Relevant bibliographies by topics / External communities

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'External communities'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "External communities"

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Ishiyama, Nobutaka. "How can brokers in external communities of practice introduce external practices into internal communities of practice?" Japanese Journal of Administrative Science 26, no. 2 (2013): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5651/jaas.26.115.

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Dewhurst, Frank W., and Juan G. Cegarra Navarro. "External communities of practice and relational capital." Learning Organization 11, no. 4/5 (August 2004): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09696470410538224.

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Navarro, Juan Gabriel Cegarra. "Linking external communities with performances through market orientation." International Journal of Management Concepts and Philosophy 2, no. 1 (2006): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmcp.2006.009646.

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Zaprulkhan, Zaprulkhan. "The The Significance of Internal and External Relativism For Religious Harmony." MAWA'IZH: JURNAL DAKWAH DAN PENGEMBANGAN SOSIAL KEMANUSIAAN 11, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32923/maw.v11i2.1467.

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Abstract In the public sphere, internal relations between fellow Muslims appear negative. Some Muslims insult, curse and slander each other. Likewise, relations between religious communities externally show a less harmonious relationship. There is mutual suspicion in the relationship between religious communities externally. Some Muslim scholars offer the concept of internal relativism as a solution for relations between fellow Muslims internally and the concept of external relativism as a solution for relations between various religious communities in the public space. Therefore, this article tries to elaborate on the significance of the construction of internal and external relativism in building ukhuwah Islamiyah internally and harmony among religious communities externally. Keywords: significance, internal and external relativism, religious harmony Abstrak: Dalam ruang publik, relasi internal antara sesama umat Islam tampak negatif. Sebagian umat Islam saling mencaci menjelekkan satu sama lain, saling mengutuk dan memfitnah. Begitu pula, relasi antara umat beragama secara eksternal memperlihatkan hubungan yang kurang harmonis. Ada sikap saling curiga dalam hubungan antara umat beragama secara eksternal. Sebagian cendikiawan muslim menawarkan konsep relativisme internal sebagai solusi bagi relasi antara sesama umat Islam secara internal dan konsep relativisme eksternal sebagai solusi bagi relasi antara berbagai umat beragama di ruang publik. Karena itu, artikel ini mencoba untuk menguraikan signifikansi konstruksi relativisme internal dan eksternal dalam membangun ukhuwah islamiyah secara internal dan kerukunan antar umat beragama secara eksternal. Kata kunci: signifikansi, relativisme internal dan eksternal, harmoni agama
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Sperandio, Jill, and Peggy A. Kong. "Forging professional learning communities: the role of external agency." International Journal of Leadership in Education 21, no. 1 (May 19, 2016): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2016.1182646.

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Robina-Ramírez, Rafael, and José-Amelio Medina-Merodio. "Transforming students’ environmental attitudes in schools through external communities." Journal of Cleaner Production 232 (September 2019): 629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.391.

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Anderson, Michael D. "Spatial Economic Model for Forecasting the Percentage Splits of External Trips on Highways Approaching Small Communities." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1931, no. 1 (January 2005): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193100109.

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The main difficulty in forecasting traffic volumes in small urban communities is identifying the amount and destination of the external traffic. Three methods exist for determining the percentage of external traffic destined for the study community (external–internal trips) or through the study community (external–external trips): a comprehensive origin–destination study, a cordon line origin–destination study, and the use of regression equations. This paper examines the possibility of the use of an alternative technique, based on a spatial economic model, to determine the traffic distribution. The project uses an economic model, which includes surrounding community factors, to determine the trip rates for three communities within Alabama and compares the results obtained from this model with the results given by a commonly accepted regression equation and a recently completed cordon line origin–destination study performed by using video surveillance. It is demonstrated that the economic model performs well for the case study cities, and this model is recommended for use in providing estimates that incorporate a community's economic relationship to neighboring towns for traffic forecasting.
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Zablith, Fouad, Samer Faraj, and Bijan Azad. "Organizational knowledge generation: lessons from online communities." Business Process Management Journal 22, no. 1 (February 5, 2016): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bpmj-04-2015-0047.

