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1
Young, Carolyn. An evaluation of the extent to which the Northern Region has adopted a harm reduction policy to drug misuse. Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1994.
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Hicks, J. A. To what extent can land use planning policy, with relation to location of town centre employment use, contribute to a reduction in car use?. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 1997.
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Lewis, R. J. Transport for tourists. To what extent is the tourism industry willing to contribute to traffic impact reduction policies? Does policy ask for industry contributions towards achieving its aims?. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 1999.
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Crespellani, Teresa, ed. Terremoto e ricerca. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-819-2.
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The profound cultural transformation that has taken place in Italian seismic studies in the last ten years is distinguished by the growing interest in the problem of assessing the effects of earthquakes linked to local conditions, and in the related issue of a precise definition of the properties of the soil in the sphere of the dynamic and cyclical stresses induced by seismic actions. Despite the profound awareness of the extent to which the nature of the soil contributes to the destructive effects of earthquakes, we are still a long way from the possibility of a realistic forecast of the seismic behaviour of the Italian soils. This is because the identification of the dynamic properties calls for experimental equipment that is technologically complex and costly as well as lengthy observation and qualified personnel. The rare experimental data that have been acquired to date hence represent a fundamental element for scientific reflection. This book has been conceived with a view to setting at the disposal of a broader public the results of the tests conducted on site and in the laboratory on the soil of certain significant seismic areas using the dynamic-type apparatus of the Geotechnical Laboratory of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICeA) of the University of Florence. It presents a selection of the works of the Geotechnical section of the DICeA that have been published in various specialist international and national ambits. These studies were largely launched following the seismic sequence in Umbria and the Marches, in collaboration with several Regional Authorities and Research Institutes for the reduction of the seismic risk in Italy (GNDT, IRRS, INGV). In addition to the experimental techniques and the results obtained, the models and the geotechnical procedures adopted for assessing the effects of site and soil instability in certain specific deposits of the Italian territory are also expounded.
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Kotikula, Aphichoke, Ambar Narayan, and Hassan Zaman. To What Extent Are Bangladesh's Recent Gains In Poverty Reduction Different From The Past? The World Bank, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5199.
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Watson, Derrill D. Climate Change and Agriculture. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.025.
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Complementarities between improving agricultural production, adapting to climate change, and reducing poverty are likely to increase with climate change. Thus, the worse you believe the effects of climate change will be, the more valuable it will be to invest in sustainable agriculture and poverty reduction. Agriculture will better support climate goals to the extent that externalities are internalized by market participants through a set of policies termed full-costing. Even though global full-costing may be out of reach for technical, practical, and political reasons, this chapter illustrates that numerous options exist to bring agricultural policies closer to socially optimal values.
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Carrilho, João Z., and Rui N. Ribeiro. Influence of institutional factors on the performance of the agricultural sector in Mozambique. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/885-6.
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This paper is a review of the institutions and the performance of the agricultural sector in Mozambique, using an analysis table adapted to the assessment of the connections between the institutions and economic development. In the first part, information is presented on the performance of the sector between 2008 and 2017, showing a per capita reduction in productivity and the production of foodstuffs. The second part offers an analysis on the extent to which, and the way that, the development of the sector institutions influenced agricultural performance during that period. There was found to have been institutional instability that affected performance in the sector, which was unable to slow the reduction in production and productivity, which could reflect a wider socioeconomic and institutional environment, i.e. beyond the agricultural sector. The third part looks at some elements for reflection on institutional issues that could contribute to the debate on the future development of the agricultural sector. We refer to the need to think about the future of agriculture in Mozambique from a long-term perspective, focusing on the adoption and stabilization of an institutional framework aimed at increasing agricultural productivity and preserving the environment.
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Graham, Coop, and Seif Isabella. Part II Investor-State Arbitration in the Energy Sector, 10 ECT and States’ Right to Regulate. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198805786.003.0010.
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This chapter explores the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) and states' right to regulate. The stability of a host state's regulatory framework is of prime importance for foreign investors, particularly in the energy sector. Changes in the host state's regulatory framework (for example, the reduction or removal of subsidies, or imposition or increase of taxes) can cause harm to the investment. Looking at concluded ECT cases, this chapter analyzes how tribunals have balanced states' substantive obligations to foreign investors under the ECT against their sovereign right to regulate within their own territory. In this context, the chapter touches upon recent cases in the renewable energy sector and discusses the extent to which investment protection under the ECT may lead to a so-called ‘regulatory chill’.
