Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Extent of Problems'

This thesis is centred on the problem of child labour in the urban areas of Zambia. The origins, types and context of child labour are extensively described as are the incidence and distribution of the problem by locality, trade and activity. The very definition of 'child labour' is uncertain with legal, historical, comparative, customary and academic definitions being somewhat contradictory. The differing notions are considered and reconciled. As child labour is mainly concentrated in the 'informal sector', the nature of this sector in Zambia and other poor countries is analysed. The limited opportunities for education, employment and productive and fulfilling self-employment in the informal sector are highlighted. An account of the historical origins and development of child labour in the pre-colonial and colonial periods is provided. An assessment of the measures designed to control or ameliorate child labour follows. This covers the work of international organisations, the colonial and post-colonial governments in Zambia, the voluntary sector and concerned individuals. The effectiveness and coverage of the relevant international conventions and local legal provisions and enforcement are evaluated. The consequences on child labour of more recent interventions by international agencies, for example the Structural Adjustment Program of the World Bank, are illustrated. Three main forms of analysis have been used in this thesis. First a descriptive account of child labour has been supplied using secondary accounts and unpublished reports. Second, the author has undertaken a comparative analysis, examining child labour in two other African countries as well as two countries in each of the continents of Asia and Latin America. Third, extensive interviews with child labourers themselves and those who are close to their plight have been undertaken, to provide the actor's own graphic and personal views on the issues discussed. The thesis concludes with an appraisal of the significance of the study, general prescriptive comments and some more specific policy recommendations designed to address and combat the incidence and worst features of child labour in Zambia.

<p>Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan opredicerbara föräldrar och förekomsten av både interna och externa beteendeproblem hos ungdomar. I studien undersöks interna beteendeproblem såsom låg självkänsla och depression samt de externa beteendeproblemen brottslighet och aggression. Studien baseras på 1018 ungdomar i åldrarna 13- 15 år. Studien utgår från en enkätundersökning där fem olika skalor används för att mäta ungdomarnas självkänsla, depression, brottslighet och aggression samt hur konsekventa deras föräldrar är. Resultaten visar i allt väsentligt att de ungdomar som har både interna och externa beteendeproblem är de som rapporterar högst i opredicerbarhet hos sina föräldrar.</p><br><p>The purpose with this study is to investigate if there is an association between unpredictable parents and the occurrence of both internal and external behavior problems among adolescents. The study considers the internalizing behavior problems low self-esteem and depression and the externalizing behavior problems delinquency and aggression. The study consists of 1018 adolescents in ages between 13 and 15 years old. The study is based on a questionnaire where five scales are used to measure the participating adolescent’s self-esteem, depression, delinquency and aggression and their view on how consistent their parents are. The result shows that those adolescents who have both internalizing and externalizing behavior problems where those who reported highest in unpredictability in their parents.</p>

Bullying is a widespread problem in schools and a vast amount of research has been conducted on the subject. In order to examine how members of the school community perceive bullying, self-report questionnaires were devised for completion by secondary school pupils from two year groups, teachers and support staff. The scenario-based questionnaires compared their views on defining bullying, the perceived seriousness of different behaviours and the bullying perceived to occur in the school. The questionnaires indicated that perceptions of bullying were mediated by the age, gender and group (pupil, teacher and support staff) of participants. Indirect behaviours (such as social exclusion) were less likely to be defined as bullying and were perceived as less serious than direct behaviours. Where the victim portrayed in the questionnaire was female, perceptions of seriousness for the incidents described were higher than for male victims. Staff rated direct and indirect behaviours more seriously than did pupils. Differences between schools indicated that perceptions were not fixed and there was potential for change. Open-ended comments made on the questionnaires revealed further complexity in perceptions of bullying and illustrated the benefits of utilising qualitative techniques to study bullying. Therefore, an additional study was conducted whereby a sample of teachers and support staff from participating schools were interviewed, using a semistructured approach, about their experiences of bullying. Results were analysed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (Smith, 2003) and findings suggested the need to consider bullying in a wider context, focusing on schools as organisations with external and internal influences affecting their functioning. The research highlighted the importance of schools working together to focus on what is understood by the term bullying. Interventions need to recognise the complexity of bullying and not treat it in isolation. Practical issues for studying bullying in schools and the potential benefits of combining quantitative and qualitative research are discussed.

The relational model has dominated the database field because of its reduced application development time and non-procedural data manipulation features. It has significant problems, however, including weak integrity constraints. This paper discusses the need for object oriented techniques to improve on these flaws. Three existing DBMS will be discussed: IRIS, ORION, and OZ.<br>Department of Computer Science

Orientador: Maria Tereza Moreira Rodrigues<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T15:07:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_EdilsondeJesus_D.pdf: 6533287 bytes, checksum: 8c076502a91432eebf9231fe3014358c (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998<br>Resumo: Os sistemas de produção que operam em batelada na indústria química, em geral são projetados para a produção de diferentes produtos usando o mesmo conjunto de equipamentos. Conseqüentemente, é necessário adotar estratégias que levem ao estabelecimento de um plano de produção que atenda critérios relevantes para o problema de Planejamento e Programação da produção. A definição de um plano de produção exige não só a determinação das quantidades a serem produzidas mas também do programa temporal de produção. Assim sendo, na definição do plano de produção devem ser considerados todos os fatores importantes para o estabelecimento deste plano, em particular o compartilhamento de recursos tais como equipamentos, mão-de-obra, energia elétrica dentre outros. Os problemas de programação de produção ligados a esse tipo de processamento são considerados pertencentes à classe NP (Não Polinomial). Quando estão envolvidos recursos compartilhados capacitados, isto é, recursos que podem ser utilizados simultaneamente durante a produção em vários equipamentos tal como vapor, o problema de programação da produção, além de NP-completo, é considerado computacionalmente difícil ("hard problem"). Portanto a busca de estratégias que venham diminuir a dificuldade de resolver tais problemas é objetivo constante de muitos trabalhos na literatura. Neste trabalho será utilizado o modelo proposto por Kondili et. aI. (1993), o qual recorre a uma representação discretizada do tempo, que tem se mostrado bem adaptada para a representação de problemas com limitação na oferta de recursos compartilhados. No entanto, a representação do tempo discretizado exige um número bastante elevado de variáveis binárias, comprometendo a dimensão do problema e portanto, seu tempo de solução. Para reduzir a dificuldade de solução do problema de programação de produção usando o modelo discretizado de representação do tempo, é proposta uma estratégia de interferência lógica externa sobre as variáveis binárias de alocação presentes no modelo utilizado. A estratégia proposta é implementada usando o pacote OSL ("Optimization System Library") da IBM, pois a sua estrutura permite a interferência externa do usuário durante a solução dos problemas de programação inteira-mista<br>Abstract: The chemical batch facilities are essentially multiproduct or multipurpose. Consequentelly, the definition of a production plan and scheduling has to take into account many different aspects in order to satisty relevant problem constraints as shared resources, production routes etc. The planning and scheduling problems are NP-complete problems. When capacited shared resources, as vapour, electricity, are envolved, it is also considered as a hard problem. In this work is utilized the model proposed by Kondili et aI. (1993), based on the discret time representation, that seems well suited for problems with shared resources. Nevertherless, this time representation demands a high number of discrete variables and, as a main consequence, the solution time rises even for small problems. In the order to reduce the solution hardness, it is proposed an externallogical inference on the allocation binary variables, during the search procedure. The proposed strategy is implemented using the OSL package that allows external interference through the "user exit subroutines"<br>Doutorado<br>Doutor em Engenharia Química

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 1979.<br>Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-05T19:14:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 321200.pdf: 1823058 bytes, checksum: a339eb328200f6996dc5fa8861860403 (MD5)

<p>För att företag skall kunna konkurrera på ständigt föränderliga marknader krävs att de har kunskap om exempelvis kundbehov, konkurrenter och nya produkter. Källor till denna kunskap finns både internt inom organisationer och externt i deras omgivning. Både de interna och externa kunskapskällorna är viktiga, men under de senaste åren har ett allt större intresse riktats mot de externa källorna, då de har blivit allt viktigare för att organisationer effektivt skall kunna hantera sina affärsprocesser.</p><p>En av de kunskapskällorna som ofta nämnts är Internet och den data som lagras på hemsidor runt om i världen. Dock är det svårt att hitta relevant data på Internet på grund av dess omfattning och dynamiska karaktär. Det har därför börjat uppkomma nya tekniker för att inhämta, strukturera och integrera data från Internet. En av dessa tekniker är Webfarming som används för att automatiskt inhämta data från Internet och integrera denna med intern data lagrad i så kallade datalager.</p><p>Dock är mängden litteratur som berör Webfarming begränsad och den som finns är till stor del författad av grundaren till Webfarming, Richard Hackathorn. Denna rapport syftar därför till att undersöka vilka möjligheter och problem som företag ser med Webfarming. Resultatet av denna undersökning har sedan jämförts med befintlig litteratur, för att konstatera eller förstärka de idéer som Hackathorn ger uttryck för.</p>

