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Journal articles on the topic 'Extent of reduction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Li, Ming, Kai Cheng, Jiazheng Ren, and Yongsheng Chen. "Controlling the Reduction Extent for Metal Catalysts." ChemistrySelect 4, no. 19 (May 20, 2019): 5496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/slct.201901210.

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2

Komadel, Peter. "Reduction and Reoxidation of Nontronite: Extent of Reduction and Reaction Rates." Clays and Clay Minerals 38, no. 2 (1990): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1990.0380212.

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3

Wei, Zhibin, Clifford C. Walters, J. Michael Moldowan, Paul J. Mankiewicz, Robert J. Pottorf, Yitian Xiao, Will Maze, et al. "Thiadiamondoids as proxies for the extent of thermochemical sulfate reduction." Organic Geochemistry 44 (March 2012): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.11.008.

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VAN OS, J., C. GILVARRY, R. BALE, E. VAN HORN, T. TATTAN, I. WHITE, and R. MURRAY. "To what extent does symptomatic improvement result in better outcome in psychotic illness?" Psychological Medicine 29, no. 5 (September 1999): 1183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799001014.

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Background. The effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in psychosis is increasingly reported in terms of reductions in different symptom dimensions. It remains unclear, however, to what degree such symptomatic changes are accompanied by improvement in other measures such as service use, quality of life, and needs for care.Methods. A sample of 708 patients with chronic psychotic illness was assessed on three occasions over 2 years (baseline, year 1 and year 2). A multilevel analysis was conducted to examine to what degree reduction in psychopathological scores derived from factor analysis of the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS), was associated with improvement in service use, disability, subjective outcomes and measures of self-harm.Results. Reduction in positive, negative, depressive and manic symptoms over the study period were all independently associated with lessening of social disability. Reduction in negative symptoms, and to a lesser extent in positive and manic symptoms, was associated with less time in hospital and more time living independently, whereas changes in positive and manic symptoms resulted in fewer admissions. Subjective outcomes such as improvement in quality of life, perceived needs for care and dissatisfaction with services showed the strongest associations with reduction in depressive symptoms. Reduction in positive symptoms was associated with decreased likelihood of parasuicide. Results did not differ according to diagnostic category.Conclusion. The findings suggest that changes in distinct psychopathological dimensions independently and differentially influence outcome. Therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing symptoms of more than one dimension are likely to have more widespread effects.

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Ramesh, K. V., and P. Goswami. "Reduction in temporal and spatial extent of the Indian summer monsoon." Geophysical Research Letters 34, no. 23 (December 5, 2007): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007gl031613.

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Chen, D. Z., D. Jang, K. M. Guan, Q. An, W. A. Goddard, and J. R. Greer. "Nanometallic Glasses: Size Reduction Brings Ductility, Surface State Drives Its Extent." Nano Letters 13, no. 9 (August 30, 2013): 4462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl402384r.

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Nahayo, Lamek, Lanhai Li, Gabriel Habiyaremye, Mindje Richard, Valentine Mukanyandwi, Egide Hakorimana, and Christophe Mupenzi. "Extent of disaster courses delivery for the risk reduction in Rwanda." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 27 (March 2018): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.09.046.

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8

Almosa, Yara, Joy Parkinson, and Sharyn Rundle-Thiele. "Littering Reduction." Social Marketing Quarterly 23, no. 3 (March 7, 2017): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500417697654.

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Littering continues to be a problem worldwide. The purpose of this article is to update earlier systematic reviews on littering and using a scorecard of seven social marketing components, assess the extent of social marketing use in identified littering programs. Following Center for Reviews and Dissemination guidelines, the search included all peer-reviewed studies published between 1995 and 2015 in the English language available through 10 databases. A total of 1,220 articles were initially identified and resulted in a final set of 17 that met the study criteria. The analysis revealed key insights including a lack of social marketing use in litter prevention efforts to date providing an opportunity for future research. Limitations of the current study and opportunities for future research are outlined.

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Wong, Shao Ing, Han Lin, Yunyi Yang, Jaka Sunarso, Basil T. Wong, and Baohua Jia. "Tailoring reduction extent of flash-reduced graphene oxides for high performance supercapacitors." Journal of Power Sources 478 (December 2020): 228732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228732.

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Aljabri, Ahmed, MOHANNAD ALSHIBANI, Stephen Perona, MOTEB KHOBRANI, Daniel Jarrell, and Asad Patanwala. "1351: EXTENT OF BLOOD GLUCOSE REDUCTION DUE TO INSULIN USE FOR HYPERKALEMIA." Critical Care Medicine 46, no. 1 (January 2018): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000529354.40995.71.

