Academic literature on the topic 'External border of the European Union'

Sienų apsauga yra aktuali tema bet kurioje pasaulio valstybėje. Tenka pastebėti, kad kuomet valstybė turi išorines sienas su kitomis valstybėmis, ji turi sukūrusi politiką, teisinę bei institucinę bazę sienos apsaugai, užtikrinančiai tos valstybės gyventojų socialinius, politinius, teisinius, ekonominius, kultūrinius, mokslinius interesus. Europos Sąjungos sienos apsaugos srityje, išskiriamos dvi sienų sąvokos – vidaus bei išorės sienos. Valstybių narių bendradarbiavimas, pagrįstas integruotos išorinės sienos apsaugos koncepcija, orientuotas į valstybių narių bendras pastangas, siekiant užtikrinti ES vidaus saugumą, vykdant sienos kontrolę, ją saugant bei bendradarbiaujant vykdant įvairias operatyvines operacijas bei bendrus projektus. Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti ES valstybių narių bendradarbiavimo sienos apsaugos srityje gaires bei įvertinti bendradarbiavimo efektyvumą. Darbą sudaro įvadas, kuriame pateikiamas temos aktualumas, analizuojama problema, keliamas tikslas bei uždaviniai, pateikiami tyrimo metodai, trys dėstomosios dalys bei išvados ir pasiūlymai. Darbe remiantis jau atliktai tyrimais, taip pat Šengeno teisynu, Amsterdamo sutartimi, Europos Ekonominės Bendrijos steigimo sutartimi, Lisabonos sutartimi analizuojamos ES valstybių narių bendradarbiavimo sienos apsaugos srityje gairės, išskiriamos problemos, vertinamas bendradarbiavimo efektyvumą.<br>Border guard, control and surveillance are a relevant topic in every country. It should be mentioned, that when the country has borders with other countries, it has created the policy, legal and institutional basis for the control and surveillance of its border that secures social, political, legal, economical, cultural and scientific interests of the citizens of that country. There are two border concepts in the European Union – internal and external borders. The co-operation of the member states, based on the integrated border management concept, is oriented to the common attempt to control and secure the external border carrying out various joint operations and projects. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the guidelines of the cooperation of the EU member states in the field of external border guard and to evaluate the effectiveness of this cooperation. This paper consists of preface, where the relevance, problem, purpose, objectives are presented, three main parts, conclusions and appendixes. The analysis of the guidelines of cooperation of the EU member states in the field of external border surveillance and evaluation of the effectiveness of this cooperation is being carried out using the researches, Shengen acquis, the Treaty of Amsterdam, the Treaty of Rome, the Treaty of Lisbon, etc.

The thesis includes, in Section I, an analysis of the European Union's internal and external competence in air transport and in matters including air transport within their scope, the nature of such competence and the procedures for conducting external relations. The thesis includes also a description of the progress in European Community competence in air transport, a new classification of the Community's secondary legislative measures in air transport in view of their external effect and the main obstacles to the acquisition by the European Union of external competence in air transport. Section II of the thesis includes an analysis of the use the European Union has made of its external competence in air transport in the areas of external relations with non-Member States and international organizations and of the various problems bearing upon such relations as well as the prospects for the future

The relation between the immigration policies and state sovereignty in the European Union (EU) is both a most topical and controversial issue. The dissertation is conceived as a disciplinary interpretative study based on the concept of four types of sovereignty by S. Krasner. This approach allows to interpret the seeming contradiction between a state perceived as a sole actor in the area of immigration policy and the communitarization of the immigration policy at the EU level. By using the analysis of discourse as well as of practice, this thesis acknowledges shifts of power to the EU, but stresses that these shifts represent strengthening of other factors of power and control at the same time. Thus, in certain, particularly security, aspects, European harmonization of immigration policy can reinforce state sovereignty. It applies to the external as well as internal dimensions of the EU immigration policy that a part of the policy remains to be decided at the national level. Nevertheless, also the communitarized area offers the member states a significant room for discretion. Thus, there is still considerable tension between the idea of solidarity between member states on one hand and their national interests on the other and the common European immigration policy remains to be achieved in future.

Liability for defective products meets a modern legal framework applicable to cases which have an international nature in the European Union. However, the new regulatory developments have not solved the existing coordination problems and offer an unjustified complexity, so there is a certain risk that the objectives pursued by the European legislator in this strategic sector for the EU internal market are not going to be fulfilled. The objective of this study is to analyze the solutions contained in Regulation (EC) 442001, relating to jurisdiction, the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters and Regulation (EC) 8642007, concerning the law applicable to non-contractual obligations («Rome II»), aswell as their interrelationship with other conventional instruments.<br>La responsabilidad por productos defectuosos cuenta en la Unión Europea con un moderno marco legal aplicable a los casos que cuenten con una naturaleza internacional. Sin embargo, los nuevos desarrollos normativos no han suprimido los problemas de coordinación existentes y ofrecen una injustificada complejidad, por lo que existe un cierto riesgo de que se malogren los objetivos perseguidos por el legislador europeo en este estratégico sector para el mercado interior de la Unión Europea. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las respuestas contenidas en el Reglamento (CE) 44/2001, relativo a la competencia judicial, el reconocimiento y la ejecución de resoluciones judiciales en materia civil y mercantil y el Reglamento (CE) 864/2007, relativo a la ley aplicable a las obligaciones extracontractuales («Roma II») asícomo su interrelación con otros instrumentos convencionales.