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Purpose – Knowledge capturing and sharing within an organization have been extensively studied in the literature. In this stream of work, an influential focus is on the process of encoding and managing knowledge to enable effective reuse within the organization. With the advancement of internet and web technologies, there is an increased interest in the study of knowledge flows in online communities. The authors highlight in this paper the fact that the boundaries between internal and external organizational knowledge are disappearing, mainly due to the extensive use of online-based platforms to support organizational operations. The authors believe that this will affect the activities of knowledge management in today’s businesses. The purpose of this paper is to provide guidelines for organizations on how to bridge their internal and external knowledge using an integrated semantic approach. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper the authors review two classes of approaches, those that target internal organizational knowledge, and those that target online knowledge flow processes. Then the authors identify the challenges involved in today’s knowledge environments. To address those challenges, the authors propose a framework to bridge and integrate internal and external organizational knowledge. The authors map the activities handled in the framework to the existing knowledge management activities identified from the literature, and highlight how emerging technologies are used to support such activities along the knowledge management process. The authors apply the approach in the context of an organization’s process that heavily depends on the appropriate alignment of internal and external knowledge. The authors focus on the use of emerging technologies that support collaboration and the generation of explicit and reusable semantics. Findings – Interaction points within organizations can be used to define the scope of knowledge exchanged. Following a methodology around the proposed framework, it is feasible to create conceptual connections around internal and external knowledge through explicit semantics. Such connections that are created to support online communities’ knowledge exchange can be applied to internal organizational knowledge, and used as a bridge to external knowledge sources. Originality/value – The paper provides a roadmap for organizations on how to manage organizational knowledge processes in a coherent and collaborative semantic platform, with a view to what is available outside the boundaries of an organization.
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Brynjulf Hjertø, Kjell, Jan Merok Paulsen, and Saku Petteri Tihveräinen. "Social-cognitive outcomes of teachers’ engagement in learning communities." Journal of Educational Administration 52, no. 6 (August 26, 2014): 775–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jea-07-2013-0074.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to seek to investigate Etienne Wenger's theory of social learning in a community of practice by modeling two simultaneous aspects of teachers’ collaborative learning: their engagement in close-knit internal groupings and engagement with colleagues that work externally to the core group. These two learning processes are related to two social-cognitive outcomes: teachers’ organizational commitment and their sense of impact. Design/methodology/approach – The study investigated a field sample of 246 individual teachers from ten Finnish primary schools. Hypotheses were developed and tested by using multiple regression and structural equation modeling. Findings – The results indicate that local engagement supports teachers’ organizational commitment. However, this form of collaborative learning behavior did not support their sense of impact. Moreover, external engagement with trusted colleagues supported sense of impact but not organizational commitment. Research limitations/implications – The study reinforces the importance of teachers’ engagement in communities of practice. Specifically, the results suggest two specific social-cognitive outcomes related to two different learning processes situated in teachers’ community of practice. It would be highly valuable to replicate this study in various multi-level settings. Practical implications – The study highlights teachers’ engagement in communities of practice as a source of their motivational basis and their commitment. Findings recommend school leaders to facilitate internal and external learning communities. Originality/value – The study provides empirical evidence regarding the partial relationships between teachers’ local and external learning engagement and the social-cognitive outcomes of these forms of learning behaviors.
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Zou, Lingfei, Shaobo Wei, Weiling Ke, and Kwok Kee Wei. "Creativity of Participants in Crowdsourcing Communities." Journal of Database Management 31, no. 3 (July 2020): 40–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2020070103.

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Organizations can tap the wisdom of the crowd through digital platforms of crowdsourcing for ideation. However, we have limited understanding of factors affecting the innovativeness of ideas and solutions submitted by individual participants. Drawing upon self-determination theory and regulatory focus theory, we investigate how participants' regulatory focus and extrinsic motivation aroused by incentivizing mechanisms affect their creativity in crowdsourcing communities. Based on the data collected from 164 participants in a crowdsourcing platform, we find that promotion focus positively influences participants' creativity, and different types of extrinsic motivation have differential effects. Although external, identified, and integrated motivation positively affect participants' creativity, introjected motivation is not significantly related to participants' creativity. In addition, external and identified motivation strengthen the relationship between promotion focus and creativity. The theoretical contributions and managerial implications of this study are discussed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "External communities"

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McCrory, Mark L. "The Availability of Automated External Defibrillators in Senior Residential Areas." The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624274.

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Class of 2008
Objectives: To determine the number of senior communities within the Tucson area that have access to automated external defibrillators (AED). Methods: Publicly available internet search engines were used to identify a number of various senior communities within the Tucson area. The various communities included senior apartment communities, recreational vehicle parks, and manufactured home parks. A representative employee of the community was interviewed to determine if an AED was accessible to the residents of the community. Results: Thirty senior apartments, eight manufactured home, and twelve RV communities were identified. The communities ranged in size from 22 to 1576 units, with the average being 222 units per community and the mean 232 units per community. IF the 50 senior communities identified only 2 of them had an AED on the premises. Both of the communities that had an AED on premise were RV parks that had a paid security crew that was trained in the use of the AED. Conclusions: In the Tucson senior communities there is a gross under availability of access to life saving equipment in a population that has a higher risk heart attacks and could benefit from having access to an AED.
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Ginige, Maneesha Prasaad. "Identification of denitrifying microbial communities in activated sludge exposed to external carbon sources /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17447.pdf.

