Relevant bibliographies by topics / External and internal debt

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'External and internal debt'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "External and internal debt"

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Obravyt, Viktoriia, and Viktoriia Koilo. "Comparative analysis of internal and external national debt of Ukraine taking into account the impact factors." Public and Municipal Finance 6, no. 1 (2017): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.06(1).2017.05.

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In this paper, scientific and methodological approaches as for interpreting the notion “national debt of the country” as a whole are systematized, the essence of “internal national debt” and “external national debt” in particular is clarified. Critical analysis of the state and dynamics of the national debt of Ukraine during 2006-2015 was performed. Dynamics of the extent of internal and external national debt of the country was studied and their comparative analysis was performed. Detailed structure of both internal part of the debt and its external part is presented. With the help of correla
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Gurung, Abin, and Deepak Prasad Rijal. "External Debt and Internal Debt Impact on the Growth of the Nepalese Economy." Open Journal for Research in Economics 6, no. 1 (2023): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojre.0601.02013g.

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The study examines the relationship between internal debt, external debt, and economic growth in Nepal. Debt plays a crucial role in capital formation that contributes to economic growth. Therefore, this study aims to examine the influence of internal and external debt on Nepal's economic growth between mid-July 1975 and mid-July 2022, utilizing the Ordinary Least Square method to determine the relationship between the variables, Augmented Dickey-Fuller techniques to test for unit root, and Granger causality test to establish causation between GDP, external debt, and internal debt. The unit ro
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Fijoh, Kalu, and Ikechukwu Boniface Iheaturu. "Empirical Analysis of the Effect of Public Debt on the Economic Growth of Nigeria." Economics and Business Quarterly Reviews 6, no. 1 (2023): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1992.06.01.482.

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For adequate economic growth and development, a country’s savings may not equate her desired investments in goods and services. When deficit exist, a country will always bring out means to finance the deficit. Such financing in most cases is through debts from both internal external sources. The objectives of the study are to determine the effect of public debts proxied as internal debts, external debts and interest rate on economic growth proxied as gross domestic product. The study applied ex-post facto design with secondary data as instrument for data collection. Multiple regression m
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Jesson, Rey F. Sabado, Rose R. Tagalog Jezyl, L. Sarmiento Ellieza, and B. Gaquit Arabella. "The Effects of Government Borrowing to Investment Growth of the Country." JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, FINANCE AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES 07, no. 02 (2024): 1273–84. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10695251.

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Government borrowing has emerged as one significant method that helps in mobilization of resources for economic growth especially in emerging economics. Most governments in developing economies resort to borrowing as a way of financing budget deficit. This paper identifies the effects of government borrowing to investment growth in the Philippines. Specifically, it presented the trend of gross domestic product, internal debt, and external debt from 1990-2020. The study used Johansen Co-integration, Granger Causality, and Vector Autoregression (VAR) models to analyze this study. Johansen’
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Alawneh, Ateyah. "The Impact of Public Expenditure and Public Debt on Taxes: A Case Study of Jordan." Accounting and Finance Research 6, no. 3 (2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v6n3p10.

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The study aimed to estimate the impact of capital expenditure, current expenditure and external and internal public debt on taxes in Jordan during the period 2001–2014. It adopted the multiple linear regression method by E-views program to study the impact of the independent variables (represented by capital expenditure, current expenditure, external and internal public debit) on the dependent variable (taxes). The statistical analysis showed a statistically significant, positive impact of both the capital expenditure and the current expenditure on taxes. The study also found a statistically s
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Sapkota, Piamber. "Effects of Public Debt on Economic Growth of Nepal." Lumbini Journal of Business and Economics 11, no. 1 (2023): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ljbe.v11i1.54340.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of public debt dividing into internal and external debt on economic growth rate of Nepal using time series data from 1990 – 2021 A.D. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is employed to investigate the effect as well as long – run and short – run relationship between economic growth and public debt. It is found that in long run, effect of internal debt upon the economic growth rate of Nepal is negative. Similarly, the long run effect of external debt upon the economic growth rate is positive and significant. The short run effect analysis result
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Ahmad, Eatzaz. "A Qualitative Analysis of Pakistan’s External and Internal Debt." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 16, Special Edition (2011): 123–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2011.v16.isp.a6.