This dissertation examines the ctnTent legislative process behind cross-border transfers within the EU. The analysis is done through an examination of the rights of the payer as a third party in relation to the many payment providers that participate in an international transfer. The discussion focuses on both international movements in developing unified commercial rules as well as the current process within the EU ofestablishing consumer rights. The method use~ in this dissertation is to analyse the liability that follows a delayed international payment. The answer lar&eIy depends on the applicable legal system, and the analysis therefore aims to establish the international and European rules that are available to the parties, and how the options are legally constructed. Parts of the method of analysis also focus on Common Law and the special situation that arises regarding third party rights and liability in tort according to this legal system. The methods are also applied to the use of exemption clauses in contracts between banks and their custOmers, and the ctnTent movement in consumer rights in this area The existing payment systems in Europe and international messenger organisations are similarly analysed based on both their participation in formulating parts ofthe legal agenda as well as their practical and legal importance when effecting payments. In fully assessing the legal situation stnTounding the area, the methods of analysis deal with the ongoing harmonisation process of payment systems within the EU, as well as the international process of harmonising this legal field. These two aspects take different forms since the EU perspective mainly focuses on making payments within the EU as efficient as possible and therefore focus on establishing consumer rights within the area, while international efforts strive to establish commercial rules between the parties. The methods ofresearch are also applied to the future situation regarding cross-border payments within and outside the EU. The dissertation concludes with the thesis that while the existing legal framework on payments within the EU provides a good start for harmonisation in the area of liability for delays, a continuous growth of cross-border payments calls out for an internationally unified law. The unification of rules on payments that has started within the EU can easily spread to other economic regions and thus result in a better international legal system for payments. The participation of market actors in the harmonisation process, such as banks and other payment service providers, is crucial for the outcome ofsuch a project.

Dissertação de Mesrado em Relações Internacionais<br>Esta dissertação tem como questão principal a funcionalidade do Serviço Europeu de Ação Externa (SEAE) como um ator diplomático efetivo e eficiente. A dissertação procura uma resposta viável através da analise de possíveis vantagens e desvantagens do SEAE como agente diplomático, agindo em termos políticos e económicos. A pesquisa segue uma linha de argumentação que estuda diferentes aspectos. Primeiro, a base técnica do SEAE, que inclui o fundamento jurídico, as funções e tarefas, assim como a organização interna estabelecida pelos tratados da União Europeia. Segundo, a análise da posição do Alto Representante no seu cargo de chefe do SEAE. Adicionalmente adissertação considera o funcionamento do SEAE em base das funções diplomáticas estabelecidas pela Convenção de Viena sobre Relações Diplomáticas e pela Convenção de Viena sobre Relações Consulares. A analise também reflete a existência e as implicaçõesdo SEAE em concomitância de outros serviços diplomáticos nacionais dos Estadosmembros da UE.<br>The main question that this research paper seeks to address is the functionality of the EEAS as an effective and efficient diplomatic actor. The thesis pursues the answer in ananalysis of possible advantages and disadvantages of the EEAS as a diplomatic agent inpolitical and economic terms.The research is based on the argumentation line studying different aspects. Firstly, thetechnical basis of the EEAS, including the juridical fundament, the functions and duties, as well as the internal organization established by EU treaties are reviewed. Secondly isanalysed the role of the HR/VP as chief executive of the EEAS. Additional the thesisconsiders the functioning of the EEAS on the basis of the diplomatic functions stated inthe Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and the Vienna Convention on ConsularRelations. The analysis also reflects the existence and implications of EEAS alongsideother national diplomatic services of European Union member states.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the external dimension of the European Union&rsquo<br>s (EU) immigration policy and its implications for transit countries through a comparative study of Turkey and Morocco. The thesis examines the development and institutionalization of the EU&rsquo<br>s externalization of its immigration policy within a chronological and theoretical context. Applying the theoretical debate concerning &ldquo<br>Europeanization beyond EU borders&rdquo<br>, it investigates to what extent the EU has successfully externalised its immigration policy to non-EU members, and what kind of intended and unintended impacts this has had on these countries. The thesis tries to explore both the successes and limits of the Europeanization of Turkey&rsquo<br>s and Morocco&rsquo<br>s domestic immigration policies by benchmarking progress in the harmonization of legal contexts, border management, visa policies, readmission agreements and asylum policies in each case. This study reaches similar conclusions concerning Turkey, as a candidate country within the EU&rsquo<br>s enlargement policy, and Morocco, as a country without membership prospect within the European Neighbourhood Policy, not only in terms of conceptualizing the EU&rsquo<br>s externalization of its immigration policy, but also for understanding the negative externalities it creates for transit countries which also limit further policy expansion.

Inhalt: Introduction: The problem at hand Approaches to EU’s external identity making Mechanisms of external identity making Theoretical approaches to the EU’s external identity making The EU’s external identity promotion The ENP policy instruments Conclusions References