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Kimberley, Laura Frances. "Influence of internal versus external egalitarian goals on stereotype accessibility following goal-behaviour discrepancies." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5433/.

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The mechanism through which goals influence stereotype activation/control is unclear. This thesis aimed to shed some light on the mechanism through which internally-generated and externally-imposed goals influence stereotype activation by applying Fishbach and colleagues’ model of goal progress. Across six experiments, I demonstrated that (1) internal, but not external, egalitarian goals result in less stereotype accessibility (consistent with egalitarian goal pursuit) following a potentially large goal–behaviour discrepancy (Experiment 2), (2) external, but not internal, egalitarian goals result in less stereotype accessibility (consistent with egalitarian goal pursuit) when contemplating past success (Experiment 1), but not following a potentially small goal–behaviour discrepancy or a potential goal–behaviour match (Experiments 3 & 4), and (3) internal egalitarian goals result in concern over including ambiguous faces in the ingroup, but only following a potential goal–behaviour discrepancy. External egalitarian goals irrespective of goal–behaviour discrepancy size, and internal egalitarian goals following a potential goal–behaviour match, both result in concern over accurate categorisation (Experiment 6). These findings suggest that the source of a goal (i.e., internal vs. external), and discrepancy size for internal, but not external, goals, are important parts of the mechanism through which goals influence social categorisation and stereotype activation.
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Hanaee, Somaiyeh. "Homed exile : external, internal and intrinsic exilic identities in Iranian cultural products." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2013. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/23391/.

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This dissertation offers an analysis of the dimensions of exile and considers how they are reflected in cultural products that emerge in the Iranian context. Exile has generally been understood to mean enforced displacement from a homeland. As a result, the cultural products of exile, for the most part, focus on the dimensions of exile in its physical, expatriated sense: what I refer to as external exile. Exile, however, is a complex phenomenon and it has a variety of dimensions. Exploring, analysing and exposing varieties of exile and exilic identities are important. Because, in the Iranian context, exile and the cultural products generated in exilic conditions play a key role in socio-political make ups of the country. The cultural products of exile, for the most part, aim to expose and through it resist oppression. Studying the dimensions of exile reflected in the selected cultural products show that even though the narratives of exile set out to resist enforced displacement they can instead perpetuate exile. This dissertation looks at three various dimensions of exile: external, internal and intrinsic exile. It begins by considering the cultural products of external exile, using Reading Lolita in Tehran by Azar Nafisi and The Complete Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi. It suggests that the understanding of exile is too simplistic and proposes two other ways in which exile can be understood. The first of these is internal exile, which is the exilic condition of people still inside their homeland, using Ahmad Shamlou’s poetry and a film by Granaz Moussavi, My Tehran For Sale. The second is intrinsic exile, which is an exilic condition of people wherever they reside. The selected cultural products for understanding intrinsic exile are Prisoner of Tehran by Marina Nemat and Azadeh Kanom and Her Writer or Dr. Sharifie’s Private Auschwitz, by Reza Baraheni.
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Niitembu-Nehemia, Martha Megumbo. "External communities, integration and student persistence among distance students at a university in Southern Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6507.

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Magister Educationis - MEd
Student persistence is a thorn area which did not receive much publication in Namibia and South Africa. Many research focused on why students fail to persist in higher education opposed to why they succeed. This research paper mainly investigated the relationships between external communities, social and academic integration and student persistence among distance students. I used Tinto's theory of student persistence at institutions of higher learning as my theoretical approach. The study employed a qualitative approach with a phenomenological design. I collected data by interviewing senior distance students at a certain public university in Southern Africa. The findings of this research revealed that the majority of students are self-driven which gave an impression that self -motivation and intentions of participants contribute significantly to student persistence. Indications are that informal peer group support contributes considerably to student persistence. The overall outcomes suggest that support from family members and employers positively influence students' academic progress and success. This study generally suggests that there is a positive relationship between external communities and student persistence opposed to what many scholars suggested.
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Mitra, Raktim. "Collaborative learning in Open Source Software (OSS) communities: The dynamics and challenges in networked learning environments." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43463.

