chapter 1 discusses antibiotic resistance in 2015. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers (ESBL), carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae, are among the major organisms described and resistance is increasing among nearly all micro-organisms. Different countries have or are in the process of setting up AMR surveillance systems which are briefly described in the book.Chapter 2 focuses on human use of antibiotics. Globally the consumption of the two groups of ‘last resort’ antibiotics, carbapenems and polymixins has been rising. As mentioned previously the developing world has been witnessing huge increases in antibiotic consumption. The table showing public campaigns to improve use of antibiotics among outpatients provides an overview of important campaigns. Antibiotics in agriculture and the environment is the focus of chapter 3. Antibiotic use in agriculture is greater than their use among humans. Regulating antibiotic use in agriculture and animal husbandry is becoming a priority area globally.Antibiotics lose effectiveness over time and the report mentions how each new generation of antibiotics has proven exponentially more expensive than its precursors. Issues of antibiotic quality (substandard and counterfeit medicines) persist in many areas of the world and reintroduction of older antibiotics could be an option as bacteria ‘forget’ about antibiotics which are not in common use.Chapter 4 mentions about 1) the stewardship and effective public health measures contributing towards a decline in the use of antibiotics, and hence antibiotic resistance, 2) feasible and practicable interventions that could contribute in maintaining antibiotic effectiveness and 3) alternative and complementary approaches applied to control and treat infections.Vaccines could be an important initiative to reduce antibiotic use. It also describes the six strategies that contribute to slowing resistance and maintaining the effectiveness of current drugs.Excellent maps and tables add to the information presented in the book. High production standards and effective use of color characterize this well-written and presented report. The list of references provided at the end of the book is comprehensive and will be of interest to readers interested in knowing more about the issues discussed. This book will be of interest to specialists in the field of AMR and to health professionals interested in preserving the power of antibiotics for future generations. The technical language used may make reading the book difficult for lay persons but those interested can still do so.About the book: Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. 2015. State of the World’s Antibiotics, 2015. CDDEP: Washington, D.C. The report is freely available at http://cddep.org/publications/ state_worlds_antibiotics_2015#sthash.RKLp0pcM. dpbs and can be downloaded for free from https:// cddep.org/sites/default/files/swa_2015_final.pdf
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Ochyra, Ryszard, Rafa Kempa, and William R. Buck. "Plagiothecium lucidum (Hook. f. & Wils.) Paris in tropical Africa." Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution 18, no. 1 (2000): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bde.18.1.18.
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Plagiothecium lucidum (Hook. f. & Wils.) Paris is confirmed as a new addition to the bryoflora of tropical Africa on the basis of two collections from the Bale Mountains in Ethiopia. The type material of Isopterygium integrifolium Bartr. from Costa Rica in Central America is evaluated and this species is considered to be conspecific with P. lucidum. As a result of this taxonomic conclusion the range of this species is extended to Costa Rica and this is the first recognition of this species in the Central American isthmus. A world distribution map for this species is presented and some details of African plants and the type of I. integrifolium are illustrated.
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Joulan, Karine, Roland Brémond, and Nicolas Hautière. "Towards an Analytical Age-Dependent Model of Contrast Sensitivity Functions for an Ageing Society." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/625034.
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The Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF) describes how the visibility of a grating depends on the stimulus spatial frequency. Many published CSF data have demonstrated that contrast sensitivity declines with age. However, an age-dependent analytical model of the CSF is not available to date. In this paper, we propose such an analytical CSF model based on visual mechanisms, taking into account the age factor. To this end, we have extended an existing model from Barten (1999), taking into account the dependencies of this model’s optical and physiological parameters on age. Age-dependent models of the cones and ganglion cells densities, the optical and neural MTF, and optical and neural noise are proposed, based on published data. The proposed age-dependent CSF is finally tested against available experimental data, with fair results. Such an age-dependent model may be beneficial when designing real-time age-dependent image coding and display applications.
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Konduri, Raja Rajeswari, Nagireddi Roopavathi, Balantrapu Vijaya Lakshmi, and Putrevu Venkata Krishna Chaitanya. "Mitigating Peak Sidelobe Levels in Pulse Compression Radar using Artificial Neural Networks." Indian Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networking 3, no. 6 (2024): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54105/ijainn.f9517.03061023.
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In this paper, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are being considered to obtain low sidelobe pattern for binary codes and thereby to improve the performance of pulse compression radar. Pulse compression is a popular technique used for improving range resolution in the radar systems. This paper proposes a new approach for Pulse Compression using various types of ANN networks like Multi-Layer Perception (MLP), Recursive Neural Networks (RNN), Radial Basis Function (RBF) and Recurrent Radial Basis Function (RRBF) and a special class of Feed-Forward Wavelet Neural Network (WNN) with one input layer, one output layer and one hidden layer are being considered. Networks of 13-bit Barker code and extended binary Barker codes of 35, 55 and 75 length codes were used for the implementation and thereby to improve the performance of pulse compression radar. WNN-based networks using Morlet and Sigmoid activation function in hidden and output layers respectively, a special class of Artificial Neural Network is considered in this paper. The performance metrics used are Peak Sidelobe Ratio (PSLR), Integrated Sidelobe Ratio (ISLR) and Signal-to-Sidelobe Ratio (SSR). Further the performance in terms of range and Doppler resolution is also presented in this paper. Better performance in terms of sidelobe reduction can be achieved with ANNs compared to Autocorrelation Function (ACF) called as matched filter. If the sidelobe values are high there is possibility of masking weaker return signals and there by detection becomes difficult. From this paper it can be established that RRBF gives better result than other ANN networks. Further, WNN gives the best performance even compared with RRBF in terms of sidelobe reduction in pulse compression radar.
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Raja, Rajeswari Konduri. "Mitigating Peak Sidelobe Levels in Pulse Compression Radar using Artificial Neural Networks." Indian Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networking (IJAINN) 3, no. 6 (2024): 12–20. https://doi.org/10.54105/ijainn.F9517.03061023.