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Madden, Andrew S., Anthony V. Palumbo, Bruce Ravel, Tatiana A. Vishnivetskaya, Tommy J. Phelps, Christopher W. Schadt, and Craig C. Brandt. "Donor-dependent Extent of Uranium Reduction for Bioremediation of Contaminated Sediment Microcosms." Journal of Environmental Quality 38, no. 1 (January 2009): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0071.

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12

Sutton-Tyrrell, Kim, Rachel Wildman, Anne Newman, and Lewis H. Kuller. "Extent of Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Associated With Treatment of Isolated Systolic Hypertension." Archives of Internal Medicine 163, no. 22 (December 8, 2003): 2728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.22.2728.

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Hudson, DA, and BC Hewitson. "The atmospheric response to a reduction in summer Antarctic sea-ice extent." Climate Research 16 (2001): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr016079.

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14

Ziegeler, Debra, and Sarah Lee. "Causativity reduction in Singaporean English." English World-Wide 27, no. 3 (October 12, 2006): 265–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.27.3.04zie.

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A common feature of Singaporean English, and found to a lesser extent in British and US English, is the “conventionalised scenario” (Goldberg 1995); i.e. a causative construction in which an intermediate causee is neither expressed nor necessarily recoverable from context and common ground, e.g. You cut your hair, in which the action is normally attributed to another, unexpressed participant. The present study provides written data on the use of conventionalised scenarios in Singapore English and explains their link with competing resultative constructions (e.g. You had/got your hair cut) in terms of an ACTION FOR RESULT grammatical metonymy. In this metonymy, the passival resultative construction is substituted with an active‑voice construction and the causer now stands for both the causer and causee together. Contact features in the Singaporean dialect, relating particularly to local Chinese languages and/or Malay, may influence the distributional extent of conventionalised scenarios, as may the overgeneralisation of the semantic constraints on its usage.

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15

Sri Maha Vishnu, D., N. Sanil, N. Murugesan, L. Shakila, C. Ramesh, K. S. Mohandas, and K. Nagarajan. "Determination of the extent of reduction of dense UO2 cathodes from direct electrochemical reduction studies in molten chloride medium." Journal of Nuclear Materials 427, no. 1-3 (August 2012): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2012.04.035.

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16

LaFehr, T. R. "Standardization in gravity reduction." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 8 (August 1991): 1170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443137.

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Gravity reduction standards are needed to improve anomaly quality for interpretation and to facilitate the joining together of different data sets. To the extent possible, data reduction should be quantitative, objective, and comprehensive, leaving ambiguity only to the interpretation process that involves qualitative, subjective, and geological decisions. The term (Bouguer anomaly) describes a field intended to be free of all nongeologic effects—not modified by a partial geologic interpretation. Measured vertical gradients of gravity demonstrate considerable variation but do not suggest, as often reported, that the normal free‐air gradient is in error or needs to be locally adjusted. Such gradients are strongly influenced by terrain and, to a lesser extent, by the same geologic sources which produce Bouguer anomalies. A substantial body of existing literature facilitates the comprehensive treatment of terrain effects, which may be rigorously implemented with current computer technology. Although variations in topographic rock density are a major source of Bouguer anomalies, a constant density appropriate to the area under investigation is normally adopted as a data reduction standard, leaving a treatment of the density variations to the interpretation. A field example from British Columbia illustrates both the variations in vertical gravity gradients which can be encountered and the conclusion that the classical approach to data reduction is practically always suitable to account for the observed effects. Standard data reduction procedures do not (and should not) include reduction‐to‐datum. The interpreter must be aware, however, that otherwise “smooth” regional Bouguer anomalies caused by regional sources do contain high‐frequency components in areas of rugged topography.

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17

Oyaro, J., and J. Ben-Edigbe. "The Extent of Capacity Loss Caused by Rainfall at Signalised Intersections." Open Transportation Journal 14, no. 1 (December 21, 2020): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447802014010214.

