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Journal articles on the topic 'External carotid artery'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Gavrilidou, P., D. M. Iliescu, R. Baz, and P. Bordei. "Morphological characteristics of the external carotid artery." ARS Medica Tomitana 19, no. 2 (2013): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/arsm-2013-0013.

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Abstract The morphological characteristics at the level of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery were studied on 46 cases, finding that the most frequent, in 52.17% of cases, the common carotid bifurcation appear as the letter “V”, with two possible variations: a wide “V”, in 43.48% of cases and narrow “V” in 8.7% of cases. In 30.43% of cases, the two carotids showed an ascending traject, united for 1-2 cm up to their crossing; in 13,04% of the cases the two arteries were superimposed, the external located anteriorly. In only in two cases on the right side (4.35% of cases and 8.33% of r

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2

Chitra, R. "Trifurcation of the right common carotid artery." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 41, no. 01 (2008): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1699237.

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ABSTRACTVariations in the position of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and the origin or branching pattern of the external carotid artery are well known and documented. Here, we report the trifurcation of the right common carotid artery in a male cadaver aged about 55 years. The right common carotid artery was found to divide into the external and internal carotids and the occipital artery. High division of bilateral common carotid arteries and a lateral position of the right external carotid artery at its origin were also observed in the same cadaver. There were two ascending phar

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3

Sonu and Sunita Kalra. "AN UNDOCUMENTED RARE BRANCHING PATTERN OF EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 8, no. 4.1 (2020): 7767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2020.211.

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The external carotid arterial system supplies the areas of head and neck region. The knowledge of possible anatomical variations occurring in branching pattern of external carotid artery is crucial especially in the surgeries of head, neck and face; as well as for interpretation of radiological investigations like angiograms. During routine dissection of head and region for undergraduate students we discovered common trunk for lingual, facial and ascending pharyngeal arteries. Also, the occipital artery is arising just before the common trunk from the external carotid artery. KEY WORDS: Extern

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Ankolekar, Vrinda Hari, Anne D. Souza, Mamatha Hosapatna, and Amoldeep Singh. "BRANCHES OF EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 6, no. 3.2 (2018): 5504–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2018.257.

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5

S., Naveen Kumar, and Naveen Kumar K. "Variations in Branching Pattern of External Carotid Artery." Indian Journal of Anatomy 7, no. 5 (2018): 515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ija.2320.0022.7518.9.

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6

Mukhia, Rajeev. "Anatomical Variations in the Branches of External Carotid Artery in Cadavers of Nepalese Origin." Journal of Human Anatomy 4, no. 1 (2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jhua-16000144.

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Introduction: Knowledge of the position and the variations of the external carotid artery and its branches are essential for faciomaxillary surgery and surgeries of the neck. The variations in the branching pattern are also essential to avoid complications with catheter insertion of carotid arteries in various procedures and pre-operative angiography. The external carotid artery is an important route for administration of anticancer drugs for head and neck cancer, so the knowledge of anatomy of branching pattern of external carotid artery is clinically important. Materials and Methods: Total 3

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7

Masson, R. L., and A. L. Day. "External Carotid Artery Reconstruction." Neurosurgery 30, no. 5 (1992): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199205000-00035.

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8

Masson, R. L., and A. L. Day. "External Carotid Artery Reconstruction." Neurosurgery 30, no. 5 (1992): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199205000-00035.

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9

McIntyre, K. E. "External Carotid Artery Thromboendarterectomy." Perspectives in Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy 3, no. 1 (1990): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153100359000300114.

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10

Harris, L. M., L. Pillai, and J. J. Ricotta. "External Carotid Endarterectomy with Internal Carotid Artery Transposition Flap Angioplasty for Symptomatic Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion." Cardiovascular Surgery 3, no. 6 (1995): 625–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096721099500300614.