Full textAbstract:
<strong>Abstract:</strong> In this paper, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are being considered to obtain low sidelobe pattern for binary codes and thereby to improve the performance of pulse compression radar. Pulse compression is a popular technique used for improving range resolution in the radar systems. This paper proposes a new approach for Pulse Compression using various types of ANN networks like Multi-Layer Perception (MLP), Recursive Neural Networks (RNN), Radial Basis Function (RBF) and Recurrent Radial Basis Function (RRBF) and a special class of Feed-Forward Wavelet Neural Network (WNN) with one input layer, one output layer and one hidden layer are being considered. Networks of 13-bit Barker code and extended binary Barker codes of 35, 55 and 75 length codes were used for the implementation and thereby to improve the performance of pulse compression radar. WNN-based networks using Morlet and Sigmoid activation function in hidden and output layers respectively, a special class of Artificial Neural Network is considered in this paper. The performance metrics used are Peak Sidelobe Ratio (PSLR), Integrated Sidelobe Ratio (ISLR) and Signal-to-Sidelobe Ratio (SSR). Further the performance in terms of range and Doppler resolution is also presented in this paper. Better performance in terms of sidelobe reduction can be achieved with ANNs compared to Autocorrelation Function (ACF) called as matched filter. If the sidelobe values are high there is possibility of masking weaker return signals and there by detection becomes difficult. From this paper it can be established that RRBF gives better result than other ANN networks. Further, WNN gives the best performance even compared with RRBF in terms of sidelobe reduction in pulse compression radar.
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Singh, Surjit, and R. K. Pathria. "Finite-size scaling for the Bose condensate." Canadian Journal of Physics 63, no. 3 (1985): 358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p85-056.
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Following the approach of Barber and Fisher, we formulate a finite-size scaling theory for the Bose condensate. Using bulk results as input, we make a number of predictions for the behaviour of the condensate fraction f0(L, T) in an ideal Bose system confined to a hypercube, of side L, in d dimensions. A comparison is made with analytical results for a system in three dimensions under a variety of boundary conditions. While the standard temperature variable t[= (T – Tc)/Tc] is appropriate in the case of periodic and antiperiodic boundary conditions, the use of a shifted variable t[= t – ε(L), where ε(L) = O(L−1 In L)] is essential in the case of Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions. Nonetheless, in each case, the predictions of the scaling formulation are fully borne out. Finally, the formulation is extended (i) to include the so-called surface condensate, and (ii) to cover all temperature down to 0 K.
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Skorinko, Jeanine Lee McHugh. "Riddle Me This: Using Riddles That Violate Gender Stereotypes To Demonstrate The Pervasiveness Of Stereotypes." Psychology Learning & Teaching 17, no. 2 (2018): 194–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475725717752181.
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This paper describes a classroom demonstration that showcases how pre-existing beliefs (e.g., stereotypes) influence problem-solving. Across four studies, participants solved riddles with gender stereotype-consistent (e.g. doctor is male) or gender stereotype-inconsistent (e.g., doctor is female; barber is female) solutions. Solve time, perceived difficulty, and perceptions of the demonstration and how it influenced learning were measured. Studies 3 and 4 extended Studies 1 and 2 by measuring objective learning through a quiz on gender stereotypes and bias. Results indicate that students solved the stereotype-inconsistent riddles slower than stereotype-consistent riddles. Stereotype-inconsistent riddles were rated as more difficult to solve than stereotype-consistent riddles. Subjectively, participants perceived the demonstration to be an effective tool, enhancing their knowledge about gender stereotypes. Objectively, participants performed better on the quiz when they solved stereotype-inconsistent riddles than stereotype-consistent riddles. These findings suggest that using stereotype-inconsistent riddles in class can help understanding about gender stereotypes and bias.
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Kamrath, Luke, Michael Baginski, and Scott Martin. "Reduction of Doppler and Range Ambiguity Using AES-192 Encryption-Based Pulse Coding." Sensors 23, no. 5 (2023): 2568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052568.
Full textAbstract:
This research investigates the use of a Binary Phase Shift Key (BPSK) sequence derived from the 192-bit key Advanced Encryption Standard (AES-192) algorithm for radar signal modulation to mitigate Doppler and range ambiguities. The AES-192 BPSK sequence has a non-periodic nature resulting in a single large and narrow main lobe in the matched filter response but also produces undesired periodic side lobes that can be mitigated through the use of a CLEAN algorithm. The performance of the AES-192 BPSK sequence is compared to an Ipatov–Barker Hybrid BPSK code, which effectively extends the maximum unambiguous range but has some limitations in terms of signal processing requirements. The AES-192 based BPSK sequence has the advantage of having no maximum unambiguous range limit, and when the pulse location within the Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI) is randomized, the upper limit on the maximum unambiguous Doppler frequency shift is greatly extended.
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Goodman, Lizbeth. "Performing in the Wishing Tense: SMARTlab's Evolution on Stage, Online, and in the Sand." New Theatre Quarterly 23, no. 4 (2007): 352–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x07000279.
Full textAbstract:
This paper evaluates the development of performative theories inspired by practice in the evolution of Lizbeth Goodman's research and SMARTlab's fifteen-year oeuvre. In this piece, Goodman outlines the methodology of ‘performing in the wishing tense’, analyzing the development of her own practice from television to live theatre to broadcast and multimedia to telematics and online learning ‘stages’, to radio, and then to web presence. As the subtitle of the article suggests, Goodman has evolved a methodology for her team that has been influenced by the work of one of her academic mentors, the late Clive Barker, author of Theatre Games, and that has been extended in parallel explorations of play, time, space, and voicing in the work of women, people with disabilities and disadvantaged groups worldwide, here discussed from earliest stages to current collaborations. This work has been extrapolated to show how those with disabilities that prevent free movement and speech can benefit from interactive screenic or telematic performance tools that empower a sense of movement and play: a ‘theatre games’ rubric translated into multimedia performance modes, using technology tools created by the team. She discusses the place of the (damaged or fractured) body of the theorist in relation to the bodies of the people she directs and whose words and movements she choreographs. Written specifically as a ‘response’ to Barker's work, this piece maps the journey of SMARTlab's performances around the globe and through the recent history of multimedia, ending with a postscript describing a collaborative game based on the role-play theories of Barker and on the ‘liveness’ of what Goodman calls ‘the wishing tense’ of lost languages, including body languages. Much of the performance material referred to is available online, and DVD versions can be provided upon request.
