Academic literature on the topic 'Extent of reduction'
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Journal articles on the topic "Extent of reduction"
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Li, Ming, Kai Cheng, Jiazheng Ren, and Yongsheng Chen. "Controlling the Reduction Extent for Metal Catalysts." ChemistrySelect 4, no. 19 (May 20, 2019): 5496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/slct.201901210.
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Komadel, Peter. "Reduction and Reoxidation of Nontronite: Extent of Reduction and Reaction Rates." Clays and Clay Minerals 38, no. 2 (1990): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1990.0380212.
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Wei, Zhibin, Clifford C. Walters, J. Michael Moldowan, Paul J. Mankiewicz, Robert J. Pottorf, Yitian Xiao, Will Maze, et al. "Thiadiamondoids as proxies for the extent of thermochemical sulfate reduction." Organic Geochemistry 44 (March 2012): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.11.008.
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VAN OS, J., C. GILVARRY, R. BALE, E. VAN HORN, T. TATTAN, I. WHITE, and R. MURRAY. "To what extent does symptomatic improvement result in better outcome in psychotic illness?" Psychological Medicine 29, no. 5 (September 1999): 1183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799001014.
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Background. The effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in psychosis is increasingly reported in terms of reductions in different symptom dimensions. It remains unclear, however, to what degree such symptomatic changes are accompanied by improvement in other measures such as service use, quality of life, and needs for care.Methods. A sample of 708 patients with chronic psychotic illness was assessed on three occasions over 2 years (baseline, year 1 and year 2). A multilevel analysis was conducted to examine to what degree reduction in psychopathological scores derived from factor analysis of the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS), was associated with improvement in service use, disability, subjective outcomes and measures of self-harm.Results. Reduction in positive, negative, depressive and manic symptoms over the study period were all independently associated with lessening of social disability. Reduction in negative symptoms, and to a lesser extent in positive and manic symptoms, was associated with less time in hospital and more time living independently, whereas changes in positive and manic symptoms resulted in fewer admissions. Subjective outcomes such as improvement in quality of life, perceived needs for care and dissatisfaction with services showed the strongest associations with reduction in depressive symptoms. Reduction in positive symptoms was associated with decreased likelihood of parasuicide. Results did not differ according to diagnostic category.Conclusion. The findings suggest that changes in distinct psychopathological dimensions independently and differentially influence outcome. Therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing symptoms of more than one dimension are likely to have more widespread effects.
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Ramesh, K. V., and P. Goswami. "Reduction in temporal and spatial extent of the Indian summer monsoon." Geophysical Research Letters 34, no. 23 (December 5, 2007): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007gl031613.
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Chen, D. Z., D. Jang, K. M. Guan, Q. An, W. A. Goddard, and J. R. Greer. "Nanometallic Glasses: Size Reduction Brings Ductility, Surface State Drives Its Extent." Nano Letters 13, no. 9 (August 30, 2013): 4462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl402384r.
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Nahayo, Lamek, Lanhai Li, Gabriel Habiyaremye, Mindje Richard, Valentine Mukanyandwi, Egide Hakorimana, and Christophe Mupenzi. "Extent of disaster courses delivery for the risk reduction in Rwanda." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 27 (March 2018): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.09.046.
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Almosa, Yara, Joy Parkinson, and Sharyn Rundle-Thiele. "Littering Reduction." Social Marketing Quarterly 23, no. 3 (March 7, 2017): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500417697654.
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Littering continues to be a problem worldwide. The purpose of this article is to update earlier systematic reviews on littering and using a scorecard of seven social marketing components, assess the extent of social marketing use in identified littering programs. Following Center for Reviews and Dissemination guidelines, the search included all peer-reviewed studies published between 1995 and 2015 in the English language available through 10 databases. A total of 1,220 articles were initially identified and resulted in a final set of 17 that met the study criteria. The analysis revealed key insights including a lack of social marketing use in litter prevention efforts to date providing an opportunity for future research. Limitations of the current study and opportunities for future research are outlined.
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Wong, Shao Ing, Han Lin, Yunyi Yang, Jaka Sunarso, Basil T. Wong, and Baohua Jia. "Tailoring reduction extent of flash-reduced graphene oxides for high performance supercapacitors." Journal of Power Sources 478 (December 2020): 228732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228732.
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Aljabri, Ahmed, MOHANNAD ALSHIBANI, Stephen Perona, MOTEB KHOBRANI, Daniel Jarrell, and Asad Patanwala. "1351: EXTENT OF BLOOD GLUCOSE REDUCTION DUE TO INSULIN USE FOR HYPERKALEMIA." Critical Care Medicine 46, no. 1 (January 2018): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000529354.40995.71.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Extent of reduction"
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Freeman, Kathryn L. "Extent and stability of stuttering reduction during choral reading." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0003/MQ36442.pdf.
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Sun, Xiao-Jing. "The extent and importance of single electron transfers in organic reactions." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/27981.
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Brown, Jared C. "UV Visible Spectra Analysis of High Temperature Water Gas Shift Catalysts Made from Iron, Lanthanum, Copper, and Chromium Oxides." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3222.
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Hydrogen is a vital component in several different chemical reactions as well as a potential fuel source for the future. The water gas shift (WGS) reaction converts CO and water to hydrogen and CO2. The objective of this work is to first, characterize the potential benefits of the addition of lanthanum oxide (lanthana) to the iron-chromium-copper (Fe-Cr-Cu) oxide catalysts industrially used in high temperature water gas shift processes, and second, analyze these catalysts using in-situ UV-Visible spectroscopy. The benefits of each component in the catalyst are discussed as well as potential benefits from the addition of lanthana. Lanthana is a rare earth oxide that dramatically increases the surface area of the iron based WGS catalysts, and small concentrations of other rare earth oxides (i.e. cerium) have been shown to increase the rate of desorption of CO2 from iron surfaces (Hu Yanping 2002). Lanthana has similar chemical properties to other rare earth oxides tested and has not been previously tested as an additive to the WGS catalyst. Therefore catalysts with 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 wt% lanthana were made via a co-precipitation method in order to measure changes in activity, physical stability, and thermal stability. Catalyst characterization techniques utilized include electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), temperature programmed reduction (TPR) with hydrogen, and nitrogen physisorption (BET). The kinetic analysis was performed utilizing both mass spectroscopy (MS) and gas chromatography (GC). The addition of 1 wt% lanthana to the Fe-Cr-Cu catalysts increases WGS reaction rates of the catalyst at 425°C and 350°C, however the 0% La catalyst has the highest rates at 375°C and 400°C. The 0% La catalyst shows significant drop off in rate at 425°C, suggesting that the lanthana provides a small thermal stabilizing, i.e. the addition of lanthana prevents catalyst sintering at higher temperatures. Traditionally, chromia acts as the sole thermal stabilizer in these catalysts. The addition of large amounts of lanthana inhibits the chromia stabilizing effect, however small additions of lanthana appear to have an additional catalyst promotional effect without interfering with the chromia thermal stabilization. The increased WGS reaction rates at higher temperatures could allow for greater throughput of reactants in industrial settings. Higher concentrations of lanthana decrease the activity due to what is believed to be disruption of the chromia stabilizing effect as well as reduced amount of the active phase of catalyst. In-situ UV-Visible analysis shows that the oxidation state of the iron in the catalyst has a direct correlation to the UV-Visible light absorbance of the surface of the iron catalyst. Extent of reduction is traditionally measured with a synchrotron which is significantly more expensive than UV-Vis spectroscopy. This study uses the more economical UV-Vis spectrometer to determine similar information. The lanthana doped catalysts show an over-reduction of iron during WGS conditions (i.e. rapid reduction of Fe2O3 to Fe3O4 and FeO).
