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Journal articles on the topic 'Extension de flamme'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Kibrya, M. G., and G. A. Karim. "Blowout Limits of a Jet Diffusion Flame in the Presence of Small Surrounding Jet Pilot Flames." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 118, no. 2 (1996): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2792705.

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The blowout limit of a methane jet diffusion flame is examined in the presence of a number of much smaller pilot jet flames of different fuels arranged within an experimental burner assembly in a co-flowing stream of air. It is shown that the blowout limit of the central jet flame can be extended very appreciably by increasing the flow rate through the smaller pilot jets. The basis for this extension to the blowout limit and the role of some changes in the operating parameters are discussed. It is suggested that the extension to the blowout limit observed is due mainly to the thermal contribut

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2

Yedinak, Kara M., Jack D. Cohen, Jason M. Forthofer, and Mark A. Finney. "An examination of flame shape related to convection heat transfer in deep-fuel beds." International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, no. 2 (2010): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07143.

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Fire spread through a fuel bed produces an observable curved combustion interface. This shape has been schematically represented largely without consideration for fire spread processes. The shape and dynamics of the flame profile within the fuel bed likely reflect the mechanisms of heat transfer necessary for the pre-heating and ignition of the fuel during fire spread. We developed a simple laminar flame model for examining convection heat transfer as a potentially significant fire spread process. The flame model produced a flame profile qualitatively comparable to experimental flames and simi

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3

F. Ganji, Hamed, Viktor Kornilov, Philip de Goey, Ines Lopez Arteaga, and Jeroen van Oijen. "Characterization and Identification of Thermoacoustic behaviour of flames anchored on burner decks with multiple perforation; Transfer Function (de)composition approach." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 4 (2023): 3609–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0508.

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The appearance of thermoacoustic instability in combustion systems depends on thermoacoustic property (e.g., Transfer Function (TF)) of used burner/flame. Therefore, an attractive approach to cope with the instability is the purposeful design of the burner thermo-acoustics. One of the ideas of how the flame TF can be altered/designed is based on the heuristic idea that the acoustic response of one flame can be counteracted by the appropriately phased response of another flame. For the particular case of premixed, burner deck anchored conical flames, the TF depends on the diameter of perforatio

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4

Blunsdon, C. A., Z. Beeri, W. M. G. Malalasekera, and J. C. Dent. "Comprehensive Modeling of Turbulent Flames With the Coherent Flame-Sheet Model—Part I: Buoyant Diffusion Flames." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 118, no. 1 (1996): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2792695.

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A modified version of the computational fluid dynamics code KIVA-II was used to model the transient behavior of buoyant turbulent diffusion flames burning in still air. Besides extensions to the range of permitted boundary conditions and the addition of buoyancy terms to the turbulence model, KIVA-II was augmented by a version of the coherent flame-sheet model, Tesner’s soot generation model, Magnussen’s soot oxidation model, and an implementation of the discrete transfer radiation model that included both banded and continuum radiation. The model captured many of the features of buoyant turbu

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5

Obando Vega, Pedro Javier, Axel Coussement, Amsini Sadiki, and Alessandro Parente. "Non-Premixed Filtered Tabulated Chemistry: Filtered Flame Modeling of Diffusion Flames." Fuels 2, no. 2 (2021): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fuels2020006.

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The flame front filtering is a well-known strategy in turbulent premixed combustion. An extension of this approach for the non-premixed combustion context has been proposed by means of directly filtering counterflow diffusion flamelets. Promising results were obtained for the non-premixed filtered tabulated chemistry formalism on 1-D and 2-D unresolved counterflow flame configurations. The present paper demonstrates the soundness of this approach on a 3-D real laminar non-premixed coflow flame. The model results are compared against the direct filtering of the fully resolved laminar diffusion

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6

Albayrak, Alp, and Wolfgang Polifke. "An analytical model based on the G-equation for the response of technically premixed flames to perturbations of equivalence ratio." International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics 10, no. 2 (2017): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756827717740776.