The main purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effectiveness of PBL not only on student achievement and motivation in science, but also on attitudes towards science and skills in primary, secondary and higher educational levels. In addition, the effects of some moderator variables including publication type, research design, teacher effect, researcher effect, country, subject matter, school level, PBL mode, length of treatment, group size, type of questions and assessment instrument on the effectiveness of PBL were also examined in the scope of this meta-analysis. 147 effect sizes were revealed from 88 primary studies selected to be included in the meta-analysis based on the inclusion criteria. Random-effects model rather than fixed-effect model was chosen to be conducted to compute effect sizes indicating the effect of PBL on different outcomes while mixed-effect and fully random-effects model were used while performing analog ANOVA for moderator analysis. The results clearly show that PBL is more effective on different outcomes when compared to traditional teaching methods. The results indicate an overall medium mean effect size of 0.633 for PBL effectiveness. More specifically, PBL has a large impact with a large effect size of 0.820 on students&rsquo<br>achievement in science subjects in different levels and reveals medium effect sizes of 0.566, 0.616, and 0.565 for students&rsquo<br>attitude towards science, motivation in science and different kinds of skills, respectively. Moderator analyses indicate that publication type, country, subject area, school level and length of treatment have a noteworthy impact on the effectiveness of PBL.

Ce travail a permis de développer une technique non invasive d’identification de la distribution du courant dans une pile à combustible à partir du champ magnétique externe. La mesure du champ s’effectue sur un ensemble de points de mesures choisis spécialement pour détecter les variations du champ par rapport à un fonctionnement optimal de la pile. Les deux composantes du champ magnétique sensibles aux variations sont utilisées. La mesure du champ exploitable est la différence entre un mode considéré sain et un mode quelconque de fonctionnement. Autour de ces mesures de champ magnétique, un problème inverse est modélisé en explorant plusieurs approches de paramétrisation de la distribution du courant. Le caractère mal posé du problème s’est traduit par la non-unicité de la solution et sa sensibilité au bruit. L’affranchissement de ces problèmes est atteint par la régularisation du modèle inverse. L’outil développé permis de reconstruire la distribution du courant indépendamment de la taille du défaut dans la limite de sensibilité. La validation est faite sur un simulateur électrique de pile à combustible et sur une pile de type GENEPAC dans un environnement de laboratoire<br>A noninvasive technique for identifying the current distribution in a fuel cell from the external magnetic field is developed. The magnetic field measurements are carried out on a set of points chosen in order to detect only the variations of the magnetic field in a case of a faulty fuel cell. Two components of the magnetic field are used because they are sensitive to current heterogeneities. The exploitable measurement of the magnetic field is the difference between a healthy mode and a faulty mode.An ill-posed inverse problem is modeled by investigating several parametrization approaches of the current distribution. The ill-posed property of the problem conducts to a non-uniqueness of the solution and a high sensitivity to the noise. A regularization method is used in order to get a stable solution. The developed tool allows identifying the current distribution independently of the size of the fault within the sensitivity limit. A validation is done on a fuel cell simulator and on a GENEPAC fuel cell in a laboratory conditions

Les questions que se pose le glaciologue peuvent souvent etre identifiees a des problemes inverses. C'est ce qui est illustre dans ce travail a travers trois exemples : ? reconstruction des temperatures du passe : nous essayons de combiner l'information donnee par la composition isotopique de la glace et le profil de temperature mesure a vostok (antarctique). Cette approche suggere que le profil de temperature ne permet pas de donner de meilleure estimation de la temperature du dernier stade glaciaire a vostok que le thermometre isotopique classique. ? reconstruction de la composition de l'atmosphere du passe : lors de la transformation de la neige en glace, des bulles d'air de composition voisine de celle de l'atmosphere sont emprisonnees dans la porosite de la glace. Differents processus naturels peuvent alterer la composition de la bulle et l'interpretation des mesures n'est pas immediate. Nous proposons ici une methode de deconvolution du signal atmospherique prenant en compte les phenomenes de diffusion et de gravitation dans le neve polaire. Nous appliquons ensuite cette methode a l'interpretation des mesures de methane, cfcs et rapport isotopique du methane dans le neve et la glace. ? recontruction des proprietes rheologiques de la glace a grande echelle : les ice-shelves (plates-formes de glace flottantes) constituent avec les ice-streams (fleuves de glace) les elements dynamiques de la calotte antarctique. Leur rheologie est un parametre important a prendre en compte pour predire l'evolution de la geometrie de la calotte antarctique. Nous montrons comment retrouver ce parametre critique a partir d'un modele d'ecoulement et de mesures de terrain, puis nous fournissons une carte de viscosite apparente du ross ice shelf (antarctique de l'ouest). Les techniques d'inversion utilisees pour traiter ces problemes sont classiques dans de nombreux domaines de la geophysique, mais elles sont mal connues des glaciologues. En les appliquant sous une forme simplifiee, nous nous sommes efforces de montrer ce qu'elles peuvent apporter a la glaciologie et quelles sont leurs limites.

This dissertation uses a finite element technique to explore the role of viscoelastic behavior in a wide range of plate tectonic processes. We consider problems associated with spreading centers, earthquake triggering, and subduction zone dynamics. We simulated the evolution of a slow-spreading center upon cessation of active spreading in order to predict long-term changes in the axial valley morphology. Results suggest that the axial valley created at a slow-spreading center persists because the crust is too strong to deform ductily and because no effective mechanism exists to reverse the topography created by rift-bounding normal faults. These results suggest that the persistence of axial valleys at extinct spreading centers is consistent with a lithospheric stretching model based on dynamic forces for active slow-spreading ridges. In our study of earthquake triggering, results suggest that if a ductile lower crust or upper mantle flows viscously following a thrust event, relaxation may cause a transfer of stress to the upper crust. Under certain conditions this may lead to further increases and a lateral expansion of high Coulomb stresses along the base of the upper crust. Analysis of experimentally determined non-Newtonian flow laws suggests that wet granitic, quartz, and feldspar aggregates may yield a viscosity on the order of 1019 Pa-s. The calculated rate of stress transfer from a viscous lower crust or upper mantle to the upper crust becomes faster with increasing values of the power law exponent and the presence of a regional compressive strain rate. In our study of subduction zone dynamics, we model the density and strength structures that drive the Nazca and South American plates. Results suggest that chemical buoyancy and phase changes associated with a cool subducting slab strongly influence the magnitude of driving forces, and the downgoing slab behaves weaker than the strength that would be expected based solely on temperature. Additionally, results suggest that large stresses are produced on the western margin of South American due to forces associated with asthenospheric cornerflow. These forces may be responsible for the high topography of the South American Cordilleran.

