Journal articles: 'Extended instruments'

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Román, Carlos Gustavo, Timothy Schmele, and John O’Connell. "Interactive feedback on extended instruments." Sistemas y Telemática 10, no. 22 (September 30, 2012): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.18046/syt.v10i22.1269.

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LIVINGSTON, HUGH. "Paradigms for the new string instrument: digital and materials technology." Organised Sound 5, no. 3 (December 2000): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355771800005045.

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The applications of technology in instrument design contribute to the resulting sound on many levels, particularly in the context of new evolutions representing the traditional instruments of our culture. Materials technology is seldom given consideration in the description of Western string instruments, but our choices of woods, metals and synthetics can dramatically alter the sound without altering the substance of instrumental performance. In the design of modified string instruments which mimic features of natural acoustic predecessors, new technology is applied on many levels. A taxonomy is proposed for the past, present and future of instrument design. Due consideration is given to the music which results from the new sound world, especially that involving interactive electronic processing. The advantages and disadvantages of directions in instrument design for the future are evaluated within the proposed schema. Some extended techniques on the cello are proposed to be further extended with electronics, and audio examples and descriptions are provided. A model for future collaborations between composer, performer and engineer is proposed.

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Zappi, Victor, Andrew Allen, and Sidney Fels. "Extended Playing Techniques on an Augmented Virtual Percussion Instrument." Computer Music Journal 42, no. 2 (June 2018): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/comj_a_00457.

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Innovation and tradition are two fundamental factors in the design of new digital musical instruments. Although apparently mutually exclusive, novelty does not imply a total disconnection from what we have inherited from hundreds of years of traditional design, and the balance of these two factors often determines the overall quality of an instrument. Inspired by this rationale, in this article we introduce the Hyper Drumhead, a novel augmented virtual instrument whose design is deeply rooted in traditional musical paradigms, yet aimed at the exploration of unprecedented sounds and control. In the first part of the article we analyze the concepts of designing an augmented virtual instrument, explaining their connection with the practice of augmenting traditional instruments. Then we describe the design of the Hyper Drumhead in detail, focusing on its innovative physical modeling implementation. The finite-difference time-domain solver that we use runs on the parallel cores of a commercially available graphics card and permits the simulation of real-time 2-D wave propagation in massively sized domains. Thanks to the modularity of this implementation, musicians can create several 2-D virtual percussive instruments that support realistic playing techniques but whose affordances can be enhanced beyond most of the limits of traditional augmentation.

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Bali, M., J. Mittaz, E. Maturi, and M. Goldberg. "Inter-comparison of IASI and AATSR over an extended period." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 9 (September 18, 2015): 9785–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-9785-2015.

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Abstract. The launch of ENVISAT in 2002 and the launch of MetTop-A in 2006 put two highly accurate instruments in space to measure Top of Atmosphere (TOA) radiances. These instruments are the AATSR and IASI. While the AATSR, by design is a climate accurate (i.e. accuracy within 0.1 K and stability within 0.05 K dec−1) instrument, the IASI is a hyperspectral instrument that has a stated accuracy of within 0.5 K. This accuracy and stability are used in producing climate CDR's from these instruments and also aids in using these instruments as benchmarks for inter-comparison studies that aim at measuring stability and accuracy of instruments that are concurrently flying with them. The GSICS (Global Space Based Inter-Calibration System) has extensively exploited the IASI by comparing its measurements with Polar as well as Geostationary satellite instruments and measuring the in-orbit stability and accuracy of these instruments. More recent re-calibration efforts, such as the NOAA CDR project that is aimed at recalibrating the AVHRR uses the IASI and the AATSR as references. However to trust the recalibrated radiances it is vital that the in-orbit accuracy of the reference sources is known and critical issues such as scan angle dependence, and temporal variation of the accuracy are fully evaluated across a large temperature range (200–300 K). In order to better understand the accuracy and asses the trustworthiness of these references we present here a comprehensive analysis of the AATSR–IASI bias derived from their collocated pixels, over the period January 2008 through March 2011. Our analysis indicates that generally the AATSR (Nadir View) and IASI can act as good reference instruments and IASI is much more accurate than its design specification. In fact, taking into account a small bias the AATSR–IASI bias is close to the AATSR pre-launch bias implying that IASI can get close to pre-launch levels of accuracy. We also examine temperature dependent bias in the AATSR at low (< 240 K) temperatures which seems to appear after orbit was lowered of the ENVISAT satellite and its inclination control was discontinued. In addition, a very small scan angular dependence of AATSR–IASI bias indicates that the AVHRR has a scan angle dependent bias. We also examine the bias problem with the 12 μm channel of the AATSR in detail. We show that this bias not only has a temperature dependence (it grows up to 0.4 K at low temperatures) but also has a seasonal dependence in the SST (265–300 K) temperature range and is highly correlated to instrument temperature in the cold temperature range. We then discuss a possible method to correct the 11 and the 12 μm bias so as to use the corrected radiances for re-calibration of AVHRR.

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Saini, Vikram, and Lillie Dewan. "Instrument variable method based on nonlinear transformed instruments for Hammerstein system identification." Journal of Vibration and Control 24, no. 13 (February 22, 2017): 2802–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546317694770.

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An extended instrumental variable (EIV) method is considered for the stochastic Hammerstein system (ARMAX and general model structure). The EIV method provides consistent parameter estimates by eliminating noise-induced bias in the least square (LS) method. To estimate the parameters, the Hammerstein model is formulated using the bilinear parameterization. The bilinear model is identified by introducing the nonlinear instrumental variables obtained from transformed delayed outputs using nonlinear mapping and polynomial basis of delayed inputs. These instruments are analyzed in full generality by computing the bounds on expected relationship between instruments and noise for the general noise disturbance structure. Then, a specific case with hyperbolic tangent (tanh) transformation is considered. Comparative performance analysis of the proposed IV method with the existing IV method, the data filtering-based LS methods, and the extended LS method shows improvement in the statistical properties of parameters estimates.

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Traldi, Cesar Adriano. "Exploração tímbrica em composição para tímpanos solo." ouvirOUver 13, no. 1 (May 25, 2017): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/ouv20-v13n1a2017-14.