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Background: Even though their physical characteristics exert a constant influence on capacity and saturation flows, signalized intersections are fixed facilities not affected by rainfall. Whilst traffic conditions with varying effects can be regulated, rainfall conditions cannot be regulated but compensated for by warning drivers to reduce speed. Speed reduction has an impact on signalised intersection capacity, whilst signalised intersection capacity is a function of saturation flow, effective green, and cycle time. In this paper, a capacity loss is the differential percentage between ‘with and without’ rainfall scenario. Aim: The paper investigated the extent of capacity loss caused by rainfall at signalised intersections. Methods: In Durban, South Africa, rainfall data were collected, collated, and correlated with traffic data in a 'with and without' rainfall intensity study. Rainfall intensity was classified according to the rate of precipitation as follows; rainfall intensity(i): light rain (i <2.5mm/h); Moderate rain (2.5mm/h ≤ i < 10mm/h), and heavy rain (10 ≤ i ≤ 50mm/h) as prescribed by the World Meteorological Society. Results: Empirical results show that rainfall intensity has an effect on road capacity at a signalised intersection. Generally, for the vehicles going straight, light rain caused a 4.25% capacity loss; moderate rain 9.18% while heavy rain caused an 11.53% capacity reduction. With right-turning vehicles, light rain caused 7.38% capacity loss; moderate rain caused 14.3%, while heavy rain accounted for 19.15% capacity reduction. Conclusion: The paper concluded that rainfall at signalised intersections would cause an anomalous capacity reduction. Since the database for the study is small, the paper advocates for further studies based on a broader database to include yellow interval time.

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18

Fakhruddin, Bapon (SHM), Richard Reinen-Hamill, and Rebekah Robertson. "Extent and evaluation of vulnerability for disaster risk reduction of urban Nuku'alofa, Tonga." Progress in Disaster Science 2 (July 2019): 100017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2019.100017.

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Bauer, Iris, and Andreas Kappler. "Rates and Extent of Reduction of Fe(III) Compounds and O2by Humic Substances." Environmental Science & Technology 43, no. 13 (July 2009): 4902–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es900179s.

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LIPTON, JACK W., HEATHER S. ROBIE, ZAODUNG LING, DEBRA E. WEESE-MAYER, and PAUL M. CARVEY. "Uterine Position Determines the Extent of Dopamine Reduction after Chronic Prenatal Cocaine Exposure." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 844, no. 1 (May 1998): 314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08246.x.

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21

Avis, Christopher A., Andrew J. Weaver, and Katrin J. Meissner. "Reduction in areal extent of high-latitude wetlands in response to permafrost thaw." Nature Geoscience 4, no. 7 (June 5, 2011): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1160.

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22

Taylor, S., C. F. M. McCracken, K. C. M. Wilson, and J. R. M. Copeland. "Extent and appropriateness of benzodiazepine use." British Journal of Psychiatry 173, no. 5 (November 1998): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.173.5.433.

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BackgroundWe sought to determine the extent and appropriateness of benzodiazepine use in an elderly community, by measuring prevalence and incidence of benzodiazepines and examining mental health status as a predictor of benzodiazepine use.MethodData were collected from two longitudinal studies of people from the same community, sampled in 1982–1983 and again in 1989–1991.ResultsBenzodiazepine prevalence did not decrease during the period under study, but there was a significant reduction in anxiolytic use. Prevalence of benzodiazepines in women is twice that in men, and incidence of hypnotics is slightly higher in women. Prevalence and incidence of hypnotics are strongly associated with increasing age. There were high proportions of long-term users (61 and 70%), and continued use was high (52%) among new users. A large proportion of benzodiazepine use was by those who were concurrently depressed. Similarly, anxiety predicted both current and subsequent use of hypnotics.ConclusionsMany older people still use benzodiazepines, contrary to official guidelines with regard to their mental health. Our findings add to the weight of opinion that persistent and long-term use should be discouraged.

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23

Abotar, E., J. B. Dankwah, P. Koshy, and J. R. Dankwah. "Production of Metallic Iron from the Pudo Magnetite Ore using End-of-Life Rubber Tyre as Reductant: The Role of an Underlying Ankerite Ore as a Fluxing Agent on Productivity." Ghana Mining Journal 20, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gm.v20i2.5.

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This research work investigated the nature of a nonmagnetic ore from Pudo in the Upper West Region of Ghana and its fluxing effect on the extent of reduction of the Pudo titaniferous magnetite ore using pulverised samples of charred carbonaceous materials generated from end-of-life vehicle tyres (ELT) as reductants. Reduction studies were conducted on composite pellets of the Pudo titaniferous magnetite iron ore containing fixed amounts of charred ELT and varying amounts (0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) of the nonmagnetic fluxing material in a domestic microwave oven and the extent of reduction was calculated after microwave irradiation for 40 minutes. Analyses by XRF, SEM/EDS and XRD of the nonmagnetic ore revealed an Ankerite type of ore of the form Ca0.95Fe0.95Mn0.1 (CO3)2. From the microwave reduction studies it was observed that premium grade metallic iron could be produced from appropriate blends of the Pudo iron ores using ELT as reductant, with a measured extent of reduction up to 103.8%. Further, the extent of reduction was observed to increase with an increase in the amount of the nonmagnetic fluxing material (Ankerite) that was added as fluxing agent. Keywords: Ankerite, End-of-life Rubber Tyres, Fluxing Agent, Extent of Reduction

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24

Klein, Andrew G., and Joni L. Kincaid. "Retreat of glaciers on Puncak Jaya, Irian Jaya, determined from 2000 and 2002 IKONOS satellite images." Journal of Glaciology 52, no. 176 (2006): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828818.