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The external carotid artery is an important collateral pathway for cerebral perfusion when the internal carotid artery is occluded. After internal carotid artery occlusion, there is a definite risk of ipsilateral neurological events. The authors retrospectively examined their experience with endarterectomy of the external carotid artery for symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion. Results based on the authors' experience and on historical data show external carotid endarterectomy to be a safe procedure. Obliteration of the cul-de-sac appears to be a very important factor in the preventio

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11

Shivaprakash S and Ashok K R. "Study of Branching Pattern of External Carotid Artery." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 10, no. 2 (2022): 8367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2022.144.

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Background: Anatomical information of vasculature is of need for the surgeons and radiologists. Carotid artery and its branches supply most of head, neck, and brain. Injuries to the external carotid artery and its branches is often complex and results in high mortality. Knowledge of types and frequencies of vascular variations of external carotid artery is of help for invasive diagnostic and interventional procedures. Materials and methods: 50 external carotid arteries were dissected to study the branching pattern of external carotid artery. Results: Conventional branching pattern was seen in

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12

Rao, S. B., V. R. Vollala, M. Rao, et al. "Unusual position of external carotid artery: a case report." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 38, no. 02 (2005): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1699098.

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AbstractThe arterial pattern of the human body is one of the systems that show a large number of variations. Many reports are available regarding variations of common carotid, external and internal carotid arteries and branches of external carotid artery. We describe a very rare case of lateral position of external carotid artery. The external carotid artery was lateral to the internal carotid artery at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. The clinical importance of this variation is discussed.

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13

Sudhakaran, Manju, Mini Alikunju, Vandana Latha Raveendran, and Umesan Kannanvilakom Govindapillai. "Variations in the Branching Pattern of External Carotid Artery in South Kerala Population – A Cadaveric Study." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 8, no. 22 (2021): 1780–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2021/336.

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BACKGROUND External carotid arteries account for a major share of arterial supply of head and neck regions. As variations are frequently observed in the branching pattern of external carotid artery, surgeons, radiologists and anaesthetists often encounter difficulties in various procedures of head and neck. The purpose of this study is to describe the variations in the branching pattern of external carotid artery as observed in South Indian population which definitely reduces its iatrogenic injuries associated with surgical and radiological procedures of head and neck. METHODS This is cross-se

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14

Zaccheo, Fabrizio, Giulia Petroni, Alessandro Guttadauro, et al. "Configuration Origin Variants of Superior Thyroid, Lingual and Facial Arteries: A Proposal Updating of Current Classification." Applied Sciences 13, no. 8 (2023): 4737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13084737.

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Background: The aim of this study was to identify variations in the origins of the anterior branches of the external carotid artery (ECA) and to propose an update of the current classification. Methods: The study included 100 carotids arteries from fifty human donors. Classification of anterior branches of external carotid artery was performed according to Vaz’quez et al. (2009). Results: The configuration origins of anterior branches were found as follows: Type I, 82%; Type II, 1%; Type III, 16%. No Type IV was observed. The study identified seven subgroups of anterior branch variations in th

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15

Kohara, Kotaro, Tatsuya Ishikawa, Tomonori Kobayashi, and Takakazu Kawamata. "Retinal artery occlusion during carotid artery stenting with distal embolic protection device." Neuroradiology Journal 31, no. 5 (2018): 504–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1971400918781990.

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Retinal artery occlusion associated with carotid artery stenosis is well known. Although it can also occur at the time of carotid artery stenting, retinal artery occlusion via the collateral circulation of the external carotid artery is rare. We encountered two cases of retinal artery occlusion that were thought to be caused by an embolus from the external carotid artery during carotid artery stenting with a distal embolic protection device for the internal carotid artery. A 71-year-old man presented with central retinal artery occlusion after carotid artery stenting using the Carotid Guardwir

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16

Grigoryants, Vladimir, Matthew J. Eagleton, and Gilbert R. Upchurch. "Bilateral External Carotid Artery Aneurysms." Vascular 12, no. 6 (2004): 387–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmvasc.12.6.387.

