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Journal articles on the topic 'Extension services'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 January 2023

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1

Sichtmann, Christina, Klaus Schoefer, Markus Blut, and Charles Jurgen Kemp. "Extending service brands into products versus services." European Journal of Marketing 51, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 200–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-08-2013-0460.

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Purpose This paper aims to provide an empirical investigation into extension category effects on service brand extensions, both to other services (service–service extensions) and to products (service–product extensions), and the extension category’s influence on brand/consumer-level success drivers, as well as the perceived quality of the extension. Design/methodology/approach This study included an empirical testing of a conceptual framework using a hierarchical linear modeling approach and testing of hypotheses with a multilevel regression analysis. The data set consisted of 216 respondents reporting on both product and service extensions. Data were collected on three levels, namely, consumer level, parent brand level and extension level. Findings The findings indicate a general and consistent extension category-dependent effect that moderates the importance of brand extension success drivers. The influence of parent brand reliance and perceived parent brand quality were found to have stronger effects, whereas parent brand conviction was weaker in the context of service-to-service extensions. Research limitations/implications The study focuses on two brands with four extensions. Further research could replicate the study with a broader range of brands and extensions. Practical implications The study provides guidance to service managers to enhance consumers’ extension evaluations through better-positioned communication efforts when extending to different categories. Originality/value The study is one of the first empirical investigations into category-extension effects and its moderating role regarding brand and consumer level success drivers. Sparse research has been dedicated to a real-world occurrence of services extending between extension categories; this study thus furthers service brand research in terms of brand management decisions.

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Ramanathan, Jayasankar, and Sanal Kumar Velayudhan. "Comparing consumer evaluations of services-to-services brand extensions with services-to-goods." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 35, no. 7 (October 2, 2017): 877–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-02-2017-0026.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the influences of parent brand characteristics and brand-extension fit on attitude towards the extension in the context of services-to-goods (SG) brand extension compared with services-to-services (SS) brand extension. Design/methodology/approach A survey design was used to collect data from 626 individual respondents. The respondents were selected using probability sampling from two cities in India. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Findings The study indicated that context (SS or SG) moderated the influence of factors on attitude toward brand extension. A favorable attitude towards the parent brand had a greater positive influence on SS brand extension compared with SG brand extension. Quality variance among service types under the parent brand had a higher negative impact on attitude towards SG brand extension than on attitude towards SS brand extension. Practical implications Managers may prefer extending a service brand to another service rather than a good when consumers have a favorable attitude towards the brand. Furthermore, when the perceived quality of service types under a service brand varies substantially, extension of the brand to a good requires greater concern than extension to a service. Originality/value The unique contribution of this study is the examination of the moderating influence of the characteristics of an offering (SS vis-à-vis SG) on the link between brand extension attitude and its influencing factors.

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3

Dryden, Sherre H. "Library services to extension students." College & Research Libraries News 47, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 447–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crln.47.7.447.

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4

Dinar, Ariel. "Extension Commercialization: How Much to Charge for Extension Services." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 78, no. 1 (February 1996): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1243773.

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5

De Rosa, Marcello, Luca Bartoli, and Giuseppe La Rocca. "Testing Extension Services through AKAP Models." Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 20, no. 5 (January 16, 2014): 513–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1389224x.2013.872044.

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6

Kumar Ghosh, Mithun, Shaikh Shamim Hasan, Ummey Maria, Safayet Akon, Hossain Ali, Moheuddin Moheuddin, and Abdullah Al Noman. "Social Media in Agricultural Extension Services: Farmers and Extension Agents Perspective." European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 5 (October 28, 2021): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejsocial.2021.1.5.143.

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The study aimed to assess the present status of social media in agricultural extension services as well as attitude of the farmers with their problems towards social media. The study was conducted in five unions of Chapainawabganj Sadar Upazila, Chapainawabganj district. A total of 90 respondents (60 farmers and 30 extension officers) were randomly selected from the study area. The majority of farmers (75%) had a moderately positive view toward social media. According to the findings, all of the farmers were men, and 46.7% of them were in their middle years. The majority of the farmers (53.3%) were illiterate, the majority (38.3%) were small-group farmers based on land ownership, and only a small percentage (11.7%) used social media. The most popular social media platforms among them were Facebook and YouTube. Other respondents used social media at a rate of 93.3% for extension officers. About 46.7 percent of extension staff utilized both Facebook and YouTube to communicate with farmers, while 33.3% chose Facebook over other social media. They mainly used social media for agricultural information, amusement, personal reasons, and information sharing, but they did not find the use of social media solely for agricultural purposes to improve extended services agreeable. According to the extension officers, social media can assist farmers in receiving critical information and so bridge the gap between them and farmers. Farmers' lack of usage of social media is due to major issues such as lack of awareness, illiteracy, and lack of training, according to the study. As a result, it is proposed that researchers, extension officials, and the government take appropriate initiatives to encourage farmers to use social media.

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Alo, E. B., and C. Akosim. "Extension Services in Wildlife Conservation: The Extension Agent and Information Worker." Environmental Conservation 22, no. 3 (1995): 267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900010699.