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This paper discusses how poor debt management combined with the policies of donor agencies (particularly the IMF) have brought on the present domestic and foreign debt crises. The paper presents a qualitative account of the debt in Pakistan and then analyzes the debt data using various debt burden indicators. After the analysis of the economic and social costs of debt overhang in Pakistan, it is found that net foreign resource flows to the private and public sectors tended to crowd out private and public savings respectively and that public savings is crowded out by resource flows from the pri
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Tsvirko, S. E. "PROBLEMS OF PUBLIC DEBT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN RUSSIA." Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 6 (October 25, 2014): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2013-6-56-63.

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The problems of the Russia’s debt management are revealed. Evolution of the public debts’ problem of the Russian Federation including the question of its interaction with private debts is discussed. Risks in debt sphere are analyzed. Specific features of the Russian economy such as the dependence on world energy prices, low efficiency of public expenditures, rapid growth of internal public debts and external quasi-sovereign and private debts are defined. Principles of debt management and areas of improvement in the system of Russia’s debt management were defined.
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Naeem, Javeria, and Sadia Sherbaz. "Indebtedness and Poverty: The Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 55, no. 4I-II (2016): 823–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v55i4i-iipp.823-835.

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Since the advent of Neolibralism, debt has been construed as means of policy reforms to achieve stability, liberalisation and recovery from shocks. However, the other side of the picture has been either ignored or underappreciated. That is the human cost of indebtedness. Whether internal or external, indebtedness may have significant implications for the living conditions of the masses, as it leads to substantial deviation of resources towards debt management. This paper attempts to assess the impact of indebtedness on poverty for Pakistan. The impact of total, internal and external debt on po
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Nisa, Zaib. "Relationship between External Domestic Debt and Economic Growth." International Journal of Economic Policy 3, no. 2 (2023): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijecop.1567.

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Purpose: Pakistan is surrounded by serious socio-economic problems. Due to the low tax base and double deficit, Pakistan has to rely on internal and external capital flows. Foreign capital flows are not easily accessible, but domestic capital flows are always accessible Methodology: The study investigates the effects of domestic debt on economic growth in Pakistan by applying the OLS technique Findings: The study indicates that the stock of domestic debt positively affects economic growth in Pakistan. This clearly means that the resources generated through internal debt have been partially use
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "External and internal debt"

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Cavalcanti, Carlos Brandão. "Transferência de recursos ao exterior e substituição de dívida externa por dívida interna." Rio de Janeiro : [BNDES], Gabinete do Presidente, Departamento de Projetos de Comunicação, 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/21118412.html.

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Masoga, Mamokgaetji Marius. "The impact of public debt on economic growth in South Africa : a cointegration approach." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2421.

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Thesis (M.Com (Economics)) --University of Limpopo, 2018<br>The burden of public debt is an economic issue, dominating debates in different sectors of our society. The post financial crisis era has been marked with an increasing level of public debt at international, national and sub-national level. The study investigates if public debt can affect economic growth in South Africa, for the period 1995 to 2016. The results for Johansen test of cointegration signposted the existence of cointegration among variables observed in this study. The trace statistic and max-eigen value complimented each
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Лебедко, Н. Р. "Управління державним боргом". Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2020. http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/12730.

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В першому розділі кваліфікаційної роботи досліджено теоретичні аспекти функціонування системи управління державним боргом, розглянуто поняття, місце та роль у фінансовій системі держави, методичні підходи щодо оцінки державного боргу, ризики державного боргу та їх вплив на боргову та фінансову безпеку країни. В другому розділі проаналізовано сучасний стан державного боргу України у період з 2015 по 2019 рік, проведено оцінку стану боргового навантаження через аналіз макроекономічних показників, наведено динаміку, структуру та причини накопичення державного боргу України. Проведено регресійний
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Malmqvist, Olivia, and Josefin Löwgren. "Samspel mellan Identitet och Image : En fallstudie av det Svenska företaget POC." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Business Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1388.

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<p>Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine if POC manage to keep cohort interplay between their identity and image.</p><p>Theoretical framework: This paper is led from theories in area about communicating identity and image. The theories that are relevant to this paper to see the interplay between identity and image is communication theory and brand theories based on associations. From these theories we have composed a model that shows the communication led from identity throughout image in company’s with many distribution channels. It shows what associations that build identity and i
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Norell, Stefan, and Nathalie Styren. "Externa och interna bankrevisorers yrkesutövning i det förebyggande arbetet mot penningtvätt." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-18868.