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Apesar de ser o instrumento de percussão mais utilizado no repertório orquestral, os tímpanos foram pouco explorados como instrumento solista até a metade do século XX. A evolução na construção e performance dos tímpanos e o surgimento de novas correntes composicionais no século XX tornaram possível explorações sonoras inovadoras nesse instrumento. Nesse artigo apresentamos uma composição para tímpanos solo onde a exploração tímbrica foi utilizada como principal elemento composicional. As possibilidades aqui descritas demonstram o grande potencial sonoro desse instrumento e a importância da pesquisa sonora no processo composicional para instrumentos de percussão. ABSTRACT Despite being the most used percussion instrument in the orchestral repertoire, the timpani were little explored as a solo instrument until the mid-twentieth century. Developments in the construction and performance of the timpani and the emergence of new compositional movements in the twentieth century made possible innovative sound holdings in this instrument. In this paper we present a timpani solo composition where timbral exploration was used as the main compositional element. The possibilities described here demonstrate the great sound potential of this instrument and the importance of sound research in the compositional process for percussion instruments. KEYWORDS Tímpani, timbral exploration, extended technique.

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Humphries, C. M., J. Davis, J. C. Bhattacharyya, O. Engvold, B. P. Fort, Hu Ning-Sheng, W. C. Livingston, et al. "Commission 9: Instruments and Techniques (Instruments Et Techniques)." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 20, no. 1 (1988): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00006908.

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The technology leading to very large aperture telescopes and their optics has progressed well in the period since 1984 and plans for many new large aperture telescopes have been made. Focal plane instrumentation continues to become more sophisticated or more efficient: multi-object capabilities, automatic instrument control and operation, and increasing use of CCDs are examples of areas to which this applies. The proportion of time devoted to observations using two-dimensional photoelectronic detectors has grown substantially at many observatories, particularly with telescopes of moderate aperture; and the use of high quantum efficiency array detectors is now being extended into the infrared spectral region. Important advances have also been made in instrumentation and techniques for ground-based high angular resolution interferometry.

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Wolfe, Jace, Erin Schafer, Natalie Martella, Mila Morais, and Misty Mann. "Evaluation of Extended-Wear Hearing Technology for Children with Hearing Loss." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 26, no. 07 (July 2015): 615–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.14095.

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Background: Research shows that many older children and teenagers who have mild to moderately severe sensorineural hearing loss do not use their hearing instruments during all waking hours. A variety of reasons may contribute toward this problem, including concerns about cosmetics associated with hearing aid use and the inconvenience of daily maintenance associated with hearing instruments. Extended-wear hearing instruments are inserted into the wearer’s ear canal by an audiologist and are essentially invisible to outside observers. Purpose: The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential benefits and limitations associated with use of extended-wear hearing instruments in a group of children with hearing loss. Research Design: A two-way repeated measures design was used to examine performance differences obtained with the participants’ daily-wear hearing instruments versus that obtained with extended-wear hearing instruments. Study Sample: Sixteen children, ages 10–17 yr old, with sensorineural hearing loss ranging from mild to moderately severe. Data Collection and Analysis: Probe microphone measures were completed to evaluate the aided output of device. Behavioral test measures included word recognition in quiet, sentence recognition in noise, aided warble-tone thresholds, and psychophysical loudness scaling. Questionnaires were also administered to evaluate subjective performance with each hearing technology. Results: Data logging suggested that many participants were not using their daily-wear hearing instruments during all waking hours (mean use was less than 6 h/day). Real ear probe microphone measurements indicated that a closer fit to the Desired Sensation Level Version 5 prescriptive targets was achieved with the children’s daily-wear instruments when compared to the extended-wear instruments. There was no statistically significant difference in monosyllabic word recognition at 50 or 60 dBA obtained with the two hearing technologies. Sentence recognition in noise obtained with use of the extended-wear devices was, however, significantly better than what was obtained with the daily-wear hearing aids. Aided warble-tone thresholds indicated significantly better audibility for low-level sounds with use of the daily-wear hearing technology, but loudness scaling results produced mixed results. Specifically, the participants generally reported greater loudness perception with use of their daily-wear hearing aids at 2000 Hz, but use of the extended-wear hearing technology provided greater loudness perception at 4000 Hz. Finally, the participants reported higher levels of subjective performance with use of the extended-wear hearing instruments. Conclusions: Although some measures suggested that daily-wear hearing instruments provided better audibility than the extended-wear hearing devices, word recognition in quiet was similar with use of the two technologies, and sentence recognition in noise was better with the extended-wear hearing technology. In addition, the participants in this study reported better subjective benefit associated with the use of extended-wear hearing technology. Collectively, the results of this study suggest that extended-wear hearing technology is a viable option for older children and teenagers with mild to moderately severe hearing loss.

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Lemes, Joyce Souza, Kelle Vanessa Alvares Amaral, Cynthia Assis Barros Nunes, Ana Clara Alves Campos, Alexia Nunes Batista, and Suelen Gomes Malaquias. "Instruments to Assess the Subjective Repercussions of People with Chronic Wounds: Integrative Review." Aquichan 19, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2019.19.1.8.

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Objective: To analyze the instruments described in the literature for extended assessment in people with chronic wound. Materials and methods: Study of integrative review of the literature. The search was conducted on databases including PUBMED, Web of Science, SciELO, CINAHL, Science Direct (Elsevier), Scopus, and Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde (BVS). Results: The search found 19 060 articles; after relevance tests, 41 were left. The instrument most used in the studies of this review was the Short Form 36 Health Survery (SF-36), which is a tool to assess quality of life (QOL). Conclusion: A diversity of instruments was identified for extended assessment of people with wounds, with those investigating QOL being the most frequent. The repercussions are, mostly, contained in the QOL assessment instruments, but superficially and/or not explicitly, as in the SF-36, the means most-frequently identified in the studies of this review. These findings suggest the likelihood of differentiated implications of these instruments according to the etiology of the lesions, psychosocial and psychospiritual needs of the individual, as well as the context to which they are destined, like teaching, clinical practice, or research.