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AbstractPuncak Jaya, Irian Jaya, Indonesia, contains the only remaining tropical glaciers in East Asia. The extent of the ice masses on Puncak Jaya has been mapped from high-resolution IKONOS satellite images acquired on 8 June 2000 and 11 June 2002. Exclusive of Southwall Hanging Glacier, the ice extent on Puncak Jaya was 2.326 km2 and 2.152 km2 in 2000 and 2002, respectively. From 2000 to 2002, the Puncak Jaya glaciers lost a surface area of 0.174 km2 or 7.48% of their 2000 ice extent. Comparison of the IKONOS-based glacier extents with previous glacier extents demonstrates a continuing reduction of ice area on Puncak Jaya. By 2000, ice extent on Puncak Jaya had reduced by 88% of its maximum neoglacial extent. Between 1992 and 2000 Meren Glacier disappeared entirely. All remaining ice masses on Puncak Jaya continue their retreat from their neoglacial maxima. Comparison of 2000/2002 ice extents with previous extents suggests that these glaciers have not experienced accelerating rates of retreat during the last half of the 20th century. If the recession rates observed from 2000 to 2002 continue, the remaining ice masses on Puncak Jaya will melt within 50 years.

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Agwu, M. E. "Entrepreneurship Education as Panacea for Unemployment Reduction." Journal of Management and Strategy 11, no. 1 (December 12, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jms.v11n1p37.

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Previous studies have affirmed the importance of entrepreneurship education in developing, motivating, and empowering entrepreneurs especially ex-students cannot be over emphasized, because it has led to the positive increase in the existence of entrepreneurs, which, to a great extent, is responsible for the creation of more job opportunities and the reduction of unemployment. Looking at the increasing rate of unemployment, entrepreneurship education has helped in developing entrepreneurs after the classroom, which greatly culminates into curbing the problem of unemployment in in various economies. This study investigated the extent to which entrepreneurship education and its impact in the reduction of unemployment using ex-students four Universities (two private and two public) as a case for the study. With the aid of questionnaire as a data collection instrument, 150 ex-Students currently running their businesses were randomly selected. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze their responses. Findings revealed that the catastrophic problem of unemployment can to a great extent be reduced through educating, motivating, developing, and empowerment of students as entrepreneurs. It also shows that there is a strong relationship between entrepreneurship education and unemployment reduction as most intentions were translated into actions. The results of this study further revealed that practical entrepreneurship classes have helped in motivating students to become entrepreneurs after graduation. Considering these findings, it is recommended that entrepreneurship education, motivation, development and empowerment should be taken serious by the educational institutions in developing economies. And students at all levels should be encouraged to engage in entrepreneurial activities in order to further reduce the rate of unemployment in developing economies. This will enable them to be employers instead of jobseekers.

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Dumont, E. "Estimated impact of global population growth on future wilderness extent." Earth System Dynamics Discussions 3, no. 1 (June 25, 2012): 433–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-3-433-2012.

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Abstract. Wilderness areas in the world are threatened by the environmental impacts of the growing global human population. This study estimates the impact of birth rate on the future surface area of biodiverse wilderness and on the proportion of this area without major extinctions. The following four drivers are considered: human population growth (1), agricultural efficiency (2), groundwater drawdown by irrigation (3), and non-agricultural space used by humans (buildings, gardens, roads, etc.) (4). This study indicates that the surface area of biodiverse unmanaged land will reduce with about 5.4% between 2012 and 2050. Further, it indicates that the biodiverse land without major extinctions will reduce with about 10.5%. These percentages are based on a commonly used population trajectory which assumes that birth rates across the globe will reduce in a similar way as has occurred in the past in many developed countries. Future birth rate is however very uncertain. Plausible future birth rates lower than the expected rates lead to much smaller reductions in surface area of biodiverse unmanaged land (0.7% as opposed to 5.4%), and a reduction in the biodiverse land without major extinctions of about 5.6% (as opposed to 10.5%). This indicates that birth rate is an important factor influencing the quality and quantity of wilderness remaining in the future.