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Hood, Christopher, and Rozana Himaz. UK Fiscal Squeezes over a Century. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779612.003.0002.
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This chapter draws on historical statistics reporting financial outcomes for spending, taxation, debt, and deficit for the UK over a century to (a) identify quantitatively and compare the main fiscal squeeze episodes (i.e. major revenue increases, spending cuts, or both) in terms of type (soft squeezes and hard squeezes, spending squeezes, and revenue squeezes), depth, and length; (b) compare these periods of austerity against measures of fiscal consolidation in terms of deficit reduction; and (c) identify economic and financial conditions before and after the various squeezes. It explores the extent to which the identification of squeeze episodes and their classification is sensitive to which thresholds are set and what data sources are used. The chapter identifies major changes over time that emerge from this analysis over the changing depth and types of squeeze.
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Hellman, Samuel. Research. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190650551.003.0004.
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Research is an integral part of the author’s academic life. His clinical research began with how best to combine surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy to increase tumor cure. Since these modalities had different mechanisms of action as well as different toxicities and limitations, combining them offered the potential of more effective and less morbid treatments. While he began these studies with Hodgkin and other lymphomas, breast cancer was a major emphasis throughout his career. Lymphoma treatment has improved greatly, resulting in marked increases in cure rates. Breast cancer treatment now is more efficacious, with a significant reduction in the extent of surgery and its resulting functional and aesthetic effects. The author was an active participant in these efforts internationally. With Ralph Weichselbaum’s group he has shown how metastases can be cured early in their evolution.
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Lippke, Richard L. Parsimony and the Sentencing of Multiple Offenders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607609.003.0006.
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This chapter examines the principle of parsimony (PP) as it applies to the sentencing of multiple offenders. It first explains what the PP means and challenges its basic assumptions as an independent, substantive sentencing principle. It then recasts the PP as a second-order principle, that is, as a principle designed to help us better ensure that the traditional aims of sentencing are more fully realized. It also distinguishes crime reduction and retributivism versions of the PP as a second-order principle and considers how they might be integrated into a mixed theory of sentencing. Finally, it explores whether and to what extent the PP as a second-order principle is useful in thinking about multiple-offense sentencing. It argues that the PP might play a role in determining sentence ranges for crime types, as well as in formulating broader penal and social policies.
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van der Vossen, Bas, and Jason Brennan. The Climate Change Objection to Economic Growth. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190462956.003.0011.
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This book argues for increased economic growth as a cure for poverty. This chapter responds to the objection that such growth is unacceptable because it leads to dangerous climate change. The authors agree that such growth will lead to climate change, that such climate change is dangerous, and endorse a carbon-tax scheme that allows sufficient growth to address global poverty. Two objections to this view are discussed. The first holds that growth should be stopped as much as possible. However, this ignores the fact that dangerous climate cannot be prevented, and the extent of suffering by the world’s poor because of a lack of growth. The second objection wants to reduce growth in rich societies, but not poor societies. But this overlooks the fact that different economies are intertwined, so that a reduction in growth in a rich country can often disproportionally harm poor countries.
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Walsh, David A. Contextual aspects of pain: why does the patient hurt? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0014.
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The context in which osteoarthritis (OA) pain is experienced moderates and, to an extent, mediates its severity and impact. Context is both internal to the patient (e.g. genes, gender, age, comorbidities, psychological distress, and catastrophizing), and a consequence of external factors (e.g. social, healthcare, and work environment). Context influences how people report their pain, and also how the nervous system processes nociceptive information. Treatment contexts moderate and mediate therapeutic effectiveness, dependent on treatment expectations, beliefs, and risk evaluation. Uptake of treatments, both in primary and secondary care, is further influenced by the contexts in which they are offered. Understanding the nature and consequences of context helps explain heterogeneity between different people with OA pain, and opens avenues for potentially powerful interventions that could improve their quality of life. Context can be adjusted through the clinician–patient relationship and by targeting risk factors for poor outcome. Concurrent weight reduction, and psychological and physiotherapeutic interventions illustrate the use of combination therapy to address multiple contextual aspects of OA pain.
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Assessment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122242.