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The proliferation of web based technologies has resulted in new forms of communities and organizations with enormous implications for design of learning and education. This thesis explores learning occurring within open source software (OSS) communities. OSS communities are a dominant form of organizing in software development with implications not only for innovative product development but also for the training of a large number of software developers. The central catalyst of learning within these communities is expert-novice interactions. These interactions between experts and novices or newcomers are critical for the growth and sustenance of a community and therefore it is imperative that experts are able to provide newcomers requisite advice and support as they traverse the community and develop software. Although prior literature has demonstrated the significance of expert-novice interactions, there are two central issues that have not been examined. First, there is no examination of the role of external events on community interaction, particularly as it relates to experts and novices. Second, the exact nature of expert help, particularly, the quantity of help and whether it helps or hinders newcomer participation has not been studied. This thesis studies these two aspects of expert-novice interaction within OSS communities. The data for this study comes from two OSS communities. The Java newcomer forum was studied as it provided a useful setting for examining external events given the recent changes in Javaâ s ownership. Furthermore, the forum has a rating system which classifies newcomers and experienced members allowing the analysis of expert-novice interactions. The second set of data comes from the MySQL newcomer forum which has also undergone organizational changes and allows for comparison with data from the Java forum. Data were collected by parsing information from the HTML pages and stored in a relational database. To analyze the effect of external events, a natural experiment method was used whereby participation levels were studied around significant events that affected the community. To better understand the changes contextually, an extensive study of major news outlets was also undertaken. Findings from the external event study show significant changes in participation patterns, especially among newcomers in response to key external events. The study also revealed that the changes in participation of newcomers were observed even though other internal characteristics (help giving, expert participation) did not change indicating that external events have a strong bearing on community participation. The effect of expert advice was studied using a logistic regression model to determine how specific participation patterns in discussion threads led to the final response to newcomers. This was supported by social network analysis to visually interpret the participation patterns of experienced members in two different scenarios, one in which the question was answered and the other where it was not. Findings show that higher number of responses from experienced members did not correlate with a response. Therefore, although expert help is essential, non-moderated or unguided help can lead to conflict among experts and inefficient feedback to newcomers.
Master of Science
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Casaca, Figueira Carla Sofia. "Languages at war in Lusophone Africa : external language spread policies in Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau at the turn of the 21st century." Thesis, City, University of London, 2010. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/17563/.

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This study explores the argument that Postcolonial Africa has been the setting for competing external language spread policies (LSPs) by ex-colonial European countries at the turn of the 21st Century. To explore the topic I examine the case studies of Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau, in the time frame of the 1990s to the present. In both case studies is visible the pervasiveness of international European languages that has been fostered by the history, structure and functioning of the international system. African languages mostly remain circumscribed to non-official domains. This linguistic inequality reflects the power relations enacted in society and internationally. It further raises issues of linguistic/cultural human rights and the defence of language and cultural diversity that this study argues for. Associated with the European languages are foreign governments’ policies that support language spread in different measures and, in some cases, are at the origin of the internal language spread policy of the African countries. In Mozambique, my research identified overt external language spread policies undertaken by the governments of Portugal, Brazil, France, UK and Germany. In Guinea-Bissau, research identified external language spread policies undertaken by the government of Portugal, Brazil, France and Germany. Languages are dynamic and the linguistic situation in Africa should not be read as a simple dichotomy of European versus African languages in a positive/negative balance. As it has been deployed, the process of spread of official languages in Africa leads to their de facto supremacy and can be read as a ‘glottophagic’/language cannabalism process (Breton 1991, Calvet 2002b). It is thus imperative that a strong political will supports policies for African languages allowing the maxium participation of the people in the governing process and promoting socio-cultural independence from the outside world (Heine 1992). This study is based on transdisciplinary analysis using elements of sociology of language, sociolinguistics and international relations. Research for this study focused on the qualitative analysis of extensive documentary data and a series of elite interviews.
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Ridao, Martín Joan. "The role of European Regions within the framework of international relations of composite States. In particular, the Spanish Case." IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123500.

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The competence of the European States in the field of international relations seems to conceive at the present time as an all-embracing faculty, which embraces all responsibility for any activity with external significance. In the Spanish case, this trend has meant a return to the prevailing conception during the primary stage of constitutional development, and refers to coverage in an expansive reading of the State’s competency title on international relations and on the functions of international treaties and Direction Foreign policy constitutionally conferred on the Government.
La competencia de los Estados europeos en materia de relaciones internacionales parece concebirse en la actualidad como una facultad omnímoda, que abraza toda responsabilidad sobre cualquier actividad con trascendencia exterior. En el caso español, esta tendencia ha supuesto un regreso a la concepción prevalente durante la etapa primaria de desarrollo constitucional, y pretende hallar cobertura en una lectura expansiva del título competencial del Estado sobre las relaciones internacionales y en las funciones sobre tratados internacionales y dirección de la política exterior conferidas constitucionalmente al Gobierno.
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Ugur, Mehmet. "The European Community's external policy making process : the case of EC-Turkey association, 1973-1993." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309310.

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Moraes, Marina Pequeneza de. "Israel e Palestina sob a perspectiva brasileira: política externa e realinhamentos árabes e judaicos." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/18917.