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A model for the response of technically premixed flames to equivalence ratio perturbations is proposed. The formulation, which is an extension of an analytical flame tracking model based on the linearized G-equation, considers the flame impulse response to a local, impulsive, infinitesimal perturbation that is transported by convection from the flame base towards the flame surface. It is shown that the contributions of laminar flame speed and heat of reaction to the impulse response exhibit a local behavior, i.e. the flame responds at the moment when and at the location where the equivalence r

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7

Tornatore, Cinzia, and Magnus Sjöberg. "Optical Investigation of a Partial Fuel Stratification Strategy to Stabilize Overall Lean Operation of a DISI Engine Fueled with Gasoline and E30." Energies 14, no. 2 (2021): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020396.

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This paper offers new insights into a partial fuel stratification (PFS) combustion strategy that has proven to be effective at stabilizing overall lean combustion in direct injection spark ignition engines. To this aim, high spatial and temporal resolution optical diagnostics were applied in an optically accessible engine working in PFS mode for two fuels and two different durations of pilot injection at the time of spark: 210 µs and 330 µs for E30 (gasoline blended with ethanol by 30% volume fraction) and gasoline, respectively. In both conditions, early injections during the intake stroke we

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8

Haubold, Thorben Sören, Laura Puchot, Antoine Adjaoud, Pierre Verge, and Katharina Koschek. "Bio-Based Bisbenzoxazines with Flame Retardant Linker." Polymers 13, no. 24 (2021): 4330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13244330.

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This work explores the strategy of incorporating a highly substituted reactive flame retardant into a benzoxazine moiety. For this purpose, a DOPO-based flame retardant received a chain extension via reaction with ethylene carbonate. It was then reacted with phloretic acid to obtain a diphenol end-capped molecule, and further reacted with furfurylamine and paraformaldehyde to obtain a benzoxazine monomer via a Mannich-like ring closure reaction. This four-step synthesis yielded a partly bio-based halogen-free flame retardant benzoxazine monomer (DOPO-PA-fa). The successful synthesis was proven

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9

Li, Linjie, Wuchao Zhang, Zihe Gao, and Liangwen Wei. "Experimental study on the flame merging and ceiling impingement behavior of transversely located double fire sources in an urban utility tunnel." Indoor and Built Environment 32, no. 1 (2023): 286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x221147427.

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The investigation of the fire characteristics and propagation behaviour in the urban utility tunnel is of great practical importance, especially for the conditions with double fire sources. In this work, a 1/8th scaled urban utility tunnel model was built to conduct the experiments to characterize the flame merging and ceiling impingement behaviour of transversely located double fire sources. Two rectangular fire sources with the same dimension were used, and their heat release rate (HRR) and fire source spacings were varied to consider the typical scenarios. Results show that for the smaller

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10

Schuh, Vinzenz, Christian Hasse, and Hendrik Nicolai. "An extension of the artificially thickened flame approach for premixed hydrogen flames with intrinsic instabilities." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 40, no. 1-4 (2024): 105673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2024.105673.

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11

Wu, Gang, Jinqing Li, Chunpeng Chai, Zhen Ge, Jialun Lin, and Yunjun Luo. "Synthesis and characterization of novel post-chain extension flame retardant waterborne polyurethane." RSC Advances 5, no. 118 (2015): 97710–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra12975c.

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12

Avrin, Joel D. "Behaviour at ±∞ for a model of laminar flames with applications to questions of flame propagation versus extinction." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A Mathematics 117, no. 1-2 (1991): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308210500027633.

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SynopsisWe consider the behaviour at x = ±∞ of solutions to reaction-diffusion equations modelling laminar flames in a premixed reactive gas. We show that if the initial data have limits at ±∞, then the solutions satisfy ODEs at ±∞ for all positive time. We then analyse the qualitative behaviour of solutions to the ODEs. Our applications include extensions of previous results on questions of flame propagation versus extinction, and a new decay result: if the initial temperature is above ignition temperature at one end of the domani and if the initial concentration vanishes at the other, then w

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13

Cai, Jianan, Alvianto Wirasaputra, Yaming Zhu, et al. "The flame retardancy and rheological properties of PA6/MCA modified by DOPO-based chain extender." RSC Advances 7, no. 32 (2017): 19593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra28293h.

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14

Vitz, Ed. "Demonstration Extensions: Flame Tests and Electrolysis." Journal of Chemical Education 85, no. 4 (2008): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed085p522.1.