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Bugdayci, Irem, Anne-Heloise Dautel, Robert Wuss, and Ruairi Glynn. "Instruments of Vision." Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques 4, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3465618.

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In the age of ubiquitous visual technologies and systems, our perceptive apparatuses are constantly challenged, adapted, and shaped by instruments and machines, rendering the observing body as an active site of knowledge. Your Eye's Motion by Luna is an interactive installation that uses real-time eye-tracking to control a robotic creature named Luna (Figure 1). Materializing eye movements through a wondrous spectacle of light, motion, and color, the observer becomes conscious of her gaze enacted and extended by a robotic counterpart. Building on a diverse set of theories and understandings of vision from the fields of cybernetics, visual studies, embodied mind, and more, the project explores how our perceptual apparatuses and bodies are reconfigured in relation to machines and the environment to afford new ways of seeing. Once we see how observing bodies accommodate feedback from actions to cognition, we can uncover the embodied and affective potential of eye movement as an interface for robotics. The curiosity of Luna invests in this potential, articulating a unity between our embodied percepts and machinic environments to create a "vision machine."

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Brundtland, Terje. "Of men and instruments: The Norwegian Aurora Expedition to the Arctic, 1902–1903." Polar Record 54, no. 1 (January 2018): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247418000141.

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ABSTRACTIn 1902, the Norwegian Professor Kristian Birkeland organised an expedition to the Arctic for studies of the aurora borealis, terrestrial magnetism and cirrus clouds. He established four stations at different locations—northern Norway, Iceland, Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya—all equipped with a similar set of scientific instruments. Using an extended concept of a scientific instrument, it is shown here that not only the instruments themselves, but also the external equipment, buildings and camp-facilities, as well as the manual work performed by the expedition members all played a role in obtaining the final results. Further, it is shown that Birkeland's efforts in organising and funding the expedition can be seen as an instrument-making operation.

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Ashley, Elizabeth L., Emanuele Cauda, Lauren G. Chubb, Donald P. Tuchman, and Elaine N. Rubinstein. "Performance Comparison of Four Portable FTIR Instruments for Direct-on-Filter Measurement of Respirable Crystalline Silica." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 64, no. 5 (April 8, 2020): 536–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxaa031.

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Abstract Exposure to dusts containing respirable crystalline silica is a recognized hazard affecting various occupational groups such as miners. Inhalation of respirable crystalline silica can lead to silicosis, which is a potentially fatal lung disease. Currently, miners’ exposure to respirable crystalline silica is assessed by collecting filter samples that are sent for laboratory analysis. A more timely field-based silica monitoring method using direct-on-filter (DoF) analysis is being developed by researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to provide mine operators with the option to evaluate miners’ exposure at the mine. This field-based silica monitoring technique involves the use of portable Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) instruments. As a step in the development of this new analytical technique, four commercially available portable FTIR instruments were evaluated for their ability to provide reproducible measurements from filter samples containing respirable crystalline silica. Reported testing indicates that measurements varied within ±4.1% between instruments for filter samples that contained high-purity respirable crystalline silica. Measurements varied within ±3.0% between instruments for filter samples that contained varying mineral composition. Filter samples were repeatedly analyzed by the same instrument over short and extended periods of time, and mean coefficients of variation did not exceed ±1.6 and ±2.4%, respectively. Mixed model analysis revealed that there was no statistically significant (P < 0.05) change in average measurements made over an extended period of time for all instruments. Results suggest that each of the four FTIR instruments evaluated in this study were able to generate precise and reproducible DoF analysis results of respirable dust samples.

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Griffin, E. M., A. L. Aruliah, I. McWhirter, H. C. I. Yiu, A. Charalambous, and I. McCrea. "Upper thermospheric neutral wind and temperature measurements from an extended spatial field." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 9 (September 12, 2008): 2649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-2649-2008.

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Abstract. First results are presented from a Scanning Doppler Imager (SCANDI) installed at the Nordlysstasjonen optical observatory near Longyearbyen, Svalbard (78.2° N, 15.8° E). Observations of the atomic oxygen 630 nm red line emission, originating in the upper thermosphere at around 250 km, have been used to determine neutral winds and temperatures from multiple zones within an extended spatial field. The instrument utilises all-sky optics to achieve multiple simultaneous measurements, compared to the standard Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI) procedure of separate line-of-sight samples within a sequence of narrow angle look directions. SCANDI is colocated with such a standard FPI and comparison of neutral wind velocities between the instruments on the night of 15 March 2007 has revealed detailed and consistent structure in the wind field. Southward meridional wind enhancements of several hundred m/s are observed simultaneously with both instruments, revealing structure on scales not currently considered in thermospheric general circulation models (GCMs). The data from this night also demonstrate the influence of discrete auroral events on thermospheric behaviour. High intensities observed by SCANDI in the presence of auroral arcs coincide with a drop in measured neutral temperatures. This is interpreted as a result of the effective altitude of the 630 nm emission being lowered under conditions of soft auroral precipitation. The optical instruments as a consequence sample a region of lower temperature. This effect has been observed previously with lower thermospheric atomic oxygen emissions at 557.7 nm. The EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) provides ion temperatures and electron densities for the night which confirm the influence of precipitation and heating during the auroral events. The minima of ion temperatures through the pre-midnight period provide a good match to the neutral temperatures measured with SCANDI, and to the colocated FPI temperatures.

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Terauchi, M. "Development of TEM-SXES instruments for valence electron spectroscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, S2 (July 2009): 214–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609096081.

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Mace, Guy Colby. "CHOOSING THE PROPER EQUIPMENT AND MONITORING INSTRUMENTS FOR EXTENDED AERATION LAGOONS." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2004, no. 15 (January 1, 2004): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864704784148060.

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Mariani, Z., K. Strong, M. Wolff, P. Rowe, V. Walden, P. F. Fogal, T. Duck, et al. "Infrared emission measurements in the Arctic using a new extended-range AERI." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 5 (October 24, 2011): 6411–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-6411-2011.