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8

Sun, Le, Jiangan Ma, Hua Wang, Yanchun Zhang, and Jianming Yong. "Cloud Service Description Model: An Extension of USDL for Cloud Services." IEEE Transactions on Services Computing 11, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 354–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2015.2474386.

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9

De Sarkar, Tanmay. "The prevalence of web browser extensions use in library services: an exploratory study." Electronic Library 33, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 334–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/el-04-2013-0063.

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Purpose – The paper aims to present an outline how libraries are harnessing browser extensions to provide an easy and convenient access to library resources and services. Investigating the features, purposes of use and types of browser extensions prevalent among libraries in different regions, the paper seeks to measure the degree of implementation of browser extensions. Design/methodology/approach – Stratified sampling method was followed to select academic libraries, and convenient sampling method was applied to select public libraries from four continents – Asia, Oceania, Europe and North America. Two-step web content analysis was applied to gather data along the select dimensions. Findings – The study contributes to the recent advances in application of browser extension with numerous examples focussing on the relevance of different approaches adopted by the libraries. Providing a framework of proportionate implementation along checkpoints, the study also highlights degree of acceptance of browser extension among libraries in different regions. Research limitations/implications – The investigation was restricted to libraries having English websites and confined to four continents only. This study aims at improving understanding among the librarians about the intended use and application of browser extension and helping them benchmark their effort in support of education, research and training. The current investigation expands the scope of future research on remaining regions and website whose contents are in non-English language to attain a broader perspective of its implementation. Originality/value – The article may guide library professionals to use, develop and promote the implementation of browser extension in libraries. The checkpoints used here may serve as bedrock for framing questionnaire and interview schedule for conducting future research examining users’ perception of browser extension in the context of library resources and usage pattern, to fully comprehend its practicability and usefulness.

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Das, S., ME Haque, M. Rokonuzzaman, S. Saha, and SR Saha. "Attitude of Haor Farmers’ Towards Extension Services." Annals of Bangladesh Agriculture 25, no. 2 (December 4, 2022): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aba.v25i2.62413.

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The study was to determine haor farmers’ attitude towards extension services provided by extension agents in haor area. The study was conducted in Austagram upazila under Kishoregonj district during June to August 2018. Data were collected randomly from 150 haor farmers through face to face interview using an interview schedule. Majority (62%) of the respondents had moderately favorable attitude towards extension service provided by extension agent followed by 26 percent had slightly favorable attitude and only 12 percent showed highly favorable attitude. Extension agents provided enough motivational tour, rice production based training and demonstration effectively. Majority (78%) of the respondents strongly agreed with that ‘Teaching tools (Leaflet, Poster, Demonstration) used by extension agent are very effective.’ The farmers were acutely aware of the benefits and profitability of the extension services. However, 46 percent of the respondents strongly agreed with that ‘Resource-rich farmers get more benefit of extension services than others’. The selected characteristics like, annual income (χ2 value=11.61*), training exposure (χ2 value=15.65*), education level (χ2 value=12.97*) and living distance from upazila headquarter (χ2 value=10.64*) had significant associations with their attitude towards extension services provided by extension agent. The further extension services suggested by the farmer were i) set up local extension office in their union, ii) arranging training based on their problem, iii) make available low cost combine harvester, seed sowing machine and other necessary agricultural equipment’s, iv) extending communication equally for all categories of farmers’ and v) increase number of demonstrations on new high yielding rice varieties. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2021) 25 (2) : 61-75

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La, Kevan, Fallys Masambuka-Kanchewa, Alexa Lamm, Kristin Davis, and Silim Nahdy. "Strengthening Coordination Among Extension Service Providers for Improved Provision of Agricultural Extension and Advisory Services: A Case Study from Kenya." Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 27, no. 3 (August 19, 2020): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/iaee.2020.27318.

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Implementation of decentralized and pluralistic policies in provision of extension services has led to increased availability of actors providing extension services to farmers in most developing countries including Kenya. What is unique about extension services providers is that they have a shared goal of improving agricultural productivity. However, in some cases these providers differ in their knowledge regarding the practices or knowledge that is required to improve agricultural productivity. Lack of shared knowledge among providers has contributed to delivery of uncoordinated and duplication of efforts thereby limiting the effectiveness of efforts in extension services delivery. Moreover, in some cases lack of shared knowledge has contributed towards provision of conflicting information which has left farmers confused. Enhancing coordination and collaboration among these representatives is of paramount importance if their efforts to improve agricultural productivity are to be successful. Having structures in place that bring together organizations that have shared goals is an important step in facilitating coordination. This is based on findings of a case study that was conducted in Kenya with the Kenyan Forum for Agricultural Advisory Services (KeFAAS). The results of the study provide insights that can be used as a starting point when strengthening coordination in extension services delivery in decentralized and pluralistic environments. Keywords: coordination, improved productivity, shared goals, pluralism

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12

Fiske, Shirley. "Anthropology and Marine Extension." Practicing Anthropology 12, no. 4 (September 1, 1990): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.12.4.h0r2846615nk4142.