The misuse of alcohol is well documented in Australia and has been associated with disorders and harms that often require police attention. The extent of alcohol-related incidents requiring police attention has been recorded as substantial in some Australian cities (Arro, Crook, & Fenton, 1992; Davey & French, 1995; Ireland & Thommeny, 1993). A significant proportion of harmful drinking occurs in and around licensed premises (Jochelson, 1997; Stockwell, Masters, Phillips, Daly, Gahegan, Midford, & Philp, 1998; Borges, Cherpitel, & Rosovsky, 1998) and most of these incidents are not reported to police (Bryant & Williams, 2000; Lister, Hobbs, Hall, & Winlow, 2000). Alcohol-related incidents have also been found to be concentrated in certain places at certain times (Jochelson, 1997) and therefore manipulating the context in which these incidents occur may provide a means to prevent and reduce the harm associated with alcohol misuse. One of the major objectives of the present program of research was to investigate the occurrence and resource impact of alcohol-related incidents on operational (general duties) policing across a large geographical area. A second objective of the thesis was to examine the characteristics and temporal/spatial dynamics of police attended alcohol incidents in the context of Place Based theories of crime. It was envisaged that this approach would reveal the patterns of the most prevalent offences and demonstrate the relevance of Place Based theories of crime to understanding these patterns. In addition, the role of alcohol, time and place were also explored in order to examine the association between non criminal traffic offences and other types of criminal offences. A final objective of the thesis was to examine the impact of a situational crime prevention strategy that had been initiated to reduce the violence and disorder associated with late-night liquor trading premises. The program of research in this doctorate thesis has been undertaken through the presentation of published papers. The research was conducted in three stages which produced six manuscripts, five of which were submitted to peer reviewed journals and one that was published in a peer reviewed conference proceedings. Stage One included two studies (Studies 1 & 2) both of which involved a cross sectional approach to examine the prevalence and characteristics of alcohol-related incidents requiring police attendance across three large geographical areas that included metropolitan cities, provincial regions and rural areas. Stage Two of the program of research also comprised two cross sectional quantitative studies (Studies 3 & 4) that investigated the temporal and spatial dynamics of the major offence categories attended by operational police in a specific Police District (Gold Coast). Stage Three of the program of research involved two studies (Studies 5 & 6) that assessed the effectiveness of a situational crime prevention strategy. The studies employed a pre-post design to assess the impact on crime, disorder and violence by preventing patrons from entering late-night liquor trading premises between 3 a.m. and 5 a.m. (lockout policy). Although Study Five was solely quantitative in nature, Study Six included both quantitative and qualitative aspects. The approach adopted in Study Six, therefore facilitated not only a quantative comparison of the impact of the lockout policy on different policing areas, but also enabled the processes related to the implementation of the lockout policy to be examined. The thesis reports a program of research involving a common data collection method which then involved a series of studies being conducted to explore different aspects of the data. The data was collected from three sources. Firstly a pilot phase was undertaken to provide participants with training. Secondly a main study period was undertaken immediately following the pilot phase. The first and second sources of data were collected between 29th March 2004 and 2nd May 2004. Thirdly, additional data was collected between the 1st April 2005 and 31st May 2005. Participants in the current program of research were first response operational police officers who completed a modified activity log over a 9 week period (4 week pilot phase & 5 week survey study phase), identifying the type, prevalence and characteristics of alcohol-related incidents that were attended. During the study period police officers attended 31,090 alcohol-related incidents. Studies One and Two revealed that a substantial proportion of current police work involves attendance at alcohol-related incidents (i.e., 25% largely involving young males aged between 17 and 24 years). The most common incidents police attended were vehicle and/or traffic matters, disturbances and offences against property. The major category of offences most likely to involve alcohol included vehicle/traffic matters, disturbances and offences against the person (e.g., common & serious assaults). These events were most likely to occur in the late evenings and early hours of the morning on the weekends, and importantly, usually took longer for police to complete than non alcohol-related incidents. The findings in Studies Three and Four suggest that serious traffic offences, disturbances and offences against the person share similar characteristics and occur in concentrated places at similar times. In addition, it was found that time, place and incident type all have an influence on whether an incident attended by a police officer is alcohol-related. Alcohol-related incidents are more likely to occur in particular locations in the late evenings and early mornings on the weekends. In particular, there was a strong association between the occurrence of alcohol-related disturbances and alcohol-related serious traffic offences in regards to place and time. In general, stealing and property offences were not alcohol-related and occurred in daylight hours during weekdays. The results of Studies Five and Six were mixed. A number of alcohol-related offences requiring police attention were significantly reduced for some policing areas and for some types of offences following the implementation of the lockout policy. However, in some locations the lockout policy appeared to have a negative or minimal impact. Interviews with licensees revealed that although all were initially opposed to the lockout policy as they believed it would have a negative impact on business, most perceived some benefits from its introduction. Some of the benefits included, improved patron safety and the development of better business strategies to increase patron numbers. In conclusion, the overall findings of the six studies highlight the pervasive nature of alcohol across a range of criminal incidents, demonstrating the tremendous impact alcohol-related incidents have on police. The findings also demonstrate the importance of time and place in predicting the occurrence of alcohol-related offences. Although this program of research did not set out to test Place Based theories of crime, these theories were used to inform the interpretation of findings. The findings in the current research program provide evidence for the relevance of Place Based theories of crime to understanding the factors contributing to violence and disorder, and designing relevant crime prevention strategies. For instance, the results in Studies Five and Six provide supportive evidence that this novel lockout initiative can be beneficial for public safety by reducing some types of offences in particular areas in and around late-night liquor trading premises. Finally, intelligent-led policing initiatives based on problem oriented policing, such as the lockout policy examined in this thesis, have potential as a major crime prevention technique to reduce specific types of alcohol-related offences.

The misuse of alcohol is well documented in Australia and has been associated with disorders and harms that often require police attention. The extent of alcohol-related incidents requiring police attention has been recorded as substantial in some Australian cities (Arro, Crook, & Fenton, 1992; Davey & French, 1995; Ireland & Thommeny, 1993). A significant proportion of harmful drinking occurs in and around licensed premises (Jochelson, 1997; Stockwell, Masters, Phillips, Daly, Gahegan, Midford, & Philp, 1998; Borges, Cherpitel, & Rosovsky, 1998) and most of these incidents are not reported to police (Bryant & Williams, 2000; Lister, Hobbs, Hall, & Winlow, 2000). Alcohol-related incidents have also been found to be concentrated in certain places at certain times (Jochelson, 1997) and therefore manipulating the context in which these incidents occur may provide a means to prevent and reduce the harm associated with alcohol misuse. One of the major objectives of the present program of research was to investigate the occurrence and resource impact of alcohol-related incidents on operational (general duties) policing across a large geographical area. A second objective of the thesis was to examine the characteristics and temporal/spatial dynamics of police attended alcohol incidents in the context of Place Based theories of crime. It was envisaged that this approach would reveal the patterns of the most prevalent offences and demonstrate the relevance of Place Based theories of crime to understanding these patterns. In addition, the role of alcohol, time and place were also explored in order to examine the association between non criminal traffic offences and other types of criminal offences. A final objective of the thesis was to examine the impact of a situational crime prevention strategy that had been initiated to reduce the violence and disorder associated with late-night liquor trading premises. The program of research in this doctorate thesis has been undertaken through the presentation of published papers. The research was conducted in three stages which produced six manuscripts, five of which were submitted to peer reviewed journals and one that was published in a peer reviewed conference proceedings. Stage One included two studies (Studies 1 & 2) both of which involved a cross sectional approach to examine the prevalence and characteristics of alcohol-related incidents requiring police attendance across three large geographical areas that included metropolitan cities, provincial regions and rural areas. Stage Two of the program of research also comprised two cross sectional quantitative studies (Studies 3 & 4) that investigated the temporal and spatial dynamics of the major offence categories attended by operational police in a specific Police District (Gold Coast). Stage Three of the program of research involved two studies (Studies 5 & 6) that assessed the effectiveness of a situational crime prevention strategy. The studies employed a pre-post design to assess the impact on crime, disorder and violence by preventing patrons from entering late-night liquor trading premises between 3 a.m. and 5 a.m. (lockout policy). Although Study Five was solely quantitative in nature, Study Six included both quantitative and qualitative aspects. The approach adopted in Study Six, therefore facilitated not only a quantative comparison of the impact of the lockout policy on different policing areas, but also enabled the processes related to the implementation of the lockout policy to be examined. The thesis reports a program of research involving a common data collection method which then involved a series of studies being conducted to explore different aspects of the data. The data was collected from three sources. Firstly a pilot phase was undertaken to provide participants with training. Secondly a main study period was undertaken immediately following the pilot phase. The first and second sources of data were collected between 29th March 2004 and 2nd May 2004. Thirdly, additional data was collected between the 1st April 2005 and 31st May 2005. Participants in the current program of research were first response operational police officers who completed a modified activity log over a 9 week period (4 week pilot phase & 5 week survey study phase), identifying the type, prevalence and characteristics of alcohol-related incidents that were attended. During the study period police officers attended 31,090 alcohol-related incidents. Studies One and Two revealed that a substantial proportion of current police work involves attendance at alcohol-related incidents (i.e., 25% largely involving young males aged between 17 and 24 years). The most common incidents police attended were vehicle and/or traffic matters, disturbances and offences against property. The major category of offences most likely to involve alcohol included vehicle/traffic matters, disturbances and offences against the person (e.g., common & serious assaults). These events were most likely to occur in the late evenings and early hours of the morning on the weekends, and importantly, usually took longer for police to complete than non alcohol-related incidents. The findings in Studies Three and Four suggest that serious traffic offences, disturbances and offences against the person share similar characteristics and occur in concentrated places at similar times. In addition, it was found that time, place and incident type all have an influence on whether an incident attended by a police officer is alcohol-related. Alcohol-related incidents are more likely to occur in particular locations in the late evenings and early mornings on the weekends. In particular, there was a strong association between the occurrence of alcohol-related disturbances and alcohol-related serious traffic offences in regards to place and time. In general, stealing and property offences were not alcohol-related and occurred in daylight hours during weekdays. The results of Studies Five and Six were mixed. A number of alcohol-related offences requiring police attention were significantly reduced for some policing areas and for some types of offences following the implementation of the lockout policy. However, in some locations the lockout policy appeared to have a negative or minimal impact. Interviews with licensees revealed that although all were initially opposed to the lockout policy as they believed it would have a negative impact on business, most perceived some benefits from its introduction. Some of the benefits included, improved patron safety and the development of better business strategies to increase patron numbers. In conclusion, the overall findings of the six studies highlight the pervasive nature of alcohol across a range of criminal incidents, demonstrating the tremendous impact alcohol-related incidents have on police. The findings also demonstrate the importance of time and place in predicting the occurrence of alcohol-related offences. Although this program of research did not set out to test Place Based theories of crime, these theories were used to inform the interpretation of findings. The findings in the current research program provide evidence for the relevance of Place Based theories of crime to understanding the factors contributing to violence and disorder, and designing relevant crime prevention strategies. For instance, the results in Studies Five and Six provide supportive evidence that this novel lockout initiative can be beneficial for public safety by reducing some types of offences in particular areas in and around late-night liquor trading premises. Finally, intelligent-led policing initiatives based on problem oriented policing, such as the lockout policy examined in this thesis, have potential as a major crime prevention technique to reduce specific types of alcohol-related offences.