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Ristic, Sanela, and Zivan Lazovic. "Consciousness, supervenience, and reduction." Theoria, Beograd 53, no. 3 (2010): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1003027r.

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The main topic of this paper is the question whether, and to what extent, the supervenience theses may help us in dealing with the problem of the consciousness and understanding the relation between mantal and physical properties. In the first two sections, the content and versions of the supervenience theses are specified and illustrated on some recent views like emergentism and Davidson's anomalious monism. The following sections deal with connections between the supervenience theses and types of reduction which are usually employed within the science. The conclusion is that the supervenience theses is not of a great avail in resolving the problem of consciossnes because it only points out to a covariance of mental and physical properties without suggesting any account why such-and-such neural mechanisms and processes give rise to specific mental properties.

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Hutchinson, S. J., S. M. Gore, A. Taylor, D. J. Goldberg, and M. Frischer. "Extent and contributing factors of drug expenditure of injectors in Glasgow." British Journal of Psychiatry 176, no. 2 (February 2000): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.176.2.166.

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BackgroundRecent concern about drug use has focused attention on the illegal income generated by users.AimsTo investigate factors associated with drugs expenditure and to estimate the cost of illegal acquisitions used to pay for drugs.MethodWe collected self-report data from 954 current injectors, interviewed at multiple street, needle/syringe exchange and drug treatment sites throughout Glasgow.ResultsInjectors' mean weekly drug spending was £324. The mean annual illegal drugs spend was estimated to be £11 000 per injector. We provide a central estimate – £194 million per annum – of the retail value of goods acquired illegally by injectors in Glasgow in order to pay for drugs. Higher drug spends were associated with having been imprisoned more often and with those reporting acquisitive crime, drug dealing and prostitution. Treatment with methadone, among individuals who injected in the previous two months, was associated with a 20% reduction in atypical spend on drugs.ConclusionsTreatment effectiveness needs to be measured both in terms of health benefit and in terms of reduction in drugs expenditure and recidivism.

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North, Malcolm, April Brough, Jonathan Long, Brandon Collins, Phil Bowden, Don Yasuda, Jay Miller, and Neil Sugihara. "Constraints on Mechanized Treatment Significantly Limit Mechanical Fuels Reduction Extent in the Sierra Nevada." Journal of Forestry 113, no. 1 (January 18, 2015): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/jof.14-058.

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Mohan, Chittur, Mark Gennaro, Corrado Marini, and Enrico Ascer. "Reduction of the extent of ischemic skeletal muscle necrosis by perfusion with oxygenated perfluorocarbon." American Journal of Surgery 164, no. 3 (September 1992): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9610(05)81069-4.

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Lee, Hyunjung, and Helmut Mayer. "Maximum extent of human heat stress reduction on building areas due to urban greening." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 32 (May 2018): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.04.010.

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Dalton, Dan R., and Debra J. Mesch. "On the extent and reduction of avoidable absenteeism: An assessment of absence policy provisions." Journal of Applied Psychology 76, no. 6 (1991): 810–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.6.810.

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Holberg, C., S. Steinhauser, and I. Rudzki-Janson. "Rapid maxillary expansion in adults: cranial stress reduction depending on the extent of surgery." European Journal of Orthodontics 29, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjl067.

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Huang, Liang Xiong, and Yong Hui Han. "Industrial Restructuring and Emission Reduction." Advanced Materials Research 869-870 (December 2013): 777–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.869-870.777.

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The most essential way to realize the goals in emission reduction is to speed up industrial restructuring and promote the transformation of economic growth pattern. This article collected four-digit indexes concerning industrial restructuring in 30 provinces (cities, regions) in China from 1999 to 2007 to show the extent of industrial restructuring in that area. And then it matched these figures to those of environmental pollution on provincial level. This way, it would be able to see how manufacturing industrys inner restructuring affects the emission. The results showed that Chinas industrial restructuring had led to a significant decrease in the emission per unit of GDP.

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Takanashi, H., M. Mayumi, M. Kato, M. Hirata, and T. Hano. "Removal of mutagen precursor from wastewater by activated sludge and oxidation treatment." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2002): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0767.