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A 60-year-old female was found on a physical examination to have bilateral palpable pulsatile neck masses. She denied local pain, cranial nerve compressive symptoms, or symptoms of cerebral ischemia. Duplex ultrasonography demonstrated bilateral 1.5 x 2.2 cm external carotid artery aneurysms. Isolated bilateral external carotid artery aneurysms were confirmed by computed tomography and angiography. The patient has been treated conservatively, and at 4-year follow-up, she remains asymptomatic, and the carotid artery aneurysms are unchanged in size.

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17

Sonje, Preeti, Neelesh Kanasker, and P. Vatsalaswamy. "Significance of level of bifurcation of common carotid artery and variant branches of external carotid artery in cervicofacial surgeries with ontological explanation: a cadaveric study." International Surgery Journal 6, no. 10 (2019): 3681. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20194424.

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Background: External carotid artery is the main artery supplying the structures of neck and face. Variability in the branching pattern of external carotid artery is important surgically and radiologically from the point of view of procedures carried out in that region. Purpose of the present study was to study the branching pattern of external carotid artery.Methods: Carotid triangle of the neck and the infratemporal fossa was dissected for studying the external carotid artery.Results: Generally the common carotid artery bifurcates at the level of upper border of lamina of thyroid cartilage. L

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18

Al-Basheer, Mamoun, D. Ferrar, D. Nelson, and Theodor Vasudevan. "Outcome of the External Carotid Artery Following Carotid Endarterectomy with Added External Carotid Artery Eversion Endarterectomy." Annals of Vascular Diseases 4, no. 3 (2011): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3400/avd.oa.11.00020.

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19

Dixon, J. A. "Spontaneous external carotid artery occlusion." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 103, no. 7 (1989): 710–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221510010982x.

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AbstractThe case of a 64-year-old man who presented with severe left sided facial pain and cyanosis of the left ear, preauricular region and tongue is described. Digital subtraction angiography confirmed complete occlusion of the left external carotid artery. The patient was anticoagulated and his symptoms resolved over the following month, presumably due to improvement of collateral blood supply to the ischaemic areas. The literature on the clinical manifestations of external carotid ischaemia is reviewed and the relationship between facial pain, internal and external carotid atherosclerosis

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20

N, Esakkiammal, Renu Chauhan, and Rakhee Sharma. "CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF VARIABLE ORIGIN OF EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY BRANCHES AND HIGH LEVEL BIFURCATION OF COMMON CAROTID ARTERY." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 5, no. 2.3 (2017): 3958–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2017.228.

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21

Abla, Adib A., Peter Kan, Shady Jahshan, Travis M. Dumont, Elad I. Levy, and Adnan H. Siddiqui. "External Carotid Dissection and External Carotid Proatlantal Intersegmental Artery with Subclavian Steal Prompting External Carotid and Subclavian Artery Stenting." Journal of Neuroimaging 24, no. 4 (2013): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6569.2012.00787.x.

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22

Sharma, Urvi, and Amit Purushottam Tirpude. "Bilateral kinking of extracranial part of internal carotid artery with coiling and tortuosity of external carotid artery." Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology 11, no. 2 (2024): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2024.026.

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A rare anatomic anomaly known as the twisted carotid artery is characterized by vascular elongation that results in an altered path. It could be an unexpected finding or have symptoms that are clinically noteworthy. The internal carotid artery or, less frequently, the common carotid artery is the most typical site. Additionally, bilateral tortuous carotid arteries may develop, resulting in "kissing carotids," a condition in which the carotid arteries are opposed one another. : This case report describes the bilateral presence of numerous loops in the exterior and internal carotid arteries of a

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23

Islam, S., H. Manabe, S. Hasegawa, et al. "Retinal Embolization and Cerebellar Asymptomatic Embolization after Carotid Stenting Using Distal Balloon Protection." Interventional Neuroradiology 9, no. 3 (2003): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101990300900312.