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My first exposure to marine extension was a refreshing change from the bureaucratic world of Washington, D.C. In 1984 I was helping the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) prepare a management study to monitor outreach services to local communities, businesses, and the general public. The focus was on NOAA's services in the Pacific Northwest. I interviewed NOAA officials in the states of Washington and Alaska on the kinds and level of interaction they had with local communities.

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13

Chyul-Young Jyung, 장규선, 허영준, 오창환, and 김용관. "Development and Implementation in Agricultural Extension Services." Journal ofAgricultural Education and Human Resource Development 40, no. 1 (March 2008): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23840/agehrd.2008.40.1.1.

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14

Beck, Nancy, and Jim Kerr. "208 EXTENSION SERVICES LINK INDUSTRY TO RESEARCH." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 459b—459. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.459b.

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The restructuring of government research and extension organisations within New Zealand provides a rare opportunity to reshape our approach to technology transfer. This paper describes the approaches which HortResearch is taking to develop its technology transfer activities and extension services to New Zealand's horticultural industries. Research is without purpose if the resultant technology is not transferred from scientists to growers and other industry groups and vice versa. Effective research planning in HortResearch and the provision of decision support information to growers, will depend on good working links between researchers and other key industry players. Rapid development of this linkage is crucial due to the loss of the traditional free extension service in the restructuring process. A working party assessed the industry's needs and concepts of technology transfer. A workshop to discuss technology transfer option was held with key people from the horticultural industry; this was followed later by an in-house workshop. Proposals for the Institute to establish link teams for each horticultural sector were the outcome.

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15

Coutts, Jeff, Alex Koutsouris, and Kristin Davis. "Evaluation of rural advisory and extension services." Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 25, no. 2 (March 12, 2019): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1389224x.2019.1583810.

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16

Laforet, Sylvie. "British grocers' brand extension in financial services." Journal of Product & Brand Management 16, no. 2 (April 24, 2007): 82–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610420710739964.

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17

Nordin, Martin, and Sören Höjgård. "An evaluation of extension services in Sweden." Agricultural Economics 48, no. 1 (October 11, 2016): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/agec.12294.

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18

VERMA, KUMARI VIJAYA SNEH, SANCHITA GARAI, SANJIT MAITI, B. S. MEENA, MUKESH BHAKAT, and K. S. KADIAN. "Demand driven livestock extension services: Farmers' participatory assessment in Eastern Haryana." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90, no. 5 (September 10, 2020): 792–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i5.104634.

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India is the house of the largest livestock population as well as highest milk producing country of the world. But, productivity of the large ruminant, i.e. cattle and buffalo is far below the world standard. Hence, the delivery of livestock extension services is emerging as an important priority area for enhancing and optimizing livestock production and productivity. At present livestock farming in India is at transition phase, i.e. transforming from subsistence to a commercial venture. Therefore, 100 livestock farmers and 60 commercial livestock farmers were randomly selected from the two highly crossbred populated districts of eastern Haryana to understand their demand for livestock extension services particularly livestock extension services other than the routine one. Incomplete Order of Merit Rating as Suggested by Garret was used to assess the degree of importance of the identified demand driven livestock extension services. A total 26 livestock extension services were demanded by the farmers of the eastern Haryana amongst which three services for specialized breeding services, 5 for animal feeding purposes, 7 for livestock production and management 6 for healthcare related and 5 services towards marketing and extension services. Both types of the farmers had a highest demand for conventional livestock extension services like timely AI services, vaccination services and non-conventional extension service like demonstration-cum-training programme on Azolla production and conservation. Livestock farmers were highly interested to grow as an entrepreneur, whereas, commercial livestock farmers were highly interested to strengthen their farm by securing credit accessibility. Hence, Livestock farmers' need on specialized demand driven extension services has been identified along with their degree of importance which may help in policy formulation in future for re-institutionalized public livestock extension services.

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Zendeli, Emine, and Arta Selmani-Bakiu. "The Notary Service - Justice Services." SEEU Review 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/seeur-2017-0010.

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Abstract The aim of this study is to explore the role and the importance of the notary service in the process of dejudicialization of the judicial-civil protection. In this context, this paper first of all attempts to examine the extent to which the issues from the traditional competence of the court (usually non-litigious) have been transferred to notary publics and the possibilities of further extension of this transfer. The judicial framework for the transfer of these issues from the court competences to that of notary publics has been decided by the Law on Non-Litigious Procedure (2008). In supporting this law, the notary publics undertook the realization of a series of activities in this field, namely in the field of inheritance. In this respect, the idea of this paper was to try to identify other judicial issues that could perhaps be entrusted to the notary publics in the future, by carrying out a judicial-political assessment of the public interest to transfer the resolution of certain issues to notary publics′ competences with the aim of facilitating the judicial circulation and increasing judicial security.

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Al-Saedi, A. A. N., and A. A. N. Al-Bdri. "THE REALITY OF EXTENSION SERVICES PROVIDED TO WORKERS IN THE PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLES ON FARMS BELONGING TO THE HUSSEINIAN AND ABBASIAN HOLY SHRINES IN THE HOLY CITY OF KARBALA." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 53, no. 3 (June 29, 2022): 685–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v53i3.1579.