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Eljadue-Flórez, Roberto, Helen González-Villalba, Elloth Támara-Contreras, and Dilia Fontalvo-Rivera. "Osteosynthesis with Variable Angle Volar Plate in Dorsal Barton Fracture Due to Blunt Trauma: Clinical Case." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Bio-Medical Science 3, no. 05 (2023): 178–80. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7885948.
Full textAbstract:
Distal radius fractures in young adults are associated with high-energy trauma and in elderly people with low-energy falls. One of the distal radius fractures is the Barton Fracture (BF), a radiocarpal fracture-luxation whose production mechanism usually varies, the most common being a fall on an extended and pronated wrist. We present a 27-year-old male patient with distal radius epiphysis injury with radiocarpal dislocation following blunt trauma. Timely osteosynthesis with variable angle volar plate favored the restoration of distal radiocarpal and radioulnar biomechanics.
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Ngcaweni, Busani. "On the Failed State, Artificial Arguments, and Artificial Intelligence." Digital Policy Studies 2, no. 1 (2023): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/dps.v2i1.1248.
Full textAbstract:
The narrative of a failed South African state has gained currency among some prominent prophets of Armageddon as well as shadowy influencers who have penned an assortment of articles and editorials in this regard. The idea is propounded as a certainty at the high tea gatherings of lightly shaded Afro-pessimists, oppositionists, and patrons of local barber shops. Transitory moments and anecdotal realities are theatrically played out to fit a propensity towards tabloid absurdity. When violent crimes are televised live, when we witness extended hours of load-shedding, we as the elite pursue all avenues to avoid assuming responsibility for some of the current excesses of capitalism and governance failures. Instead, our common refrain is that the state has failed. There is another emergent plot point in this narrative which we do not address here, namely that of the national political scene moving from Ramaphoria to Ramaphobia (when I told a colleague four years ago that we should guard against sliding into Ramaphobia, she/he found this really objectionable).
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D'Auria, Francesco, Nenad Debrecin, and Horst Glaeser. "The technological challenge for current generation nuclear reactors." Nuclear Energy and Technology 5, no. (3) (2019): 183–99. https://doi.org/10.3897/nucet.5.38117.
Full textAbstract:
The present paper deals with the proposal of an additional safety barrier for the class of large (1000 MWe or more) Light Water Reactors (LWR) now in operation, in construction, or under design. Emphasis is given to the motivations or the needs for the barrier. Two main parts of the paper can be distinguished. The following topics are discussed in the former part (section 2): (a) the weakness of the barrier constituted by the current design of nuclear fuel; (b) the continuously increasing complexity of the system, with main reference to the Instrumentation and Control (I&C); (c) the role that the Large Break Loss of Coolant Accident (LBLOCA) had for arriving at the current layout of the Reactor Coolant System (RCS). Furthermore avoiding the severe accidents in 1979, 1987 and 2011, is at the basis of the proposal. In the latter part (sections 3 and 4), the elements of the proposed technological safety barrier are discussed: the As-Low-As-Reasonably-Achievable (ALARA) principle, the Best Estimate Plus Uncertainty (BEPU) approach, the Extended Safety Margin Detection (E-SMD) hardware, the Emergency Rescue Team (ERT) strategy (or a virtual entity for the reactor) and the Independent Assessment (IA) concept. The additional safety barrier, although not demonstrated in the paper, is expected to reduce for a factor in the range 10–1000 the probability of core melt and to have a cost in the order of 1% the cost of a nuclear reactor unit.
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Bora, Rishabh, and Neharika Malhotra Bora. "Fetal Origin of Adult Disease." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 2 (2014): 164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1352.
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ABSTRACT Fetal origins of adult disease, a concept first popularized by Dr David Barker, has subsequently led to many studies which have provided the evidence that certain diseases do have links pointing to fetal origins—adverse influences early in development, and particularly during intrauterine life, can result in permanent changes in physiology and metabolism, which result in increased disease risk in adulthood. Links that are well-established are—reduced birth weight and increased risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension and stroke in adulthood. The concept of a fetal origin of adult disease have been extended well-beyond coronary heart disease and being a risk factor for coronary heart disease, and now includes investigations of the development of the central nervous system, early origins of adult mental health and cognitive function. By understanding fetal origin of adult disease, health care professionals and policy makers will make this issue a high health care priority and implement preventive measures and treatment for those at higher risk for chronic diseases. How to cite this article Malhotra N, Malhotra J, Bora NM, Bora R, Malhotra K. Fetal Origin of Adult Disease. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(2):164-177.
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James, T. K., and A. Rahman. "Selective chemical control of yellow bristle grass (Setaria pumila) in pasture." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4816.
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Yellow bristle grass (Setaria pumila) is a summergrowing annual grass currently expanding in distribution throughout pastures in Waikato Readily grazed in its early vegetative growth stage it is avoided by animals when the seed heads appear as barbed bristles lead to animal health problems particularly around the mouth Three field trials were conducted with several herbicides for control of yellow bristle grass Since yellow bristle grass germinates over an extended period from November to February the best control that could be achieved from a single herbicide application was 70 by 22DPA alone or in combination with either TCA or carbetamide applied in December MSMA was more effective on larger plants Ethofumesate treatment resulted in poor control of yellow bristle grass and severe damage to white clover (Trifolium repens) All herbicides evaluated resulted in variable levels of damage to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)
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García Sánchez, María Teresa. "A ‘Sound Grammar’ for the City: The spatial and temporal dimension of Barber’s concerts." Organised Sound 20, no. 2 (2015): 207–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355771815000096.
Full textAbstract:
This article focuses on one of the most suggestive proposals within the sound domain of the twentieth century: the concerts for bells and bell towers devised by the Spanish musician Llorenç Barber. His original idea of transforming the city into a monumental instrument provides the starting point for the analysis. In order to access the competing claims of sound art versus music, the text approaches Barber’s creative thinking as if it were a sound grammar devised specifically for the city: materials and performance techniques become a ‘phonetics’, structural elements as a ‘morphology’, the ‘syntax’ of sound-handling strategies, and the formal structure of the score as a ‘narrative’ of the concert. Within each dimension, the text shows how the ‘city instrument’ has extended Barber’s creative horizon by transforming musical problems into unclassifiable strategies of dealing with sound, which are capable of producing a sonic experience deeply rooted in the historical and cultural development of the city. Finally, this research shows how uncertainty, indeterminacy, ambiguity, accident or change (unacceptable concepts for the traditional musical domain) become an essential part of these works. Inevitably, such aspects require from the ‘composer’ a kind of pragmatism that seems to be inherent in the outdoor sound design.