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Camargo, Maiuí Nagao Lindqquer de 1990. "Influência do grau de redução do óxido de grafeno eletroquimicamente reduzido nas suas propriedades eletroquímicas." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/248391.
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Orientador: Lauro Tatsuo KubotaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T13:04:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camargo_MaiuiNagaoLindqquerde_M.pdf: 3614340 bytes, checksum: 6d1263c93417d379a0c3010830acb5e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Resumo: Este trabalho visa demonstrar como o grau de redução do óxido de grafeno eletroquimicamente reduzido (ERGO) pode ser modulado dependendo das condições experimentais utilizadas para se fazer a redução eletroquímica, e como ele influencia nas propriedades eletroquímicas do material final. Esta influência pôde ser constatada por medidas eletroquímicas, de espectroscopia Raman e de fotoelétrons excitados por raios-X (XPS). Através de experimentos eletroquímicos feitos na presença da sonda de ferri/ferrocianeto de potássio, foi possível demonstrar que os eletrodos de ouro modificados com os ERGOs com maiores graus de redução se comportam eletroquimicamente de maneira similar ao não modificado, e portanto, a redução dos grupos oxigenados da superfície do material é importante para que essa similaridade seja atingida. No entanto, essa sonda não permite monitorar o balanço entre grupos oxidados e reduzidos e para fazer isso, foi escolhida uma sonda eletroativa sensível aos grupos oxigenados. Análises feitas na presença de ?-nicotinamida adenina dinucleotídeo (NADH) demonstraram que grupos funcionais oxigenados essenciais para a oxidação dessa espécie estavam diminuindo na superfície do material com o aumento do grau de redução deste. Os espectros de Raman e de XPS também confirmaram essa informação. Além disso, a capacidade adsortiva do ERGO foi testada utilizando o corante Azul de Meldola. Novamente, o grau de redução do ERGO teve papel fundamental, uma vez que interações ?-? ou eletrostáticas podem ser favorecidas entre o ERGO e o corante, dependendo do grau de redução do primeiro, implicando em propriedades distintas dos materiais frente a oxidação de NADH
Abstract: This work aims to demonstrate how the extent of reduction of the electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) can be modulated depending on the experimental conditions used for performing the electrochemical reduction, and how it influences on the electrochemical properties of the final material. This influence can be verified by electrochemical, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. By means of electrochemical experiments carried out in the presence of the ferro/ferricyanide probe, it was possible to demonstrate that the gold electrodes modified with the ERGOs with higher extents of reduction behave electrochemically in a similar manner to the non-modified, and therefore, the reduction of the oxygenated groups on the surface of the material is important for this similarity to be reached. However, this probe does not permit the monitoring of the balance between oxidized and reduced groups and to do so, an electroactive probe sensitive to the oxygenated groups was chosen. Analyses done in the presence of ?-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) enabled the conclusion that the oxygenated functional groups essential for the oxidation of this species decreased on the surface of the material with the increase of the extent of reduction. The Raman and XPS spectra also confirmed this information. Apart from this, the adsorptive capacity of the ERGO was tested using the dye Meldola's Blue. Once again, the extent of reduction of the ERGO had a fundamental role, since ?-? or electrostatic interactions can be favoured to occur between the ERGO and the dye, depending on the extent of reduction of the former, leading to distinct properties of the materials regarding NADH oxidation
Mestrado
Quimica Analitica
Mestra em Química
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Jimu, Tawanda. "Assessment of the type, extent and modalities of intra-regional fish trade: A case of South Africa and other Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6451.
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Magister Philosophiae - MPhil (LAS) (Land and Agrarian Studies)This study assessed the type, extent and modalities of intra-regional fish trade between South Africa and other SADC countries. Cross-border fish trade and its importance in boosting intra-regional fish trade between South Africa and the rest of SADC is poorly documented and as such, little systematic effort has been made to understand its type, extent and modalities in order to address the problems of those engaged in the activity. Regional fish trade continues to be important even though it is not always adequately reflected in official statistics. The qualitative research methodology formed the basis of this study. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with fish traders at Park City Central Bus Station in Johannesburg and in-depth interviews with selected key informants from customs, port, health and immigration officials at the Beitbridge and Lebombo border posts. Participants of the study were selected through a combination of purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to digitise national boundaries, border posts and the routes used by fish traders from the sources to distribution points in Johannesburg. The study adopted the new regionalism, regional integration and regional trade conceptual frameworks and attempted to apply the pro-fish trade theory as the theoretical framework.
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Conway, William. "The deep extent of mental autonomy." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1722.
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The central aim of this thesis is to argue that the autonomous nature of mentalistic explanation presents a stronger constraint on what counts as a satisfactory statement of the relation between the mental and the physical than can be acknowledged within the metaphysical framework of non-reductive physicalism. Although the chief merit of non-reductive physicalism appears to be its ability to respect the irreducibility of mental concepts to physical concepts, whilst respecting the primacy of the physical ontology, I claim that its commitment to the principles of physicalism prevents that framework from being able to accommodate what I will refer to as the deeper extent of the autonomous nature of mentalistic explanation. The deeper extent of the autonomous nature of mentalistic explanation manifests itself in the fact that the work carried out by mentalistic explanations is completely separate from the work carried out by physicalistic explanations. I claim that the deeper extent of the autonomous nature of mentalistic explanation cannot be recognised within a metaphysical framework which claims to recognise the primacy of the physical ontology because recopsing deep autonomy requires giving up the assumption that the mental must be related to the physical in the manner appropriate to discharging such metaphysical principles. I defend the claim that we can recognise the deeper extent of the autonomous nature of mentalistic explanation if we take our successful explanatory practices as the starting point of our investigation, and only then revert to the question of how best to articulate the relation between the mental and the physical. My claim is that there is an intrinsic connection between the nature of the mental and the nature of human relationships, and I therefore suggest that the autonomous nature of mentalistic explanation ought to be understood in connection with the autonomous nature of human relationships. The basic ideas in this thesis are derived by combining features of Wittgenstein’s rule following considerations with features of John MacMurray’s approach to human relationships. On the basis of this combination, I argue for the more specific claim that there is an intrinsic connection between what it means to say that an individual has the capacity to think and what it means to say that he has the capacity to be involved in various types of human relationships. This connection is then used to develop a non-causal account of human action to challenge the physicalist ’s causal account, which will be used to support the claim that mentalistic explanations are autonomous with respect to physicalistic explanations in the deeper sense. I conclude by arguing that the considerations which put us in position to recognise the deeper extent of the autonomous nature of mentalistic explanation ought to constrain our statement of the relation between the mental and the physical, and I suggest that this statement should be consistent with the way in which mentalistic and physicalistic explanations carry out their work in our explanatory practices. I claim that individuals are subject to mentalistic explanations in so far as they have a life to live in the world with other people, and that individuals are subject to physicalistic explanations in so far as human beings are creatures whose life has a natural biological dimension. But rather than identifying the mental with the physical, and thereby compromise the deeper extent of the autonomous nature of mentalistic explanation, I suggest that this relation might be understood in terms of the fact that the mental is embedded in the dimension of human life which is constituted by the involvement of individuals in various types of relationshps with each other, and that the dimension of human life in which physicalistic explanations are operative is presupposed as the causal background which must be in place if individuals are to have such a life to live in the world.