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The research aims to identify the reality of the extension services provided to workers in the vegetable production in the farms of Imam Hussein and Al-Abbas’s shrines by the agricultural and extension departments in the holy Karbala governorate. The research included the vegetable farms belonging to Imam Hussein and Al-Abbas’s holy shrines, as well as the agricultural extension departments that provided extension services to those farms. The research sample was chosen from all the agricultural extension agents in the agricultural extension departments in Karbala governorate, totaling (36) agricultural extension agents. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher prepared a questionnaire to collect data related to the research topic. It contained a 4-point scale for the reality of extension services provided to workers in vegetable production in the shrine’s farms, which includes (82) paragraphs, to measure the axes of extension services. The research concluded that there are few activities and extension services provided by extension agents in agricultural extension departments. The researcher recommends that the vegetable farms of the two shrines be included in the annual plans to provide activities and extension services by the extension organizations in the governorate. Besides that, these activities should be planned and targeted..

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21

Gebreegziabher, Kidane Tesfay, and Gidey Kidu Mezgebo. "Smallholder farmers willingness to pay for privatized agricultural extension services in Tigray National Regional State, Ethiopia." Journal of Agricultural Extension 24, no. 4 (October 28, 2020): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v24i4.4.

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This study assessed farmers’ willingness to pay for privatization of agricultural extension services and examined factors that determine willingness to pay for those services. Multistage sampling procedure was used in selecting 240 households. Data were collected using household survey, focus group discussion and key informant interview tools. Data were analyzed using percentage and logit model. Results showed that 58% of the respondents were willing to pay for the privatization of agricultural extension services. Farm size, age, family size, credit access, frequency of extension contact and income were significantly influenced farmers’ willingness to pay for privatization of agricultural extension services. Privatization of agricultural extension services encourages graduates of agricultural sciences to launch consultancy firms and this engenders professional entrepreneurship. Number of visits, socioeconomic, and institutional factors must be given emphasis for privatizing the agricultural extension service in Ethiopia. Moreover, government should launch privatization parallel to the public agricultural extension services Keywords: Agricultural extension service, willingness, privatization. Ethiopia

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Madukwe, Michael C., and Ifeoma Anugwa. "Provisions for Agricultural Extension Services in the Implementation Manuals of the World Bank Assisted Fadama Development Projects in Nigeria: Gaps and Lessons." Journal of Agricultural Extension 24, no. 3 (August 13, 2020): 138–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v24i3.12.

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The study examined the provisions for agricultural extension services in the National Fadama Development Projects in Nigeria. Provisions for extension services were made by the project in the areas of, input support, local development plans and technical assistance. However, certain critical gaps were observed in the provisions for extension services in the projects’ operational manuals. The observed gaps were in the areas of the improper selection criteria for facilitators and service providers in terms of educational qualification, limited subject matter coverage, poor format for preparing local development plans and lack of incorporation of more innovative extension approaches in project execution, and misuse and application of the concept of advisory services as an alternative to extension services. In spite of the observed gaps, some positive lessons namely; the matching grant arrangement and user fee approach which ensured the sustainability of the project, diversified menu for extension services which was based on the needs of farmers were learnt. Detailed criteria for measuring the quality of extension services rendered to farmers should be developed and included in future implementation manuals. Keywords: Provision of agricultural extension services, fadama implementation manuals.

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23

Marwa, Mwita Erick, John Mburu, Rao Elizaphan James Oburu, Okeyo Mwai, and Susan Kahumbu. "Impact of ICT Based Extension Services on Dairy Production and Household Welfare: The Case of iCow Service in Kenya." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 3 (February 15, 2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n3p141.

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Smallholder dairy farmers have the challenges of accessing timely and reliable agricultural information, and this limits them from realizing maximum farm output. The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) as a farming extension tool by smallholder farmers has the potential to reverse the scenario and improve farmers’ outputs and incomes leading to increased welfare. This study employed the Propensity score Matching approach to evaluate the impacts of ICT-based extension services, in this case, iCow services on milk production, milk income, and household income using cross-sectional data from a survey of dairy farmers in Uasin Gishu, Nyandarua and Bomet counties of Kenya. The use of ICT-based iCow services is shown to increase Annual milk production per cow, milk income, and household income by 13%, 29%, and 22%, respectively. Partnerships between network providers and research institutes should be encouraged as part of bridging the extension gap occasioned by reduced public expenditure on extension services.

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Jones, Lauren E., Florian Diekmann, and Marvin T. Batte. "Staying in Touch through Extension: An Analysis of Farmers' Use of Alternative Extension Information Products." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 42, no. 2 (May 2010): 229–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800003424.

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The U.S. farming industry is evolving quickly. It is therefore important that state Extension services be prepared to evolve as well. This study uses data collected in a 2007 survey of Ohio farmers to evaluate likelihood and frequency of use of various services offered by Extension as well as overall satisfaction with Extension services. Results indicate that tailoring of topics and communication methods to type of farm and/or farmer informational needs could improve the use of Extension resources. This implies that targeting of information products and methods may improve the performance of Extension education programs and customer satisfaction.