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Throm, Maxwell, Reagan Thornberry, John Killough, Brian Sun, Gentill Abdulla, and Roland E. Allen. "Two natural scenarios for dark matter particles coexisting with supersymmetry." Modern Physics Letters A 34, no. 02 (2019): 1930001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732319300015.
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We describe two natural scenarios in which both dark matter, weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) and a variety of supersymmetric partners should be discovered in the foreseeable future. In the first scenario, the WIMPs are neutralinos, but they are only one component of the dark matter, which is dominantly composed of other relic particles such as axions. (This is the multicomponent model of Baer, Barger, Sengupta and Tata.) In the second scenario, the WIMPs result from an extended Higgs sector and may be the only dark matter component. In either scenario, both the dark matter WIMP and a plethora of other neutral and charged particles await discovery at many experimental facilities. The new particles in the second scenario have far weaker cross-sections for direct and indirect detection via their gauge interactions, which are either momentum-dependent or second-order. However, as we point out here, they should have much stronger interactions via the Higgs. We estimate that their interactions with fermions will then be comparable to (although not equal to) those of neutralinos with a corresponding Higgs interaction. It follows that these newly proposed dark matter particles should be within the reach of emerging and proposed facilities for direct, indirect and collider-based detection.
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Kostiantyn, Ostapov, Kirichenko Igor, Senchykhin Yurii, et al. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE INSTALLATION WITH AN EXTENDED BARREL OF CRANKED TYPE USED FOR FIRE EXTINGUISHING BY GEL-FORMING COMPOSITIONS." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 10 (100) (2019): 30–36. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2019.174592.
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Extinguishing fires with gel-forming compositions was found to be a promising direction of increasing the extinguishing efficiency, especially at multi-storey buildings and facilities for different functional purposes, because it makes it possible to prevent unintended damage from flooding the lower floors. To extinguish fires at residential and industrial buildings rapidly, the new installation for fire extinguishing by gel-forming compositions was proposed. The rational use of the fire-extinguishing capacity of gel-forming compositions in it is achieved through the application of a cranked extended barrel with a special mixer and a sprayer. This new installation enables extinguishing by gel-forming compositions from the distance of 3–5 m to the fire site, ensuring safety of a firefighter-rescuer. The full-scale sample of the original two-cranked barrel-sprayer of the portable installation was constructed, manufactured, and tested. By performing experimental research, it was proven that its use, due to its compactness in the folded state and the ease of unfolding into operating position, provides convenience of transportation and operation efficiency under rapidly changing conditions of a fire, especially in high-rise buildings. Feeding gel-forming compositions in the finely sprayed form decreases their consumption for extinguishing fires by 1.5 times, compared with the previously proposed technical solutions. To determine the effective value of dispersion and intensity of spraying gel-forming compositions in mathematical models of consumption for extinguishing the simulated fire and the time to extinguish it, we used second degree polynomials. Unknown coefficients were determined by the standard least square method. As a result, the rational values of the diameter of droplets (1 mm) and intensity of feeding (0.6 l/s) of gel-forming compositions were determined, which ensured the technical optimum of their use. Thus, it was found that the parameters of extinguishing the simulated fire 1A by the finely dispersed gel-forming compositions correspond to the total consumption of 2.5 kg, which is 3.5 times less compared with water
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Jones, GK, JL Baker, K. Edyvane, and GJ Wright. "Nearshore fish community of the Port River-Barker Inlet Estuary, South Australia. I. Effect of thermal effluent on the fish community structure, and distribution and growth of economically important fish species." Marine and Freshwater Research 47, no. 6 (1996): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960785.
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The nearshore fish community of the Port River-Barker Inlet Estuary was sampled between January 1986 and May 1987 using a beach seine to determine the effect of thermal effluent on the community structure and nursery function of the estuary. A total of 41 species was found in the estuary, with decreasing numbers of species with decreasing distance from the thermal outfall. Cluster analyses and multi-dimensional scaling ordination separated the thermally polluted sites from the non-affected sites. During the summer/auturnn period, thermal effluent only affected water temperature and the species compositions in the inner estuary, and the estuary-opportunistic species Aldrichetta forsteri, Arripis georgiana, A. truttacea and Hyporhamphus melanochir avoided the area at this time. During winter/spring months, thermal effluent acted in the opposite way, with A. forsteri attracted to the warmer waters of the inner estuary. The extended growth season for this species and significantly higher growth rates promoting premature movement out of the inner estuary for S. punctata were additional direct effects. These latter effects may alter the population structures of these species by increasing their vulnerability to heavy localized fishing intensity, aggregation of natural predators and point-source pollution. The species composition of the fish fauna of the estuary may also be indirectly affected by the thermal pollution-mediated seagrass loss in the inner estuary and a method is described to test this hypothesis.
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Way, M., B. Pope, and A. G. Weeds. "Evidence for functional homology in the F-actin binding domains of gelsolin and alpha-actinin: implications for the requirements of severing and capping." Journal of Cell Biology 119, no. 4 (1992): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.119.4.835.
Full textAbstract:
The F-actin binding domains of gelsolin and alpha-actinin compete for the same site on actin filaments with similar binding affinities. Both contain tandem repeats of approximately 125 amino acids, the first of which is shown to contain the actin-binding site. We have replaced the F-actin binding domain in the NH2-terminal half of gelsolin by that of alpha-actinin. The hybrid severs filaments almost as efficiently as does gelsolin or its NH2-terminal half, but unlike the latter, requires calcium ions. The hybrid binds two actin monomers and caps the barbed ends of filaments in the presence or absence of calcium. The cap produced by the hybrid binds with lower affinity than that of gelsolin and is not stable: It dissociates from filament ends with a half life of approximately 15 min. Although there is no extended sequence homology between these two different F-actin binding domains, our experiments show that they are functionally equivalent and provide new insights into the mechanism of microfilament severing.