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Titel: Bankrevisorers yrkesutövning i det förebyggande arbetet mot penningtvätt Syfte: Studien syfte är att öka förståelsen samt förklara hur externa och interna bankrevisorer arbetar förebyggande mot penningtvätt inom banksektorn. Syftet besvaras genom att undersöka hur penningtvättslagen tillämpas i bankrevisorers yrkesutövning, hur det arbetet förhåller sig till god revisionssed samt om berörda parter upplever ett förväntningsgap gällande bankrevisorers ansvar att upptäcka finansbrott, såsom penningtvätt. Metod: Studien har tillämpat en kvalitativ forskningsmetod för att studera hur externa
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Stefanoudakis, Johannes H., Diego R. Calvo, and Marcelo Tames. "External Debt and Economic Growth." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-6843.

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<p>Throughout the years most countries have incurred in borrowing money in order to finance many of their operations. Those loans and their accumulation have either benefited or impaired those countries’ ability to grow.</p><p>In this report we examine several factors that affect the gross domestic product (GDP) and their levels of impact with the sole purpose of inferring the relationship between debt and GDP. In addition, we will propose a cut-off point from which additional debt results in negative growth.</p>
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Nohlås, Pia, and Olivia Söderquist. "“Belöningen som jag värderar det är att själv få bestämma över min arbetstid” : En kvalitativ studie om arbetsmotivation inom läraryrket." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-79760.

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Syftet med studien var att undersöka om Herzbergs tvåfaktorteori har relevans i praktiken idag inom läraryrket. Studien är kvalitativ med deduktiv ansats utifrån Herzbergs tvåfaktorteori. Totalt 10 semistrukturerade intervjuer utfördes med lärare från högstadie- och universitetsnivå vilka sedan analyserades tematiskt. Resultatet visade att Herzbergs teori fortfarande är tillämpningsbar inom yrket lärare. Resultatet visade däremot på att det fanns skillnader i vad för faktorer som är av mest vikt hos lärarna gentemot vad Herzberg påstod. De mest avgörande faktorerna för arbetsmotivation hos lär
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Mbroh, Francis Kingsley. "Ghana : external debt problem and growth." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407659.

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Ejigayehu, Dereje Abere. "The effect of external debt on Economic Growth : A panel data analysis on the relationship between external debt and economic growth." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-20166.

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The impact of external debt on economic growth is a debatable issue between scholars since the onset of the debt crisis in 1980’s. This thesis examines whether external debt affects the economic growth of selected heavily indebted poor African countries through the debt overhang and debt crowding out effect. This is carried out by using data for eight heavily indebted poor African countries between 1991 to 2010.The result from estimation shows that external debt affects economic growth by the debt crowding out effect rather than debt overhang. Moreover, in an attempt to mark out debt servicing
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Al, Zein Eza Ghassan. "Capital controls and external debt term structure." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2556.

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In my dissertation, I explore the relationship between capital controls and the choice of the maturity structure of external debt in a general equilibrium setup, incorporating explicitly the role of international lenders. I look at specific types of capital controls which take the form of date-specific and maturity-specific reserve requirements on external borrowing. I consider two questions: How is the maturity structure of external debt determined in a world general equilibrium? What are the effects of date- and maturity-specific reserve requirements on the maturity structure of external deb
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Books on the topic "External and internal debt"

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Schvarzer, Jorge. External dependency and internal transformation: Argentina confronts the long debt crisis. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 2000.

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Cavalcanti, Carlos Brandão. Transferência de recursos ao exterior e substituição de dívida externa por dívida interna. [BNDES], Gabinete do Presidente, Departamento de Projetos de Comunicação, 1988.

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Cavalcanti, Carlos Brandão. Transferência de recursos ao exterior e substituição de dívida externa por dívida interna. [BNDES], Gabinete do Presidente, Departamento de Projetos de Comunicação, 1988.

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Carlos, Massad, Zahler Roberto, and Arriazu Ricardo H, eds. Deuda interna y estabilidad financiera. Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1987.

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Hassanali, Mehran, IMF Institute, and International Monetary Fund. Central Banking Dept., eds. External debt management. International Monetary Fund, 1985.

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Fasipe, Akintayo. Nigeriaʼs external debt. Obafemi Awolowo University Press Ltd., 1990.

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Cordella, Tito. Debt overhang or debt irrelevance?: Revisiting the debt-growth link. International Monetary Fund, 2005.