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15

Jia, Xin, Bin Hu, Wei Zhao, Wen Zeng, Jiangbo Peng, and Qingjun Zhao. "Experimental and Numerical Study on the Plasma-Laser-Induced Ignition of Strut Stabilizer at Different Locations." Aerospace 11, no. 8 (2024): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11080652.

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The minimum ignition equivalence ratio of the strut stabilizer is an important parameter in the design of integrated afterburners. The ignition location significantly affects the ignition equivalence ratio and flame propagation, and therefore, it should be deeply studied. The ignition equivalence ratio and flame propagation at different axial ignition locations downstream of the strut stabilizer are studied in this paper. When the ignition distance is approximately the bluff body trailing edge width, a lower ignition equivalence ratio is required for ignition, and the flame propagates faster t

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16

Huang, Ping, Shengtao Liu, Chunxiang Liu, Fuqiang Yang, Baihan Zhang, and Longxing Yu. "Flame extension lengths beneath a double slope roof induced by gaseous fuel jet flame." Fuel 350 (October 2023): 128891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128891.

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17

Liang, Tianxiang, Jianan Cai, Shumei Liu, Hualin Lai, and Jianqing Zhao. "Chain Extension and Synergistic Flame-Retardant Effect of Aromatic Schiff Base Diepoxide on Polyamide 6/Aluminum Diethylphosphinate Composites." Materials 12, no. 14 (2019): 2217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12142217.

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A way to suppress the deterioration in mechanical properties of polyamide 6 (PA6) is required, especially with high loading of flame retardants in the matrix. In this study, a novel aromatic Schiff base diepoxide (DES) was synthesized. It exhibited an efficient chain extension effect on PA6 and a synergistic flame-retardant effect with aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi) for PA6. The PA6 composite with 16 wt.% AlPi only passed UL-94 V-0 rating at 1.6 mm thickness, while the combination of 1.5 wt.% DES with 13 wt.% AlPi induced PA6 to achieve a UL-94 V-0 rating at 0.8 mm thickness. The tensile,

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18

Wang, Aijuan, Brady Manescau, Khaled Chetehouna, Steve Rudz, and Ludovic Lamoot. "Experimental study on the flame extension and risk analysis of a diffusion impinging flame in confined compartment." Journal of Fire Sciences 39, no. 4 (2021): 285–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07349041211015766.

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In this work, an experimental investigation on a diffusion impinging flame in a confined compartment was performed. The objective was to study the influence of confinement on the behavior of a flame impinging the ceiling and to deduce the auto-ignition risk of the smoke produced in the confined compartment. For this, configurations with five confinement levels were constructed by the condition of windows and/or door in the compartment and the variation of the heat release rates was made between 0.5 and 18.6 kW. To evaluate the flame morphology and flame extension length, an image processing me

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19

Wu, Gang, Jinqing Li, Chunpeng Chai, Zhen Ge, Jialun Lin, and Yunjun Luo. "Correction: Synthesis and characterization of novel post-chain extension flame retardant waterborne polyurethane." RSC Advances 15, no. 24 (2025): 19263. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra90071a.

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20

Majhool, Ahmed Abed Al-Kadhem. "LAMINAR FLAME SPEED MODEL AT THE INITIAL STAGE OF FORMATION DIFFUSION FLAME." Kufa Journal of Engineering 7, no. 1 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/711220.

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This work paid special attention on the laminar flame speed in a piloted methane-air in jet diffusion flame due to the strong nonlinearity of chemical reaction process where an extension for the unsteady laminar flamelet model is required. The purpose for doing that is set for two folds. The partial differential equations for solving the combustion model required the representation of laminar flame speed in it and the advanced combustion modeling which is promising step. The probability density function required the laminar flame speed to be modelled as a function in terms of the mixture fract

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21

Polifke, W., P. Flohr, and M. Brandt. "Modeling of Inhomogeneously Premixed Combustion With an Extended TFC Model." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 124, no. 1 (2000): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1394964.