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Abstract. The Extended-range Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (E-AERI) is a moderate resolution (1 cm−1) Fourier transform infrared spectrometer for measuring the absolute downwelling infrared spectral radiance from the atmosphere between 400 and 3000 cm−1. The extended spectral range of the instrument permits monitoring of the 400–550 cm−1 (20–25 μm) region, where most of the infrared surface cooling currently occurs in the dry air of the Arctic. Spectra from the E-AERI have the potential to provide information about radiative balance, trace gases, and cloud properties in the Canadian high Arctic. Calibration, performance evaluation, and certification of the E-AERI were performed at the University of Wisconsin Space Science and Engineering Centre from September to October 2008. The instrument was then installed at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) Ridge Lab at Eureka, Nunavut, in October 2008, where it acquired one year of data. Measurements are taken every seven minutes year-round, including polar night when the solar-viewing spectrometers at PEARL are not operated. A similar instrument, the University of Idaho's Polar AERI (P-AERI), was installed at the Zero-altitude PEARL Auxiliary Laboratory (0PAL) from March 2006 to June 2009. During the period of overlap, these two instruments provided calibrated radiance measurements from two altitudes. A fast line-by-line radiative transfer model is used to simulate the downwelling radiance at both altitudes; the largest differences (simulation-measurement) occur in spectral regions strongly influenced by atmospheric temperature and/or water vapour. The presence of two AERI instruments at close proximity but two different altitudes allowed for an investigation of the surface radiative forcing by a thin, low ice cloud; the ice cloud resulted in a 6% increase in irradiance. The presence of clouds creates a large surface radiative forcing in the Arctic, particularly in the 750–1200 cm−1 region where the downwelling radiance is several times greater than clear-sky radiances, which is significantly larger than in other more humid regions.

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Chapman, Stephen K. "Monitoring SEM Performance." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 822–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760003018x.

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I was trained as a transmission electron microscope engineer in the mid 1960s. I took resolution tests at least once each year and calibrated all of the microscopes that I attended, it was considered a standard procedure for those maintaining an instrument. Moving into the scanning electron microscope field in the mid 1970s it was natural to carry this practice over to that instrument, but in those days this was considered to be extreme. Now, as a consultant in electron microscopy, I routinely carry out SEM resolution, magnification calibration and contamination rate tests on the instruments that I use. I train operators in the role of preventative maintenance and encourage them to know as much as possible about their instruments as this increases their ability to fault find and maintain their own instruments.Resolution - in many laboratories most tungsten hairpin instruments are set up for extended filament life rater than for high resolution.

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Gardner, L. D., D. M. Hassler, L. Strachan, and J. L. Kohl. "Spartan 201 Observations of the Ultraviolet Extended Solar Corona." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 144 (1994): 631–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100026191.

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AbstractThe instruments on the Spartan 201 spacecraft are an Ultraviolet Coronal Spectrometer and a White Light Coronagraph. Spartan 201 was deployed by the Space Shuttle on 11 April 1993 and observed the extended solar corona for about 40 hours. The Ultraviolet Coronal Spectrometer measured the intensity and spectral line profile of HI Lyα and the intensities of O VI 103.2 and 103.7 nm. Observations were made at heliocentric heights between 1.39 and 3.5 R⊙. Four coronal targets were observed, a helmet streamer at heliographic position angle 135°, the north and south polar coronal holes, and an active region above the west limb. Measurements of the HI Lyα geocorona and the solar irradiance were also made. The instrument performed as expected. Straylight suppression, spectral focus, radiometric sensitivity and background levels all appear to be satisfactory. The UV observations are aimed at determining proton temperatures and outflow velocities of hydrogen, protons and oxygen ions.

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Quirrenbach, A. "Stellar Diameters, Limb Darkening, Extended Atmospheres, and Shells: Observations with the MKIII Interferometer." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 158 (1994): 407–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090010806x.

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The resolution of close binaries and direct measurements of stellar angular diameters were the first achievements of astronomical interferometry (Michelson and Pease 1921). Fringe tracking interferometers are now capable of producing visibility measurements which are sufficiently sensitive and well-calibrated to make more sophisticated measurements possible. Results from current instruments include measurements of limb darkening, of the wavelength-dependence of stellar diameters, and of non-spherical stars, and observations with narrow spectral bands. This paper summarizes recent results from the MkIII interferometer, concentrating on single stars and their envelopes. More detailed descriptions of the instrument and the data reduction procedures are given by Mozurkewich et al. (1991).

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Marsh, Herbert W., Michael Bar-Eli, Sima Zach, and Garry E. Richards. "Construct Validation of Hebrew Versions of Three Physical Self-Concept Measures: An Extended Multitrait-Multimethod Analysis." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 28, no. 3 (September 2006): 310–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.28.3.310.

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This study extends support for the construct validity of the three strongest physical self-concept measures for 395 Israeli university students (60% women) aged 18 to 54, demonstrating a new extension of the multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) design that incorporates external validity criteria and a test of jingle-jangle fallacies. Structural equation models of this MTMM data confirmed the a priori 23-factor structure of the three instruments, and the convergent and discriminant validity of factors from each instrument in relation to those from the other instruments. There were few age effects, whereas gender differences were smaller than expected and stable over age. In support of the known-group-difference approach, physical education majors had systematically higher physical self-concepts than management majors. Relations of body image to self-concept factors supported the convergent and discriminant validity of the physical self-concept factors and the separation of body fat from physical appearance self-concepts, but having a more obese body was not significantly related to health self-concept or global self-esteem factors.

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Wagner, Sebastian, Jean-Daniel Bancal, Nicolas Sangouard, and Pavel Sekatski. "Device-independent characterization of quantum instruments." Quantum 4 (March 19, 2020): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-03-19-243.

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Among certification techniques, those based on the violation of Bell inequalities are appealing because they do not require assumptions on the underlying Hilbert space dimension and on the accuracy of calibration methods. Such device-independent techniques have been proposed to certify the quality of entangled states, unitary operations, projective measurements following von Neumann's model and rank-one positive-operator-valued measures (POVM). Here, we show that they can be extended to the characterization of quantum instruments with post-measurement states that are not fully determined by the Kraus operators but also depend on input states. We provide concrete certification recipes that are robust to noise.