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Rübel, Gerhard. Factors Determining External Debt. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83655-8.

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Pattillo, Catherine A. External debt and growth. International Monetary Fund, Research Department, 2002.

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Falegan, S. B. Nigeria's external debt burden. Fountain Publications, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "External and internal debt"

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Galistcheva, Natalya. "External Debt." In World Economy and International Business. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20328-2_41.

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Oppenheimer, Peter M. "External Debt." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_608.

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Orr, Bill. "External Debt." In The Global Economy in the 90s. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13009-2_13.

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Oppenheimer, Peter M. "External Debt." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_608-1.

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Hartog, Peter B. R., Emma Svensson, Lewis Mervin, Samuel Genheden, Ola Engkvist, and Igor V. Tetko. "Registries in Machine Learning-Based Drug Discovery: A Shortcut to Code Reuse." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72381-0_9.

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AbstractComputer-aided drug discovery gradually builds on previous work and requires reusable code to advance research. Currently, research code is mainly used to provide further insights into the original research whilst code reuse has a lower priority. Modularity, the segmentation of code for independent modules, promotes good coding practices and code reuse. The registry pattern has been proposed as a way to call functionalities dynamically, but it is currently overlooked as a shortcut to promote code reuse. In this work, we expand the registry pattern to better suit computer-aided drug dis
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Mikić, Mia. "External Debt Management." In Growth and External Debt Management. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10944-9_2.

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Alagia, Ricardo. "The External Debt." In Great Power Relations in Argentina, Chile and Antarctica. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10075-0_8.

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Czerkawski, Chris. "Measuring External Debt." In Theoretical and Policy-Oriented Aspects of the External Debt Economics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84549-9_1.

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Razzak, Weshah. "The External Debt." In The Future of Economic Development in the Gulf Cooperation Council States. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003288282-4.

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Mascolo, Michael. "Internal/External Dichotomy." In Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology. Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5583-7_458.

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Conference papers on the topic "External and internal debt"

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Yao, Yucheng, Fan Yang, Kaiyue Wang, and Xiabing Zhou. "Internal-External Information Enhanced Causal Reasoning." In 2024 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn60899.2024.10651415.

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Smith, Matthew, Jason Friel, and Jared Kloda. "Hydraulic System Internal and External Leakage Diagnostics." In Vertical Flight Society 70th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0070-2014-9538.

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The Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation and the U.S. Army Aviation Development Directorate - Aviation Applied Technology Directorate (ADD-AATD) are jointly sponsoring the Capability-Based Operations and Sustainment Technology-Aviation (COST-A) program. The objective of COST-A is to demonstrate an integrated set of high-value diagnostics, prognostics, and system health management technologies that reduce the maintenance burden, without sacrificing safety, of six different rotorcraft systems. The major goals of the COST-A vehicle management system (VMS) effort include developing diagnostics for assess
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Ayushi, Nidhi Soni, Kamal Sharma, Muntather Almusawi, Pattabhi Rama Mohan P, and K. Ranjith Singh. "Drones for Assessments: Internal and External Research Efforts." In 2024 International Conference on Communication, Computing and Energy Efficient Technologies (I3CEET). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/i3ceet61722.2024.10993957.

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Zhumakunova, Tolkun, and Zhainagul Kydyralieva. "The Effects of External Debts on Economic Growth of Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.02019.

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In developing countries, insufficient internal sources cause the increase of need on external sources. These countries in order to maintain their economic growth apply for external debt to cover the gap of foreign currency and savings. After the collapse of Soviet Union, Kyrgyzstan began to use external funds. It is very important to use these sources in accurate areas and efficiently. Most empirical studies indicate a negative correlation between foreign debt and economic growth, especially in those countries whose foreign debts are relatively high. This work examines the correlation between
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Moiseev, V. V., Zh N. Avilova, E. A. Karelina, and I. V. Kirova. "External and Internal Debts of Russia." In Proceedings of the International conference "Economy in the modern world" (ICEMW 2018). Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemw-18.2018.21.

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Gogola, Erik. "The Impact of Financial Literacy on Debt Behavior of Households: Evidence from Micro Data." In EDAMBA 2022: 25th International Scientific Conference for Doctoral Students and Post-Doctoral Scholars. University of Economics in Bratislava, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53465/edamba.2022.9788022550420.128-139.