Les problèmes d' instabilité des structures concernent notamment le dornaine des emballages alimentaires. Le maintien et le développement de l'emploi de l'acier, vis-à-vis d'autres matériaux tels que l'aluminium et les plastiques, ont suscité cette élude sur les boîtes de conserve dont le marché industriel est important. Ces coques cylindriques ondulées sont soumises à deux sollicitations mécaniques pouvant entraîner la ruine par flambage : la pression externe lors des cycles de stérilisation et la compression axiale lors du stockage. Afin d'identifier ] es paramètres déterminants nuisibles, neutres ou bénéfiques vis-à-vis du flambage, cette étude s'est appuyée sur une approche à la foi s expérimentale et. Numérique. Dans le but d'obtenir une compréhension claire des phénomènes et de déterminer, parmi les multiples paramètres à considérer les facteurs de conception pouvant affecter l'emballage, une méthodologie expérimentale a été définie qui vise à découpler au mieux leurs interactions. Les informations recueillies ont permis de construire et de valider les modélisations utilisées. Grâce à l'approche numérique, il a été possible de quantifier, d'analyser et de relativise ! Les influences 1espectives ou couplées de ces paramètres défauts géométriques involontaires, contraintes résiduelles, soudure, distributions d'épaisseurs, forme et longueur d'onde des moulures, condition limite semi-rigide, que ce soit pour des corps lisses ou des corps ondulés. Cette étude a donc fourni un outil pour réaliser des choix et apporter diverses améliorations afin d'adapter la géométrie des coques en fonction du cahier des charges<br>The instability problems of structures concerns in particular the field of food packages. The maintenance and the development of steel, facing other materials such as aluminium and plastics have given rise to this study on tin cans. These corrugated cylindrical shells were submitted to two mechanical loads which lead to buckling failure : the external pressure from the sterilisation procedure and the axial pressure from the storage. In order to identify the deciding parameters which affect buckling, this study has been based on bath an experimental and a numerical approach. An experimental methodology was defined to obtain a clear understanding of the phenomena and to separate the effect of the different manufacturing factors which could affect the resistance of shells. The obtained informations have permitted to establish and validate the used numerical models. Thanks to the numerical approach it has been possible to quantify, to analyse and to compare the influence of each or a group of parameters bath for smooth and corrugated shells. These parameters were geometrical imperfections, residual stresses welding, thickness distribution, form and length of the corrugations and semi-rigid boundary conditions. This study has provided a tool to bring about various improvements in order to adapt the shell geometry according to the specifications

Ce travail présente une étude détaillée du flambage de coques de forme nouvelle. Ces coques montrent un effet d'auto raidissage considérable vis-à-vis d'une coque cylindrique droite. Cet effet d'auto raidissage peut être compromis par les imperfections de conditions aux limites, comme nous l'avons montré dans cette étude. Cette étude est conduite au moyen de deux méthodologies : expérimentale et numériques. Elles permettent de valider le code de calcul pour cette configuration particulière et de fournir une interprétation théorique des phénomènes physiques observés. Dans l'analyse expérimentale, deux type de conditions aux limites sont étudiés. L'une se rapproche d'un encastrement parfait pour lequel les déplacements sont maîtrisés. L'autre, est réalisé par pinçage mécanique se rapprochant de l'encastrement, mais présentant une imperfection de liaison suivant le déplacement axial modal. L'analyse numérique est conduite en linéaire et non linéaire en intégrant les défauts initiaux et les paramètres de liaison. La modélisation correcte des phénomènes physiques observés permet de cerner l'influence des différente imperfections. Une analyse de l'imperfection des conditions aux limites est proposée, par la prise en compte de la raideur de liaison.

Submitted by repositorio repositorio (repositorio@unifei.edu.br) on 2018-08-16T17:53:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_2018108.pdf: 5452087 bytes, checksum: ef768ae8cbff72015f5d2f97b7970690 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T17:53:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_2018108.pdf: 5452087 bytes, checksum: ef768ae8cbff72015f5d2f97b7970690 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07<br>As análises em Dinâmica dos Fluidos Computacional (em inglês CFD – Computational Fluid Dynamics) constitui um importante papel para engenheiros e projetistas. A solução das equações de Navier-Stokes (NS) utilizando o CFD requer a discretização do domínio. Para problemas de escoamentos externos a discretização do domínio pode ser da ordem de milhões elementos. Isso pode ocasionar em elevados custos computacionais. Trabalhar sobre um domínio reduzido permite reduzir o tempo computacional em simulações de CFD. A Metodologia de Acoplamento Dinâmico (MAD), que será proposta neste trabalho, consiste em determinar a solução do escoamento viscoso sobre um domínio reduzido. A MAD é um tipo de interação viscosa/não-viscosa. Essa metodologia acopla a solução do escoamento potencial com o software que resolve o escoamento viscoso. A interação viscosa/não-viscosa da MAD produz um escoamento potencial-viscoso que reproduza o escoamento viscoso sobre a fronteira de um domínio reduzido. Será investigada a solução do escoamento potencial-viscoso através de um método do tipo Newton e de um método de otimização global que utiliza um Algoritmo de Busca Aleatória Controlada. Testes mostraram que a utilização do método de otimização, mais a parametrização de fontes, é mais apropriado. Os testes são voltados para problemas de aerodinâmica, incluindo a solução do escoamento com elevado número de Reynolds em domínio extenso sobre o perfil simétrico NACA0012. A solução da MAD mostra como o escoamento viscoso pode ser razoavelmente reproduzido sobre domínio reduzido. Contudo, a MAD é promissora no sentido de possibilitar a redução do tempo computacional para problemas de aerodinâmica.