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Elblaus, Ludvig, Carl Unander-Scharin, and Åsa Unander-Scharin. "Singing Interaction: Embodied Instruments for Musical Expression in Opera." Leonardo Music Journal 24 (December 2014): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/lmj_a_00187.

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In the opera Sing the Body Electric! A Corporatorio, artists from the disciplines of opera, dance and the development of new musical instruments collaborated to create an onstage fusion of different technologies and artistic practices that connected performer, scenography and instrument. Gestures and movements of singers were captured by custom-built technologies. The singers also used custom-built technologies for transforming their vocal qualities and for creating synthesized accompaniment in real time. In this way the singers’ bodily musical processes further extended their vocal performances, rooted in operatic praxis, allowing for heightened expressivity and emergent scenic subjects.

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Szwajgier, Agnieszka. "Renesaissance wind instruments with a double reed, part 1." Notes Muzyczny 2, no. 12 (December 13, 2019): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7164.

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The present article is aimed at collecting and arranging information about the Renaissance wind instruments with a double reed, which never before or after that period in the history of music presented as many tone colours. The author pays attention to the great importance of the sound of a wind ensemble as without these instruments – as Lorenz Walker claimed – neither a prince nor any wealthy city would have been able to fully show their significance. The first part of the article in this issue of the magazine presents the shawm, rackett, dulcian and bassanello – the instruments in which the reed was fully outside or partially enclosed by a pirouette – a small wooden part on which a musician could rest their lips and prevent fatigue. The author discusses the history and construction of these instruments, their use, scales, varieties and ways of playing. An addition to the text are the illustrations presenting construction details and circumstances in which these instruments were used. New concepts and ideas of instrument makers from the turn of the 16th century, such as the extended range of the bassanello, the piruet, or the “twist” of the bore of the over 2-metre-long bass shawm and thus creating a shorter instrument yet still remaining in the same register – the dulcian, are still admired by modern restorers of historical instruments. The article is meant both for people playing early music and modern performers interested in the topics connected with historical performance using old wind instruments.

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De-Deus, G., E. J. L. Moreira, H. P. Lopes, and C. N. Elias. "Extended cyclic fatigue life of F2 ProTaper instruments used in reciprocating movement." International Endodontic Journal 43, no. 12 (September 23, 2010): 1063–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01756.x.

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Thynne, Ian. "Alignments of instruments and action in governance: a synthesis – revisited and extended." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration 38, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2016.1159393.

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FitzGerald, Derry, Matt Cranitch, and Eugene Coyle. "Extended Nonnegative Tensor Factorisation Models for Musical Sound Source Separation." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2008 (2008): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/872425.

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Recently, shift-invariant tensor factorisation algorithms have been proposed for the purposes of sound source separation of pitched musical instruments. However, in practice, existing algorithms require the use of log-frequency spectrograms to allow shift invariance in frequency which causes problems when attempting to resynthesise the separated sources. Further, it is difficult to impose harmonicity constraints on the recovered basis functions. This paper proposes a new additive synthesis-based approach which allows the use of linear-frequency spectrograms as well as imposing strict harmonic constraints, resulting in an improved model. Further, these additional constraints allow the addition of a source filter model to the factorisation framework, and an extended model which is capable of separating mixtures of pitched and percussive instruments simultaneously.

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Bali, Manik, Jonathan P. Mittaz, Eileen Maturi, and Mitchell D. Goldberg. "Comparisons of IASI-A and AATSR measurements of top-of-atmosphere radiance over an extended period." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 7 (July 27, 2016): 3325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-3325-2016.

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Abstract. This study examines the trustworthiness of the Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI-A), as on-orbit reference instruments that are useful in re-calibrating the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) series (Mittaz and Harris, 2011). To do this, a 39-month period (1 January 2008 to 31 March 2011) of AATSR and IASI-A inter-comparisons of top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance measurements is examined. Our inter-comparison reveals features of the AATSR and IASI-A bias with respect to scan angle, scene temperature, time and orbital maneuvers, and gives insight into their trustworthiness as an in-orbit reference instruments. The first feature that our study reveals is that the AATSR (nadir view) and IASI-A are both stable (have no perceptible trends in the period of study). The second feature is that IASI-A is perhaps more accurate ( ∼ 0.05 K) than its stated accuracy (0.5 K). In fact the AATSR and IASI-A bias is close to the AATSR pre-launch bias (plus a small offset of +0.07 K) implying that IASI-A can get close to pre-launch levels of accuracy. Third, a very small scan angular dependence of AATSR and IASI-A bias indicates that the IASI-A response vs. scan angle algorithm is robust, while the instrument is in orbit. Inter-comparisons of AATSR with IASI-A further reveal the impact of orbital maneuvers of the ENVISAT, the platform carrying AATSR, done in October 2011 and not anticipated previously. Our study reveals that this maneuver introduced a temperature-dependent bias in the AATSR measurements for low temperatures (< 240 K) in the period following this maneuver (Cocevar et al., 2011). Our study also shows that the known AATSR 12 µm channel offset is in fact temperature dependent, grows up to 0.4 K, varies seasonally and is correlated with instrument temperature and cannot be corrected by shifting the spectral response function (SRF) of AATSR. We also present a set of recommendations to help identify the parameters under which these instruments can provide the most trustworthy observations for the AVHRR re-calibration.

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Li, S.-Y., and VP Dravid. "Internet-based Administration of Instruments, Usage and Accounting in Shared Facilities." Microscopy and Microanalysis 12, S02 (July 31, 2006): 1704–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927606065949.

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Donovan, J. "Core Community Specifications for Purchasing and Acceptance of Electron Beam Instruments." Microscopy and Microanalysis 12, S02 (July 31, 2006): 824–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927606066724.

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Spowage, Neal. "Applying Kinaesthetic Empathy and Extended Mind Theory to Invasive and Discreet Instruments in Sound-Based Live Performance." Organised Sound 23, no. 3 (December 2018): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355771818000183.