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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) represent a range of physical, mental, and behavioral disabilities caused by alcohol use during pregnancy, or prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). FASDs are considered to be one of the leading preventable causes of developmental disability. Despite its high prevalence, FASD is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed, making interventions more challenging or delayed. Earlier diagnosis yields greater benefits for affected children, which include a reduction in secondary disabilities such as substance use disorders and learning and cognitive disabilities leading to school failure, and improved life outcomes. Most importantly, diagnosis provides a context for understanding a child’s behavior. When the environment surrounding a child with an FASD opts to focus on the child’s strengths as a means for intervention, there is a greater likelihood of that child achieving success as an adult. Diagnosis of FASD is further beneficial to the extent that it leads to a reduction of future births of children with FASD. This publication was initially developed for use in Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas and is intended to serve as a training workbook for providers of various disciplines to learn about the fundamentals of diagnosing FASD and to apply them to several case scenarios. It also discusses ethical implications of diagnosing FASD to the mother and child. Target audiences include physicians, psychologists, allied health professionals, social workers, and other providers that may encounter individuals affected by FASD. It is ideally used as a supplement for in-person training by experts in the fields of dysmorphology, epidemiology, and neuropsychology.
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Toxic substances: The extent of lead hazards in child care facilities and schools is unknown : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Health and the Environment, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.
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16
Buechel, Ronny R., and Aju P. Pazhenkottil. Basic principles and technological state of the art: hybrid imaging. Edited by Philipp Kaufmann. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0121.
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The core principle of hybrid imaging is based on the fact that it provides information beyond that achievable with either data set alone. This is attained through the combination and fusion of two datasets by which both modalities synergistically contribute to image information. Hybrid imaging is, thus, more powerful than the sum of its parts, yielding improved sensitivity and specificity. While datasets for integration may be obtained by a variety of imaging modalities, its merits are intuitively best exploited when combining anatomical and functional imaging, particularly in the setting of evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD) as this combination allows a comprehensive assessment with regard to presence or absence of coronary atherosclerosis, the extent and severity of coronary plaques, and the haemodynamic relevance of stenosis. In clinical practice, the combination of CT coronary angiography (CCTA) with myocardial perfusion studies obtained by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and by positron emission tomography (PET) has been well established. Recent literature also reports on the feasibility of combining CCTA with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Finally, recent advances in CCTA and SPECT imaging have led to a substantial reduction of radiation exposure, now allowing for comprehensive morphological and functional diagnostic work-up by cardiac hybrid SPECT/CCTA imaging at low radiation dose exposures ranging below 5 mSv.
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van Lier, Felix, and Robert Jan Stolker. Preoperative assessment and optimization. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0040.
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Perioperative cardiovascular complications (including myocardial ischaemia and myocardial infarction) are the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. The pathophysiology of perioperative myocardial infarction is complex. Prolonged myocardial ischaemia due to the stress of surgery in the presence of a haemodynamically significant coronary lesion, leading to subendocardial ischaemia, and acute coronary artery occlusion after plaque rupture and thrombus formation contribute equally to these devastating events. Perioperative management aims at optimizing the patient’s condition by identification and modification of underlying cardiac risk factors and diseases. The first part of this chapter covers current knowledge on preoperative risk assessment. Current risk indices, the value of additional testing, and new preoperative cardiac risk makers are investigated. During recent decades there has been a shift from the assessment and treatment of the underlying culprit coronary lesion towards a systemic medical therapy aiming at prevention of myocardial oxygen supply–demand mismatch and coronary plaque stabilization. In the second part of this chapter, risk-reduction strategies are discussed, including β-blocker therapy, statins, and aspirins. A central theme in this chapter will focus on long-term cardiovascular risk reduction. Patients who undergo non-cardiac (vascular) surgery are particularly prone to long-term adverse cardiac outcomes. The goal of perioperative cardiovascular risk identification and modification should not be limited to the perioperative period, but should extend well into the postoperative period.
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Drelichman, Mauricio, and Hans-Joachim Voth. Prologue. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691151496.003.0001.
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This prologue provides an overview of state debts and sovereign default in the sixteenth century, looking in particular at Philip II's defaults. The debts and defaults of Philip II suggest that there is another way for financing government borrowing: prearranged reduction in what a government owes and has to pay to creditors in bad times. Indeed, lenders agreed to forego interest or extend the maturity of loans if the king experienced a bad shock. This system exhibited remarkable stability, bringing essentially the same banking dynasties together with the monarch for over half a century, providing financing and insurance. Another remarkable feature of the debt issuance system evolved by Philip II and his financiers is the stability of the banking institutions, the main innovation of which was an effective “risk transfer” mechanism.