Les techniques d’identification acoustique visent à caractériser les différentes sources de bruit sur un avion à partir de données microphoniques. Ces techniques nécessitent la connaissance de la fonction de Green acoustique du milieu. Or celle-ci n’est connue analytiquement que pour des configurations simples et l’utilisation de fonctions de Green imparfaites conduit à une erreur sur l’identification des sources. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mettre au point une méthode numérique d’estimation des fonctions de Green pour l’imagerie aéroacoustique. La méthode doit avoir un coût de calcul minimal et fournir une estimation suffisamment précises pour être utilisée dans des configurations réalistes. Pour cela, la parcimonie de la fonction de Green dans le domaine temporel est prise en compte. Il en découle un problème d’identification de système nécessitant l’utilisation d’algorithmes de régression linéaire. La méthode est d’abord validée sur des cas numériques 3D représentatifs de ceux rencontrés dans l’industrie. Lorsque le nombre de points de focalisation est élevé, la réciprocité en écoulement retourné simplifie considérablement le problème. La méthode est ensuite appliquée sur des données d’essais réalisés sur une aile à haute portance passée en soufflerie anéchoïque à veine ouverte justifiant de l’applicabilité de la méthode sur des configurations industrielles réalistes<br>Acoustic imaging techniques aims at characterizing the different acoustic sources of noise on an aircraft using microphone array measurements. Those techniques require the knowledge of the acoustic Green’s function of the medium. Unfortunately, this function is known only for cases of relatively simple complexity and the use of approximate Green’s function can lead to errors in the identification of the sources. The main aim of this thesis is to set up a numerical method for the estimation of the Green’s function for aeroacoustic imaging applications. The method must have a minimal computational cost and provide a sufficiently accurate estimation to be used on realistic industrial configurations. The proposed methodology takes advantage of the sparsity of the Green’s functions in the time-domain. This results in a system identification problem and sparsity-based regression algorithms can be used to solve it. First, the method is validated on complex 3D numerical test cases typical of those encountered in the industry. For configurations involving a high number of focus points, the reverse-flow reciprocity simplifies significantly the Green’s function estimation problem. The methodology is finally applied on high lift 2D wing data placed in the ONERA CEPRA19 open section anechoic wind tunnel justifying the applicability of the method on realistic industrial configurations

Vi har sett ett behov av att lyfta fram tillvaratagandet av människors potential som en nyckelfaktor för hållbar utveckling. Med bakgrund i en doxologisk kunskapssyn har vi intagit rollen som bricoleurer, där vi utifrån ett heuristiskt angreppssätt och ett pragmatiskt användande av teori-U, eklektiskt hanterat teorier från olika forskningsfält. Först har vi undersökt hur människors uppfattning om staden kanaliseras genom metaforer och hur det påverkar våra städer och våra liv. Därefter har vi med stöd av komplexitetsteori, kaosteori och systemteori undersökt staden som en helhetsmetafor. Tillsist, med hjälp av i huvudsak Ken Wilbers integralfilosofi och Gilles Deleuze eklektiska filosofi når vi vår syntes om det vi kallar Stadens interna och externa samutveckling som på sätt och vis sätter stadens metaforer i ett sammanhang.<br>We have seen a need to embrace human potential as a key factor for sustainable development. With a background in a doxological epistemology we have taken the role of the bricoleur, and based on a heuristic approach and a pragmatic use of Theory U we have dealt with different research fields in an eclectic fashion. First, we have investigated how people´s perceptions of the city are channeled through metaphors and how it affects our cities and our lives. Drawn on complexity theory, chaos theory and systems theory, we examined the city as a whole. Finally, using Ken Wiber´s Integral Philosophy and the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze we reach our synthesis called The City´s Internal and External Co-evolution, which puts metaphors of the city in a context.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-10-01Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:07:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000809710.pdf: 554592 bytes, checksum: 5fa956150971becf5d312040bad367ff (MD5)<br>Pró-Reitoria de Pós-Graduação da UNESP (PROPG)<br>Este trabalho possui dois objetivos centrais. O primeiro é elaborar uma interpretação baseada na hipótese de fragilidade financeira de Minsky sobre o processo gerador de crises cambiais e seus determinantes. Para isso, as ideias desse autor são adaptadas a uma economia aberta. Propõe-se que a deterioração da estrutura financeira externa de uma economia constitui o fator responsável por elevar seu grau de fragilidade externa e sua suscetibilidade a crises cambiais. A partir desta interpretação, são construídos indicadores de fragilidade externa visando mensurar a propensão de uma economia sofrer uma crise cambial. O segundo objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a evolução da fragilidade externa da economia brasileira entre 1999 e 2013. Esta tarefa é realizada pela aplicação dos indicadores e da interpretação desenvolvidos na primeira parte do trabalho ao referido país. Os resultados sugerem que a fragilidade externa brasileira sofreu uma gradual e significativa redução durante o recorte temporal estudado<br>This work has two objectives. The first one is to develop an interpretation founded on Minsky’s financial instability hypothesis about the currency crisis generated process and your determinants. In order to achieve this goal, the ideas of this author are adapted to an open economy. We propose that the deterioration of the economy’s external financial structure is the reason responsible for your external fragility enhancing and for the increase of his crisis susceptibility. Using this approach, we create external fragility indexes intending to measure and classify an economy’s crisis susceptibility. Our second objective is to evaluate the Brazilian external fragility between 1999 and 2013. This assignment is realized by the appliance of the index and the interpretation previously developed in the mentioned country. The results suggest that Brazilian’s external fragility suffered a gradual and significant decrease during the studied period

Orientador: Luciana Togeiro de Almeida<br>Banca: Mario Luiz Possas<br>Banca: Luiz Fernando Rodrigues de Paula<br>Resumo: Este trabalho possui dois objetivos centrais. O primeiro é elaborar uma interpretação baseada na hipótese de fragilidade financeira de Minsky sobre o processo gerador de crises cambiais e seus determinantes. Para isso, as ideias desse autor são adaptadas a uma economia aberta. Propõe-se que a deterioração da estrutura financeira externa de uma economia constitui o fator responsável por elevar seu grau de fragilidade externa e sua suscetibilidade a crises cambiais. A partir desta interpretação, são construídos indicadores de fragilidade externa visando mensurar a propensão de uma economia sofrer uma crise cambial. O segundo objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a evolução da fragilidade externa da economia brasileira entre 1999 e 2013. Esta tarefa é realizada pela aplicação dos indicadores e da interpretação desenvolvidos na primeira parte do trabalho ao referido país. Os resultados sugerem que a fragilidade externa brasileira sofreu uma gradual e significativa redução durante o recorte temporal estudado<br>Abstract: This work has two objectives. The first one is to develop an interpretation founded on Minsky's financial instability hypothesis about the currency crisis generated process and your determinants. In order to achieve this goal, the ideas of this author are adapted to an open economy. We propose that the deterioration of the economy's external financial structure is the reason responsible for your external fragility enhancing and for the increase of his crisis susceptibility. Using this approach, we create external fragility indexes intending to measure and classify an economy's crisis susceptibility. Our second objective is to evaluate the Brazilian external fragility between 1999 and 2013. This assignment is realized by the appliance of the index and the interpretation previously developed in the mentioned country. The results suggest that Brazilian's external fragility suffered a gradual and significant decrease during the studied period<br>Mestre

This thesis considers new methods that exploit recent developments in computer technology to address three extant problems in the area of Finance and Econometrics. The problem of Asian option pricing has endured for the last two decades in spite of many attempts to find a robust solution across all parameter values. All recently proposed methods are shown to fail when computations are conducted using standard machine precision because as more and more accuracy is forced upon the problem, round-off error begins to propagate. Using recent methods from numerical analysis based on multi-precision arithmetic, we show using the Mathematica platform that all extant methods have efficacy when computations use sufficient arithmetic precision. This creates the proper framework to compare and contrast the methods based on criteria such as computational speed for a given accuracy. Numerical methods based on a deformation of the Bromwich contour in the Geman-Yor Laplace transform are found to perform best provided the normalized strike price is above a given threshold; otherwise methods based on Euler approximation are preferred. The same methods are applied in two other contexts: the simulation of stable distributions and the computation of unit root densities in Econometrics. The stable densities are all nested in a general function called a Fox H function. The same computational difficulties as above apply when using only double-precision arithmetic but are again solved using higher arithmetic precision. We also consider simulating the densities of infinitely divisible distributions associated with hyperbolic functions. Finally, our methods are applied to unit root densities. Focusing on the two fundamental densities, we show our methods perform favorably against the extant methods of Monte Carlo simulation, the Imhof algorithm and some analytical expressions derived principally by Abadir. Using Mathematica, the main two-dimensional Laplace transform in this context is reduced to a one-dimensional problem.

O presente trabalho analisa as orientações das políticas sobre drogas brasileiras tendo como referência duas determinantes: o regime internacional proibicionista de drogas e a política externa norte-americana para o tema. Utiliza-se a Teoria da Securitização para analisar processos de uso da força por um Estado com o fim de neutralizar a ameaça representada pelo tráfico de drogas e atividades afins. São descritos os processos de formação do regime internacional e de institucionalização da política de guerra às drogas nos Estados Unidos. Mostra-se o processo de adequação da política de defesa brasileira ao tema das drogas, que ocorreu de modo conservador e avesso à militarização são apresentados os impactos de uma política de segurança pública pautada na redução da oferta de drogas no Brasil.<br>This work analyses the orientations of the brazillian drug policies using two main references: the international drug prohibition regime and the United States’ policies towards this issue. The Theory of Securitization is used to analyse the of use of the force by a State in order to neutralyze the menace represented by drug trafficking and related activities. The formation of the international regime and the institutionalization of the war on drugs’ policies on the United States are described. The paper also reviews the process of adequation of the brazillian defense policies to the drugs issue, which occurred under a conservative and militarization averse framework, as well as the impact of a public safety policy guided by supply reduction on Brazil.