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Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-23T17:37:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marina Pequeneza de Moraes.pdf: 749060 bytes, checksum: 6a081debd3d6e29a174cdc48de69f16d (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-23T17:37:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marina Pequeneza de Moraes.pdf: 749060 bytes, checksum: 6a081debd3d6e29a174cdc48de69f16d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-21
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The study aims to contribute to the analysis of Brazilian foreign policy regarding the Israeli-Palestinian issue during the establishment of the Israeli State. In order to take the debate further, the research seeks to understand how the existing Arab and Jewish communities in this country campaigned in favour of their own position within the Brazilian policy on this matter. For us to investigate the essential forces and elements in the formation of Brazilian diplomatic positioning, it is crucial we understand how the Palestine issue was discussed and how it shaped within society, according to the 1947 and 1948 events, which determined the establishment of the Arab and Jewish communities in Brazil. It is therefore necessary to emphasise the meaning of both domestic and international scenarios. The study is based upon the analysis of documents related to the Brazilian diplomatic history, available in the archives of Itamaraty Palace - Ministry of External Relations, as well as the archives of the most relevant national newspapers of that period, “Jornal do Brasil”, “Correio da Manhã”, “Folha de São Paulo” and “Estado de São Paulo”, amongst several other sources. By gathering all information available from all sources it is clear to us that the Brazilian government in his diplomacy had to overcome a series of factors, which were previously based on restrictive and pre-judgemental policies existing during this historical period. As a result, the fact that the two groups in question have unique characteristics and beliefs shows us the direct impact towards their mobilisation and the outcome of it
presente estudo pretende contribuir para a análise da política externa brasileira em relação à questão israelo-palestina durante o período de formação do Estado israelense. De forma a adensar este debate, o trabalho busca compreender como as comunidades árabe e judaica presentes no país recepcionaram e se mobilizaram diante da política brasileira adotada na questão. Foi necessário contextualizar tanto o cenário doméstico quanto o internacional, a fim de verificar quais forças e elementos foram fundamentais para o posicionamento diplomático brasileiro e a configuração que a questão palestiniana adquiriu na sociedade, segundo a hipótese de que os eventos de 1947 e 1948 tiveram um papel formador do arabismo e judaísmo brasileiros. Para isto, o estudo foi permeado pela análise dos documentos históricos da diplomacia brasileira, disponíveis nos Arquivos do Itamaraty, dos impressos nacionais mais relevantes no período: Jornal do Brasil, Correio da Manhã, Folhas de São Paulo e Estado de São Paulo, assim como de fontes secundárias. A convergência de tais fontes nos possibilitou perceber que, o governo brasileiro em sua formulação diplomática teve de dialogar com fatores diversos permeados por preconceitos e políticas restritivas, inseridas dentro do período histórico analisado, e que as etnias em questão possuíam características singulares e motivações distintas entre si, as quais afetaram diretamente a forma e os resultados de sua mobilização
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Books on the topic "External communities"

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MacLeod, I. The external relations of the European communities: A manual of law and practice. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.

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Nölling, Wilhelm. Fortress Europe?: The external trade policy of the European Communities : response to the challenge of 1992 : in honour of Helmut Schmidt's 70th birthday. Hamburg: W. Nölling, 1988.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. Select Committee on the European Communities. Conduct of the Community's external aviation relations: With evidence : session 1990-91, 9th report. London: HMSO, 1991.

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1959-, Rusaw Rick, ed. The externally focused quest: Becoming the best church for the community. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2010.

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V, Konstadinidis Stratos, ed. The legal regulation of the European Community's external relations after the completion of the internal market. Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1996.

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Commission, European. Annual report 2003: On the European Community's development policy and the implementation of external assistance in 2002. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2003.

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Cernison, Matteo. Social Media Activism. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462980068.

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This book focuses on the referendums against water privatization in Italy and explores how activists took to social media, ultimately convincing twenty-seven million citizens to vote. Investigating the relationship between social movements and internet-related activism during complex campaigns, this book examines how a technological evolution — the increased relevance of social media platforms — affected in very different ways organizations with divergent characteristics, promoting at the same time decentralized communication practices, and new ways of coordinating dispersed communities of people. Matteo Cernison combines and adapts a wide set of methods, from social network analysis to digital ethnography, in order to explore in detail how digital activism and face-to-face initiatives interact and overlap. He argues that the geographical scale of actions, the role played by external media professionals, and the activists’ perceptions of digital technologies are key elements that contribute in a significant way to shape the very different communication practices often described as online activism.
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María Mercè Alabau i Oliveras. El control externo por los tribunales de cuentas de la Europa comunitaria. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, 1990.

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Petras, James F. US hegemony under siege: Class, politics, and development in Latin America. London: Verso, 1990.