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We describe a rare case of having both symptomatic ipsilateral retinal embolization and asymptomatic cerebellar embolization occurring after carotid stenting with use of distal protect device. In this case, external carotid angiograms revealed accessory meningeal artery-ophthalmic artery and occipital artery-vertebral artery anastomoses. This case suggested that the protection for external carotid artery should be considered during carotid stenting to avoid retinal embolization and cerebellar or cerebral embolization in cases showing angiographical anastomoses between external carotid artery a

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24

Quintas-Neves, Miguel, Sofia Almeida Xavier, Mariana Ribeiro Santos, et al. "External carotid artery stenting in symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 78 (August 2020): 397–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2020.05.023.

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25

Willfort-Ehringer, Andrea, Ramazanali Ahmadi, Diego Gruber, et al. "Effect of carotid artery stenting on the external carotid artery." Journal of Vascular Surgery 38, no. 5 (2003): 1039–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0741-5214(03)00550-0.

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26

Shreevastava, Amit Kumar, Rajat Subhra Das, Tarun Prakash Maheshwari, and Balkund Kailash Damodhar. "Bilateral higher carotid termination with rare anomalous emergence of ventral branches of the external carotid arteries: A cadaver study." SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 10 (January 2022): 2050313X2211386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x221138659.

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The common carotid artery bifurcates into two terminal branches—the external and internal carotid arteries. The head, neck, and face regions principally get their blood supply from the external carotid artery and its branches. Some previous articles have mentioned the abnormal pattern of the external carotid artery branching and its variable origin. In this article, a rare case has been documented, having the combination of anomalies of the high carotid termination and bilateral variable origin of the ventral branches of the external carotid artery encountered during routine dissection of the

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27

Grigoryants, Vladimir, Matthew J. Eagleton, and Gilbert R. Upchurch. "Bilateral External Carotid Artery Aneurysms." Vascular 12, no. 06 (2004): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/6670.2004.00039.

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28

Dwivedi, Amit J., Andrea E. Yancey, Charles B. Ross, and Marvin E. Morris. "Symptomatic External Carotid Artery Stenosis." American Surgeon 77, no. 11 (2011): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481107701111.

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29

De Luccia, Nelson, Erasmo Simão da Silva, Marta Aponchik, Fernanda Appolonio, and Luiz Alberto Benvenuti. "Congenital External Carotid Artery Aneurysm." Annals of Vascular Surgery 24, no. 3 (2010): 418.e7–418.e10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2009.05.021.

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30

NUMATA, Tsutomu, Toyoyuki HANAZAWA, Keisuke SHIBA, et al. "CONTRALATERAL EXTERNAL CAROTID-EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY BYPASS FOR VASCULAR RECONSTRUCTION IN CASES OF COMMON CAROTID ARTERY RESECTION." Japanese jornal of Head and Neck Cancer 27, no. 3 (2001): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5981/jjhnc1974.27.607.

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31

Nagasawa, Shiro, Hideo Tanaka, Masahiro Kawanishi, and Tomio Ohta. "Contralateral external carotid-to-external carotid artery (half-collar) saphenous vein graft for common carotid artery occlusion." Surgical Neurology 45, no. 2 (1996): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0090-3019(96)80006-1.

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32

Łyko-Morawska, Dorota, Michał Serafin, Julia Szostek, Magdalena Mąka, Iga Kania, and Wacław Kuczmik. "Fate of External Carotid Artery Following Carotid Artery Stenting for Internal Carotid Artery near Occlusion." Biomedicines 13, no. 2 (2025): 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13020303.

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Background: The external carotid artery (ECA) plays a vital role in facial perfusion and acts as a collateral pathway for cerebral blood flow during internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. In cases of carotid near-occlusion (CNO), characterized by severe ICA stenosis with hemodynamic changes, carotid artery stenting (CAS) is rising as a potential new treatment. During CAS, the stent is deployed in ICA, covering the ECA orifice. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of CAS on ECA. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 159 patients diagnosed with CNO and treated w

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33

OKU, Takayuki, Kenichiro NOGAMI, Hiroyasu KOIZUMI, et al. "External Carotid Artery Stenting and Superficial Temporal Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Anastomosis for Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion With External Carotid Artery Severe Stenosis." Neurologia medico-chirurgica 52, no. 12 (2012): 906–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2176/nmc.52.906.