AIK Hockey har under ett antal år haft problem med låga publiksiffror på hemmamatcherna. Det finns många olika anledningar till att publiken sviker, men syftet med denna uppsats har varit att genom en jämförande analys med Djurgården Hockey, beskriva och analysera hur AIK hockey kommunicerar via hemsidan och Instagram till publiker. Detta har granskats genom en kompositionsanalys av lagens hemsidor samt semiotisk och retorisk analys av enstaka bilder på lagens Instagramkonton. Teorier som berör kommunikation, PR samt organisationskultur har använts för att identifiera problem och möjligheter med lagens kommunikation. I diskussionen av resultatet framkom det att det finns möjlighet till att utveckla AIKs kommunikation till publiker då det finns utrymme att uttrycka mer känslor samt bjuda in publiken till att identifiera sig mer med laget på Instagram. Det går även att lyfta fram biljettförsäljningen mer på hemsidan och tona ned avtalet med CMOREs kanaler. De kan också skapa mer trovärdig kommunikation genom att anpassa texten mer till bilden och vise versa i publikationerna på Instagram. Hemsidan kan också framhäva lagets konton på sociala medier mer så att fler vill följa dem. Uppsatsens slutord handlade om att AIK Hockey på lång sikt, kan arbeta med att öka publiksnittet genom att uppdatera kunskaper om bland annat sociala medier och även ständigt sträva efter att utveckla samt vårda relationerna till publiken.

Att ha en viss grad av personalomsättning är nödvändigt för organisationens fortsatta lönsamhet. Personalomsättningen inom revisionsbranschen beskrivs däremot som ett problem. Tidigare studier har undersökt olika aspekter av personalomsättningen på individnivå. Där har det identifierats faktorer till varför revisorsassistenter väljer att lämna revisionsbyråerna. Tidigare studier har även fokuserat på olika metoders inverkan på individernas beslut att lämna branschen. Syftet med examensarbetet är att analysera personalomsättningen utifrån revisionsbyråernas perspektiv, och därefter identifiera skillnader mellan stora och små revisionsbyråer. För att besvara examensarbetets forskningsfrågor och uppfylla syftet har både en enkätundersökning samt intervjuer utförts. Enkätundersökningen skickades ut till revisionskontor runt om i Sverige och bidrog med svar från 32 olika kontor. Sedan intervjuades fyra revisionsbyråer i Norrbotten, två små och två stora revisionsbyråer. Studien visar att revisionsbyråerna i Norrland har en låg personalomsättning, men att personal-omsättningen i branschen som helhet fortfarande anses vara för hög. Studiens huvudsakliga slutsats är att personalomsättningen varierar mellan revisionsbyråerna och att byråns storlek är en förklarande faktor. Utöver detta visar studien på att ledningen och externa faktorer har en inverkan på personalomsättningen. De externa faktorerna kan dock inte påverkas av ledningen, utan är något som ledningen istället bör anpassa sig efter för att kunna behålla sina medarbetare.<br>A certain level of employee turnover is necessary for the organization’s continuous profitability. However, employee turnover in the audit profession is described as a problem. Previous studies have explored different aspects of turnover at the individual level. Where factors have been identified for why associates chooses to leave audit firms. Previous studies have also focused on the influence of different methods on the individual's decision to leave the industry. The purpose of this study is to analyze employee turnover from the audit firms´ perspective, and then identify differences between large and small audit firms. To answer the research questions and fulfill the purpose, both a questionnaire and interviews have been performed. The questionnaire was sent out to audit offices around Sweden and provided answers from 32 different offices. Four auditing firms in Norrbotten were then interviewed, two small and two large auditing firms. The study shows that audit firms in Norrland have a low employee turnover, but turnover in the industry as a whole is still considered too high. The main conclusion of the study is that turnover varies between audit firms and that the size of the firm is an explanatory factor. In addition, the study shows that management and external factors have an impact on turnover. However, external factors cannot be influenced by management, but is something that management should adapt to in order to retain its employees.

Une image observee est modelisee comme la convolution d'un noyau de flou du a la turbulence atmospherique par une image originale, a laquelle est ajoutee un bruit d'acquisition. L'objectif de notre etude est la mise en uvre d'une methode de restauration dont la complexite numerique est independante de la taille du noyau de perturbation. Nous proposons une methode de restauration en deux etapes: la premiere etant un filtrage de moindres carres faiblement regularise, la seconde un filtrage markovien. Nous etudions les methodes de deconvolution de moindres carres en proposant une technique de comparaison adaptee a ces methodes. Elles sont lineaires et l'image restauree par celles-ci peut etre separee en un terme de signal et un terme de bruit. L'etude du compromis realise entre ces deux termes permet de comparer les methodes de restauration de moindres carres. Le filtrage de tikhonov-miller apparait comme la methode la plus performante. Nous developpons alors une methode en deux etapes constituee par un filtrage de tikhonov-miller suivit d'un filtrage markovien. La premiere etape deconvolue l'image observee et la deuxieme filtre le bruit de deconvolution. Cette methode en deux etapes est une methode de restauration non lineaire dont la complexite est independante de la taille du noyau de perturbation. Nous comparons les images obtenues avec cette methode en deux etapes avec celles obtenues lorsque le filtrage markovien est remplace par un filtrage de diffusion. Nous adaptons la technique en deux etapes au cas de la deconvolution multi-images. La premiere etape devient une deconvolution par la methode de la pseudo-inverse multi-images, la seconde reste inchangee. Le nombre d'images observees necessaires ainsi que les hyper-parametres de la modelisation markovienne sont determines automatiquement. La methode multi-images permet alors d'obtenir des images restaurees de qualite independante du rapport signal a bruit des images observees

Tato disertační práce se zabývá odhadem pózy kamery z korespondencí 3D a 2D přímek, tedy tzv. perspektivním problémem n  přímek (angl. Perspective- n -Line, PnL). Pozornost je soustředěna na případy s velkým počtem čar, které mohou být efektivně řešeny metodami využívajícími lineární formulaci PnL. Dosud byly známy pouze metody pracující s korespondencemi 3D bodů a 2D přímek. Na základě tohoto pozorování byly navrženy dvě nové metody založené na algoritmu přímé lineární transformace (angl. Direct Linear Transformation, DLT): Metoda DLT-Plücker-Lines pracující s korespondencemi 3D a 2D přímek a metoda DLT-Combined-Lines pracující jak s korespondencemi 3D bodů a 2D přímek, tak s korespondencemi 3D přímek a 2D přímek. Ve druhém případě je redundantní 3D informace využita k redukci minimálního počtu požadovaných korespondencí přímek na 5 a ke zlepšení přesnosti metody. Navržené metody byly důkladně testovány za různých podmínek včetně simulovaných a reálných dat a porovnány s nejlepšími existujícími PnL metodami. Metoda DLT-Combined-Lines dosahuje výsledků lepších nebo srovnatelných s nejlepšími existujícími metodami a zároveň je značně rychlá. Tato disertační práce také zavádí jednotný rámec pro popis metod pro odhad pózy kamery založených na algoritmu DLT. Obě navržené metody jsou definovány v tomto rámci.

This thesis deals with the core competencies of a manager, a set of inter-disciplinary skills and their importance in today's business environment. It determines the level of key competencies of managers of the firm. It contains instructions and recommendations to improve the efficiency of managerial work through the development of key competencies.

Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional<br>A realidade demonstra que as actuais instituições internacionais não foram capazes de promover convenientemente o desenvolvimento sustentável internacional ou assegurar as condições de segurança que o permita. Para reorientar o Sistema Internacional para a promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável internacional é necessária uma profunda revisão da sua arquitectura e funcionamento, no sentido de criar uma verdadeira governança democrática global; uma reforma capacitadora da ONU, que lhe confira um papel centralizador do Sistema Internacional e a transforme no efectivo instrumento de promoção da segurança e desenvolvimento planetários.<br>Reality shows that current international institutions have failed to properly promote international sustainable development, or guarantee the enabling security environment. In order to redirect the International System to the promotion of international sustainable development an in-depth revision of its architecture and functioning is necessary, as to create a truly democratic global governance. A reform that will enable the UN, granting it a centralizing role in the International System and making it the effective instrument for the promotion of planetary security and development.