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Olaoye, O. J., S. I. Ezeani, and O. T. Onifade. "An investigation into the factors facilitating extension services available to fish farmers in Ijebu-Ode agricultural extension zone, Ogun State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 41, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 206–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v41i2.810.

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Extension services bridge the gap between research and farmers for increased productivity and improved livelihood. The study investigated the factors facilitating extension services available to fish farmers in Ijebu Ode Agricultural Extension Zone, Ogun State, aimed to determine fish farmers' preferences, the costs and returns of fishes and the constraints hindering extension services available to the respondents. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to select respondents from all the six extension blocks in Ijebu Ode Zone of Ogun State ADP. One hundred and seventeen fish farmers were randomly sampled using structured interview schedules. The study revealed the mean and standard errors of age, household size and fish farming experience as 46.6±0.9 years, 6±0.3 persons and 6±0.4 years, respectively; 67.5% were male, married (76.1%) and all were literate. Formal sources of extension services available to fish farmers were extension agents from ADPs (99.1%), JDPC extension workers (54.7%) and NGOs (44.4%).Informal sources include; friends and relations (70.9%), extension guide/bulletins (70.9%), and the mobile phone (41.9%). Farmers showed preferences for extension services like field demonstrations (91.5%), fishing inputs marketing information (88.0%), farm record keeping (81.2%) and environmental management (79%). There was significant association between fish farmers' 2 2 marital status (χ2 = 29.67, p < 0.05), educational status (χ2 = 22.63, p < 0.05) and nature of extension services available to them. However, no significant relationship was found between the nature of extension services available and age (r = 0.012; p >0.05), years of experience (r=-0.074; p<0.05) and house hold size (r = 0.033; p >0.05). There was association between 2 nature of extension services available to fish farmers and their profitability ((χ2 = 173.088, p < 0.05). For more effective extension service delivery, this study recommends better linkage of fish farmers to credit sources, favourable government policy on agriculture, proper funding of extension service and remuneration of extension personnel.

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Kaur, Jasvinder, Joginder S. Malik, P. S. Shehrawat, Sushila Dahiya, and Quadri Javeed Ahmed Peer. "Preference of farmers towards private and public extension services." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v6i2.513.

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The main purpose of this study was to know the preference of farmers for different services provided by private and public extension agencies. In recent times involvement of private extension agencies has been increased in agricultural sector and up to some extent it has sidelined the public extension agencies, but public extension agencies have potential to do better and to reach farmers at their best. In view of this, present study was undertaken to find out the farmers’ preference towards public and private extension services in Ambala, Kurukshetra, Karnal, Hisar and Fatehabad districts of Haryana state. From each district two blocks were selected randomly and from each block two villages were selected. A manageable size of 10 farmers was selected from each village thus making total sample size of 200 farmers. Various aspects related to agricultural services provided by both public and private agencies were identified and response were obtained by putting a tick mark as per farmers’ preference for private and public agencies. On the basis of statistical tools like rank and mean score, results showed that farmers had great preference for ‘Input supply’ in private extension as compared to public extension followed by ‘Infrastructure facilities’. While for ‘Consultancy and diagnosis services’, ‘Information’ and ‘Technical services’, public extension was preferred as over the private extension.

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Mobeen, Noor, and Justin Varghese. "The Impact of Agriculture Extension Training Programs on the Extension Services in Kenya." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 12, no. 2 (January 10, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2016/27525.

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28

Adesoji, S. A., M. Famakinwa, and A. E. Eghosa. "Assessment of Agricultural Extension Students’ Interest in Providing Private Extension Services in Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Sciences – Sri Lanka 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jas.v14i1.8457.

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29

Rivera, William M., and V. Rasheed Sulaiman. "Extension: Object of Reform, Engine for Innovation." Outlook on Agriculture 38, no. 3 (September 2009): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000009789396810.

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Extension activities are being pulled in many directions, and are being called on to respond more effectively to the needs of farmers to produce and to forge links with markets. In the USA, for example, State Cooperative Extension Services have a variety of purposes in urban areas and operate in cooperation with other government agencies. Thus extension services, while concentrating on production agriculture, especially via privatized and private extension-type service companies, are simultaneously broadening out to include new purposes and a new clientele. While extension's role is straightforward in contract farming and other commercial ventures, such is not necessarily the case with public sector extension. Its structure, organization and operating system may differ from country to country, even from region to region. Nonetheless, whether in the private or public sector, a major concern for extension is to operate in the context of agricultural innovation systems (AIS) so that new knowledge is applied and used. A key objective in reforming extension, as argued in this paper, is to make it a better instrument, or engine, for the promotion of innovation, the dissemination of knowledge and the facilitation of development.

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Laband, David N., and Bernard F. Lentz. "Higher Education Costs and the Production of Extension." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37, no. 1 (April 2005): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800007215.

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Do cost considerations justify the current structure of production of extension services in which one or more providers exists in virtually all of the contiguous U.S. states? Provision of extension services has sizable cost implications for the host institutions. Yet, to our knowledge, there has been virtually no analysis of the impact of extension on higher education costs. Using academic year 1995–1996 data, we estimate a multiproduct cost function for 1,445 public institutions of higher education in the United States, including 65 that provide extension services. We find evidence of significant economies of scale with respect to the provision of extension services but no evidence of significant economies of scope between the provision of extension and the production of research, undergraduate education, or graduate education.