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While several papers have focused on the effect of financial literacy on household retirement savings or investment choices, this paper is devoted to its impact on households’ debt behavior. We utilize Slovak household finance and consumer survey (HFCS) microdata to analyze the impact of the objective level of financial literacy on Slovak households ́ debt behavior. We find that Slovak households display different debt behavior with respect to varying levels of financial literacy. We focus on high-cost credit products and find that a household ́s financial literacy does not have a statisticall
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Shumilina, Vera, and Veronika Talanina. "FINANCIAL SECURITY IN THE ECONOMIC SECURITY SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." In Economy of Russia: problems, trends, forecasts. AUS PUBLISHERS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/conferencearticle_61cc296c218f86.64569192.

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This article examines the concept of financial security of the state. The article is also devoted to the consideration of the main problems that act as threats to the financial security of the country. The problem of servicing the state external and internal debt, as well as capital outflow from the country is considered in more detail. Statistical data on the problems voiced are presented. The consequences of ignoring these problems are analyzed
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Karadjova, Vera, and Aleksandar Trajkov. "Basic Components and Indicators in Assessing Country Risk (Selected CEFTA Countries)." In Seventh International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2021.13.

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Country risk analysis has become extremely important in contem­porary conditions. This paper briefly discusses concepts, definitions, basic components, and some quantitative methods used to address various issues related to country risk in selected CEFTA countries. The paper also presents the indicative calculation of some of the elements and indicators for the selected countries, based on relevant available data, and in order to make a comparative analysis. Having in mind that country risk is a specific and complex macroeconomic risk, its determination and analysis is additionally complicated
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Liu, Jianhui, and Andrew Francis. "New Limit State Functions for Determining the Puncture Resistance to External Force." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28029.

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Traditionally, a key component of the design philosophy applied to high-pressure pipelines has been the stipulation that the nominal hoop stress is less than some fraction of the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS). However, more recently both designers and operators have recognised that whilst this approach generally leads to conservatively safe designs, there may be some situations in which the conservatism is not adequate. This has resulted in a move towards limit state, and structural reliability based, methods that address actual failure modes, and consequently the contributions to st
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Cosham, Andrew, Clara Huescar Medina, Max Koronka, Gary Senior, and Gemma Simpson. "Full-Scale Burst Tests With Hydrogen." In 2024 15th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2024-131285.

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Abstract Five full-scale burst tests in hydrogen and four in water have been conducted on nominally identical pairs of vessels containing nominally identical defects to investigate the effect of hydrogen on the burst strength of defects in pipelines. A short section of line pipe cut from a pipeline commissioned in 1969 was used to fabricate the test vessels. The line pipe has a nominal diameter equal to 609.6 mm (24 in.) and a nominal wall thickness equal to 11.91 mm. It is Grade X52. It has a longitudinal seam weld. Five different types of defects were tested in the burst tests: an internal a
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Reports on the topic "External and internal debt"

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Vergara, Rodrigo, and Sebastián Edwards. Fiscal Sustainability, Debt Dynamics and Debt Relief: The Cases of Nicaragua and Honduras. Inter-American Development Bank, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009172.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between fiscal policy, aggregate public sector debt sustainability, and debt relief. In particular, we develop a methodology to compute the fiscal policy path that is compatible with aggregate debt sustainability in the post-HIPC era (Highly Indebted Poor Countries relief initiative). This model explicitly considers the role of domestic debt, and quantifies the extent to which future debt sustainability depends on the availability of concessional loans at subsidized interest rates. The working of the model is illustrated for the cases of
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Arellano, Cristina, Andrew Atkeson, and Mark Wright. External and Public Debt Crises. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21456.

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Ozler, Sule, and Guido Tabellini. External Debt and Political Instability. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3772.

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Cohen, Daniel, and Jeffrey Sachs. Growth and External Debt Under Risk of Debt Repudiation. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1703.

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Collins, Susan. South Korea's Experience With External Debt. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2598.

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Aizenman, Joshua. Trade Dependency, Bargaining and External Debt. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2726.

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Gertner, Robert, David Scharfstein, and Jeremy Stein. Internal versus External Capital Markets. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4776.

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Arellano, Cristina, and Narayana Kocherlakota. Internal Debt Crises and Sovereign Defaults. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13794.

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Dooley, Michael, and Kenneth Kletzer. Capital Flight, External Debt and Domestic Policies. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4793.

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Alesina, Alberto, and Guido Tabellini. External Debt, Capital Flight and Political Risk. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2610.

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