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Kiuchi, Tai, Tomoaki Nagai, Kazumasa Ohashi, and Kensaku Mizuno. "Measurements of spatiotemporal changes in G-actin concentration reveal its effect on stimulus-induced actin assembly and lamellipodium extension." Journal of Cell Biology 193, no. 2 (2011): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201101035.
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To understand the intracellular role of G-actin concentration in stimulus-induced actin assembly and lamellipodium extension during cell migration, we developed a novel technique for quantifying spatiotemporal changes in G-actin concentration in live cells, consisting of sequential measurements of fluorescent decay after photoactivation (FDAP) of Dronpa-labeled actin. Cytoplasmic G-actin concentrations decreased by ∼40% immediately after cell stimulation and thereafter the cell area extended. The extent of stimulus-induced G-actin loss and cell extension correlated linearly with G-actin concentration in unstimulated cells, even at concentrations much higher than the critical concentration of actin filaments, indicating that cytoplasmic G-actin concentration is a critical parameter for determining the extent of stimulus-induced G-actin assembly and cell extension. Multipoint FDAP analysis revealed that G-actin concentration in lamellipodia was comparable to that in the cell body. We also assessed the cellular concentrations of free G-actin, profilin- and thymosin-β4–bound G-actin, and free barbed and pointed ends of actin filaments by model fitting of jasplakinolide-induced temporal changes in G-actin concentration.
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Baber, M. "Urban Renewal Policy and Community Change." Practicing Anthropology 20, no. 1 (1998): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.20.1.b674032u385803j2.
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Throughout the 1960s and 1970s federal, state, and local governments worked together to implement policies that expanded the nation's highway systems, encouraged suburban expansion, and funded wholesale clearance projects in so-called slum and depressed inner city areas. These policies created programs that directly affected African Americans in cities all over the United States by targeting older neighborhoods, eliminating affordable (though substandard) housing, dislocating families and extended networks, and replacing what existed with highway overpasses, widened city streets, massive sewer projects, parks, and public housing. The residents of the affected neighborhoods were not involved in the planning, much of which took place years before the programs were implemented, and their voices were not well represented at public hearings. Absentee land owners, who leased properties to African Americans, capitalized on Urban Renewal opportunities, selling their holdings or allowing them to be claimed by condemnation or eminent domain for "fair market values." Those who were displaced had few options for relocation and resettled in other areas where they could find affordable housing, creating new low-income neighborhoods where they were once again tenants of absentee landlords. Traditional services—beauty and barber shops, medical offices and other businesses—were dispersed and people found it harder to conduct business with their friends and neighbors. Streets were broken up by highways, and people without transportation could no longer walk to the traditional business areas. Consumer activity was dispersed to new areas in cities, weakening the African American business foundation and causing many businesses to fail.
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Dr., Saadia Aslam Dr. Sana Naseem Dr. Tahmina Zafar. "AN EXHIBITION OF AN INFREQUENT SITUATION OF PRODUCING OF ENTEROLITH IN THE OPENING OF BLADDER OBSTACLE AMONG PATIENTS THROUGH AN IMPERFORATE ANUS." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 12 (2018): 15810–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2095824.
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<em>The Imperforate anus remains the occasional irregularity related by flaws normally mention<strong>e</strong>d by means of vertebral flaws, anal atresia, cardiac flaws, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal irregularities also member indiscretions (VACTERL). By contemporary medical measures, the general result remains outstanding. Everlasting colostomy that stays essential in few situations of the illness might value in few infrequent problems just like enteroliths development, as demonstrated in situations we remain donating associated to the 29-year-old men who described at urology emergency by structures of urinary besides severe huge bowel obstacle. On examination, he remained to originate to consume three enteroliths in the current distal ring of sigmoid colostomy. An additional distal of three enteroliths produced urinary retaining in addition hereafter severe renal disappointment, besides proximal solitary produced huge bowel obstacle via condensing proximal ring of colostomy. The current condition establishes that blind distal sigmoid colostomy ring might raise enteroliths minor to the continuity of his individual fillings done for extended phase.</em> <strong>Keywords: </strong><em>Enterolith, Colostomy, Imperforate Anus, Urinary Obstacle, Intestinal Barrier.</em>
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van Westen, Thijs, Morten Hammer, Bjørn Hafskjold, Ailo Aasen, Joachim Gross, and Øivind Wilhelmsen. "Perturbation theories for fluids with short-ranged attractive forces: A case study of the Lennard-Jones spline fluid." Journal of Chemical Physics 156, no. 10 (2022): 104504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0082690.
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It is generally not straightforward to apply molecular-thermodynamic theories to fluids with short-ranged attractive forces between their constituent molecules (or particles). This especially applies to perturbation theories, which, for short-ranged attractive fluids, typically must be extended to high order or may not converge at all. Here, we show that a recent first-order perturbation theory, the uv-theory, holds promise for describing such fluids. As a case study, we apply the uv-theory to a fluid with pair interactions defined by the Lennard-Jones spline potential, which is a short-ranged version of the LJ potential that is known to provide a challenge for equation-of-state development. The results of the uv-theory are compared to those of third-order Barker–Henderson and fourth-order Weeks–Chandler–Andersen perturbation theories, which are implemented using Monte Carlo simulation results for the respective perturbation terms. Theoretical predictions are compared to an extensive dataset of molecular simulation results from this (and previous) work, including vapor–liquid equilibria, first- and second-order derivative properties, the critical region, and metastable states. The uv-theory proves superior for all properties examined. An especially accurate description of metastable vapor and liquid states is obtained, which might prove valuable for future applications of the equation-of-state model to inhomogeneous phases or nucleation processes. Although the uv-theory is analytic, it accurately describes molecular simulation results for both the critical point and the binodal up to at least 99% of the critical temperature. This suggests that the difficulties typically encountered in describing the vapor–liquid critical region are only to a small extent caused by non-analyticity.
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Dr., Hasim Vadgama Dr. Mayank Darji Dr. Hirali Koladiya Dr. Digvijay Mane Dr. A.R. Ahlawat. "Recently Recognized Breeds of Goat in India." Veterinary Today 4, no. 4 (2025): 671–74. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15245712.