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Removal of mutagen precursors from wastewaters was investigated. Removal extent of mutagen precursor was evaluated by the mutagen formation potential (MFP) which is mutagenicity of pollutants capable of forming mutagens when chlorinated under the conditions of water purification processes. 77% of the MFP reduction extent for a wastewater from a university was achieved by activated sludge treatment. However, no significant reduction of the MFP was observed for wastewater from food industry, a landfill leachate and mold extract. The Fenton oxidation treatment and ozone treatment are able to remove mutagen precursors from the mold extract and the wastewater from a university, respectively. 90% of the MFP reduction extent was achieved for the mold extract by the Fenton treatment. 54% of the MFP reduction extent was achieved for a sewage by the ozone treatment. Using the oxidation treatments, biodegradability of mutagen precursors in the mold extract and sewage was improved. From the viewpoint of treatment cost, the oxidation treatments should be oriented to the improvement of biodegradability.

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Naderi, Sait, Metin Manisali, Feridun Acar, Dinç Özaksoy, Tansu Mertol, and M. Nuri Arda. "Factors affecting reduction in low-grade lumbosacral spondylolisthesis." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 99, no. 2 (September 2003): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2003.99.2.0151.

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Object. Lumbosacral spondylolisthesis (LSS) is a common disorder that often requires a stabilization and fusion procedure. The aim of this study was to determine the early neuroimaging-detected results of instrumentation-assisted (in situ) fusion with no attempt at surgical reduction of the deformity in patients with low-grade LSS. The neuroimaging results were evaluated to determine the extent of reduction and its correlation with different parameters. Methods. Thirty patients with low-grade LSS underwent short-segment transpedicular screw fixation; surgical reduction was not attempted. All patients underwent plain anteroposterior and lateral lumbar radiography, flexion—extension lateral lumbar radiography, and computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine before and after surgery. Postoperative measurements were determined on the late (9 to 12—month) postoperative radiographs. The findings were recorded and grouped. Correlation analysis was performed among the radiological findings, body mass index, age, and sex. Paired-sample t-tests were performed for each paired group to determine statistically significant differences. There was no significant difference in extent of deformity reduction in patients with different lordotic angles, sagittal-plane rotation angles, and intervertebral disc heights. The extent of reduction was statistically significant at the L4–5 level (p < 0.05), in patients younger than 50 years of age (p < 0.05), and in those in whom the facet joint angle was increased (p < 0.05). Conclusions. The authors found that in cases of low-grade LSS, short-segment posterior stabilization (in situ fusion and fixation) does not require surgical reduction and in fact is associated with a measurable reduction when used as the sole treatment.

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Benowitz, Neal L., Eric C. Donny, Kathryn C. Edwards, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, and Tracy T. Smith. "The Role of Compensation in Nicotine Reduction." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 21, Supplement_1 (December 2019): S16—S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz120.

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Abstract The available research on switching from normal nicotine to very low nicotine content cigarettes shows minimal evidence of compensatory smoking. Mathematical estimations suggest that substantial compensation after switching to very low nicotine cigarettes would be impossible. It is likely that smokers who are unable to tolerate the extent of proposed nicotine reduction would switch to other sources of nicotine, rather than try to compensate by smoking more very low nicotine content cigarettes more intensely.

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Valenti, G., J. S. Hugon, and J. Bourguet. "To what extent is microtubular network involved in antidiuretic response?" American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 255, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): F1098—F1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1988.255.6.f1098.

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Antimitotic drugs markedly interfere with antidiuretic response, strongly implying that cytoskeleton integrity is essential to this function. This role of the cytoskeleton in controlling the epithelial transport has been seen as a necessary step in the translocation of the water channel containing particle aggregates and in their delivery to the apical membrane. We have now reexamined the exact role of the microtubular network by appropriate time course determinations, by the use of microtubule disruptive agents that lack of the side effects of colchicine, and by trying to visualize the apparent modifications of the microtubular network that accompany water permeability alterations using immunocytochemical techniques. Our results fully confirm that after microtubular network disruption, antidiuretic hormone-induced water permeability variations undergo typical alterations consisting in both a reduction in peak net water flow and a slowing down of its onset. At the same time, the microtubular network disappears in all the epithelial cells. We also show that colchicine-induced inhibition can still be observed in the presence of a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor and that this inhibition is most likely to occur at a post-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate level. These data, as well as results from other series with nocodazole, indicate that the reduction of the net water flow directly results from microtubular network disruption and not from side effects of the disrupting drugs. They also show that the hydrosmotic response is only partially dependent on the microtubular network, which probably has only a guidance role in the translocation of particle aggregates and their exocytotic fusion to the apical membrane.

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Cao, Nai, Gang Lei, Pingchuan Dong, Hong Li, Zisen Wu, and Yudan Li. "Stress-Dependent Permeability of Fractures in Tight Reservoirs." Energies 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010117.