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I have taken the ambiguous psychology of Kinaesthetic Empathy and the relatively recent ideas that form Extended Mind Theory and re-contextualised them so they are relevant to sound-based live performance. I then used these psychologies as a guidance to investigate how we interact with discreet and invasive instruments by analysing specific examples of performance, sound installation and composition. I have defined ‘invasive and discreet’ by using examples of how these instruments are presented as objects in the context of performance. For example, the way in which an object or system can physically invade, and make use of, the performance space when employing technology and physical sculpture; or how an object or system can interact with the performer through tactility and psychological presence. During the process of defining discreet and invasive instruments I noted that there is no binary differentiation because the instruments denotation is dependent on context, sound palette and how they are interpreted as objects for creative expression by the performer. I concluded that the physicality of invasive instruments gives strength to the presentation of ideas in live performance. This is in opposition to discrete instruments which I argue are better suited to studio production or acousmatic performance.

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Vane, R. "Advances in Remote Plasma Cleaning of Electron Microscopes and Charged Beam Instruments." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, S2 (August 2013): 1338–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613008684.

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Song, Wei. "The Risks Control Methods of Financial Derivative Instruments." Advanced Materials Research 171-172 (December 2010): 710–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.171-172.710.

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In this article, it quantizes the extended model of risk control system, using different stages, and supervision is the number and type of relative lack of financial products in China, therefore, it is established as a risk management mechanism in China - the financial institutions to eventually. It provides the theory basis for future development, more feasible operation strategy financial derivatives markets, to achieve a reasonable investment and risk control target as -. This article is: it provides the operability of risk control in the macroscopic and microscopic utilization strategy, unswervingly encourage, monitoring and enforcement of financial derivatives.

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Mazur, Magdalena. "Use of Quality Management Instruments in the Window Production Process." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 3, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 384–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2020-0033.

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AbstractThe article presents the results of research analyzing the level of use of quality assurance instruments. The use of quality management instruments refers to the production of windows based on PVC profiles. Based on the results of surveys, which were additionally verified by an extended expert interview, an analysis was made of the level of use of quality assurance instruments at individual stages of the technological process. The main conclusion of the analyzes is that the most commonly used quality instruments are Pareto-Lorenz analysis, Ishikawa diagram, control cards and the FMEA method.

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Evertsen, J., M. Toth, B. Thiel, and E. Lifshin. "Generation of Spurious X-rays by Focused Ion Beams in Dual Beam Instruments." Microscopy and Microanalysis 12, S02 (July 31, 2006): 1250–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927606068000.

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Sol, Hélène, Andreas Zech, Catherine Boisson, Henric Krawczynski, Lisa Fallon, Elisabete de Gouveia Dal Pino, Jim Hinton, Susumu Inoue, Andrii Neronov, and Richard White. "Prospect on intergalactic magnetic field measurements with gamma-ray instruments." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S294 (August 2012): 459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921313002925.

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AbstractObserving high-energy gamma-rays from Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) offers a unique potential to probe extremely tiny values of the intergalactic magnetic field (IGMF), a long standing question of astrophysics, astroparticle physics and cosmology. Very high energy (VHE) photons from blazars propagating along the line of sight interact with the extragalactic background light (EBL) and produce e+e− pairs. Through inverse-Compton interaction, mainly on the cosmic microwave background (CMB), these pairs generate secondary GeV-TeV components accompanying the primary VHE signal. Such secondary components would be detected in the gamma-ray range as delayed “pair echos” for very weak IGMF (B < 10−16G), while they should result in a spatially extended gamma-ray emission around the source for higher IGMF values (B > 10−16G). Coordinated observations with space (i.e. Fermi) and ground-based gamma-ray instruments, such as the present Cherenkov experiments H.E.S.S., MAGIC and VERITAS, the future Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) Observatory, and the wide-field detectors such as HAWC and LHAASO, should allow to analyze and finally detect such echos, extended emission or pair halos, and to further characterize the IGMF.

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Cachorro, V. E., A. Berjón, C. Toledano, S. Mogo, N. Prats, A. M. de Frutos, J. M. Vilaplana, et al. "Detailed Aerosol Optical Depth Intercomparison between Brewer and Li-Cor 1800 Spectroradiometers and a Cimel Sun Photometer." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 1558–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jtecha1217.1.

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Abstract Aerosol optical depth (AOD) using different instruments during three short and intensive campaigns carried out from 1999 to 2001 at El Arenosillo in Huelva, Spain, are presented and compared. The specific aim of this study is to determine the level of agreement between three different instruments running in operational conditions. This activity, however, is part of a broader objective to recover an extended data series of AOD in the UV range obtained from a Brewer spectroradiometer. This instrument may be used to obtain AOD at the same five UV wavelengths used during normal operation for ozone content determination. As part of the validation of the Brewer AOD data, a Cimel sun photometer and another spectroradiometer, a Li-Cor 1800, were used. A detailed comparison of these three instruments is carried out by means of near-simultaneous measurements, with particular emphasis on examining diurnal AOD variability. Absolute AOD uncertainties range from 0.02 for the Cimel to 0.08 for the Brewer, with intermediate values for the Li-Cor 1800. All data during the comparison are in reasonable agreement, when taking into account the different performance characteristics of each instrument. The comparison also demonstrates current deficiencies in the Brewer data and thus the difficulty to determine AOD values with low errors.

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Hase, Frank, Matthias Frey, Matthäus Kiel, Thomas Blumenstock, Roland Harig, Axel Keens, and Johannes Orphal. "Addition of a channel for XCO observations to a portable FTIR spectrometer for greenhouse gas measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 5 (May 25, 2016): 2303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2303-2016.

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Abstract. The portable FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer EM27/SUN, dedicated to the precise and accurate observation of column-averaged abundances of methane and carbon dioxide, has been equipped with a second detector channel, which allows the detection of additional species, especially carbon monoxide. This allows an improved characterisation of observed carbon dioxide enhancements and makes the extended spectrometer especially suitable as a validation tool of ESA's Sentinel 5 Precursor mission, as it now covers the same spectral region as used by the infrared channel of the TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) sensor. The extension presented here does not rely on a dichroic, but instead a fraction of the solar beam is decoupled near the aperture stop of the spectrometer using a small plane mirror. This approach allows maintaining the camera-controlled solar tracker set-up, which is referenced to the field stop in front of the primary detector. Moreover, the upgrade of existing instruments can be performed without alterating the optical set-up of the primary channel and resulting changes of the instrumental characteristics of the original instrument.