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Borer, Erich Karl. "Externe Vorspannung." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-37816.
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Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit soll ein Beitrag geleistet werden, die lokalen Tragmechanismen eines Brückenhohlkastens im Bereich der Feldumlenkstellen (Feldlisenen) zu untersuchen und zu optimieren. Beim Entwurf einer Brücke gewinnt die Frage der Dauerhaftigkeit u.a. in Deutschland und der Schweiz eine immer zentralere und grössere Bedeutung. Dadurch können die laufenden Kosten reduziert werden, während ausserhalb dieser beiden Länder im Allgemeinen mehr Gewicht auf die rationelle Fertigung und die Kostenersparnis in der Bauphase gelegt werden. Die Dauerhaftigkeit von extern vorgespannten Brücken mit ihren relativ geringen Wartungs- und Unterhalts- bzw. Instandstellungskosten sind das Hauptargument für diese Bauweise. Bei Vorspannung ohne Verbund sind für externe Spannglieder grössere Verankerungskonstruktionen erforderlich. Dies, weil die Spannglieder nicht im Steg selbst, sondern mit einem Mindestabstand zum Steg in Lisenen vorgespannt werden müssen. Über diese Verankerungsstellen werden in Hohlkastenbrücken grosse Kräfte konzentriert in die Stege, Boden- und Fahrbahnplatten eingeleitet. Im Sinne von Gewichtsreduktion des Brückenbauwerks sollen die Feldlisenen möglichst schlank und Platz sparend ausgeführt werden. Nur durch eine sorgfältige Bemessung und Konstruktion der Verankerungs- und Umlenkstellen kann die Voraussetzung für sichere und dauerhafte Brückenbauwerke gewährleistet werden. Die Bruchsicherheit ist dadurch nicht beeinträchtigt. Von grösstem Interesse ist jedoch die Gebrauchstauglichkeit, das heisst die Rissbreiten mit Rücksicht auf Korrosionsschäden in der Bewehrung. Bei den ersten in Deutschland extern vorgespannten Brücken schlug Prof. Eibl für den Stahl III vor, die Spannungen von 240 N/mm2 auf 220 N/mm2 zu begrenzen. In der Richtlinie für externe Vorspannung von 1998 wurden die Spannungen weiter auf 180 N/mm2 reduziert. Um eine unkontrollierte Rissbildung in den hoch bewehrten Verankerungskonstruktionen zu verhindern, sind genaue Kenntnisse der Kraftflüsse und für die Praxis taugliche Bemessungsmodelle notwendig. Die Geometrie und die statische Berechnung der gewählten Umlenkkonstruktion müssen entsprechend gewichtet werden. In dieser Arbeit werden an zwei Vergleichsmodellen, die lokalen Tragmechanismen einer extern vorgespannten Hohlkastenbrücke im Bereich der Feldumlenkstelle (Feldlisene) untersucht. Mit linear-elastischen und nichtlinearen numerischen Berechnungen wird abgeklärt, ob unter dem Ansatz einer Spannungserhöhung im Bewehrungsstahl auf 285 N/mm2, die Gebrauchstauglichkeit noch gewährleistet werden kann. Den Berechnungen wird eine Krafteinleitung von 2 x 3 MN mit Umlenkkräften von 4 x 0,64 MN zu Grunde gelegt. Die Berechnungen zeigen, dass das Ziel, mit einer Bewehrung von As = 3,35 % m2/m unter Gebrauchslasten keine Rissbreiten über 0,2 mm auftreten, erreicht werden kann. Die Berechnungen werden zudem an einem Brückenmodell im Massstab 1:1 in einem Belastungsversuch an der Empa in Dübendorf auf ihre Aussagekraft und Richtigkeit überprüft und bestätigtThis present work which is aimed at contributing to local carrying mechanisms of a bridging box girder in the field of belt reversals, should be investigated and optimized. In designing a bridge the main concern is that of durability; especially in Germany and Switzerland, this is invariably acquiring a more central meaning. In this way recurring expenses can be reduced, whilst beyond these two countries in general more weight is laid on the rational manufacture and cost saving in the construction phases. The durability of externally pre-stressed bridges with their relatively low maintenance and service as well as repair costs are the main arguments for this method of construction. Larger anchorage construction is necessary for pre-tensioning external tensions. This is because the tensions are themselves not placed on the ligament itself, but must be pre-stressed in pilaster strips with a minimum distance. Over these anchorage locations immense energy is concentrated in the large box girder bridges, and thus induced in the ligament, ground and track supporting layers. As far as weight reduction of the bridging structure is concerned, the field pilaster strips should be designed as thin as possible and also be able to save space. Only through careful measuring and construction of the anchor and turning points can the requirements for safe and lasting bridge construction works be guaranteed. The bridge safety is thus not affected. However, the greatest interest is that of userfriendliness, i.e. the width of the fissure with consideration of corrosion damages in the armouring. At the first external pre-stressed bridge in Germany, Prof. Eibl suggested that for the steel III, stressing of 240/Nmm2 should be limited to 220 N/mm2. In the guideline for external pre-stressing of 1998, the tensions were further reduced to 180 N/mm2. In order to prevent an uncontrolled crack formation in the highly armoured anchorage construction, concrete knowledge of the distribution of forces for the applicable measurement models is necessary. The geometry and the statistical calculation of the selected deflect construction must be weighed accordingly. In this project two comparative models were inspected, which tested the local load mechanism of an external pre-stressed box girder bridge in the field redirecting area. With linear elasticity and numerical calculations it is possible to clarify if the serviceability can be allowed under the accretion of a stress increase in the armouring steel to 285 N/mm2. The calculations are based on a load transmission of 2 x 3 MN with a deviation force of 4 x 0,64 MN. The calculations will have a force transmission of 2 x 3 MN with turning forces of 4 x 0.64 MN forming the basis. The calculations portray that the goal to avoid any fissures over 0,2 mm can be achieved, with an armoring of As = 3,35 % m2/m under the service load. Additionally, the calculations will be assessed of their validity and accuracy on a scale of 1:1 in a loading test at the EMPA (the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research) in Dübendorf and be therefore confirmed
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Zanon, Mariana Santos. "Distribuição, tamanho populacional e conservação de Mimus gilvus (Aves: Mimidae) no Estado do Rio de Janeiro." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1566.