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Eurostat. Balance of Payments of the Community Institutions (Theme 6--External trade and balance of payments). European Communities / Union (EUR-OP/OOPEC/OPOCE), 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "External communities"

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Gröjer, Anette, and Inger Wikström Öbrand. "External Quality Assurance as a Watchdog for Student Influence." In Collaboration, Communities and Competition, 205–18. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6351-122-3_13.

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Spence, David. "The EEAS and Its Epistemic Communities: The Challenges of Diplomatic Hybridism." In The European External Action Service, 43–64. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137383037_3.

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Brendel, Radoslaw, and Henryk Krawczyk. "Extended Generalized Blockmodeling for Compound Communities and External Actors." In Computer Communications and Networks, 371–85. London: Springer London, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-229-0_14.

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Crump, P. W., S. Ghosh, and P. Vadgama. "Blood Testing of a Polyether-Urethane as a Diffusion Limiting and Potentially Haemocompatible External Membrane for Enzyme Electrode Biosensors." In The Reference Materials of the European Communities, 227–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7993-3_24.

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Ngwainmbi, Emmanuel K. "An External Examination of Emerging Democratic Institutions and the Problem of Social and Economic Security." In Citizenship, Democracies, and Media Engagement among Emerging Economies and Marginalized Communities, 3–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56215-5_1.

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Stapel, Sören, and Fredrik Söderbaum. "Mapping and problematising external funding to the African Union and the Regional Economic Communities." In The Finances of Regional Organisations in the Global South, 112–25. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge studies in African politics and international relations: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429055874-8.

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Ayissi, Anatole. "Three Decades of Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in Africa: Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead." In The State of Peacebuilding in Africa, 141–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46636-7_9.

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Abstract This chapter analyses three decades of efforts to disarm, demobilize, and reintegrate ex-combatants as part of conflict resolution and peacebuilding in Africa. It finds that in the vast majority of Africa’s conflict-affected societies, reintegration remains the Achilles Heel of DDR programs; only a minority of ex-combatants are sustainably reintegrated into their communities. The chapter argues that the poor record of reintegration is due in significant part to unreliable and frequently-delayed external funding for this vital element of DDR. One response to the conundrum of growing demand but dwindling resources for reintegration would be to strengthen Africa’s ownership of DDR programs, endowing regional institutions (African Union and regional economic communities) with adequate institutional capacities, expertise, and resources.
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Milliken, Sarah, and Henk Stander. "Aquaponics and Social Enterprise." In Aquaponics Food Production Systems, 607–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_24.

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AbstractThis chapter presents some examples of recent initiatives by social enterprises using aquaponics. Aquaponics offers an innovative form of therapeutic horticulture, which can provide employment and promote well-being for people with disabilities. If implemented as a program to be managed by local communities, aquaponic systems also have the potential to address issues such as food security and food sovereignty, especially in urban areas. Increasing public familiarity with aquaponics has seen a number of social ventures being set up around the world. However, the viability of these depends not only on stakeholder commitment, thorough market analysis, clear governance structures, and a robust business plan but also on external factors, such as the local political context and regulations.
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Pomfret, Richard. "The European Community’s Relations with the Mediterranean Countries." In The External Relations of the European Community, 77–92. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22207-0_5.

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"The European Communities external action." In EU Trade Law, 9–23. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781788977418.00008.

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Conference papers on the topic "External communities"

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Brendel, Radoslaw, and Henryk Krawczyk. "Extended Generalized Blockmodeling for Compound Communities and External Actors." In 2009 International Conference on Computational Aspects of Social Networks (CASON). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cason.2009.32.

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Zatsepin, Andrey, Andrey Zatsepin, Sergey Kuklev, Sergey Kuklev, Alexander Ostrovskii, Alexander Ostrovskii, Vladimir Piotoukh, et al. "SHORT-TERM VARIABILITY OF COASTAL ZONE HYDRODYNAMICS UNDER AN EXTERNAL FORCING: OBSERVATIONS AT THE BLACK SEA RESEARCH SITE OF SIO RAS." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4315a048a4.

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Since 2010, the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS (SIO RAS) in Gelendzhik maintains the research (observational) site for year round multi-disciplinary studies and monitoring of the marine environment in the coastal zone. Analysis of the data obtained at the observational site revealed the existence of well pronounced short-term variability of coastal zone hydrodynamics at time scales from 1-3 days to 1-2 weeks. The paper examines the role of external forcing (including the impact of adjoined open sea dynamics and wind stress) in the short-term variability of hydrodynamics and upper mixed layer evolution.
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Zatsepin, Andrey, Andrey Zatsepin, Sergey Kuklev, Sergey Kuklev, Alexander Ostrovskii, Alexander Ostrovskii, Vladimir Piotoukh, et al. "SHORT-TERM VARIABILITY OF COASTAL ZONE HYDRODYNAMICS UNDER AN EXTERNAL FORCING: OBSERVATIONS AT THE BLACK SEA RESEARCH SITE OF SIO RAS." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b93915d1c11.31020337.