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Dahlstrom, Daniel O. The Early Heidegger’s Phenomenology. Edited by Dan Zahavi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755340.013.15.
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This chapter attempts to shed some light on Heidegger’s early conception of phenomenology in light of its conscious departure from Husserl’s conception of phenomenology. The period in question extends from Heidegger’s first Freiburg lectures in 1919 to his return to Freiburg from Marburg in the fall of 1928. After flagging some prima facie differences between their phenomenological projects during these years, this chapter suggests how Heidegger adapts into his phenomenology four basic aspects of Husserl’s phenomenology (the phenomenological reduction, formalization, and the performative and constitutive aspects of the analysis). In conclusion the chapter calls attention to a fundamental, arguably irreconcilable difference between their phenomenologies.
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Bell, Jeffrey. A Dog’s Life: Thought, Symbols and Concepts. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429566.003.0009.
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Recent work in the philosophy of language has emphasized the importance of ‘stimulus-independent’ representational abilities in understanding both the nature of concepts and the extent to which concepts play a role in the thoughts of non-humans. This recent work dovetails in significant and interesting ways with Terrence Deacon’s work on symbols and with more recent work in continental philosophy on symbolism, language, actor-network theory, and analytic work in the philosophy of skill. It is in light of this work that this chapter revisit Whitehead’s book Symbolism: Its Meaning and Effect. In particular, it argues that the claim of many commentators, both early and late, that Whitehead is a panpsychist is a mistake, and relies upon an understanding of experience and subjectivity that Whitehead seeks to account for rather than presuppose. In his account of experience and subjectivity, it is rather a non-subjective, pre-individual process of individuation that allows for the possibility of an identifiable subjective experience, and hence for the claims of panpsychism. Whitehead’s understanding and account of these processes is able to account for an indeterminate variety of types and degrees of experience, and in a way that avoids both a reductive materialism and a reductive panpsychism.
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Ondrey, Hauna T. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824534.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter establishes the scope and significance of the study. In addition to his Christology, Theodore’s Old Testament commentaries were implicated at Constantinople II for their dearth of christological interpretation. Cyril, whose writings featured prominently in Theodore’s condemnation, is, by contrast, judged a pre-eminently christocentric Old Testament interpreter. A close comparison of extant commentaries on the Minor Prophets by both Theodore and Cyril illuminates the Old Testament interpretation of both consequential figures. As Antiochene and Alexandrian interpreters, the comparison bears on the shift away from an Antioch/Alexandria antithesis. Situating the study that follows, this shift is traced and evaluated, highlighting alternate reductions to which the rhetorical turn is vulnerable. Brief biographical sketches then establish the setting of each commentary and locate each interpreter within the broader commentary tradition. An overview of the book’s organization and primary arguments concludes the chapter.
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Nakamura, Jeanne, and Scott Roberts. The Hypo-egoic Component of Flow. Edited by Kirk Warren Brown and Mark R. Leary. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328079.013.9.
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Flow is a state of deep absorption that may be experienced when engaged in activities that stretch one’s capacities. A defining feature of the flow state is a reduction in self-awareness, which has been described in the flow literature as loss of self-consciousness. This chapter specifies the senses in which awareness of the self is, and is not, lost when one is in flow. It reviews the phenomenological, psychometric, and neurophysiological literatures addressing hypo-egoism in flow, suggesting that flow activities are characterized by hypo-egoic complexity or a dialectical interplay of directed and effortless attention. Flow is seen to be both hypo-egoic and egoic, with a loss of self-awareness and yet ultimately a growth of the self. The chapter considers whether the hypo-egoism in flow extends beyond loss of self-awareness to a focus on domains larger than the individual self, and calls for more research on the hypo-egoic component of flow.
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Plough, Alonzo L. Culture of Health in Practice. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190071400.001.0001.
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This book concerns the importance of achieving health equity throughout the United States. Its publication is timely, given the major challenges in American health care in recent years. These include reductions in health care coverage, the loss of funding to tackle social determinants of health, and the growing risks associated with climate change. The abundant data that document health inequities in housing, education, incarceration, income, opportunity, and so much else in the United States reveal the extent of the health-based challenges the nation faces as a whole. With these issues in mind, this book tackles a variety of topics centered on a “Culture of Health,” and includes contributions from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's (RWJF) Sharing Knowledge to Build a Culture of Health conferences. The first part of this volume concerns the assets intrinsic to cultural identity and the contribution to the nation's well-being that this diversity brings. Next, the book calls attention to the places where people spend much of their time and shows how each setting has the power to generate health, or to undermine it. Finally, this book closes with a section on a broad range of interconnected topics that have drawn considerable attention from many fields and brought new perspectives to the table.