Le développement de la capacité à résoudre des problèmes mathématiques demeure une question vive en éducation. Plusieurs auteurs (Fagnant et Vlassis, 2010; Houdement, 2011; Lajoie et Bednarz, 2014; Scott, 2015) et instances (OCDE, 2014b; UNESCO, 2015) constatent qu’il est essentiel pour résoudre des problèmes mathématiques d’aller au-delà de la connaissance de contenus spécifiques et voir au développement d’aptitudes et d’habiletés à résoudre des problèmes. Dans cette optique, la notion de contrôle s’avère un soutien important pour l’élève au moment de prendre des décisions quant aux ressources mathématiques à privilégier lors d’une résolution (raisonnements, contenus mathématiques, procédures, méthodes). Néanmoins, nous en savons peu à ce jour quant aux éléments qui peuvent guider les prises de décision des élèves du primaire lors de la résolution de problèmes. À cet effet, cette recherche vise à documenter et comprendre les décisions prises par des élèves du primaire dans l’action de résoudre un problème mathématique, sous l’angle du contrôle mobilisé. À partir de la notion de contrôle de Saboya (2010) et d’une analyse inductive favorisant l’émergence de catégories complémentaires appuyées par des travaux issus de la didactique des mathématiques, du Mathematics Education, de la psychopédagogie et de la psychologie cognitive portant sur la résolution de problèmes (Clément, 2009; Focant et Grégoire, 2008; Julo, 1995, 2002; Richard, 2004; Schoenfeld, 1985, 1992; Verschaffel et De Corte, 2008), nous avons élaboré un cadre conceptuel pour circonscrire et pour étudier la mobilisation du contrôle par les élèves du primaire lorsqu’ils résolvent des problèmes mathématiques. Afin d’atteindre l’objectif de documenter et comprendre les prises de décision des élèves du primaire dans l'action de résoudre un problème mathématique, sous l’angle du contrôle mobilisé, nous avons mené une recherche qualitative auprès de 18 élèves de 5e année du primaire provenant de trois classes issues de trois écoles différentes. Des entretiens d’explicitations ont été menés auprès de ces élèves afin d'en savoir davantage sur les décisions prises lors des résolutions de trois problèmes de proportion. Dans l’ensemble, leurs explicitations des prises de décision viennent éclairer l’activité de résolution de problèmes de proportion chez des élèves du 3e cycle du primaire du point de vue du contrôle. Les analyses nous informent sur leur manière de mobiliser différentes composantes du contrôle déjà identifiées par la recherche, telles que l’anticipation, la vérification, le discernement et le contrôle sémantique, tandis que d'autres émergeront de nos analyses, telles que le contrôle sur les nombres et les opérations ou le contrôle restreignant. Par ailleurs, l’analyse inductive mène à la proposition d’un cadre d’analyse ainsi qu’à la mise en évidence de trois contrôles pouvant être mobilisés par ces élèves, un contrôle structural, un contrôle opérationnel et un contrôle restreignant. Cette analyse inductive a d’autre part guidé la construction de la grille d’analyse du contrôle. L’analyse des résultats mène à plusieurs autres constats. Entre autres, nous constatons que des élèves ne savent pas parfois comment faire pour mobiliser une composante du contrôle, comme la vérification. En outre, il ressort de l’analyse que le contrôle ne garantit pas la réussite du problème : les élèves peuvent exercer une ou des composantes du contrôle sans obtenir la bonne réponse, voire abandonner le problème. Aussi, nous notons que la présence de certaines variables dans les problèmes influence la mobilisation des composantes du contrôle chez les élèves. Finalement, l’analyse a permis d’identifier deux rôles inhérents au contrôle qui ont un impact sur les prises de décision, le rôle d’un contrôle interne à l’élève et le rôle d’un contrôle externe à l’élève. Le contrôle interne illustre l’engagement réfléchi de l’élève envers la résolution tandis que le contrôle externe pointe la place qu’occupent des croyances et des attentes scolaires dans les décisions des élèves en résolution de problèmes. D'un point de vue théorique, cette thèse élargit notre compréhension de la notion de contrôle en mathématiques aux prises de décision dans la résolution de problèmes mathématiques. Elle illustre l’importance du contrôle, entre autres par l'enrichissement des cadres proposés précédemment et par l'identification de 3 types de contrôle. Du point de vue méthodologique, elle propose une grille d’analyse du contrôle lors de la résolution de problèmes mathématiques. Du point de vue pratique, cette recherche conclut que la mobilisation du contrôle en résolution de problèmes mathématiques est un enjeu central à considérer lors de l’enseignement et l’apprentissage de la résolution de problèmes en mathématiques. Notamment, par la prise en compte de l'existence d'un contrôle restreignant négativement l'activité mathématique de l'élève et l’importance du développement des outils de contrôle chez les élèves. Des enjeux qui méritent l’attention du milieu de la recherche et de l’enseignement des mathématiques. Mots-clés : résolution de problèmes mathématiques, prises de décision, contrôle, primaire, proportionnalité.<br>The development of the ability to solve mathematical problems remains a lively question in education. Many authors (Fagnant and Vlassis, 2010; Houdement, 2011; Lajoie and Bednarz, 2014; Scott, 2015) and organizations (OECD, 2014b; UNESCO, 2015) observe that in order to solve mathematical problems, it is essential to go beyond specific content knowledge and ensure the development of skills and abilities related to problem solving. With this in mind, the notion of control becomes an important support to the student when the time comes to make decisions regarding the mathematical resources to favour when solving a problem (reasoning, mathematical knowledges, procedures, methods). Nevertheless, to date, little is known about the components which guide elementary school students during problem solving. To this end, this research aims to document and understand the decisions made by elementary school students when they are solving a mathematical problem from the standpoint of mobilized control. Based on the notion of control by Saboya (2010) and on an inductive analysis favouring the emergence of complementary categories supported by works from mathematics didactics, Mathematics Education, educational psychology and cognitive psychology on problem solving (Clément, 2009; Focant and Grégoire, 2008; Julo, 1995, 2002; Richard, 2004; Schoenfeld, 1985, 1992; Verschaffel and De Corte, 2008), we designed a conceptual model to define and study the mobilization of control by elementary school students when they are solving mathematical problems. In order to reach our goal to document and understand, in terms of mobilized control, elementary school students’ decisions when they are solving mathematical problems, we conducted a qualitative research on eighteen fifth grade students from three classes located in three different schools. Explicitation interviews were conducted with these students in an effort to achieve better knowledge on the decisions they made while working on three problems that focused on proportionality. For the most part, their explicitations on decision-making shed light on proportionality problem solving for students in Cycle Three of elementary education in terms of control. Analyses show how they mobilize several components of control which were identified in previous research, such as anticipation, verification, discernment and semantic control. Moreover, inductive analysis leads to the proposition of an analysis framework and to the identification of three types of control that may be exercised by elementary school students: structural control, operational control and restrictive control. This inductive analysis also guided the development of a control analysis grid. Furthermore, the analysis of these results leads to many other observations. For instance, we notice that some students ignore how to mobilize one form of control, such as verification. In addition, the analysis demonstrates that control does not guarantee success in solving a problem: students can use one or many components of control without getting the right answer, perhaps even give up on the problem. We also observe that the presence of certain variables in the situational problems influences the students’ mobilization of control components. Finally, the analysis brought to light two roles that are inherent to control and have an impact on decision-making as well: the role of a control that is internal to the student, and the role of a control that is external to the student. The former, internal control, conveys the deliberate involvement of the student in the problem, while the latter, external control, emphasizes the importance of beliefs and academic expectations in the students’ decisions when solving problems. From a theoretical perspective, this thesis broadens our understanding of the notion of control in mathematics, specifically in the decisions that are made when solving problems. It illustrates the importance of control by, amongst other things, the enrichment of the previously suggested frameworks and by the identification of three types of control. From a methodological perspective, it provides a grid to analyze control when solving mathematical problems. From a practical perspective, this research comes to the conclusion that control mobilization in mathematical problems solving is a central issue that must be considered when teaching and learning to solve mathematical problems, notably by considering the existence of a control that negatively restricts the student’s mathematical activity and by the importance of the development of control tools by the students. These issues deserve the attention of the research and mathematics teaching communities.Key words: mathematical problems solving, decision-making, control, elementary school, proportionality.