Full textAbstract:
In India, total livestock population is 535.78 million among that of India's goat population has been analyzed it has 148.88 million goats, India holds the largest goat population in the world. Over 70 per cent of its people are engaged in vocations connected with farming and animal husbandry. Projections indicate that this number will rise to 162.32 million by 2031. Four states - Rajasthan, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar - account for 43.27% of the country’s total goat population. Rajasthan's Barmer district has the largest goat population (2.947 million), followed by Murshidabad in West Bengal (1.751 million), Jodhpur in Rajasthan (1.641 million), and Maldah in West Bengal (1.376 million). The Black Bengal breed has the largest population (17.409 million), followed by Marwari (5.348 million), Osmanabadi (2.481 million), and Barbari (2.194 million) (Livestock census, 2019). Although the overall goat population declined by 3.82% between 2007 and 2012, the population of registered breeds dropped at a significantly higher rate (21.7%) during the same period. Therefore, urgent conservation and improvement measures are necessary to prevent further decline and enhance the productivity of recognized goat breeds. Goats are versatile animals and an underutilized source of meat, possessing traits that make them well-suited for sustainable red meat production. They exhibit remarkable adaptability to harsh environments in terms of productivity, reproduction, and disease resistance. For instance, goats can endure heat stress, survive extended periods without water, and thrive in areas with limited land availability. They are also more efficient when raised alongside other ruminants, as they function as both grazers and browsers. Their ability to consume grasses and woody plants that other ruminants avoid makes them an excellent choice for diversified farming.
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Howlett, Moninne, Brian Cleary, and Cormac Breatnach. "P33 Health information technology and the changing nature of medication errors in paediatric intensive care – a modified delphi process." Archives of Disease in Childhood 103, no. 2 (2018): e2.37-e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-314585.42.
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AimsThe term ‘medication error’ has numerous definitions, impeding comparison between studies and is susceptible to subjectivity.1 The Delphi Process is widely used in health research to achieve consensus and has been previously used to define and specify medication error scenarios in both paediatric and adult settings.2,3 Novel technology-generated errors are emerging with increasing use of health information technology (HIT).4 Application of earlier Delphi studies to novel errors and those common in the prescribing of infusions in paediatric intensive care is limited. This study aims to achieve consensus on medication error scenarios identified in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) that have not been previously defined.MethodsStage 1 identified the scenarios requiring consensus. These were grouped into 3 error categories: electronic prescribing, smart-pump and prescribing of PICU infusions. Stage 2 selected a multidisciplinary expert panel using both purposive and convenience sampling. Stage 3 involved iterative rounds of consensus using paper-based and newer e-Delphi techniques. Participants independently scored on a 9-point scale their extent of agreement on the inclusion of each scenario as an error. Median and inter-quartile ranges were used to assess group consensus and to provide controlled feedback after each round.Results19 scenarios requiring consensus were identified. A panel of 37 participants was selected, comprising of 15 doctors, 13 nurses and 9 pharmacists. 35 participants were from the study site, 1 pharmacist from a local PICU and 1 from a local NICU. Round 1 achieved consensus on 11 scenarios, increasing to 14 in Round 2. Round 3 consisted of 2 scenarios, both electronic prescribing related. Individual opinion on these was diverse, with 1 remaining equivocal after round 3. Some differences between healthcare professionals were found, but were only significant (p<0.05) for two and three scenarios in rounds 2 and 3 respectively.ConclusionThe Delphi Process can successfully be employed to reach consensus on HIT-generated novel errors. The complexity of electronic prescribing systems is evident in the included errors and the difficulty in obtaining consensus. In contrast, the broad consensus reached on all smart-pump scenarios reflects the known risks associated with infusion pumps. The included scenarios highlight the limitation of smart-pump technology as a single intervention. Further similar studies are likely to be required as more novel errors emerge with increased HIT implementation across the entire medication use process. This extended tool should add to the quality of future paediatric medication error studies across a broad range of settings.ReferencesLisby M, Nielsen LP, Brock B, et al. How are medication errors defined? A systematic literature review of definitions and characteristics. Int J Qual Health Care2010;22(6):507–18.Dean B, Barber N, Schachter M. What is a prescribing error?Qual Health Care2000;9(4):232–7.Ghaleb MA, Barber N, Dean Franklin B, et al. What constitutes a prescribing error in paediatrics?Qual Saf Health Care2005;14(5):352–7.Walsh KE, Landrigan CP, Adams WG, et al. Effect of computer order entry on prevention of serious medication errors in hospitalised children. Paediatrics2008;121(3):e421–7.
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Glagolevskij, Yu V. "Search for Magnetic Stars at Early Stages of Evolution." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 137 (1993): 669–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100018625.
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Young stars, as a rule, are too faint for measurements of magnetic field either by photographic method with the use of Zeeman analizer, or photoelectrically from hydrogen lines. That is why it is necessary to look for indirect ways of magnetic field detection, for example, by measurement of polarization. Ae/Be Herbig stars without a magnetic field are surrounded by a gaseous envelope in the form of a globe or a spheroid, flattened along the rotational axes (as dependent on stellar rotation velocity), and also by a gaseous-dust accretion disc in the plane of equator. There are powerful flows in gaseous envelopes of stars, connected with mass loss and accretion. If a star is a magnetic oblique rotator (as a magnetic star of the Main Sequence), then the gaseous envelope may acquire the shape of alon-gated ellipsoid with the major axes coincident with that of dipole (Dolginov et al., 1979). From the poles there arises a jet flow controlled by a magnetic field, as in He-r and He-w stars, having already reached the Main Sequence (Barker et al., 1982). Calculations show (Dolginov et al., 1979), that maximum polarization in the extended envelope p ≈ 4% arises when the ratio of ellipsoid axes is ≈ 2.5b. The electric vector of the dominating oscillation of the light wave is perpendicular to the plane through the axis of symmetry of the ellipsoid and the line of sight. Naturally, the magnetosphere rotates together with the star, involving the gaseous envelope, resulting in the variation of the degree and direction of polarization. Additional polarization is created by the polar jets, where the direction of the dominating oscillations of the electric vector is perpendicular to the axis of the polar stream, and value of maximal polarization may reach 5% along the beam.