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In many practical applications, so-called premixed burners do not achieve perfect premixing of fuel and air. Instead, fuel injection pressure is limited, the permissible burner pressure drop is small and mixing lengths are curtailed to reduce the danger of flashback. Furthermore, internal or external piloting is frequently employed to improve combustion stability, while part-load operation often requires burner staging, where neighboring burners operate with unequal fuel/air equivalence ratios. In this report, an extension of the turbulent flame speed closure (TFC) model for highly turbulent p

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22

Nicolai, H., L. Dressler, J. Janicka, and C. Hasse. "Assessing the importance of differential diffusion in stratified hydrogen–methane flames using extended flamelet tabulation approaches." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 8 (2022): 085118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0102675.

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Taking into account detailed chemical kinetics and therefore allowing for a detailed representation of the flame's microstructure at reduced computational cost make flamelet-based tabulation approaches such as the flamelet-generated manifold (FGM) a commonly used method for turbulent combustion simulations. However, there has been little focus on analyzing such models for fuel blends, including hydrogen. One reason for that is the challenging inclusion of differential diffusion effects into FGM, which may become crucial for highly diffusive fuels such as hydrogen. This paper presents an extens

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23

Kamal, MM. "Combustion via multiple pairs of opposing premixed flames with a cross-flow." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 231, no. 1 (2016): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650916673256.

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A cylindrical burner accommodating stoichiometric fuel–air mixture combustion via multiple pairs of opposing jets and a cross-flow provided heat intensification and duplication of the stagnation impact for extending the firing limits and maximizing the power density. Six pairs of circumferentially opposing stoichiometric mixture jets sustained bulk injection velocities as high as 21.8 m/s and were associated with NOx emissions of 22 ppm, while emissions of 10 ppm were recorded upon reaching a lean limit equivalence ratio of 0.59. A stoichiometric mixture jet issuing perpendicular to the opposi

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24

Wu, Gang, Jinqing Li, and Yunjun Luo. "Flame retardancy and thermal degradation mechanism of a novel post-chain extension flame retardant waterborne polyurethane." Polymer Degradation and Stability 123 (January 2016): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.11.004.

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25

Ghorashi, Seyed Amin, Seyed Mohammad Hashemi, Seyed Abdolmehdi Hashemi, and Mahdi Mollamahdi. "Numerical study on the combustion characteristics in a porous-free flame burner for lean mixtures." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 4 (2019): 935–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219884979.

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The present work implements a numerical simulation to investigate the combustion process in a porous-free flame burner. The non-equilibrium thermal condition is performed, and discretization and solving of the governing equations are conducted in a two-dimensional axisymmetric model. In order to simulate the combustion process, a reduced chemical kinetic mechanism of GRI 3.0, which includes 16 species and 41 reactions, is used. In order to prove the precision of the numerical method, some experimental tests are carried out and the numerical results are in a good agreement with the experimental

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26

Peters, N. "A spectral closure for premixed turbulent combustion in the flamelet regime." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 242 (September 1992): 611–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112092002519.

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Premixed turbulent combustion in the flamelet regime is analysed on the basis of a field equation. This equation describes the instantaneous flame contour as an isoscalar surface of the scalar field G(x,t). The field equation contains the laminar burning velocity sL as velocity scale and its extension includes the effect of flame stretch involving the Markstein length [Lscr ] as a characteristic lengthscale of the order of the flame thickness. The scalar G(x,t) plays a similar role for premixed flamelet combustion as the mixture fraction Z(x,t) in the theory of non-premixed flamelet combustion

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27

CHAN, Simon Sze Man, Shuichi TORII, and Toshiaki YANO. "Extension of Turbulent Jet Diffusion Flame Blowoff Limits by Doublet Flows." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 67, no. 663 (2001): 2841–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.67.2841.

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Wirasaputra, Alvianto, Lijun Zheng, Shumei Liu, Yanchao Yuan, and Jianqing Zhao. "High-Performance Flame-Retarded Polyamide-6 Composite Fabricated by Chain Extension." Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 301, no. 5 (2016): 614–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mame.201500357.

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29

Kolla, H., and N. Swaminathan. "Influence of Turbulent Scalar Mixing Physics on Premixed Flame Propagation." Journal of Combustion 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/451351.