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoA extensão da distribuição geográfica e a abundância local se combinam para determinar o tamanho populacional total das espécies. Entretanto, tais atributos são desconhecidos para a maioria das aves. Isso representa um problema para a conservação das espécies, baseada primariamente na manutenção do número e distribuição destas. A União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza (IUCN), por exemplo, adota a distribuição geográfica e o tamanho populacional como critérios para avaliação de ameaça de extinção de espécies. Mimus gilvus, o sabiá-da-praia, é uma ave afetada por alterações no seu hábitat e captura. No litoral oriental brasileiro, habita exclusivamente restingas, e seu desaparecimento vem sendo divulgado para alguns remanescentes de restinga fluminenses. Essa ave é categorizada como Em Perigo em avaliações dos estados do Rio de Janeiro e Espírito Santo. O objetivo geral do presente estudo foi prover uma atualização da distribuição geográfica de M. gilvus no estado do Rio de Janeiro e fornecer uma estimativa do tamanho atual de sua população remanescente neste estado. Duas metodologias foram aplicadas: transecções lineares e amostragem por pontos (marcados ao longo de transecções). As transecções foram realizadas em 15 remanescentes de restinga. O esforço de busca pela espécie foi complementado por meio de visitas fortuitas, gerando uma soma de 21 áreas exploradas. Um total de 40 pontos foi amostrado em quatro remanescentes onde a presença da espécie havia sido confirmada. Os dados de presença e ausência permitiram a geração de um mapa de extensão de ocorrência atual de M. gilvus no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Adicionalmente, produziu-se um mapa de extensão de ocorrência original de M. gilvus, para comparação. A extensão de ocorrência da espécie foi calculada segundo definição da IUCN. A partir dos dados de abundância populacional gerados por transecções e pontos, calculou-se a densidade populacional de M. gilvus para cada remanescente onde a espécie esteve presente. A espécie foi encontrada em apenas quatro (19%) das 21 áreas amostradas. Sua densidade populacional média foi de 37 indivíduos/km2 (transecções) e de 52 indivíduos/km2 (pontos). Os valores de extensão de ocorrência estimados foram de 760 km2 (atual) e 2143 km2 (original). Combinando-se a extensão de ocorrência e a densidade média populacional, foram obtidos valores de tamanho populacional máximo de 29640 (transecções) e 39520 indivíduos (pontos) e mínimo considerando a probabilidade de ocorrência da espécie de 8299 (transecções) e 17784 indivíduos (pontos). No estado do Rio de Janeiro, M. gilvus sofreu redução dos limites de sua extensão de ocorrência ao leste, e surgiram vazios na porção central de sua extensão de ocorrência original. De acordo com as quantificações dos critérios propostos pela IUCN, confirmou-se a categoria regional de ameaça Em Perigo (EN) para M. gilvus. Isso reflete a intensa pressão antrópica sobre as restingas e, possivelmente, também está associado com a captura de ninhegos. Portanto, pressões antrópicas levam a espécie a uma situação de isolamento populacional e de extinções locais, provavelmente irreversível. Recomendam-se uma efetiva proteção formal dos remanescentes de restinga e educação ambiental para mitigar as pressões sobre a espécie e evitar mais extinções locais.
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DESTREM, JEAN-PIERRE. "Le choc electrique externe dans la reduction des fibrillations auriculaires : facteurs influant sur le resultat immediat ou a moyen terme." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU31140.
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Pinheiro, Maicon. "Imobilização externa com canaleta de alumínio em fraturas de rádio e ulna em cães." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2009. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10052.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe main reason demanding the veterinary orthopedics services are fractures. There are several alternatives for the treatment of a fracture; however all of them aim to obtain a fast bone union, preserving the normal function of joints and soft tissues close to it. Some fractures consolidate adequately, after the correct use of a specific immobilization method, yet others result in a slower consolidation or no union. The repair of a fracture involves a sequence of cell events which evolutes since the aggression itself, formation of hematoma, starting of a plastic callus, organization of callus and recasting. It is proposed in this research, a technique for external immobilization of radio and ulna fractures in dogs. This method was used in 16 animals, patients from The Veterinary Hospital from Federal University of Santa Maria (HVU-UFSM) during the period from March 2008 to May 2009. All the patients were clinically evaluated concerning their general health conditions; after this evaluation, it was obtained the clinical-surgical diagnosis of the fracture with the help of a radiographic exam of the fractured limb. After being submitted to general anesthesia, the closed reduction of the fracture was performed, which was immobilized using an aluminum cast, made and adapted exactly to the anatomical shape of the animal s limb. Aiming to accompany the process of bone healing, the patients were submitted to radiographic control at 30, 45 and 60 days after treatment and the cast was removed when a stable bone callus was seen and there was not the line of fracture anymore. The method proposed provided the necessary conditions for the healing process, allowing, thus, the bone consolidation and the return to the patient s normal ambulation and can be used as an additional alternative to the external immobilization methods of radio and ulna fractures in dogs.
A principal causa de procura pelo setor de ortopedia veterinária são as fraturas. Existem várias alternativas para o tratamento de uma fratura, porém todas têm por finalidade obter rápida união óssea, preservando a função normal das articulações e dos tecidos moles próximos. Algumas fraturas consolidam adequadamente após uso correto de determinado método de imobilização, contudo outras resultam em consolidação demorada ou não-união. A reparação de uma fratura envolve uma sequência de eventos celulares que evoluem desde agressão propriamente dita, formação do hematoma, iniciação do calo plástico, organização do calo e remodelação. Propõe-se nesta pesquisa uma técnica alternativa para imobilização externa de fraturas de rádio e ulna em cães. Esse método foi empregado em 16 animais pacientes do Hospital Veterinário Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (HVU UFSM) no período de março de 2008 a maio de 2009. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente quanto as suas condições gerais de saúde; posteriormente a esta avaliação, obteve-se o diagnóstico clínico cirúrgico da fratura com auxílio do exame radiográfico do membro fraturado. Após anestesia geral, foi realizada a redução fechada da fratura, a qual foi imobilizada, utilizando-se uma canaleta de alumínio, confeccionada e moldada exatamente aos contornos anatômicos do membro do animal. No intuito de acompanhar o processo de cicatrização óssea, os pacientes foram submetidos ao controle radiográfico aos 30, 45 e 60 dias após o tratamento. Sendo a canaleta removida quando da formação de calo ósseo estável e desaparecimento da linha de fratura. O método proposto proporcionou as condições necessárias para o processo de cicatrização das fraturas, permitindo, assim, a consolidação óssea e o retorno à deambulação normal aos pacientes, podendo ser empregado como alternativa adicional aos métodos de imobilização externa de fraturas de rádio e ulna em cães.
Books on the topic "Extent of reduction"
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Young, Carolyn. An evaluation of the extent to which the Northern Region has adopted a harm reduction policy to drug misuse. Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1994.
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Hicks, J. A. To what extent can land use planning policy, with relation to location of town centre employment use, contribute to a reduction in car use?. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 1997.
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Lewis, R. J. Transport for tourists. To what extent is the tourism industry willing to contribute to traffic impact reduction policies? Does policy ask for industry contributions towards achieving its aims?. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 1999.