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Dear, BS, PD Cregan, and GM Murray. "Comparison of the performance of subterranean clover cultivars in southern New South Wales. 1. Persistence, productivity, and seed yields." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 5 (1993): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930581.
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The density, productivity, flowering characteristics, and seed reserves of 14 lines (10 cultivars and 4 experimental lines) of subterranean clover were observed over 5 years (1983-87) on a red earth soil at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. Plant density increased from 149-318 plants/m2 in 1983 to 1975-13925 plants/m'n 1987. Herbage yields of all cultivars during autumn-winter were similar in most years except in July 1985 when Seaton Park was superior. Cultivars in the midseason or later flowering groups were more productive in late spring and better able to utilise the extended growing seasons that occur periodically in this environment. The mean time from emergence to 5% flowering of all cultivars was 168 days with March germination in 1985 but decreased to 13.5 days with May germination in 1986. The number of days to flowering at Wagga Wagga was highly correlated with maturity ranking at Perth (r2 = 0.92 in 1985 and? = 0.93 in 1986). In the first year, average seed set was 295 kg seed/ha. but by summer of the fourth year the seed pool ranged from 124 kg/ha for Clare to 1190 kg/ha for Nungarin, the earliest flowering cultivar. The quantity of hard seed that carried over to the next year varied significantly between cultivars, with Enfield, Woogenellup, and Clare having the least, and Nungarin, Northam, Dalkeith, and Daliak the most. Seed set was related to maturity ranking only in 1984, although root disease probably affected seed yields in 1985-86. The proportion of hard seed that carried over was much higher than expected, particularly in soft-seeded cultivars. The newly released cultivar Junee was well adapted to the environment; it was later maturing than the recommended cultivar Seaton Park but was able to maintain high seed reserves. Karridale, another new cultivar, maintained higher seed reserves than the older Mount Barker.
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Boksay Pap, Emese. "The Multilingual Inner Discourse of Vietnamese-Hungarian Bilinguals in Solving an L3 Problem-Solution Task: An Exploratory Study." Working Papers in Language Pedagogy 9 (December 1, 2015): 82–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.61425/wplp.2015.09.82.111.
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This small scale exploratory study looks at the ways in which individuals who know and use more than two languages in their daily communication employ these languages in their inner discourse when they solve a linguistic task in their third language. Research into monolingual and bilingual inner discourse has revealed that societal speech is the prime mover of inner discourse and that the languages we use in social interactions are found in our inner discourse too (Barber, 1980; Bedford, 1985; Chapman Parr & Krashen, 1986; Honeycutt, 2010; Krashen, 1983). However, we know little about how this works in the case of those who organize more than two languages in their linguistic repertoire. Ten proficient bilingual Vietnamese-Hungarian secondary school students were therefore invited to provide a story in English to a series of wordless pictures. All ten participants were learning English as a first foreign language in an academic environment where the medium of instruction was Hungarian. The study used the concurrent think-aloud method to gather data. Transcribed verbal data were processed using the standards of private speech coding and analysis. The participants employed with great flexibility the languages at their disposal; however Vietnamese, the participants’ first language, had a meagre presence in the whole of the gathered data. This seems to indicate that language reliance in non-native languages is largely guided by efficiency: languages are relied on depending on their contribution to the successful completion of the task. Insertion and language alternance were the main patterns identified of L2-L3 coupling. Although the study provides data about a small group of multiple language users, it may be informative to educators engaged in the teaching multilingual learners. Further investigations are needed to reveal how the bilingual hierarchical model of language storage and processing may be extended to map the storage and processing of three languages.
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Fadayini, O., N.A. Amenaghawon, and E.O. Aluyor. "Physico-Chemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Barite-Bearing Ores from Selected Locations in Nigeria." Nigerian Research Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences 7, no. 1 (2022): 125–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6722193.
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<em>Nigeria is naturally endowed with solid mineral reserves and must do everything necessary to harness and maximize these resources and unlock their potential. Hence, the research on Nigerian barites was examined in this study. Barite-bearing ores were sourced from Azare (Bauchi State), Obi (Nasarawa State), and Obubra (Cross River State) in Nigeria and characterized to determine their properties. The physico-chemical characteristics revealed specific gravity of 4.02, 4.14, and 3.95, moisture content of 0.94%, 0.68%, and 0.57%, density of 4.60 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, 4.82 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, and 5.32 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, bulk density of 2.45 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, 2.49 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, and 2.38 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, and water absorption capacity of 4.79%, 4.96%, and 2.85% respectively. For the barite samples, highly crystalline peaks with barite compositions of 98.93%, 92.26%, and 92.50% respectively were revealed using X-ray diffractometry (XRD). X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis revealed BaSO<sub>4</sub> as the primary component with minor gangue impurities while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis offered quantitative information on the morphology and surface characteristics present. This research has shown that Azare barite is suitable for high purity applications such as those found in the pharmaceutical industry, whereas Obi and Obubra barite ores must be beneficiated to be suitable for potential applications such as drilling mud formulation, glass production, filler, or extender in paint and rubber manufacturing, according to the standards specified by the American petroleum institute (API), the Oil Company Mineral Association (OCMA), and the Indian standard (IS)</em><em>.</em>
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曾亮, 曾亮. "建築物無障礙電梯點字錯誤樣態之解析". 建築學報 121, № 121增刊 (2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/101632122022090121007.