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SHARMA, NISHI, TH D. GRACE CHIRU, R. N. PADARIA, NAFEES AHMAD, P. PUNITHA, and RAMASUBRAMANIAN V. "Extent of delivery and utilization of farm advisory services of public and private extension service organizations in Meghalaya." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, no. 4 (May 18, 2022): 485–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i4.123974.

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The study was conducted during 2020–21 in Ri-Bhoi district of Meghalaya with two organizations functioning therein, viz. Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) as public extension organization and Rural Resource Training Centre (RRTC) as private extension organization. The present investigation was aimed to study the extent of delivery of services by these two farm advisory services i.e. KVK and RRTC, over a period of time and extent of utilisation of these by the farmers. The extension programs and activities of the two extension organisations in their adopted villages was documented using descriptive approach. The mean scores of extent of utilisation index of beneficiaries of RRTC were more than that of those of KVK. In KVK, Ri-Bhoi extent of utilization for exhibition is more withmean value of 69.6 and the least utilized farm advisory services was exposure visit with mean value of 1.82 whereas in RRTC, field day was the most utilized farm advisory services with mean value of 67 and New varieties/ inputs (in terms of improved crop seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, weedicides) were the least utilized farm advisory services with mean value of 7.9. The study revealed that both KVK and RRTC were found to be energetically working to cater the needs of farmers, youth and women for providing various kinds of farm advisory services. They appear to be at par as far as the extent of delivery of farm advisory services is concerned.

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Álvarez-Mingote, Cristina, and Paul E. McNamara. "Evaluating Agricultural Extension and Advisory Services through a Governance Lens." Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 25, no. 2 (August 15, 2018): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2018.25206.

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Demand-driven extension services have been promoted as a potential mechanism to improve governance quality and lead to better-served farmers. In this paper, we evaluate i) the extent to which demand-driven elements are present in extension services in developing countries, and ii) whether governance problems persist and why. We accomplish so by performing a qualitative analysis of the Modernizing Extension and Advisory Services (MEAS) country assessments, and find that, despite the adoption of demand-driven features, extension services are not fully participatory, transparent, accountable, equitable and responsive to needed farmers.

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Kyambo , Onesmus, Julius Kilungo, and Dorothy Amwata. "THE INFLUENCE OF SELECTED SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS ON FARMERS’ AWARENESS OF DEVOLUTION OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES IN KITUI COUNTY, KENYA." American Journal of Agriculture 3, no. 1 (June 18, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/aja.731.

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Purpose: Agriculture is the main stay and driver of Kenyan rural economy. Despites the critical role of agriculture in Kenya, poor access to extension support services persist. This study sought to assess the influence of selected socio-economic factors on farmers’ awareness of devolution of agricultural extension services in Kitui County. Methodology: The study used an ex post facto descriptive survey design. A total sample of 99 farmers drawn from the population of 222,781 households in 40 wards (GOK – Economic Survey 2019.) was selected from Kitui County using a stratified random sampling approach. Questionnaires were administered to the sampled farmers. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive, inferential statistics (binary logistic regression). Findings: This study established that older farmers were aware about devolution of agricultural extension services. This study also found that male farmers were more aware about devolution of agricultural extension services as compared to their female counterparts. Moreover, educated farmers were more aware about devolution of agricultural extension services as compared to their less educated counterparts. Family heads from wealthier households (with greater income) were more aware about devolution of agricultural extension services as compared to their counterparts from low income households. The respondents that had larger sizes of land were more likely to be more aware of about devolution of agricultural extension services as compared to household heads with smaller sizes of land. Unique Contribution to Practice and Policy: This study recommends that more campaigns and sensitization should be made in the vast Kitui County to create awareness about the devolution of agricultural extension services and encourage more women smallholder farmers to take advantage of this service especially through organised groups. Key campaigns should especially be implemented through women groups, since women farmers had the least awareness of the devolution of agricultural extension services.

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Johnson, G. L., K. B. Perry, and D. C. Sanders. "Extension Volunteer Weather Observers Improve Services to Horticulture." HortScience 21, no. 4 (August 1986): 1050–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.4.1050.

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Abstract A volunteer weather observing network sponsored by the North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service has been a valuable asset to horticulturists, agricultural meteorologists, and weather forecasters. Real-time temperature and precipitation data are used to assess microclimates and to compute derived parameters such as chilling hours and growing degree days. The procedures used to establish the network plus an example of its usefulness during a critical frost night are described.

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Wang, Hua, Santosh Pathak, and Naveen Adusumilli. "Additionality in Agricultural Conservation Programs and Extension Services." Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research 9, no. 2 (December 2019): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/naturesopolirese.9.2.0157.

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ABSTRACT We present in this article estimates of the extent to which conservation cost-share programs and extension services are additional, using farm-level survey data from Louisiana. Farmers’ adoption decisions for 12 soil conservation practices on agricultural land are analyzed, using the propensity score matching approach. We find a varying impact of financial incentives and technical assistance across different soil management practices. Results reveal positive additionality for farm-specific conservation plans, conservation tillage, and zero-grade fields. Payment to avoid the burning of crop residue is nonadditional. These findings guide funding agencies in making conservation investments cost-effective while also attaining environmental goals.