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The influence of reactive scalar mixing physics on turbulent premixed flame propagation is studied, within the framework of turbulent flame speed modelling, by comparing predictive ability of two algebraic flame speed models: one that includes all relevant physics and the other ignoring dilatation effects on reactive scalar mixing. This study is an extension of a previous work analysing and validating the former model. The latter is obtained by neglecting modelling terms that include dilatation effects: a direct effect because of density change across the flame front and an indirect effect due

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30

Sacomano Filho, Fernando Luiz, Louis Dressler, Arash Hosseinzadeh, Amsini Sadiki, and Guenther Carlos Krieger Filho. "Investigations of Evaporative Cooling and Turbulence Flame Interaction Modeling in Ethanol Turbulent Spray Combustion Using Tabulated Chemistry." Fluids 4, no. 4 (2019): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids4040187.

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Evaporative cooling effects and turbulence flame interaction are analyzed in the large eddy simulation (LES) context for an ethanol turbulent spray flame. Investigations are conducted with the artificially thickened flame (ATF) approach coupled with an extension of the mixture adaptive thickening procedure to account for variations of enthalpy. Droplets are tracked in a Euler–Lagrangian framework, in which an evaporation model accounting for the inter-phase non-equilibrium is applied. The chemistry is tabulated following the flamelet generated manifold (FGM) method. Enthalpy variations are inc

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31

Yu, Rixin. "Deep learning of nonlinear flame fronts development due to Darrieus–Landau instability." APL Machine Learning 1, no. 2 (2023): 026106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0139857.

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The Darrieus–Landau instability is studied using a data-driven, deep neural network approach. The task is set up to learn a time-advancement operator mapping any given flame front to a future time. A recurrent application of such an operator rolls out a long sequence of predicted flame fronts, and a learned operator is required to not only make accurate short-term predictions but also reproduce characteristic nonlinear behavior, such as fractal front structures and detached flame pockets. Using two datasets of flame front solutions obtained from a heavy-duty direct numerical simulation and a l

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Resende, Pedro R., Leandro C. Morais, Carlos Pinho, and Alexandre M. Afonso. "Combustion Characteristics of Premixed Hydrogen/Air in an Undulate Microchannel." Energies 15, no. 2 (2022): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020626.

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This work reports a numerical investigation of microcombustion in an undulate microchannel, using premixed hydrogen and air to understand the effect of the burner design on the flame in order to obtain stability of the flame. The simulations were performed for a fixed equivalence ratio and a hyperbolic temperature profile imposed at the microchannel walls in order to mimic the heat external losses occurred in experimental setups. Due to the complexity of the flow dynamics combined with the combustion behavior, the present study focuses on understanding the effect of the fuel inlet rate on the

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Yu, Xin, Zhen Cao, JiangBo Peng, et al. "Statistical Analysis of Flame Oscillation Characterization of Oxy-Fuel in Heavy Oil Boiler Using OH Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence." Journal of Spectroscopy 2019 (July 2, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7085232.

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The present work investigated the flame structures and oscillations of oxy-fuel combustions in a heavy oil boiler using OH planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging. Combustion instabilities, such as flame oscillation and combustion fluctuation, can assess the performance of an industrial burner in the boiler. The peak position variation in OH concentration was associated with the change of the reaction zone that corresponded with the fluctuation of the heat-release zone in the combustion chamber, which provides a valuable reference for the design of the combustion chamber. The experimental re

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34

Liu, Yuan Chao, Bao Min Sun, and Zhao Yong Ding. "Influence Analysis of Sampling Time for Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes in the V-Type Pyrolysis Flame." Advanced Materials Research 221 (March 2011): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.221.235.

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Synthesis of carbon nanotubes from V-type pyrolysis flame is a kind of novel method. It needs simple laboratory equipments and normal atmosphere pressure. The V-type pyrolysis flame experimental system is introduced. Carbon source is the carbon monoxide and heat source is from acetylene/air premixed flame. Pentacarbonyl iron, served as catalyst, is transported by spray- pyrolysis method into the flame. The carbon nanotubes were characterized by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. This study aims to find the formation rule of carbon nanotubes from the V-type pyrol

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Maeder, Xavier, Cees W. Passchier, and Rudolph A. J. Trouw. "Flame foliation: Evidence for a schistosity formed normal to the extension direction." Journal of Structural Geology 29, no. 3 (2007): 378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2006.10.005.