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Since 2010, the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS (SIO RAS) in Gelendzhik maintains the research (observational) site for year round multi-disciplinary studies and monitoring of the marine environment in the coastal zone. Analysis of the data obtained at the observational site revealed the existence of well pronounced short-term variability of coastal zone hydrodynamics at time scales from 1-3 days to 1-2 weeks. The paper examines the role of external forcing (including the impact of adjoined open sea dynamics and wind stress) in the short-term variability of hydrodynamics and upper mixed layer evolution.
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Plotnikov, Vladimir, Vladimir Plotnikov, Vyacheslav Dubina, and Vyacheslav Dubina. "ECOLOGICAL SUBSTANTIATION OF BIOPRODUCTIVITY FORMATION IN PETER THE GREAT BAY (JAPAN/EAST SEA)." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4315968a12.

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On the basis of the object habitat analysis, on the created data archives of the hydrometeorological and hydrochemical limiting external environment parameters, by means of the reliability theory methodology and the probabilistic analysis, as well as the multidimensional statistics, the algorithm of the ecological substantiation of bio-productivity formation is formulated. On the basis of the above the algorithm of the spatial areas of Gracilaria verrucosa possible cultivation in Peter the Great Bay is estimated.
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Plotnikov, Vladimir, Vladimir Plotnikov, Vyacheslav Dubina, and Vyacheslav Dubina. "ECOLOGICAL SUBSTANTIATION OF BIOPRODUCTIVITY FORMATION IN PETER THE GREAT BAY (JAPAN/EAST SEA)." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b93870b4886.55014336.

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On the basis of the object habitat analysis, on the created data archives of the hydrometeorological and hydrochemical limiting external environment parameters, by means of the reliability theory methodology and the probabilistic analysis, as well as the multidimensional statistics, the algorithm of the ecological substantiation of bio-productivity formation is formulated. On the basis of the above the algorithm of the spatial areas of Gracilaria verrucosa possible cultivation in Peter the Great Bay is estimated.
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Chamorro Ruíz, Mayelis, Julián Fernando Chaves, Jaime Hernán Aristizábal Ceballos, María Isabel Montoya, María José Henao Padilla, and Nestor Castro Villamarín. "Importance of Monitoring Third-Party Actions in the Management of the Threat and Risk Posed by Climate and External Forces." In ASME 2015 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2015-8557.

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The major events involving geotechnical instability that have affected the operation of the hydrocarbon-transfer systems maintained by VIT-Ecopetrol in recent years indicate the importance of managing — in conjunction with the local authorities, the communities, and other stakeholders — policies regarding appropriate land use on and near the rights-of-way (ROWs). With a view toward ensuring ongoing operations that are in harmony with the environment, VIT-Ecopetrol has been implementing strategies for working with the Colombian government toward the development of scenarios involving shared responsibility for risk management. These scenarios include the harmonization of regional land-use planning with the presence of the hydrocarbon-transport infrastructure; the preparation of emergency plans; and the mitigation of slope-instability events associated with intense deforestation, uncontrolled urban expansion, and other significant changes in land use. This paper describes the advances that have been made in monitoring the actions of third parties in connection with the management of the threat and risk posed by climate and external forces, based on an analysis of the development of the region and its interaction with areas of geotechnical interest.
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Galvis Fuentes, Adriana. "Procedure for Identifying Deformations in Oil and Gas Pipelines Subject to External Forces, Based on Primary ILI Data." In ASME 2015 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2015-8506.

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Oil and gas pipelines that pass through mountainous terrain are subject to an increase in the number of sections affected by the bending deformation’s resulting from external forces, which, when coupled with the construction and operational processes of the systems, cause mechanical damage to the pipelines that has led to containment losses, resulting in operational cost overruns and harmful effects on the environment and on nearby communities, while leaving at high risk the integrity of the petroleum infrastructure. By using primary data obtained through so-called “smart” in-line inspections or intelligent line inspections (ILIs), the occurrence and magnitude of these deformations and displacements of the pipelines can be determined. With the aid of geotechnical analytical techniques, this information can facilitate the interpretation of the processes that induce these thrusts. The starting point is the existing knowledge of the characteristics of the installation of the pipelines and of the clearances permitted by the rules and/or reference standards of the industry. The next step consists of comparing that data against the XYZ Data inertial mapping data (obtained through rotations of the XGP geometric tool) in one or more ILI runs, as part of the mechanical analysis procedure. As a recommended practice, an algorithm is developed for handling the ILI data, showing in parallel the geotechnical zoning data, illustrating it with a study algorithm.
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Lindner, David, Hoda Heidari, and Andreas Krause. "Addressing the Long-term Impact of ML Decisions via Policy Regret." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/75.