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Lee, Moonkyu, and Francis M. Ulgado. "Services extension strategy: a viable basis for growth?" Journal of Services Marketing 7, no. 2 (February 1993): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/08876049310038382.

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Faqih, A., and S. Aisyah. "Communication in agricultural extension services toward farmer empowerment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1360 (October 2019): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1360/1/012016.

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Page, James O. "Paramedic services — A true extension of emergency medicine." Annals of Emergency Medicine 14, no. 10 (October 1985): 994–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(85)80246-8.

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Fanzo, Jessica, Quinn Marshall, Darja Dobermann, Joyce Wong, Rafael I. Merchan, Mona I. Jaber, Alejandro Souza, Neelam Verjee, and Kristin Davis. "Integration of Nutrition Into Extension and Advisory Services." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 36, no. 2 (June 2015): 120–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572115586783.

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Henzel, Jerry, Barbara S. Hutchinson, and Anne Thwaits. "Using web services to promote library‐extension collaboration." Library Hi Tech 24, no. 1 (January 2006): 126–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07378830610652158.

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Dinar, Ariel. "Provision of and Request for Agricultural Extension Services." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 71, no. 2 (May 1989): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1241586.

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Jayanti, Rama K. "Legal Services Advertising: A Re-Examination and Extension." Journal of Professional Services Marketing 14, no. 1 (August 9, 1996): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j090v14n01_03.

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Jayanti, Rama. "Legal services advertising: A re-examination and extension." Services Marketing Quarterly 14, no. 1 (1996): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332969.1996.9985230.

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Huang, Tao, Guo-Quan Wu, and Jun Wei. "Runtime Monitoring CompositeWeb Services Through Stateful Aspect Extension." Journal of Computer Science and Technology 24, no. 2 (March 2009): 294–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11390-009-9225-4.

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Akpalu, DA. "Agriculture extension service delivery in a semi-arid rural area in South Africa: The case study of Thorndale in the Limpopo province." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 13, no. 59 (September 23, 2013): 8034–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.59.12205.

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Poverty, geographical isolation and being poorly served by agricultural workers, education, health, transport, communication and other services characterise the rural environment in most developing countries. Agricultural productivity and its associated agricultural extension services are important to the livelihood activities of rural communities. As a result rural communities require access to productive services information on input supply, new technologies, early warning systems for drought (pests and diseases), credit, and market prices. Agricultural extension service has been identified as an important part of the intended transformation of the agricultural sector. In South Africa, farmers consider the effectiveness of extension services in relation to receiving technological information and advice for purposes of crop and livestock production. The paper discusses the role of agricultural extension services in agricultural production in Thorndale, situated in the Savannah biome of the Bushbuckridge region in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. A questionnaire survey was used in the collection of data. The results indicated that the majority of the farmers do not have access to the services of extension officers. Yet, some farmers have infrequent contacts with extension officers and information, and the magnitude of extension services have been restricted to verbal instructions rather than demonstrative, innovative and hands on practical guidance to farmers. The majority of the respondents approximately 97% are farmers who engage in agricultural production, consisted of small-scale approximately 97% and commercial 3% farmers. The approximately 38% of households who have had contacts with extension officers indicated that the advice and assistance they received entailed farming practices such as buying seeds needed for crop production and storage of the produce harvested for eventualities such as drought or famine. Others include nursery making, correct crop spacing and fertilizer application, planting, transplanting, herbicide application, timely planting and early weeding. The study concluded that extension officers need to visit and guide rural farmers regularly with improved farming technologies and services. Further, capacity development and logistical assistance should be strengthened towards improving the current extension services to the rural communities.

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Sarker, Md Asaduzzaman, and Yoshihito Itohara. "Farmers’ Perception about the Extension Services and Extension Workers: The Case of Organic Agriculture Extension Program by PROSHIKA." American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 4, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2009.332.337.

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Ahungwa, J. I., E. C. Odiaka, and G. T. Ahungwa. "Effect of Agricultural Extension Services in Minimizing Post-Harvest Losses of Yam Produce in Benue State, Nigeria." BADEGGI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND ENVIRONMENT 3, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35849/bjare202103014.