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Zhang, Xiaochun, Haowen Tao, Wenbin Xu, et al. "Flame extension lengths beneath an inclined ceiling induced by rectangular-source fires." Combustion and Flame 176 (February 2017): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.11.004.

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Rossa, Carlos, and Paulo Fernandes. "An Empirical Model for the Effect of Wind on Fire Spread Rate." Fire 1, no. 2 (2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire1020031.

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Predicting wind-driven rate of fire spread (RoS) has been the aim of many studies. Still, a field-tested model for general use, regardless of vegetation type, is currently lacking. We develop an empirical model for wind-aided RoS from laboratory fires (n = 216), assuming that it depends mainly on fire-released energy and on the extension of flame over the fuel bed in still air, and that it can be obtained by multiplying RoS in no-wind and no-slope conditions by a factor quantifying the wind effect. Testing against independent laboratory and field data (n = 461) shows good agreement between obs

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38

Fossi, Alain, Alain DeChamplain, and Benjamin Akih-Kumgeh. "Unsteady RANS and scale adaptive simulations of a turbulent spray flame in a swirled-stabilized gas turbine model combustor using tabulated chemistry." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 25, no. 5 (2015): 1064–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-09-2014-0272.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to numerically investigate the three-dimensional (3D) reacting turbulent two-phase flow field of a scaled swirl-stabilized gas turbine combustor using the commercial computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software ANSYS FLUENT. The first scope of the study aims to explicitly compare the predictive capabilities of two turbulence models namely Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes and Scale Adaptive Simulation for a reasonable trade-off between accuracy of results and global computational cost when applied to simulate swirl-stabilized spray combustion. The se

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Zheng, Jiaxin, Congxiao Wang, Yuyin Zhao, Menghao Guo, Yadong He, and Chunling Xin. "The Synergy of Nanosilica and Zinc Diethyl Hypophosphite Influences the Flame Retardancy and Foaming Performance of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)." Advances in Polymer Technology 2023 (April 28, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4319998.

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In order to improve the flame retardancy of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and maintain its excellent foamability, nanosilica (nano-SiO2), and zinc diethyl hypophosphite (ZDP) were selected as synergistic flame retardants, and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) was used as a chain extender to carry out flame retardant and chain extension modification of PET simultaneously. The flame retardancy and flame-retardant mechanism of modified PET were characterized by limiting oxygen index, vertical combustion test, thermogravimetric analysis, and SEM. Dynamic rheological test and DSC were used to an

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40

Gao, Yang, Yuhao Fang, Lunlun Gong, Shenlin Yang, Changfa Tao, and Wei Xu. "The experimental study on the flame extension length and maximum temperature of ceiling jet flame in the curved tunnel." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 161 (July 2025): 106571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2025.106571.

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41

Li, Jie, Hongtao Li, Chen Chen, et al. "Edge Effects on Simultaneous Reconstructions of Flame Temperature and Soot Volume Fraction Profiles by a CCD Camera." Sensors 22, no. 21 (2022): 8199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218199.

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In this paper, the influence of the edge effect on the simultaneous reconstruction of axisymmetric flame temperature and soot volume fraction profiles by a single CCD camera was investigated in detail. The reconstruction accuracy of the flame temperature profile and soot volume fraction was insensitive to the measurement error of the coefficient matrix. When the signal to ratio (SNR) of the measurement system for both the radiation intensity and coefficient matrix was as low as 46 dB, the reconstruction accuracy for both temperature and soot volume fraction was acceptable and was more influenc

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Boyde, Jan M., Patrick C. Le Clercq, Massimiliano Di Domenico, and Manfred Aigner. "Extension of the turbulent flame speed closure model to ignition in multiphase flows." Combustion and Flame 160, no. 2 (2013): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.10.006.

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RADACK, Florian, Bruno SCHUERMANS, and Nicolas NOIRAY. "Identification of flame transfer functions during transient operation." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 270, no. 2 (2024): 9627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2024_4275.