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Crespellani, Teresa, ed. Terremoto e ricerca. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-819-2.
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The profound cultural transformation that has taken place in Italian seismic studies in the last ten years is distinguished by the growing interest in the problem of assessing the effects of earthquakes linked to local conditions, and in the related issue of a precise definition of the properties of the soil in the sphere of the dynamic and cyclical stresses induced by seismic actions. Despite the profound awareness of the extent to which the nature of the soil contributes to the destructive effects of earthquakes, we are still a long way from the possibility of a realistic forecast of the seismic behaviour of the Italian soils. This is because the identification of the dynamic properties calls for experimental equipment that is technologically complex and costly as well as lengthy observation and qualified personnel. The rare experimental data that have been acquired to date hence represent a fundamental element for scientific reflection. This book has been conceived with a view to setting at the disposal of a broader public the results of the tests conducted on site and in the laboratory on the soil of certain significant seismic areas using the dynamic-type apparatus of the Geotechnical Laboratory of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICeA) of the University of Florence. It presents a selection of the works of the Geotechnical section of the DICeA that have been published in various specialist international and national ambits. These studies were largely launched following the seismic sequence in Umbria and the Marches, in collaboration with several Regional Authorities and Research Institutes for the reduction of the seismic risk in Italy (GNDT, IRRS, INGV). In addition to the experimental techniques and the results obtained, the models and the geotechnical procedures adopted for assessing the effects of site and soil instability in certain specific deposits of the Italian territory are also expounded.
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Kotikula, Aphichoke, Ambar Narayan, and Hassan Zaman. To What Extent Are Bangladesh's Recent Gains In Poverty Reduction Different From The Past? The World Bank, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5199.
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Watson, Derrill D. Climate Change and Agriculture. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.025.
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Complementarities between improving agricultural production, adapting to climate change, and reducing poverty are likely to increase with climate change. Thus, the worse you believe the effects of climate change will be, the more valuable it will be to invest in sustainable agriculture and poverty reduction. Agriculture will better support climate goals to the extent that externalities are internalized by market participants through a set of policies termed full-costing. Even though global full-costing may be out of reach for technical, practical, and political reasons, this chapter illustrates that numerous options exist to bring agricultural policies closer to socially optimal values.
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Carrilho, João Z., and Rui N. Ribeiro. Influence of institutional factors on the performance of the agricultural sector in Mozambique. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/885-6.
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This paper is a review of the institutions and the performance of the agricultural sector in Mozambique, using an analysis table adapted to the assessment of the connections between the institutions and economic development. In the first part, information is presented on the performance of the sector between 2008 and 2017, showing a per capita reduction in productivity and the production of foodstuffs. The second part offers an analysis on the extent to which, and the way that, the development of the sector institutions influenced agricultural performance during that period. There was found to have been institutional instability that affected performance in the sector, which was unable to slow the reduction in production and productivity, which could reflect a wider socioeconomic and institutional environment, i.e. beyond the agricultural sector. The third part looks at some elements for reflection on institutional issues that could contribute to the debate on the future development of the agricultural sector. We refer to the need to think about the future of agriculture in Mozambique from a long-term perspective, focusing on the adoption and stabilization of an institutional framework aimed at increasing agricultural productivity and preserving the environment.
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Graham, Coop, and Seif Isabella. Part II Investor-State Arbitration in the Energy Sector, 10 ECT and States’ Right to Regulate. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198805786.003.0010.
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This chapter explores the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) and states' right to regulate. The stability of a host state's regulatory framework is of prime importance for foreign investors, particularly in the energy sector. Changes in the host state's regulatory framework (for example, the reduction or removal of subsidies, or imposition or increase of taxes) can cause harm to the investment. Looking at concluded ECT cases, this chapter analyzes how tribunals have balanced states' substantive obligations to foreign investors under the ECT against their sovereign right to regulate within their own territory. In this context, the chapter touches upon recent cases in the renewable energy sector and discusses the extent to which investment protection under the ECT may lead to a so-called ‘regulatory chill’.
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Hood, Christopher, and Rozana Himaz. UK Fiscal Squeezes over a Century. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779612.003.0002.
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This chapter draws on historical statistics reporting financial outcomes for spending, taxation, debt, and deficit for the UK over a century to (a) identify quantitatively and compare the main fiscal squeeze episodes (i.e. major revenue increases, spending cuts, or both) in terms of type (soft squeezes and hard squeezes, spending squeezes, and revenue squeezes), depth, and length; (b) compare these periods of austerity against measures of fiscal consolidation in terms of deficit reduction; and (c) identify economic and financial conditions before and after the various squeezes. It explores the extent to which the identification of squeeze episodes and their classification is sensitive to which thresholds are set and what data sources are used. The chapter identifies major changes over time that emerge from this analysis over the changing depth and types of squeeze.
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Hellman, Samuel. Research. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190650551.003.0004.
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Research is an integral part of the author’s academic life. His clinical research began with how best to combine surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy to increase tumor cure. Since these modalities had different mechanisms of action as well as different toxicities and limitations, combining them offered the potential of more effective and less morbid treatments. While he began these studies with Hodgkin and other lymphomas, breast cancer was a major emphasis throughout his career. Lymphoma treatment has improved greatly, resulting in marked increases in cure rates. Breast cancer treatment now is more efficacious, with a significant reduction in the extent of surgery and its resulting functional and aesthetic effects. The author was an active participant in these efforts internationally. With Ralph Weichselbaum’s group he has shown how metastases can be cured early in their evolution.
Book chapters on the topic "Extent of reduction"
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Zacher, Judith B. "Extent of Symptoms Preoperatively and Success of Breast Reduction for Symptomatic Macromastia: Personal Experiences." In Mastopexy and Breast Reduction, 29–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89873-3_6.
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Dederichs, B., J. E. Klink, R. Otte, and H. Schicha. "Course of Time and Extent of The Thyroid Volume Reduction after Radioiodine Therapy in Graves Disease and Autonomous Goiter." In Radioactive Isotopes in Clinical Medicine and Research, 519–22. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7772-5_87.
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von Weizsäcker, Carl Christian, and Hagen M. Krämer. "Land." In Saving and Investment in the Twenty-First Century, 105–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75031-2_5.
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AbstractPrivate wealth is comprised in part of capitalized future land rents. The Golden Rule of Accumulation is preserved even if we introduce land into our meta-model. Urban land is far more valuable than agricultural land. The risk tied to land leads to a reduction in its value in the form of a “risk premium” α > 0. Land rents can be taxed without any possibility of the tax being passed on to tenants and without loss of efficiency. If the tax is offset by a reduction in income tax, their taxation can even give rise to efficiency gains and positive distributive effects. The possibility of government intervention in the residential rental market represents a further risk for landowners. The sensitivity of the value of land to changes in the interest rate and hence the risk premium α rise with falling interest rates. In light of these many different risks, land as investment can only to a limited extent be a substitute for government bonds and hence for increasing private wealth by way of public debt. We calculate the value of land as asset category in the OECD plus China region. To this end, we primarily rely on data from statistical offices that provide figures for land in their national balance sheets. Our calculations show that the value of land in the countries of the OECD plus China region is about twice annual consumption in the region.