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Permeability is one of the key factors involved in the optimization of oil and gas production in fractured porous media. Understanding the loss in permeability influenced by the fracture system due to the increasing effective stress aids to improve recovery in tight reservoirs. Specifically, the impacts on permeability loss caused by different fracture parameters are not yet clearly understood. The principal aim of this paper is to develop a reasonable and meaningful quantitative model that manifests the controls on the permeability of fracture systems with different extents of fracture penetration. The stress-dependent permeability of a fracture system was studied through physical tests and numerical simulation with the finite element method (FEM). In addition, to extend capability beyond the existing model, a theoretical stress-dependent permeability model is proposed with fracture penetration extent as an influencing factor. The results presented include (1) a friendly agreement between the predicted permeability reduction under different stress conditions and the practical experimental data; (2) rock permeability of cores with fractures first reduces dramatically due to the closure of the fractures, then the permeability decreases gradually with the increase in effective stress; and (3) fracture penetration extent is one of the main factors in permeability stress sensitivity. The sensitivity is more influenced by fracture systems with a larger fracture penetration extent, whereas matrix compaction is the leading influencing factor in permeability stress sensitivity for fracture systems with smaller fracture penetration extents.

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Myers, B. D., A. Chagnac, H. Golbetz, L. Newton, S. Strober, and R. K. Sibley. "Extent of glomerular injury in active and resolving lupus nephritis: a theoretical analysis." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 260, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): F717—F727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1991.260.5.f717.

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Patients with diffuse, proliferative lupus nephritis (DPLN) were subjected to differential solute clearances (n = 22) and serial renal biopsy (n = 11) before and again after 6-12 mo of immunosuppressive therapy. Glomerular sieving of dextrans of graded size was analyzed with a heteroporous membrane model. This revealed active DPLN to be associated with 1) a reduction of overall pore density accompanied by a 53% depression of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and 2) appearance of a subset of large, nondiscriminatory pores, which accounted for the observed nephrotic level of proteinuria. Morphometric analysis of biopsy tissue provided evidence of reduced filtration surface area due to global or segmental occlusion of capillary loops in glomerular tufts. Activity of DPLN resolved posttreatment. A computed increase in pore density was associated with a 24% increment in GFR; a marked reduction in the fraction of shuntlike pores was accompanied by a parallel reduction of proteinuria into a subnephrotic range. Repeat biopsy revealed diminished glomerular cellularity, fewer immune deposits, and an ensuing increase in the fraction of tuft area occupied by patent loops. Epithelial filtration slit frequency also increased. Neither functional nor structural recovery was complete, however. Residual pore density approximated only 23-35% of that in healthy controls, and corresponding shuntlike pores were threefold more prominent. We conclude that severe DPLN is only partially reversible by current modalities of treatment and that the ensuing residual injury is far more severe than suggested by conventional tests of renal function.

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Geyer, Thomas Fritz, and Ennes Sarradj. "Self Noise Reduction and Aerodynamics of Airfoils With Porous Trailing Edges." Acoustics 1, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 393–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/acoustics1020022.

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The application of open-porous materials is a possible method to effectively reduce the aerodynamic noise of an airfoil. However, the porous consistency may have a negative effect on the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil, since very often the lift is decreased while the drag increases. In a recent investigation, the generation of trailing edge noise of a set of airfoil models made from different porous materials was examined experimentally. The materials were characterized mainly by their airflow resistivity. Besides the material, the chordwise extent of the porous material was varied, which was done by covering the front part of the porous airfoil with a thin, impermeable adhesive foil. Acoustic measurements were performed in an open jet wind tunnel using microphone array technology, while the aerodynamic performance was measured simultaneously using a six-component balance. In general, both the airflow resistivity and the extent of the porous material have an influence on the trailing edge noise. However, if a suitable material is chosen, the results show that a noticeable reduction of trailing edge noise is possible even with only a small chordwise extent of the porous material.

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Argyle, Morris D., Kaidong Chen, Carlo Resini, Catherine Krebs, Alexis T. Bell, and Enrique Iglesia. "In situ UV-visible assessment of extent of reduction during oxidation reactions on oxide catalysts." Chemical Communications, no. 16 (2003): 2082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b305264h.

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Shao, Leishan, Jingjing Li, Yuliang Zhang, Shiming Gong, Heng Zhang, and Yinghan Wang. "The effect of the reduction extent on the performance of graphene/poly(vinyl alcohol) composites." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2, no. 34 (June 27, 2014): 14173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta02833c.