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BEAUCHAMP, JAMES, and ANDREW HORNER. "Spectral modelling and timbre hybridisation programs for computer music." Organised Sound 2, no. 3 (December 1997): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135577189800908x.

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Software packages developed for visualising time-varying timbres, finding parameter settings for modelling acoustic instrument tones, and for synthesising timbres are described. The sndan package, written in C for Unix machines, provides spectrum analysis, pitch tracking, spectrum display, parameter modification, and additive synthesis. Other programs that estimate the best possible parameters for recreating acoustic sounds using techniques such as multiple FM and wavetable synthesis and extended nonlinear/filter synthesis are outlined. Hybrid instruments created by fashioning sounds out of the recombined spectral characteristics of two or more very different tones are also presented.

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Bouwman, Wim G., Erik B. Knudsen, Linda Udby, and Peter Willendrup. "Simulations of foil-based spin-echo (modulated) small-angle neutron scattering with a sample using McStas." Journal of Applied Crystallography 54, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576720015496.

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For the further development of spin-echo techniques to label elastic scattering it is necessary to perform simulations of the Larmor precession of neutron spins in a magnetic field. The details of some of these techniques as implemented at the reactor in Delft are simulated. First, the workings of the magnetized foil flipper are simulated. A full virtual spin-echo small-angle neutron scattering instrument is built and tested without and with a realistic scattering sample. It is essential for these simulations to have a simulated sample that also describes the transmitted beam of unscattered neutrons, which usually is not implemented for the simulation of conventional small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) instruments. Finally, the workings of a spin-echo modulated small-angle neutron scattering (SEMSANS) instrument are simulated. The simulations are in good agreement with theory and experiments. This setup can be extended to include realistic magnetic field distributions to fully predict the features of future Larmor labelling elastic-scattering instruments. Configurations can now be simulated for more complicated combinations of SANS with SEMSANS.

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Atmeh, Amre R., and Timothy F. Watson. "Root dentine and endodontic instrumentation: cutting edge microscopic imaging." Interface Focus 6, no. 3 (June 6, 2016): 20150113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2015.0113.

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Cutting of the dental hard tissues is an integral part of restorative dentistry. Cutting of the root dentine is also needed in preparation prior to endodontic treatment, with significant commercial investment for the development of flexible cutting instruments based around nickel titanium (NiTi) alloys. This paper describes the evolution of endodontic cutting instruments, both in materials used, e.g. the transition from stainless steel to NiTi, and the design of the actual instruments themselves and their method of activation—by hand or motor driven. We have been examining tooth-cutting interactions microscopically for over 25 years using a variety of microscopic techniques; in particular, video-rate confocal microscopy. This has given a unique insight into how many of the procedures that we take for granted are achieved in clinical practice, by showing microscopic video images of the cutting as it occurs within the tooth. This technology has now been extended to allow imaging of the endodontic instrument and the root canal wall for the first time. We are able to image dentine distortion and crack propagation during endodontic filing of the root canal space. We are also able to visualize the often claimed, but seldom seen action of contemporary endodontic instruments.

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Brouillat, E., and V. Oltra. "Dynamic efficiency of extended producer responsibility instruments in a simulation model of industrial dynamics." Industrial and Corporate Change 21, no. 4 (December 2, 2011): 971–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtr071.

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Piel, Felix, Markus Müller, Klaus Winkler, Jenny Skytte af Sätra, and Armin Wisthaler. "Introducing the extended volatility range proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (EVR PTR-MS)." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 1355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1355-2021.

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Abstract. Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) is widely used in atmospheric sciences for measuring volatile organic compounds in real time. In the most widely used type of PTR-MS instruments, air is directly introduced into a chemical ionization reactor via an inlet capillary system. The reactor has a volumetric exchange time of ∼0.1 s, enabling PTR-MS analyzers to measure at a frequency of 10 Hz. The time response does, however, deteriorate if low-volatility analytes interact with surfaces in the inlet or in the instrument. Herein, we present the extended volatility range (EVR) PTR-MS instrument which mitigates this issue. In the EVR configuration, inlet capillaries are made of passivated stainless steel, and all wetted metal parts in the chemical ionization reactor are surface-passivated with a functionalized hydrogenated amorphous silicon coating. Heating the entire setup (up to 120 ∘C) further improves the time-response performance. We carried out time-response performance tests on a set of 29 analytes having saturation mass concentrations C0 in the range between 10−3 and 105 µg m−3. The 1/e-signal decay times after instant removal of the analyte from the sampling flow were between 0.2 and 90 s for gaseous analytes. We also tested the EVR PTR-MS instrument in combination with the chemical analysis of aerosols online (CHARON) particle inlet, and 1/e-signal decay times were in the range between 5 and 35 s for particulate analytes. We show on a set of example compounds that the time-response performance of the EVR PTR-MS instrument is comparable to that of the fastest flow tube chemical ionization mass spectrometers that are currently in use. The fast time response can be used for rapid (∼1 min equilibration time) switching between gas and particle measurements. The CHARON EVR PTR-MS instrument can thus be used for real-time monitoring of both gaseous and particulate organics in the atmosphere. Finally, we show that the CHARON EVR PTR-MS instrument also rapidly detects highly oxygenated species (with up to eight oxygen atoms) in particles formed by limonene ozonolysis.

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Larner, Andrew. "Performance-Based Cognitive Screening Instruments: An Extended Analysis of the Time versus Accuracy Trade-off." Diagnostics 5, no. 4 (November 27, 2015): 504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics5040504.

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Brouillat, Eric, and Vanessa Oltra. "Extended producer responsibility instruments and innovation in eco-design: An exploration through a simulation model." Ecological Economics 83 (November 2012): 236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.07.007.

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Botha, Marius. "Portfolio liquidity-adjusted value-at-risk." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 11, no. 2 (September 28, 2011): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v11i2.309.