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The study assessed the effect of agricultural extension services in minimizing post-harvest losses of yam in Benue State. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 240 yam producers. Data were collected using structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean and standard deviation, post-harvest management coefficient (PMC) and binary logistic regression (BLR) were used to analyse the data. Results on producers’ capabilities to manage PHLs revealed that 58.5% of the total yam produce (PMC = 0.585) was preserved while a sizeable proportion (41.5%) of losses were incurred after harvest. The availability of agricultural extension services showed that, the provision of agricultural information ( ̅ = 1.54), access to agricultural markets ( ̅ = 1.50) and facilitation of the formation of producers’ self-help groups ( ̅ = 1.50) were the prime extension services rendered in the study area. Empirical result on the effect of agricultural extension services on PHLs management revealed that the number of agricultural extension services (P ≤ 0.01) and access to agricultural credit (P ≤ 0.01) exerted positive and significant influence on PHLs management. Also, the level of producers’ education (P ≤ 0.1) enhanced significantly and consistently, their capabilities to minimize PHLs. Conversely, the number of agricultural information sources (P ≤ 0.1) exerted negative and significant influence on yam producers’ capabilities to manage post-harvest losses. The study concludes that agricultural extension services are potent in the management of post-harvest losses. The study thus recommends the provision of agricultural extension service by service agencies, given that the capacities of yam producers’ in minimizing post-harvest losses could be enhanced significantly and consistently with increase in the numbers of agricultural extension services at their disposal, and the enhancement of access to agricultural extension services by yam producers, individually and cooperatively, to curtail the incidences incidence of post-harvest losses on yam.

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Fatty, Lamin K. M., Prof Idu Ogbe Ode, and Igbana Ajir. "THE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES MODE OF OPERATION IN HORTICULTURAL SCHEMES IN WEST COAST REGION IN KOMBO CENTRAL AND NORTH OF THE GAMBIA." International Journal of Advanced Economics 3, no. 2 (June 6, 2021): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijae.v3i2.230.

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The study assesses agricultural extension services mode of operation in horticultural farms for smallholder farmers in Kombo Central and North, West Coast Region of The Gambia. The instruments designed to gather the primary data include; structured interview and focus group discussions (FGD) supported by secondary data using official documents and key informant interview for verification. The target population consisted of 398 respondents, 10 extension officers and three extension agent heads. The data was quantitatively analyzed using percentages, frequency distribution tables, t-test, chi-squared test correlation and factorial analysis. Qualitative data from the in-depth interviews were also analyzed and presented appropriately. It was found that the variables on the influence of extension services (availability of AES, extension visit, farm size, marital status, experience in farming, education, farm group, transportation, post-harvest technology training and distance to market) are significantly associated with the horticultural smallholder farmers post-harvest losses. It means that there is a significant relationship between extension availability and post-harvest handling at p < 0.05 level of significance. The research comes out with the following recommendations; the need for continued research, development and investment programmes in extension, effective and efficient communication to the farmers, availability of horticultural production, government policy aimed at training and developing farmer capacity in appropriate monitoring systems of extension services, road improvement in the study areas and creating better improvement conditions for the extension agents. The study proves the need to improve the living conditions of services for extension services and availability of extension officers at a regular base with appropriate knowledge and skills. Keywords: Agricultural Extension Services, mode of Operation in horticultural Schemes, West Coast Region, Kombo Central, North, The Gambia.

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Abed, Rodrigo, Haroon Sseguya, James Flock, Silvanus Mruma, and Hamisi Mwango. "An Evolving Agricultural Extension Model for Lasting Impact: How Willing Are Tanzanian Farmers to Pay for Extension Services?" Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 14, 2020): 8473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208473.

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Community-based extension services (CES) are vital for improving farmers’ livelihoods, but most of them face a challenge of sustainability after phasing out of the externally funded initiatives that they are part of. This study estimated farmer’s willingness to pay (WTP) for four types of agricultural extension services (AES) in the cereals’ value chains provided as a part of two United States Agency for International Development (USAID)-funded Feed the Future initiatives in Tanzania. Data were collected from 595 smallholder cereal farmers using a primary survey in four districts of the Southern Highlands. We implemented a double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method. Average WTP figures ranged from 20,000 to 24,000 TZS (8–10 USD) depending on the type of AES. Several socioeconomic and agriculture-related variables influenced smallholders’ WTP for the extension services. This research explored the feasibility of a farmer-led model as a pathway to delink extension services from public and donor funding to achieve sustainable rural development. Farmers place a monetary value on extension services indicating that policymakers and practitioners should make further efforts to enhance a community’s ability to achieve self-reliance through investments in CES.

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Qwabe, Q. N., J. W. Swanepoel, J. A. Van Niekerk, and E. L. Zwane. "Nexus between the invisibility of agricultural extension services and rural livelihoods development: Assertions from rural farming communities." South African Journal of Agricultural Extension (SAJAE) 50, no. 2 (November 2, 2022): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3221/2022/v50n2a13969.

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Agricultural extension is one of the essential services that are offered by the South African Department of Agriculture, Land Reform, and Rural Development (DALRRD), to facilitate agricultural development in rural communities. The significance of agricultural extension is that it offers new knowledge to farmers and allows space for growth through various interventions such as agrarian transformation and improving livelihoods through the promotion of agriculture as a vehicle for ‘pro-poor’ economic growth. However, there is a concern that extension services are invisible in resource-restricted and previously marginalised rural communities. The study presented in this paper examined farmer’s experiences with extension practitioners and the impact of a lack of extension services on the development of impoverished rural communities. The researchers adopted a qualitative design wherein six focus group discussions were held to gather data from the farmers. Data were analyzed using ATLAS.ti22, a computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS). Four themes of extension services that have a direct linkage to livelihood development, namely, the impact on rural livelihoods, production challenges, marketability, and economic impact, and the invisibility of extension services, were the central point of discussion.

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