The Master's Thesis deals with manager´s key competences and their importance in the context of present entrepreneurial environment. It provides the idea of manager´s key competences level in the company. It includes proposals and recommendations to increase efficiency of manager´s work by improving concerete key competences.

Im Bereich der industriellen Metallurgie und Kristallzüchtung treten bei zahlreichen Anwendungen, wo magnetische Wechselfelder zur induktiven Beeinflussung von leitfähigen Werkstoffen eingesetzt werden, auch Strömungen mit freier Oberfläche auf. Das Anwendungsspektrum reicht dabei vom einfachen Aufschmelzen eines Metalls in einem offenen Tiegel bis hin zur vollständigen Levitation. Auch der sogenannte RGS-Prozess, ein substratbasiertes Kristallisationsverfahren zur Herstellung siliziumbasierter Dünnschichtmaterialien, ist dafür ein Beispiel. Um bei solchen Prozessen die Interaktion von Magnetfeld und Strömung zu untersuchen, ist die numerische Simulationen ein wertvolles Hilfsmittel. Für beliebige dreidimensionale Probleme werden entsprechende Berechnungen bisher durch eine externe Kopplung kommerzieller Programme realisiert, die für Magnetfeld und Strömung jeweils unterschiedliche numerische Techniken nutzen. Diese Vorgehensweise ist jedoch im Allgemeinen mit unnötigem Rechenaufwand verbunden. In dieser Arbeit wird ein neu entwickelter Methodenapparat auf Basis der FVM vorgestellt, mit welchem sich diese Art von Berechnungen effizient durchführen lassen. Mit der Implementierung dieser Methoden in foam-extend, einer erweiterten Version der quelloffenen Software OpenFOAM, ist daraus ein leistungsfähiges Werkzeug in Form einer freien Simulationsplattform entstanden, welches sich durch einen modularen Aufbau leicht erweitern lässt. Mit dieser Plattform wurden in foam-extend auch erstmalig dreidimensionale Induktionsprozesse im Frequenzraum gelöst.

M.Sc.(Med.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009<br>Introduction Foot involvement is common in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Foot pain, instability and deformity affect ambulation and impacts on health-related quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the nature, extent and functional impact of rheumatoid foot problems in established RA. Patients and Methods One hundred RA patients were studied. Functional status was evaluated using the modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (mHAQ) and Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ). Foot deformity and footwear suitability was assessed using the Foot Problems Survey (FP Survey) and Footwear Suitability Scale (FWS Scale). Results In this predominantly female group of 95%, with a mean (± SD) disease duration of 12.2 (7.9) and moderate functional disability [mHAQ: 1.3 (0.6)], the FP Survey showed all patients had one or more foot deformity. Foot function was impaired with a mean (± SD) FHSQ score of 41.3 (12.4) and the FWS Scale showed that 93% wore unsuitable footwear. A strong correlation was observed of the global FHSQ (r=-0.5489, p<0.0001), its pain domain (r=-0.472, p<0.0001) and foot function domain (r=-0.599, p<0.0001), with the global mHAQ score. Despite the high frequency of foot problems observed only 27% had visited a podiatrist. Conclusion In conclusion foot problems and foot function disability is common in Black South African patients with established RA. Furthermore the strong correlation between mHAQ and FHSQ showed that foot functional disability was a major driver of overall functional disability in RA.

This research is concerned with the nature and extent of problems experienced by detectives in the collection, processing and utilisation of crime information for the investigation of crime. The problems gave rise to poor detective performance. The development of information-led policing offers an alternative to the traditional ”reactive” model of investigation of crime. Information-led policing advocates the targeting, gathering, analysis and dissemination of information which is used to inform decisions about the prioritisation of problems and allocation of resources to address the problems (Cope, as quoted by Alison, 2005:93). The purpose of this study is to determine the strengths and weaknesses in the collection, processing and utilisation of crime information at the Rustenburg Detective Service, to find new knowledge that can improve the situation, and to apply the found knowledge to enhance the performance of detectives.<br>Criminology<br>M.Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>企業管理研究所<br>86<br>Previous studies document that the mean initial return of IPOs ( initial public offerings ) is significantly positive. Several literature tends to attribute the positive mean initial return to the underpricing of IPOs.However, underpricing is costly for issuing firms. Many researches attempt to provide reasonable explanations for the anomaly. However, there is no single theory which fully explains the underpricing of IPOs. In other words, underpricing phenomenon is attributed to several factors. In this thesis, I tryto find out another factor to further investigate the underpricing phenomenon. The empirical methodology is based on the agency theory, signalling hypothesis, and corporate control theory. We measure the relationship between the board ownership and the underpricing of IPOs. The sample consists of 162 initial public offerings listed from January 1991 to October 1997. The empirical results show that there is a significantly negativerelationship between the board ownership and the underpricing of IPOs.With the aspect of corporate control, I conjecture the non-monotonic linear and the non-linear relationship between the board ownership and the underpricing of IPOs. Nevertheless, the empirical results do not support thenon-linear relationship. I further decompose the board ownership variable into two variables. One is the ownership retained by the chairperson of the board and that by president. The other one is the ownership retained byother members of the board. I find that the ownership retained by the chairperson of the board and by the president is more influenceable on the underpricing of the offerings than the ownership retained by other members of the board. Finally, this thesis also indicates that the extent of underpricing of IPOs is negatively related to the ownership retained by the chairperson of the board and by president, and to the ownership retained by the institutional investors.

碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>網路學習科技研究所<br>106<br>In the early days, the mathematics education in Taiwan schools was more focused on spending a lot of time to master the computing power, lacking the concept of explaining mathematics. However, in the process of mathematics learning, teachers were less able to understand students' ideas about mathematical concepts or topics and also impossible to give immediate feedback. In order to enhance students' mathematical cognitive abilities, the researchers hope to enhance students' high-level cognitive skills such as mathematics communication, criticism and post-consultation by mathematical writing. Therefore, this study proposes a set of explanatory mathematics problem solving activities combined with the previous research team "mathematical commentator" system and "pushing mechanism" and "online math discussion community". Introduce a pushing mechanism in the community to increase the motivation of students to participate in explaining mathematics problem-solving activities. By sharing and publishing their own mathematics writing, other students can give opinions and comments, and increase opportunities for interaction between students and let students help them improve their interpretation of mathematics topics and improve their understanding of mathematical concepts by watching the opinions and comments of students in the community. This study takes 29 students from a fourth-grade school in Taoyuan City as the research object, discusses the influence of explaining the mathematics problem-solving activities and the intervention of online community platform on students, and conducts teaching experiments without grouping. After descriptive statistical analysis Students are compared before and after the writing practice and community communication to compare the quality of the work and the experience of the students using the system. The results of the study show that after the students explained the mathematics problem-solving activities and the online community platform, the quality of their writing works is better than that of the first-time use of the mathematics writing system. The feelings of using the system are investigated through the motivation questionnaire. The results of these two items indicate that students have a higher willingness to use the system in the experiment and a significant improvement in the quality of the work written in mathematics.

碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>法律所<br>98<br>After the National Government processed the general land register after December 25, 1945 from the Japanese occupation, some lands which were publicly noticed and registered in the name of corporation, the combination,the gods’club or the other unclear subject, had caused legal problems due to people in the ignorance of law or the uneven qualities of administrators.The problem is that the land rights which were publicly noticed and registered by the name of real estate under the Japanese colonial rule were subsequently incorrectly recorded in land registration books. The main subjects explored in this paper are the lands which were registered in the name of corporation, the combination or the gods’ club. In addition, this paper will discuss the issues below in order: the ownership of land register, the other related land rights or limited registration in Taiwan before and after restoration; not handle registration of cancellation because of missing of the obligee or other reasons; wrong scope in registered right of co-owners of co-own land, which no document can prove to apply correcting the registration; the land property right of partial temples and the religious group cannot properly solved at the present; before Kinmen and Matsu area lifted the battlefield orders,the incompetence of cadastral registration and no consistency with present law lead to the utilization, policy and taxation of land, and the difficulty to exercise property right. In order to solve the kinds of problems of registration land above, our government specially legislated the “Cadastre Clearance Act”,and promulgated in July 1, 2008. Thus, this paper discusses how to solve the problems like cadastre clearance of registration land after Japanese rule to now.