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Muller, Mike. "Managing Current Climate Variability Can Ensure Water Security Under Climate Change." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_243-1.
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AbstractWater resources will be significantly impacted upon by climate change, and these impacts will be transmitted to the many sectors and services dependent on them. The nature, extent, and timing of these impacts remain uncertain, but the long lifetime of water infrastructures requires that their planning, development, and operations should be resilient to climate changes. An effective approach is to focus on the management of current climate variability as it relates to water, which strengthens the ability of communities and countries to foresee, manage, and adapt to the impacts of longer-term climate change on water-related activities. This approach is illustrated by cases from Southern and Eastern Africa.Current “stationary” stochastic methods of hydrological analysis can still be used under assumptions of a “dynamic stationarity” although more regular updating of hydrological data will be required. Methodologies to evaluate economic dimensions of risk reduction introduce additional uncertainties but may help decision-makers to understand the risks and opportunities. Diversification of sources and sequencing of resource development pathways are helpful strategies to adapt to climate change but must ensure that risks affecting different sources are not correlated. Attention must also be given to demand-side interventions in order to reconcile supply and demand, and these perspectives must be shared with social, economic, and political actors to ensure that strategies are communicated, understood, and supported by the wider community.
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Muller, Mike. "Managing Current Climate Variability Can Ensure Water Security Under Climate Change." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2311–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_243.
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AbstractWater resources will be significantly impacted upon by climate change, and these impacts will be transmitted to the many sectors and services dependent on them. The nature, extent, and timing of these impacts remain uncertain, but the long lifetime of water infrastructures requires that their planning, development, and operations should be resilient to climate changes. An effective approach is to focus on the management of current climate variability as it relates to water, which strengthens the ability of communities and countries to foresee, manage, and adapt to the impacts of longer-term climate change on water-related activities. This approach is illustrated by cases from Southern and Eastern Africa.Current “stationary” stochastic methods of hydrological analysis can still be used under assumptions of a “dynamic stationarity” although more regular updating of hydrological data will be required. Methodologies to evaluate economic dimensions of risk reduction introduce additional uncertainties but may help decision-makers to understand the risks and opportunities. Diversification of sources and sequencing of resource development pathways are helpful strategies to adapt to climate change but must ensure that risks affecting different sources are not correlated. Attention must also be given to demand-side interventions in order to reconcile supply and demand, and these perspectives must be shared with social, economic, and political actors to ensure that strategies are communicated, understood, and supported by the wider community.
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"Extent of reduction of damages C 77-3." In International Sales Law, 594–95. Routledge-Cavendish, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203945445-212.
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Mahmood, Shakeel, and Razia Rani. "Extent of 2014 Flood Damages in Chenab Basin Upper Indus Plain." In Natural Hazards - Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Reduction. IntechOpen, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79687.
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Eilu, Emmanuel, and Theresa Odur Auma. "Mobile Money Services as a Panacea to Financial Inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa." In Wealth Creation and Poverty Reduction, 569–81. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1207-4.ch034.
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One of the most important drivers for sustainable economic growth and development is financial inclusion. This explains why financial exclusion is a leading cause of extreme poverty and a key barrier to growth. The level of financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa still remains low. However, there is evidence that mobile money technology, taking advantage of the high level of mobile phone penetration in the region, has been seen to drive financial inclusion. However, very few studies have been conducted in the region to particularly establish the extent mobile money service usage has leveraged financial inclusion. In this study, we investigate the extent to which three most common mobile money services namely, sending money, receiving money and bill payment have leveraged financial inclusion in a Sub-Saharan African country like Uganda. Our study reveals that the most widely used mobile money service in this rural area was for receiving money. This has greatly enhanced financial inclusion by facilitating both domestic and international remittance.
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Tsujimura, Sohei, and Takeshi Akit. "Psychophysiological Experiments on Extent of Disturbance of Noises Under Conditions of Different Types of Brain Works." In Noise Control, Reduction and Cancellation Solutions in Engineering. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/25703.
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Gopalakrishnan, Badri Narayanan, Anchal Jain, and Nathalie Chalon. "Analysis of Circular Economy From a Household Perspective in the USA." In Examining the Intersection of Circular Economy, Forestry, and International Trade, 18–27. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4990-2.ch002.
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In this chapter, the authors conduct original research on household emissions based on data from various sources in the literature. They analyze the extent of reduction of GHG emissions by adopting zero waste strategies by the households voluntarily, incurring no costs, but rather savings in wasteful expenditure. They then model this extent of reductions using a global computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to understand what could have been the carbon tax imposed to achieve this extent of GHG reduction. From the analysis, they find about 50% of GHG potential can be reduced from household emissions, as well as the associated life cycle emissions of products consumed. Reduced wasteful expenditure may facilitate both savings-led investments and the purchase of more green products by consumers, thereby boosting the economy. Therefore, they conclude that policies that incentivize zero waste lifestyle may go a long way in reducing the supposed tradeoff between the economy and the environment. They also review some strategies for the households, based on the literature, to minimize waste.
Conference papers on the topic "Extent of reduction"
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Li, M., N. Williams, and S. Azarm. "Interval Uncertainty Reduction and Single-Disciplinary Sensitivity Analysis With Multi-Objective Optimization." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86282.
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Sensitivity analysis has received significant attention in engineering design. While sensitivity analysis methods can be global, taking into account all variations, or local, taking into account small variations, they generally identify which uncertain parameters are most important and to what extent their effect might be on design performance. The extant methods do not, in general, tackle the question of which ranges of parameter uncertainty are most important or how to best allocate investments to partial uncertainty reduction in parameters under a limited budget. More specifically, no previous approach has been reported that can handle single-disciplinary multi-output global sensitivity analysis for both a single design and multiple designs under interval uncertainty. Two new global uncertainty metrics, i.e., radius of output sensitivity region and multi-output entropy performance, are presented. With these metrics, a multi-objective optimization model is developed and solved to obtain fractional levels of parameter uncertainty reduction that provide the greatest payoff in system performance for the least amount of “investment”. Two case studies of varying difficulty are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach.
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Singh, Dhruv, Jayathi Y. Murthy, and Timothy S. Fisher. "Thermal Conductivity Reduction in Few-Layer Graphene." In ASME 2011 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2011-52245.
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Using the linearized Boltzmann transport equation and perturbation theory, we analyze the reduction in the intrinsic thermal conductivity of few-layer graphene sheets accounting for all possible three-phonon scattering events. Even with weak coupling between layers, a significant reduction in the thermal conductivity of the out-of-plane acoustic modes is apparent. The main effect of this weak coupling is to open many new three-phonon scattering channels that are otherwise absent in graphene. The highly restrictive selection rule that leads to a high thermal conductivity of ZA phonons in single-layer graphene is only weakly broken with the addition of multiple layers, and ZA phonons still dominate thermal conductivity. We also find that the decrease in thermal conductivity is mainly caused by decreased contributions of the higher-order overtones of the fundamental out-of-plane acoustic mode. Moreover, the extent of reduction is largest when going from single to bilayer graphene and saturates for four layers. The results compare remarkably well over the entire temperature range with measurements of of graphene and graphite.