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34

Chen, H. C., C. J. Lin, F. C. Chang, C. B. Luo, Y. J. Lai, and C. Y. Chang. "Stenting in the Remnant of the Third Aortic Arch in a Case of Post-Irradiation Occluded Internal Carotid Artery." Interventional Neuroradiology 17, no. 1 (2011): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101991101700105.

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Collateral networks between the external carotid artery and internal carotid arteries become crucial for cerebral perfusion after occlusion of internal carotid arteries. We report the first case of a patient who received percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting in a collateral vessel between the external and internal carotid artery for treatment of radiation induced severe stenosis of the internal carotid artery in the context of a contralateral internal carotid artery occlusion.

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35

Pushyami Peruri, P.V.Chandrika, Sajja Keerthi Vathsalya, and B.Naveen Kumar. "A Study on Position and Lumen Geometry at the Origin of External Carotid Artery in Human Adult Cadavers." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 12, no. 4 (2024): 9042–48. https://doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2024.193.

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Background: External carotid artery is the predominant source of blood supply to the structures in the head and neck region. Morphological anomalies in the external and internal carotid arteries may lead to severe complications, when radiographic evaluations and surgical proceedings are done in the neck without any prior knowledge. Normal arterial diameters of external carotid arteries were important in-patient selection, preoperative planning, and design of new endovascular devices for arterial reconstruction. Material and Methods: A descriptive study was performed on 60 formalin fixed male a

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36

Päivänsalo, M. J., T. M. J. Siniluoto, T. A. Tikkakoski, V. Myllylä, and I. J. I. Suramo. "Duplex US of the External Carotid Artery." Acta Radiologica 37, no. 1P1 (1996): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02841851960371p108.

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The ratio between the systolic peak velocities of the internal and common carotid arteries (vpICA/vpCCA), vpICA and grey-scale imaging measurement are generally used to evaluate internal carotid stenosis against known flow criteria in order to differentiate non-significant from significant stenosis. The same criteria are also used for evaluating the external carotid artery (ECA). Our data on 707 normal or stenotic ECA nevertheless showed that the systolic peak velocity of the normal ECA (vpECA) and its ratio to the systolic velocity of the CCA (vpECA/vpCCA) are higher than vpICA and vpICA/vpCC

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37

Savithri, P. "Unilateral variations in the branching pattern of right external carotid artery- a case report." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 01, no. 03 (2012): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401678.

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AbstractA case report of anomalous origin and branching pattern of right external carotid artery found during the dissection of human cadavers is reported here. Knowledge of anatomical variations of external carotid artery is especially important in head & neck surgeries. This knowledge is also important for radiologists in the image interpretation. In the case reported here, the right external carotid artery gave direct origin of one of dorsal lingual artery, two stylomastoid arteries, muscular artery and lymph nodal artery along with its normal eight branches. Generally the dorsal lingua

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38

Numata, Tsutomu, Akiyoshi Konno, Yousuke Takeuchi, et al. "Contralateral External Carotid-Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass for Carotid Artery Resection." Laryngoscope 107, no. 5 (1997): 665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005537-199705000-00020.

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39

Worley, G. A., J. D. Hern, G. J. O'Sullivan, P. Tassone, and A. E. Hinton. "Mycotic aneurysm of the external carotid artery." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 112, no. 8 (1998): 793–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100141738.

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AbstractMycotic aneurysms of the extracranial carotid arteries are extremely rare. A case is reported of a false aneurysm of the left external carotid artery. This developed secondary to cervical lymphadenitis which did not settle with high dose antibiotic therapy. The diagnosis was made on investigation with carotid doppler ultrasound and confirmed with computerized tomography. Digital subtraction angiography was performed to highlight the vascular anatomy. In addition percutaneous balloon catheter control of blood flow in the external carotid artery was used as an adjunct to surgical managem

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40

Tritsch, Tara, Mohammadali M. Shoja, R. Isaiah Tubbs, and R. Shane Tubbs. "Middle meningeal artery arising from the petrous internal carotid artery: Outcome of unusual stapedial artery regression." Surgical Neurology International 15 (February 23, 2024): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_962_2023.