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Predicting thermoacoustic instabilities requires knowledge of the flame response to acoustic perturbations, which is characterized by the Impulse Response Function. Obtaining stability maps across an extensive parameter space is prohibitively costly with existing methods, both experimentally and numerically, as the data records must be obtained independently for each stationary operating condition. To address this problem, a nonparametric identification technique that enables the characterization of instantaneous Flame Transfer Functions (FTFs) under nonstationary operating conditions, based o

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Zhao, Wenbin, Fangshun Liu, Bo Liu, et al. "Study on Permeability and Flame Retardancy of Coal Aerosol Atomized by Ultrasonic Wave." Atmosphere 13, no. 9 (2022): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091415.

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In order to analyze the permeability and particle size distribution of atomized aerosol in different coal particle sizes and to explore the inhibition performance of an atomized inhibitor in different atomization times and positions, the following conclusions are obtained by ultrasonic atomization device: The results of permeability experiment show that the particle size of aerosol decreases with the increase of atomization frequency. In addition, with the particle size of the coal sample decreasing from 5 cm to 0.6 cm, the penetration ratio of aerosol in coal decreases from 64.2% to 15.5% due

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Kim, Gyeong Taek, Gyeong Taek Kim, Hyun Seok You, Chun Sang Yoo, Jeong Park, and Suk Ho Chung. "Extension of Lean Operation and Extinction Limit of Premixed Flame Applying Non-Thermal Plasma." Journal of The Korean Society of Combustion 24, no. 1 (2019): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15231/jksc.2019.24.1.046.

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Torii, Shuichi. "Effect of Collar Length on Extension of Subsonic Hydrogen Jet Diffusion Flame Blowout Limits." International Journal of Green Energy 4, no. 4 (2007): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15435070701332070.

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Lee, Uen Do, Hyun Dong Shin, Kwang Chul Oh, Ki Ho Lee, and Eui Ju Lee. "Extinction limit extension of unsteady counterflow diffusion flames affected by velocity change." Combustion and Flame 144, no. 4 (2006): 792–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.09.013.

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Mahmoud, Rihab, Mehdi Jangi, Florian Ries, Benoit Fiorina, Johannes Janicka, and Amsini Sadiki. "Combustion Characteristics of a Non-Premixed Oxy-Flame Applying a Hybrid Filtered Eulerian Stochastic Field/Flamelet Progress Variable Approach." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (2019): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071320.

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The oxidation of methane under oxy-fuel combustion conditions with carbon capture is attractive and deserves huge interest towards reducing CO2 and NOx emissions. The current paper reports on the predictions and analysis of combustion characteristics of a turbulent oxy-methane non-premixed flame operating under highly diluted conditions of CO2 and H2 in oxidizer and fuel streams, respectively. These are achieved by applying a novel, well-designed numerical combustion model. The latter consists of a large eddy simulation (LES) extension of a recently suggested hybrid model in Reynolds averaging

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Vilmart, Gautier, Nelly Dorval, Robin Devillers, Yves Fabignon, Brigitte Attal-Trétout, and Alexandre Bresson. "Imaging Aluminum Particles in Solid-Propellant Flames Using 5 kHz LIF of Al Atoms." Materials 12, no. 15 (2019): 2421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12152421.

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Laser-induced fluorescence imaging of aluminum atoms (Al-PLIF) is used to analyze the spatio-temporal behavior of aluminized solid propellant combustion. Using alternating LIF and chemiluminescence emission images of the particles in the gaseous and liquid phase evolving close to and far above the dynamically varying propellant surface, sequences of images were recorded and analyzed. The good sensitivity achieved enabled us to track the dynamics of the flame in the vicinity of particles detected all along the flame extension and up to 1.5 MPa. Analysis of wide-field images enabled droplet velo

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Liu, Peng, Jiandi Ling, Taoyan Mao, et al. "Adhesive and Flame-Retardant Properties of Starch/Ca2+ Gels with Different Amylose Contents." Molecules 28, no. 11 (2023): 4543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114543.

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Starch, being renewable and biodegradable, is a viable resource for developing sustainable and environmentally friendly materials. The potential of starch/Ca2+ gels based on waxy corn starch (WCS), normal corn starch (NCS), and two high-amylose corn starches, G50 (55% amylose content) and G70 (68% amylose content) as flame-retardant adhesives has been explored. Being stored at 57% relative humidity (RH) for up to 30 days, the G50/Ca2+ and G70/Ca2+ gels were stable without water absorption or retrogradation. The starch gels with increasing amylose content displayed increased cohesion, as reflec

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