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Li, Aiqin, and Earl H. Dowell. "Modal Reduction of Mathematical Models of Biological Molecules." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84056.
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This paper reports a detailed study of modal reduction based on either linear normal mode(LNM) analysis or proper orthogonal decomposition(POD) for modeling a single α-D glucopyranose monomer as well as a chain of monomers. Also a modal reduction method combining POD and component modal synthesis(CMS) is developed. The accuracy and efficiency of these methods are reported. The focus of this study is to determine to what extent these methods can reduce the time and cost of molecular modeling and simultaneously provide the required accuracy. It has been demonstrated that a linear reduced order model(ROM) is valid for small amplitude excitation and low frequency excitation. It is found that a nonlinear ROM based on POD modes provides a good approximation even for large excitation while the nonlinear ROM using linear eigenmodes as the basis vectors is less effective for modeling molecules with a strong nonlinearity. The ROM based on CMS using POD modes for each component also gives a good approximation. With the reduction in the dimension of the system using these methods the computational time and cost can be reduced significantly.
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Wu, Hong, Xiangzheng Deng, Jinyan Zhan, Feng Wu, and Xing Li. "Developing a Multi-Sectoral Dynamic Applied General Equilibrium Model to Simulate the Emission Reduction of Nitrogen and Phosphorus at a Catchment Extent." In 2009 2nd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmei.2009.5305360.
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Harb, John N., Scott M. Lyon, Jenny Larsen, Larry L. Howell, and Timothy W. McLain. "Design Factors Influencing Power Reduction in Thermomechanical In-Plane Microactuators." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34206.
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The TIM (Thermomechanical In-plane Microactuator) is a thermal actuator that offers a high output force at a low input voltage, in a design that can be easily modified to match force and displacement requirements of various applications. The purpose of this paper is to examine factors that affect the steady-state power requirements of a TIM. Reducing the power requirements of the TIM is critical for its use in some systems such as autonomous microsystems. The influence of several geometric modifications and one environment change on energy loss and actuator efficiency was investigated. The steady-state deflection of five different TIM designs was measured for various levels of input power in both air and vacuum. The extent of the power reduction for the most efficient design in air varied with deflection from about 40 percent at 4 μm deflection to 20 percent at a deflection of 8 μm. The most significant reduction in power was observed for devices tested under vacuum where conduction from the legs through the air to the substrate was minimal due to reduced heat losses at the low pressure.
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Xu, Qianjun, and Limin Zhang. "Stability Analysis of Jetties in Soft Soils Based on Strength Reduction Method." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79049.
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This paper presents a stability evaluation of jetties constructed on soft soils for channel protection at Huanghua Port of China, through finite element analysis incorporating strength reduction technique. During construction, shear strengths will increase with the consolidation of soft foundation soils to a great extent. In order to consider this characteristic, the construction process of a jetty-foundation system is simulated by finite element method. The jetty-foundation system is long enough to be regarded as a plane strain problem and is discretized with two-dimensional finite element mesh. In order to implement strength reduction, each node on the mesh is given a temperature. By defining the cohesions and internal friction angles of soils as functions of temperature, the shear strength of the foundation soils can be assigned for each element. The temperature-dependent properties can be used to realize shear strength reduction by changing the nodal temperature in the subsequent analysis. With this technique, the factor of safety of the jetty-foundation system can be achieved in a single simulation process. Repeat trial simulations are avoided.
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Abramian, M., J. H. G. Howard, and P. Hermann. "An Investigation of Axial Pump Backflow and a Method for its Control." In ASME 1988 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/88-gt-31.
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The flow field within an axial flow inducer pump near the blade leading edge was explored by laser-Doppler velocimetry to extend the previous studies of the recirculation zone which is observed at low flow rates. Although a considerable region of upstream reverse flow and swirl was observed, the recirculation zone within the impeller was of limited axial extent and was confined to the pressure side of the passage. In an attempt to reduce the flow reversal, a series of perforated disks were placed in front of the inducer. The optimum disk geometry produced minor changes in the pump performance. LDV measurements of the flow field ahead and behind the disk showed considerable reduction of the swirl velocity under reverse flow conditions, with the observed upstream swirl opposite to the inducer rotation.
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Ren, Huilong, Qingyue Zhang, Xueyun Jiang, and Yumeng Hu. "Design of Ship Weight Reduction Based on Reliability Analysis of Longitudinal Bending Strength." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41765.
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As the focus of the structural design, the form and dimension of components in the mid-ship section reflect the general characteristic of the whole ship, thus playing a significant role in the weight and structural strength of the whole ship. However, traditional deterministic methods of structural strength assessment will bring excessive safety margin, which will lead to excessive weight of ship structure. In this paper, the optimization model was built in view of ship longitudinal bending strength reliability analysis by MATLAB software. With the information of wave loads forecast and that of the section bending strength, the failure probability was obtained. Objective function was the weight of mid-ship section, and optimization variables were the size of sectional components, and the constraints were reliability index and component size limits were required by relevant norms. Combined with the optimization model, genetic algorithm toolbox integrated in MATLAB was applied to study mid-ship section optimization. Results of the examples showed that in the case that the limiting conditions were satisfied, the weight of mid-ship section was reduced to a certain extent, which meant that this method was effective for mid-ship section optimization.
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Liu, Qiang, Shan Zhong, and Lin Li. "Reduction of Pressure Losses in a Linear Cascade Using Herringbone Riblets." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-63960.
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This paper presents the results from the first experimental assessment of herringbone riblets in reducing total pressure losses in a linear cascade of diffuser blades. The experiments were undertaken at Re = 1 × 105, M = 0.13 and a free stream turbulent intensity of 2%. Three cascade configurations were examined at a blade incidence angle of 0.8°; Case A: the baseline case without surface modification; Case B: blades with smooth strips; Case C: blades with ribleted strips. In Case A, flow separation starts at 24.1%c from the blade leading edge followed by a complete stall, resulting in significant total pressure losses as measured by a five-hole probe on a cross-flow plane downstream. Seven smooth or ribleted strips were adhered on the blade suction surfaces along their span in Case B and Case C. In comparison to Case A, the average total pressure loss coefficient is decreased by 6.4% and 16.8% in Case B and Case C, respectively. The velocity vectors leaving the cross-flow measurement plane also appear to be more uniformly distributed with the average flow turning angle being increased by 4° and 10° in Case B and Case C respectively, indicating that the extent of flow separation in the cascade has been reduced substantially. Furthermore, a pseudo sound power analysis of hot-wire data in the blade wake reveals a reduction in the noise level of 1.1dB and 1.6 dB, respectively. These results hence provide strong evidence that a profound aerodynamic improvement can be achieved in a cascade with the use of herringbone riblets.
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Zhang, Sha, Wuli Chu, and Jibo Yang. "Effect of Axial Short Slot Casing Treatment and its Center Deviation on Stability of a Transonic Axial Flow Compressor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14588.