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Background: The internal and external carotid arterial systems are generally separate regarding branching patterns. However, these two systems do form collateral circulations with their terminal parts. On rare occasions, branches that belong to one arterial system may arise from the other. Case Description: We present a rare variant of a middle meningeal artery, generally derived from the external carotid artery, arising from the internal carotid artery and entering the floor of the middle cranial fossa by traveling through a small unnamed foramen. This anatomy and embryology and other variant

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41

Nguyen, Duy Tan, and Ngoc Hanh Huynh. "A braciocephalic aneurysm repaired with hybrid operation." Tạp chí Phẫu thuật Tim mạch và Lồng ngực Việt Nam 50 (April 3, 2025): 89–93. https://doi.org/10.47972/vjcts.v50i.1307.

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Purpose: Aneurysm of arteries branching from the aortic arch such as the subclavian artery, brachiocephalic artery, common carotid artery, internal and external carotid artery, cervical part of the vertebral artery is an uncommon condition.. Hemorrhage shock and death could result from rupture of the aneurysm into the lung, pleural space, esophagus and the trachea. Treatment of supra-aortic aneurysms may be tricky and there is no standard treatment for these aneurysms. Open surgery imposes high mortality rate, while endovascular treatment alone may not eradicate all the lesion in case of infec

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42

Kawamata, Takakazu, Yoshikazu Okada, Akitsugu Kawashima, Kohji Yamaguchi, and Tomokatsu Hori. "External Carotid Endarterectomy Followed by Superficial Temporal Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Anastomosis for Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion with Advanced Ipsilateral External Carotid Stenosis." Operative Neurosurgery 62, suppl_5 (2008): ONS395—ONS399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000326024.93724.16.

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Abstract Objective: For patients with internal carotid artery occlusion with advanced narrowing of the ipsilateral external carotid artery (ECA), we performed preventive carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for the ECA stenosis before superficial temporal artery (STA) to middle cerebral artery (MCA) anastomosis for internal carotid artery occlusion. Methods: Between August 2002 and July 2005, we treated seven patients with such lesions, six men and one woman, ranging in age from 52 to 66 years (median, 60 yr). Before STA-MCA anastomosis, we performed preventive CEA for advanced ECA stenosis (&gt;7

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43

Kurata, A., Y. Miyasaka, M. Kunii, H. Morishima, K. Fujii, and S. Kan. "Endovascular Approach to a Ligated External Carotid Artery." Interventional Neuroradiology 3, no. 2 (1997): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101999700300204.

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A 37-year-old female with left sided multiple congenital haemangiomata presented with repeated haemorrhage. The haemorrhagic origin was from the angiomatous lesion with arteriovenous (AV) shunting in the tongue and pharynx. The patient had already undergone ligation of the external carotid artery. Vascularization was mainly from the portion of the external carotid artery distal to the occlusion. Our first approach via the collateral channels to the haemangioma failed. Through direct puncture of the distal end of the external carotid artery with the use of two dimensional road mapping, we succe

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44

Beer-Furlan, André, and Stephan A. Munich. "Carotid artery stenting in a patient with an anomalous vertebral artery origin from the external carotid artery." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 13, no. 10 (2021): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-017075.