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CHIKAHISA, Takemi, and Yukio HISHINUMA. "A208 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PERFORMANCE AND STRATEGY TO MAXIMIZE CO_2 REDUCTION EXTENT OF COGENERATION SYSTEMS." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2003.2 (2003): _2–43_—_2–48_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2003.2._2-43_.

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Liu, Deng, Hongmei Wang, Xuan Qiu, and Hailiang Dong. "Comparison of reduction extent of Fe(III) in nontronite by Shewanella putrefaciens and Desulfovibrio vulgaris." Journal of Earth Science 21, S1 (June 2010): 297–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12583-010-0241-7.

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Hilz, Emilia, and Arnoldus W. P. Vermeer. "Spray drift review: The extent to which a formulation can contribute to spray drift reduction." Crop Protection 44 (February 2013): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2012.10.020.

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Yeboah, Yaw D., Ali G. Maadhah, and Abdullah M. Aitani. "The measurement of the extent of reduction of steam-reforming catalysts using thermal analysis techniques." Thermochimica Acta 185, no. 1 (August 1991): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(91)80118-3.

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Tay, Jessica Y. L., Gerhard Zotz, Jaroslaw Puczylowski, and Helena J. R. Einzmann. "Go with the flow: The extent of drag reduction as epiphytic bromeliads reorient in wind." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 24, 2021): e0252790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252790.

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Vascular epiphytes represent almost 10% of all terrestrial plant diversity. Being structurally dependent on trees, epiphytes live at the interface of vegetation and atmosphere, making them susceptible to atmospheric changes. Despite the extensive research on vascular epiphytes, little is known about wind disturbance on these plants. Therefore, this study investigated the wind-epiphyte mechanical interactions by quantifying the drag forces on epiphytic bromeliads when subjected to increasing wind speeds (5–22 m s-1) in a wind tunnel. Drag coefficients (Cd) and Vogel exponents (B) were calculated to quantify the streamlining ability of different bromeliad species. Bromeliads’ reconfiguration occurred first via bending and aligning leaves in the flow direction. Then leaves clustered and reduced the overall plant frontal area. This reconfiguration caused drag forces to increase at a slower rate as wind velocity increased. In the extreme case, drag force was reduced by 50% in a large Guzmania monostachia individual at a wind velocity of 22 m s-1, compared to a stiff model. This species had one of the smallest Cd (0.58) at the highest wind velocity, and the largest negative mean B (-0.98), representing the largest reconfiguration capacity amongst the tested bromeliads. The streamlining ability of bromeliads was mainly restricted by the rigidity of the lower part of the plant where the leaves are already densely clustered. Wind speeds used in this study were generally low as compared to storm force winds. At these low wind speeds, reconfiguration was an effective mechanism for drag reduction in bromeliads. This mechanism is likely to lose its effectiveness at higher wind speeds when continuous vigorous fluttering results in leaf damage and aspects such as root-attachment strength and substrate stability become more relevant. This study is a first step towards an understanding of the mechanical bottleneck in the epiphyte-tree-system under wind stress.

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Zotin, Fatima M. Z., Louise Tournayan, Jean Varloud, Vincent Perrichon, and Roger Fréty. "Temperature-programmed reduction: limitation of the technique for determining the extent of reduction of either pure ceria or ceria modified by additiv." Applied Catalysis A: General 98, no. 1 (May 1993): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-860x(93)85028-n.

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Saidin, Hanizam Shah, S. Aishah Syed Salim, Norlia Baharun, S. A. Rezan, and Hussin Hashim. "An Assessment of the Carbothermal Reduction of Malaysian Ilmenite by Statistical Design." Advanced Materials Research 858 (November 2013): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.858.221.

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Statistical design analysis (factorial design) was utilized to verify the significance and the interaction between the studied factors include temperature, reduction time and catalyst amount. Carbothermal reduction of iron ore sample was carried out at temperature between 1000°C to 1200°C. The effects of operating parameters studied were extent of reduction (X), carbon consumed (Cconsumed ) and nitridation (XN). Temperature was the most influential parameter that showed strong interaction with the operating parameters, meanwhile, reduction time and catalyst have showed the contrary results and had a very low percentage of contribution. The results of the experimental design showed that the extent of reduction reached up to 93% at 1200°C using 10 wt. % catalysts after 180 minutes reduction. The use of 0-10 wt % catalyst at 1200°C for 180 min reduction significantly affect the X but did not for Cconsumed and XN.Keywords: Carbothermal Reduction, Factorial Design, Malaysian Ilmenite, Nitridation.

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