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本文主要在調查國內建築物無障礙電梯點字貼片，設置於機廂內、外操作按鍵外左側之『現場樣態』，並依據內政部2019.1.4台內營字第1070820550號令修正，『昇降設備點字』中，本文所建構之『標準樣態』模式：樓層篇、上下篇、開關篇、警示篇。再進行『錯誤樣態分析』包括（字義／內容）、設置位置、材質等錯誤現象，最後提出『改正樣態』解決對策；以利於供視障者摸讀操作及辨認之正確性，並提出點字規範之研修法規之參考。本文針對無障礙電梯點字貼片，『錯誤態樣分析』之結果，以『樓層篇』按鍵而言：一、『B4～B1』按鍵點字：（一）B大寫被標註b小寫，（二）按鍵外右側／貼片順轉90。等錯誤。二、『1～9』樓層按鍵之點字：（一）樓層數字按鈕與點字有異，（二）貼片逆轉180。等錯誤。三、點字貼片-錯誤因子比率：最高値在『警示篇－字義、內容』有38％。研修法規之參考方面而言：提出我國無障礙電梯點字。增設『延（ㄧㄢˊ）』：功能定位『長照機構』、『醫院』等場所，銀髮長者或行動能力、摸讀行較慢，病床移動等，較長時間開啓者用途佳。This article is mainly investigating the Braille stickers of barrier-free elevators in domestic buildings, setting up the '' Field Pattern '' on the left side of the buttons inside and outside the cabin, and amending it in accordance with the order of the Ministry of the Interior 2019.1.4 Taiwan Neiying No. 1070820550, ''Elevation In Braille for Equipment, the '' Standard Pattern '' mode constructed in this article: Floor, Upper and Lower, Switch, and Warning. Then carry out '' Error Pattern Analysis '' including (word meaning/content), setting location, material and other errors, and finally propose '' Correction Pattern '' solutions; to facilitate the correctness of the visually impaired people's operation and identification, and propose Reference to the training regulations of the Braille standard. This article is aimed at the elevator Braille patch, the result of the '' Error Pattern Analysis '': in terms of the ''Floor '': (1) ''B4~B1'' Braille Signage: (1) The uppercase of B is marked with lowercase b, (2) The right side of the button/pattern rotates 90° the error. (2) Braille Signage on the ''1~9'' floors: (1) The floor number buttons are different from the Braille, (2) The patch is reversed 180° the error. (3) Braille patch-error factor ratio: the highest value is 38% in ''Warning Chapter - Word Meaning and Content''. Reference party for training regulations: Propose addition Braille for barrier-free elevators in my country. Add ''Extended (ㄧㄢˊ)'': functional positioning ''long-term care institutions'', ''hospitals''.
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Lloyd, J. A. "Urban Archaeology in Cyrenaica 1969-1989: the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods." Libyan Studies 20 (January 1989): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900006610.
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During the past two decades all the major cities of Cyrenaica have seen new fieldwork, and much has been achieved. The Department of Antiquities has been active, particularly in the increasingly important area of rescue archaeology. Its resolute and skilful efforts have included very important work at Shahat (Cyrene) (Walker (in Walda and Walker), this volume) and at Benghazi (Berenice). At the latter city, one of the least known in Cyrenaica, the Department's excavations at Sidi Khrebish demonstrated the rich archaeological potential of the site and led to the large-scale campaigns of 1971-5, in which the Society for Libyan Studies was deeply involved.Generous support has also been extended to British teams at Euesperides (Berenice's predecessor), Driana (Hadrianopolis), Tocra (Tauchira) and Tolmeita (Ptolemais); to the Italian Mission, whose work at Cyrene has proceeded throughout the period; to the major American investigation of the extra-mural Demeter sanctuary at the same site; and to the French Mission, which has conducted annual campaigns at Susa (Apollonia) since 1976. There has also been productive research into the minor towns.Perhaps the outstanding feature of the period under review, however, has been publication. No less than thirteen major site reports (see bibliography under Apollonia, Berenice, Cirene, Cyrene and Tocra), several works of synthesis (Goodchild 1971; Huskinson 1975; Rosenbaum and Ward-Perkins 1980; Stucchi 1975), collected papers (Goodchild 1976) and a profusion of shorter studies in journals, conference proceedings (Barker, Lloyd and Reynolds 1985; Gadallah 1971; Stucchi and Luni 1987) and exhibition publications (Missione Italiana 1987) have appeared — a very rich harvest. Many of course, had their genesis in earlier research, particularly during the fecund years of Richard Goodchild's controllership. Amongst much else, this saw Boardman and Hayes' exemplary Tocra project, which in its use of quantification, scientific analysis and other techniques anticipated later British and American work; the University of Michigan's extensive research at Apollonia; and the inauguration of the Italian Mission, under S. Stucchi, to Cyrene (Stucchi 1967), whose work on the architectural development, art and anastylosis of the city continues to make an outstanding contribution to our appreciation of Libya's archaeology and cultural heritage.
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Hukam, Singh Raj Purohit, and Bharat Nagar Dr. "Impact Assessment of Fluorosis Mitigation Project, A Case Stydy of Nagour." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 5 (2018): 242–52. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd15813.
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The present study has been undertaken to evaluate the impact assessment of the fluorosis mitigation project in the Nagaur district Raj . Nagour is a centrally located district of Rajasthan state of India which is a part of great Indian Thar Desert. Average rainfall in the district is 361.65 mm, which means quite low level in comparison with 531 mm in Rajasthan and 1200 mm in India. also the district has no perennial river and the main sources of water supply in the district is ground water which invariable does not confirm to BIS and WHO Standards as it contains excess of fluoride, nitrate and salinity . As per National Rural Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme, the Nagour is ranked second after Barmer that has 65.64 quality affected drinking water sources. Despite this quality problem, most of area is over exploited. Moreover, cyclic drought has severely affected recharge of aquifers, which causes limited quantity of ground water. Fluoride in drinking water of Rajasthan is found to originate from various rocks. These rocky belts extended from Delhi to Gujarat. The geological distribution of rocks in Rajasthan revels that the fluoride yielding areas occupies large areas of eastern and southeast parts of the state. Also Rajasthan has mica mines, where the ground water is rich in fluorides. Government of Rajasthan is implementing the fluorosis mitigation programme with the help of the three approaches i.e community based, school based and hospital based in the 986 villages and seven towns of the nagour district. The impact assessment will help for the better understanding of community participation and the health effect of the interventions. The conclusions of the impact assessment may determine required recommendations and focus on community participation and improvement in their health .The conclusions drawn from this study will outline the need for capacity building of the doctors, paramedical staff and Panchayati Raj Institutions. Administrative capability and reduction in the diseases were evaluated using questionnaires and interpersonal communications. Hukam Singh Raj Purohit | Dr. Bharat Nagar "Impact Assessment of Fluorosis Mitigation Project, A Case Stydy of Nagour" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15813.pdf