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The existence of carotid basilar anastomoses has been well documented embryologically, anatomically, and, in the case of the persistent trigeminal and hypoglossal arteries, angiographically. Conversely, anomalous origins of the vertebral arteries (VA) are not very common with an incidence ranging from 3% to 8%. Multiple variations of the VA origin have been reported in the literature, including arising from the aortic arch, from the common, internal, or external carotid arteries and subclavian branches.1 There are only four cases reported in the literature of VA origin from the external caroti

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Uno, Masaaki, Kyoko Nishi, Kiyohito Shinno, and Shinji Nagahiro. "Carotid Endarterectomy with External Shunt: A New Device and Indication for Use: Technical Note." Neurosurgery 48, no. 5 (2001): 1174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200105000-00048.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE We designed a new external shunt system and evaluated its indications and efficacy in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA). METHODS In 8 of 332 CEA procedures, external shunts were placed between the common carotid artery and the internal carotid artery (ICA). This procedure was implemented for one of two indications: 1) a change in electroencephalographic and/or somatosensory evoked potential readings immediately after ICA occlusion, or 2) elongation of the ICA made safe insertion of an internal shunt impossible. In addition, a shunt was placed between the commo

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Nishimura, T., T. Takimoto, M. Kamide, S. Ishikawa, and R. Umeda. "Agenesis of the cervical internal carotid artery." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 103, no. 7 (1989): 707–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100109818.

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AbstractTotal or segmental agenesis of the internal carotid artery is a rare anomaly. The cervical portion of the internal carotid artery was absent in the right side of the patient who was carried out radical surgery due to recurrent oropharyngeal cancer. Post-operative venous digital subtraction angiography revealed that the remaining intracranial portion of the internal carotid artery was normally patent and supplied blood flow via ipsilateral external carotid artery. Otolaryngologist-Head and Neck surgeon should know such a vascular anomaly and avoid a disastrous result on dividing externa

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Goyal, Sumit, Manish S. Jain, Amit Shrivastava, and Rahul Jain. "Origin of Thyrolingual Trunk from the Common Carotid Artery." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 09, no. 04 (2018): 642–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_66_18.

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ABSTRACTCommon carotid artery (CCA) usually does not have any branches in the neck and divides into internal and external carotid artery. Superior thyroid and lingual artery (commonly called as thyro lingual trunk) are the branches of external carotid artery. We report a case of rare origin of thyrolingual trunk from the CCA in a case of ruptured intracranial aneurysm.

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Pritz, Michael B. "External carotid artery reconstruction performed using an autologous internal carotid artery patch." Journal of Neurosurgery 94, no. 6 (2001): 996–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2001.94.6.0996.

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✓ The reconstruction of the external carotid artery (ECA) and obliteration of an occluded stump or atretic internal carotid artery (ICA) are described. In this method the occluded ICA is used as an autologous patch graft. Satisfactory ICA obliteration and expanded, smooth common carotid artery—ECA contour were obtained in three patients. Advantages of this procedure include ICA obliteration and precise patch placement by using an ideal, autologous, arterial graft.

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Goyal, Sumit, and Ajit Kumar Sinha. "Republished: A rare case of absent left common carotid artery with bovine origin of the left external carotid artery." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 9, no. 5 (2016): e20-e20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2016-012540.rep.

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A 22-year-old man had cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and his angiogram incidentally revealed an absent left common carotid artery with bovine origin of the left external carotid artery. There was also an associated low bifurcation of the right common carotid artery and basilar artery fenestration. The absence of a common carotid artery is a very rare angiographic finding, and an association with a bovine origin of the left external carotid artery has not been reported previously in the literature. Here we provide a description of the case along with a review of the literature and embryology.

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Kajikawa, Ryuichiro, Toshiyuki Fujinaka, Hajime Nakamura, Manabu Kinoshita, Takeo Nishida, and Haruhiko Kishima. "Carotid artery stenting for patients with occipital–vertebral anastomosis." Interventional Neuroradiology 25, no. 2 (2018): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1591019918802924.

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Background and purpose We report the outcomes of carotid artery stenting for patients with angiographically visible occipital artery–vertebral artery anastomosis. Methods Among 47 consecutive patients who underwent carotid artery stenting from January 2007 to December 2010, seven patients for whom cerebral angiograms clearly showed occipital artery–vertebral artery anastomosis were selected. Four different protection methods were used: distal internal carotid artery protection; carotid flow reversal; seatbelt and airbag technique; and double protection method of protecting both the external an

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