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Machine Learning (ML) increasingly informs the allocation of opportunities to individuals and communities in areas such as lending, education, employment, and beyond. Such decisions often impact their subjects' future characteristics and capabilities in an a priori unknown fashion. The decision-maker, therefore, faces exploration-exploitation dilemmas akin to those in multi-armed bandits. Following prior work, we model communities as arms. To capture the long-term effects of ML-based allocation decisions, we study a setting in which the reward from each arm evolves every time the decision-maker pulls that arm. We focus on reward functions that are initially increasing in the number of pulls but may become (and remain) decreasing after a certain point. We argue that an acceptable sequential allocation of opportunities must take an arm's potential for growth into account. We capture these considerations through the notion of policy regret, a much stronger notion than the often-studied external regret, and present an algorithm with provably sub-linear policy regret for sufficiently long time horizons. We empirically compare our algorithm with several baselines and find that it consistently outperforms them, in particular for long time horizons.
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Costa Pinto, Mucio Eduardo Amarante, Rodnei Massamiti Abe, and Douglas de Oliveira Passos. "Petrobras Transporte S.A. – Transpetro Solution for the Minimization of External Corrosion of Thermal Insulated Pipelines for Underground Heated Oil Transportation in Brazil." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0543.

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Underground heated oil transportation within the processes of Petrobras/Transpetro is a critical issue because of the need to maintain the temperature of the oil in the pipeline network from the point of origin to destination with as little heat loss as possible. Insulated pipelines using polyurethane rigid foams as insulation have been used for many years for this transportation process. However, instrumentation inspections have shown a severe external corrosion process in some insulated pipelines after a number of years in operation. Due to the extent of the insulated pipeline network in Brazil, this kind of problem was possible to identify only after some leakage emergencies. After a deeper investigation in the field it was verified that the pipe protection and insulation system was not adequate for avoiding the corrosion process. In order to prevent and avoid any greater damage to the environment and mainly to the communities living around these underground pipeline zones, a quick review of the entire methodology was necessary. The focus of this article is to describe the identification of this corrosion problem by field experiences and the solution found by adapting the EN 253 norm for pre-insulated bonded pipe systems for underground hot water networks.
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Gašperlin, Blaž, Andreja Pucihar, and Mirjana Kljajić Borštnar. "Influencing Factors of Digital Transformation in SMEs – Literature Review." In Values, Competencies and Changes in Organizations. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-442-2.17.

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Digital transformation refers to the process of redefining the way enterprises do business using digital technology. It changes existing organizational processes within and between organizations. The transformation affects all organizations, but poses a particular challenge for small and medium-sized enterprises. To begin a digital transformation process, enterprises must first be aware of the factors influencing the transformation, so they can further develop their digital maturity roadmap and continue the digital transformation process. In this paper, we aim to identify the most important internal and external factors that guide the digital transformation process and the dominant theories behind them. The findings suggest that organizational factors, together with technology and environment, may provide a comprehensive view of digital transformation. The results also showed that data and its quality are increasingly attracting attention in professional circles and data science communities, but are not yet sufficiently considered in the context of digital transformation.
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Reports on the topic "External communities"

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Cannon, Mariah, and Pauline Oosterhoff. Bonded: Life Stories from Agricultural Communities in South-Eastern Nepal. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.003.

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In the Terai region of South-Eastern Nepal, there persists a form of agricultural bonded labour called Harwa-Charwa, rooted in agricultural feudal social relations. The Terai has a long and dynamic political history with limited employment opportunities and high levels of migration. This paper is an external qualitative analysis of over 150 life stories from individuals living in an area with high levels of bonded labour. These stories were previously analysed during a workshop through a collective participatory analysis. Both the participatory analysis and external analysis found similar mechanisms that trap people in poverty and bonded labour. The disaggregation by age in the external analysis could explain why child marriage and child labour were very important in the collective analysis but did not match the results of a baseline survey in the same geographical area that found only a few cases. The respondents were aged between 15 and 65. Child marriage and child labour had shaped the lives of the adults but have since decreased. Methodologically, the different ways of analysis diverge in their ability to differentiate timelines. The participatory analysis gives historical insights on pathways into child labour, but although some of the social norms persist this situation has changed.
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Bravo, Vanessa. Communicating external voting rights to diaspora communities. Challenges and opportunities in the cases of El Salvador and Costa Rica. Comunicando los derechos de votación en el extranjero a las diásporas. Retos y oportunidades en los casos de El Salvador y Costa Rica. Revista Internacional de Relaciones Públicas, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5783/rirp-5-2013-02-05-26.

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