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Graves, Margaret S. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190695910.003.0001.
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The introduction outlines the art of the object in medieval Islam and introduces several of the book’s key concepts. It aligns architecture and the plastic arts, and shows how points of commonality between these “arts of the third dimension” are drawn allusively in the medieval Islamic context, relying not on direct morphological likeness but on indirect models of representation. It also discusses the implications of miniaturization and draws distinctions between the allusive artworks under discussion and representational objects like architectural maquettes or votive models. The introduction tackles head-on the unique issues of medieval Islamic portable artworks: the mobility of the objects and the problems this raises for traditional taxonomies, the role of the art market in the formation of the extant corpus, and the reductive effects of museum display and photographic reproduction on objects that were originally designed to be held and moved in the hands.
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Ludwig, Kirk. The Apparent Autonomy of Singular Group Agents. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789994.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 shows how to extend the multiple agents account of plural agency to the case of grammatically singular group action sentences in a way that explains some of the features of singular group action sentences that were identified in Chapter 3 as suggesting that a reductive account was implausible. First, it shows how to integrate the time indexed membership relation into the account. Second, it explains how this enables us to understand singular group action sentences in which it appears that such groups do things through changes in their membership in a way that only appeals to the agents who are members of it at any given time. Third, it shows that the fact that it appears that singular group agents could have had different members than they do is just a matter of their being picked out via descriptions which could have had different denotations.
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Mitchell, Jennifer. Ordinary Masochisms. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066677.001.0001.
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Ordinary Masochisms argues for literary alternatives to pervasive dictatorial norms about masochism that first surface in Victorian literature, reach their pioneering pinnacle in the modernist moment, and are expressly mourned in post-modern texts. In particular, the literary works discussed all challenge the more popular term “sadomasochism” as a conglomerate form of perversion that was named and studied in the late nineteenth century. Underscoring close textual analyses with modern theories of masochism as empowering, this book argues that Charlotte Brontë Villette (1853), George Moore’s A Drama in Muslin (1886), D.H. Lawrence’s The Rainbow (1915), and Jean Rhys’s Quartet (1928) all experiment with masochistic relationships that extend far beyond reductive early readings of inherently feminine or sexually aberrant masochism. Ordinary Masochisms begins with a historical and theoretical examination of masochism’s treatment during the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first centuries before moving to an examination of the Biblical tale of Samson and Delilah in conjunction with Leopold von Sacher-Masoch’s Venus in Furs (1870), from which masochism garners its name. An intermediary chapter treats Octave Mirbeau’s The Torture Garden (1903) as a case study transitioning between sexological and psychoanalytical discourses of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, while the conclusion about Ian McEwan’s The Comfort of Strangers (1981) addresses masochism’s seeming inability to recuperate itself from categories of deviance, despite the success of contemporary popular culture representations. The book closes with a brief consideration of masochistic reading, a subtle undercurrent of the project as a whole.
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Ludwig, Kirk. From Plural to Institutional Agency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789994.001.0001.
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Can institutional agency be understood in terms of informal (plural) group agency? This book argues that the answer is ‘yes’, and more specifically that both can be understood ultimately in terms of the agency of individuals who are members of such groups and in terms of the concepts already at play in our understanding of individual agency. Thus, the book argues for a strong form of methodological individualism. It is the second part of a two-part project that extends the multiple agents account of plural agency in From Individual to Plural Agency (OUP 2016) to institutional agency. It argues that the key to understanding institutional agency is recognizing that the time-indexed institutional membership relation is socially constructed in the sense that it is a special type of status function, a status role, which is accepted by the agent who fills the role. The book analyzes constitutive rules in terms of essentially intentional patterns of collective action and status functions in terms of constitutive rules and conventions. It analyzes institutions as structures of interrelated status roles that can be successively occupied by different agents, and provides a reductive account of institutional action in terms of these roles and the notion of proxy agency, in which one agent or group acts through another who is authorized to act for them. The account is applied to both corporations and nation states.