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Abstract In order to increase the stability margin of axial compressor with low efficiency losses, this paper studies the influence of axial short slot casing treatment and its axial position on compressor performance. A transonic axial compressor rotor, NASA rotor37, is taken as the research object, and the solid wall case and three axial slot casing treatments with different axial positions are studied by numerical simulation. The results show that the configuration with a center deviation of 0 (CT _C) has the best effect, with a margin improvement of 7.6% and an efficiency reduction of 0.09%; the configuration with an upstream positioned axial slot (CT_L) is the second, with a margin improvement of 5.4% and an efficiency reduction of 0.28%; the configuration with a downstream positioned axial slot (CT_T) is the worst, with a margin improvement of 3.6% and an efficiency reduction of 0.3%. A shift of the slot in downstream direction is not effective because it only affects the extent of boundary layer separation and has little effect on the development of the tip leakage flow. The upstream positioned axial slot with unsatisfactory effect affects the tip leakage flow trajectory and weakens the radial vortex at the blade tip, but it cannot affect the subsequent development of the leakage vortex. The short slot casing treatment in the central position effectively inhibits the development of the vortex. At the same time, it affects the development of the boundary layer to some extent and ensures the lower efficiency reduction while obtaining better stability margin.
Reports on the topic "Extent of reduction"
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Scott C. Brooks, Wenming Dong, Sue Carroll, Jim Fredrickson, Ken Kemner, and Shelly Kelly. Aqueous Complexation Reactions Governing the Rate and Extent of Biogeochemical U(VI) Reduction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/895942.
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Scott C. Brooks, Wenming Dong, Sue Carroll, James K. Fredrickson, Kenneth M. Kemner, and Shelly D. Kelly. Aqueous Complexation Reactions Governing the Rate and Extent of Biogeochemical U(VI) Reduction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/896202.
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Kemner, K. M., S. D. Kelly, Scott C. Brooks, Wenming Dong, Sue Carroll, and James K. Fredrickson. Aqueous complexation reactions governing the rate and extent of biogeochemical U(VI) reduction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/896239.
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Rahmani, Mehran, and Manan Naik. Structural Identification and Damage Detection in Bridges using Wave Method and Uniform Shear Beam Models: A Feasibility Study. Mineta Transportation Institute, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1934.
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This report presents a wave method to be used for the structural identification and damage detection of structural components in bridges, e.g., bridge piers. This method has proven to be promising when applied to real structures and large amplitude responses in buildings (e.g., mid-rise and high-rise buildings). This study is the first application of the method to damaged bridge structures. The bridge identification was performed using wave propagation in a simple uniform shear beam model. The method identifies a wave velocity for the structure by fitting an equivalent uniform shear beam model to the impulse response functions of the recorded earthquake response. The structural damage is detected by measuring changes in the identified velocities from one damaging event to another. The method uses the acceleration response recorded in the structure to detect damage. In this study, the acceleration response from a shake-table four-span bridge tested to failure was used. Pairs of sensors were identified to represent a specific wave passage in the bridge. Wave velocities were identified for several sensor pairs and various shaking intensities are reported; further, actual observed damage in the bridge was compared with the detected reductions in the identified velocities. The results show that the identified shear wave velocities presented a decreasing trend as the shaking intensity was increased, and the average percentage reduction in the velocities was consistent with the overall observed damage in the bridge. However, there was no clear correlation between a specific wave passage and the observed reduction in the velocities. This indicates that the uniform shear beam model was too simple to localize the damage in the bridge. Instead, it provides a proxy for the overall extent of change in the response due to damage.
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Varma, Amit H., Jan Olek, Christopher S. Williams, Tzu-Chun Tseng, Dan Huang, and Tom Bradt. Post-Fire Assessment of Prestressed Concrete Bridges in Indiana. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317290.
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This project focused on evaluating the effects of fire-induced damage on concrete bridge elements, including prestressed concrete bridge girders. A series of controlled heating experiments, pool fire tests, material tests, and structural loading tests were conducted. Experimental results indicate that the portion of concrete subjected to temperatures higher than 400°C loses significant amounts of calcium hydroxide (CH). Decomposition of CH increases porosity and causes significant cracking. The portion of concrete exposed to temperatures higher than 400°C should be repaired or replaced. When subjected to ISO-834 standard fire heating, approximately 0.25 in. and 0.75 in. of concrete from the exposed surface are damaged after 40 minutes and 80 minutes of heating, respectively. Prestressed concrete girders exposed to about 50 minutes of hydrocarbon fire undergo superficial concrete material damage with loss of CH and extensive cracking and spalling extending to the depth of 0.75–1.0 in. from the exposed surface. These girders do not undergo significant reduction in flexural strength or shear strength. The reduction in the initial stiffness may be notable due to concrete cracking and spalling. Bridge inspectors can use these findings to infer the extent of material and structural damage to prestressed concrete bridge girders in the event of a fire and develop a post-fire assessment plan.
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Quak, Evert-jan. The Link Between Demography and Labour Markets in sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.011.
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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how demography affects labour markets (e.g. entrants, including youth and women) and labour market outcomes (e.g. capital-per-worker, life-cycle labour supply, human capital investments) in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the key findings is that the fast-growing population in sub-Saharan Africa is likely to affect the ability to get productive jobs and in turn economic growth. This normally happens when workers move from traditional (low productivity agriculture and household businesses) sectors into higher productivity sectors in manufacturing and services. In theory the literature shows that lower dependency ratios (share of the non-working age population) should increase output per capita if labour force participation rates among the working age population remain unchanged. If output per worker stays constant, then a decline in dependency ratio would lead to a rise in income per capita. Macro simulation models for sub-Saharan Africa estimate that capital per worker will remain low due to consistently low savings for at least the next decades, even in the low fertility scenario. Sub-Saharan African countries seem too poor for a quick rise in savings. As such, it is unlikely that a lower dependency ratio will initiate a dramatic increase in labour productivity. The literature notes the gender implications on labour markets. Most women combine unpaid care for children with informal and low productive work in agriculture or family enterprises. Large family sizes reduce their productive labour years significantly, estimated at a reduction of 1.9 years of productive participation per woman for each child, that complicates their move into more productive work (if available). If the transition from high fertility to low fertility is permanent and can be established in a relatively short-term period, there are long-run effects on female labour participation, and the gains in income per capita will be permanent. As such from the literature it is clear that the effect of higher female wages on female labour participation works to a large extent through reductions in fertility.
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Robinson, W. Evaluation of thin flexible pavements under simulated aircraft traffic. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39161.
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A full-scale airfield pavement test section was constructed and trafficked by the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) to evaluate the performance of relatively thin airfield pavement structures. The test section consisted of 16 test items that included three asphalt pavement thicknesses and two different aggregate base courses. The test items were subjected to simulated aircraft traffic to evaluate their response and performance to realistic aircraft loads and to evaluate the effect of reductions in tire pressure on thin asphalt pavement. Rutting behavior, pavement cracking, instrumentation response, and falling weight deflectometer response were monitored at selected traffic intervals. The results of this study were used to extend existing Department of Defense pavement design and evaluation techniques to include the evaluation of airfield pavement sections that do not meet the current criteria for aggregate base quality and minimum asphalt concrete surface thickness. These performance data were used to develop new aggregate base failure design curves using existing stress-based design methodology.