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An important, yet neglected, aspect of risk management is liquidity risk; changes in value due to reduced availability of traded financial instruments. This ubiquitous risk has emerged as one of the key drivers of the developing “credit crunch” with global financial liquidity plummeting since the crisis began. Despite massive cash injections by governments, the crisis continues. Contemporary research has focussed on the liquidity component of single instruments’ value-at-risk. This work is extended in this article to measure portfolio value-at-risk, employing a technique which integrates individual instruments’ liquidity-adjusted VaR into a portfolio environment without a commensurate increase of statistical assumptions.

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Magrini, Chiara, Filippo D’Addato, and Alessandra Bonoli. "Municipal solid waste prevention: A review of market-based instruments in six European Union countries." Waste Management & Research 38, no. 1_suppl (January 11, 2020): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19894622.

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This article focuses on quantitative prevention of municipal solid waste among the 28 member countries of the European Union. A strict definition of waste prevention is used, including waste avoidance, waste reduction at source or in process, and product reuse, while recycling is outside the scope of this article. In order to provide a solid overview of the European situation, the study selected six countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania and Spain). Several selection requirements have been considered, such as geographic location or municipal solid waste per capita production trends from 1995 to 2017. A review of prevention programmes and other national strategic documents has been conducted. Extended producer responsibility, Pay-As-You-Throw schemes, Deposit-Refund Systems and Environmental Taxes implementation among the selected countries have been studied in order to understand how these market-based instruments can be used for the sake of waste prevention. Each market-based instrument has been further analysed using the Drivers Pressures State Impact Response model. Based on the results of this study, the effectiveness of market-based instruments implementation is strictly related to the context they are enforced in. It is particularly important to tailor the market-based instruments based on the implementation area. Nevertheless, market-based instruments, which are now mostly meant to boost the recycling sector of the considered Member States, should be designed to improve waste prevention performances, ensuring the achievement of the highest level of waste hierarchy promoted by the European Union.

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Wilhelmi, O., A. Rosenthal, P. Faber, F. Morrissey, and LY Roussel. "Nanofabrication of Multi-Layer Devices and Multiple Writing Fields Using Focused Ion Beam and DualBeam™ Instruments." Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, S2 (July 2009): 356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609095993.

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Nedoluha, Gerald E., Michael Kiefer, Stefan Lossow, R. Michael Gomez, Niklaus Kämpfer, Martin Lainer, Peter Forkman, et al. "The SPARC water vapor assessment II: intercomparison of satellite and ground-based microwave measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 23 (December 6, 2017): 14543–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14543-2017.

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Abstract. As part of the second SPARC (Stratosphere–troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate) water vapor assessment (WAVAS-II), we present measurements taken from or coincident with seven sites from which ground-based microwave instruments measure water vapor in the middle atmosphere. Six of the ground-based instruments are part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and provide datasets that can be used for drift and trend assessment. We compare measurements from these ground-based instruments with satellite datasets that have provided retrievals of water vapor in the lower mesosphere over extended periods since 1996. We first compare biases between the satellite and ground-based instruments from the upper stratosphere to the upper mesosphere. We then show a number of time series comparisons at 0.46 hPa, a level that is sensitive to changes in H2O and CH4 entering the stratosphere but, because almost all CH4 has been oxidized, is relatively insensitive to dynamical variations. Interannual variations and drifts are investigated with respect to both the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS; from 2004 onwards) and each instrument's climatological mean. We find that the variation in the interannual difference in the mean H2O measured by any two instruments is typically ∼ 1%. Most of the datasets start in or after 2004 and show annual increases in H2O of 0–1 % yr−1. In particular, MLS shows a trend of between 0.5 % yr−1 and 0.7 % yr−1 at the comparison sites. However, the two longest measurement datasets used here, with measurements back to 1996, show much smaller trends of +0.1 % yr−1 (at Mauna Loa, Hawaii) and −0.1 % yr−1 (at Lauder, New Zealand).

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Tiwari, Bhupendra Nath, Jude Kuipo Kibindé, Neeraj Gupta, Mahdi Khosravy, and Stefano Bellucci. "Optimization of Optical Instruments Under Fluctuations of System Parameters." International Journal of Ambient Computing and Intelligence 12, no. 1 (January 2021): 73–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaci.2021010104.

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Optimization plays a fundamental role in understanding stability characteristics of optical systems, for example, lenses, mirrors, and their constrained counterparts. For a dynamical object, the authors address the issue of stability of an image formed under fluctuations of optimization variables. As per this analysis, for a given single lens, mirror, or optical instrument, the positivity of pure correlation components of the fluctuation matrix characterizes the local stability about a chosen fixed point, whilst the positivity of the determinant of the fluctuation matrix offers global stability of the image under variations of the object distance and lateral magnification. In this paper, they demonstrate that there exists a clear cut distinction between the positive and negative lenses and mirrors about the line of unit lateral magnification. Moreover, they propose the extension of the above model to a class of constraint optical system optimization. They also propose an extended formulation for an optimized designing of nonlinearly constrained optical systems with finitely many components.

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Viskari, T., E. Asmi, P. Kolmonen, H. Vuollekoski, T. Petäjä, and H. Järvinen. "Estimation of aerosol particle number distributions with Kalman Filtering – Part 1: Theory, general aspects and statistical validity." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 24 (December 17, 2012): 11767–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11767-2012.

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Abstract. Aerosol characteristics can be measured with different instruments providing observations that are not trivially inter-comparable. Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is introduced here as a method to estimate aerosol particle number size distributions from multiple simultaneous observations. The focus here in Part 1 of the work was on general aspects of EKF in the context of Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS) measurements. Additional instruments and their implementations are discussed in Part 2 of the work. University of Helsinki Multi-component Aerosol model (UHMA) is used to propagate the size distribution in time. At each observation time (10 min apart), the time evolved state is updated with the raw particle mobility distributions, measured with two DMPS systems. EKF approach was validated by calculating the bias and the standard deviation for the estimated size distributions with respect to the raw measurements. These were compared to corresponding bias and standard deviation values for particle number size distributions obtained from raw measurements by a inversion of the instrument kernel matrix method. Despite the assumptions made in the EKF implementation, EKF was found to be more accurate than the inversion of the instrument kernel matrix in terms of bias, and compatible in terms of standard deviation. Potential further improvements of the EKF implementation are discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Extended instruments'

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