Books: 'External communities'

1

MacLeod, I. The external relations of the European communities: A manual of law and practice. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.

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2

Nölling, Wilhelm. Fortress Europe?: The external trade policy of the European Communities : response to the challenge of 1992 : in honour of Helmut Schmidt's 70th birthday. Hamburg: W. Nölling, 1988.

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3

Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. Select Committee on the European Communities. Conduct of the Community's external aviation relations: With evidence : session 1990-91, 9th report. London: HMSO, 1991.

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4

1959-, Rusaw Rick, ed. The externally focused quest: Becoming the best church for the community. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2010.

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5

V, Konstadinidis Stratos, ed. The legal regulation of the European Community's external relations after the completion of the internal market. Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1996.

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6

Commission, European. Annual report 2003: On the European Community's development policy and the implementation of external assistance in 2002. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2003.

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7

Cernison, Matteo. Social Media Activism. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462980068.

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This book focuses on the referendums against water privatization in Italy and explores how activists took to social media, ultimately convincing twenty-seven million citizens to vote. Investigating the relationship between social movements and internet-related activism during complex campaigns, this book examines how a technological evolution — the increased relevance of social media platforms — affected in very different ways organizations with divergent characteristics, promoting at the same time decentralized communication practices, and new ways of coordinating dispersed communities of people. Matteo Cernison combines and adapts a wide set of methods, from social network analysis to digital ethnography, in order to explore in detail how digital activism and face-to-face initiatives interact and overlap. He argues that the geographical scale of actions, the role played by external media professionals, and the activists’ perceptions of digital technologies are key elements that contribute in a significant way to shape the very different communication practices often described as online activism.

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8

María Mercè Alabau i Oliveras. El control externo por los tribunales de cuentas de la Europa comunitaria. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, 1990.

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9

Petras, James F. US hegemony under siege: Class, politics, and development in Latin America. London: Verso, 1990.

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10

Eurostat. Balance of Payments of the Community Institutions (Theme 6--External trade and balance of payments). European Communities / Union (EUR-OP/OOPEC/OPOCE), 1994.

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11

Christensen, Amy, and Tara Mcgee. Wildfire Evacuation: A Guidebook for First Nations, External Agencies, and Host Communities. University of British Columbia Press, 2021.

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12

Cremona, Marise, and Anne Thies. European Court of Justice and External Relations Law: Constitutional Challenges. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2014.

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13

The European Court of Justice and External Relations Law (Modern Studies in European Law). Hart Publishing, 2016.

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14

Ndungane, Njongonkulu. Address[es] by the Archbishop of Cape Town the Most Reverend Njongonkulu Ndungane, at a Conference on "Local Communities, Global Realities" held in Toronto, Canada, June 21, 1999. Toronto, 1999.

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15

West, Joel, and Jonathan Sims. How Firms Leverage Crowds and Communities for Open Innovation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816225.003.0004.

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There are many similarities in how firms pursuing an open innovation strategy can utilize crowds and communities as sources of external innovation. At the same time, the differences between these two network forms of collaboration have previously been blurred or overlooked. In this chapter, we integrate research on crowds and communities, identifying a third form—a crowd–community hybrid—that combines attributes of both. We compare examples of each of these three network forms, such as open source software communities, gated contests, crowdsourcing tournaments, user-generated content, and crowd science. We then summarize the intrinsic, extrinsic, and structural factors that enable individual and organizational participation in these collaborations. Finally, we contrast how these collaborative forms differ regarding their degree of innovativeness and relevance to firm goals. From this, we identify opportunities for future research on these topics.

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16

Industry, Confederation of British, and Royal Institute of International Affairs., eds. Goodbye to Fortress Europe?: The Community's external trade relations. Royston: Rooster, 1990.

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17

The Externally Focused Church. Group Publishing, 2004.

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18

Werth, Paul. Religion. Edited by Simon Dixon. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199236701.013.005.

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Given its ruling status under the old regime and the sheer numbers of its adherents, Orthodoxy has enjoyed an especially prominent place in Russian history. But Russia’s non-Orthodox religions have been equally important for their smaller communities and have been implicated in Russian politics, both internal and external, in profound ways. Drawing on recent scholarship about a long neglected field, this chapter explores the interplay between the many faiths and denominations represented in Russia and the Soviet Union. It focuses in turn on the relationship between the state and religious institutions, on local religious communities, both real and imagined, and on the ways in which lived religion proved remarkably adaptable to change and fundamentally compatible with modernity.

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19

Lyons, Natasha. Archaeology and Native Northerners. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.11.

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Archaeology is undergoing a sustained shift in the North American Arctic, as factors both internal and external to the discipline work to expand and transform the structure, demographics, and objectives of professional practice. A major part of this shift hinges on the relationships between indigenous peoples and the archaeological establishment. Over the past 40 years, Inuit, Dene, Alaskan Native, and other local communities have increasingly demanded a stake in their archaeological heritage; archaeological practitioners have responded in varying ways, from resistance and naïveté to both tentative and concerted moves toward more inclusive practices. This chapter describes the historical and evolving relationship between Native Northern communities and archaeologists, characterizes elements of community-based practice, and examines some of the forms, approaches, and applications of this emergent paradigm.

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20

Johnson-Weiner, Karen. New York Amish, 2nd Edition. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501707605.001.0001.

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Tracing Amish settlement in New York from the nineteenth century to the twenty-first century, this book draws on more than thirty years of participant-observation, interviews, and archival research to introduce the Amish to their non-Amish neighbors. In the last decade, New York State has had the fastest-growing Amish population, and this book highlights the diversity of Amish settlement there and the contribution of New York's Amish to the state's rich cultural heritage. This second edition updates settlement areas to acknowledge recently established communities and to demonstrate the impact of growth, schism, and migration on existing settlements. In addition, chapters treating external and internal challenges to Amish settlement and the challenges Amish settlement poses to neighboring non-Amish communities have been updated, and a new chapter looks to the future of New York's Amish. All maps have been updated, and a new map showing all of New York's Amish communities has been added.

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21

European Commission, DG External Relations., ed. Annual report 2004 on the European Community's development policy and external assistance. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2004.

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22

Faull, Andrew. Fighting for Respect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676636.003.0011.

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This chapter analyzses the discourses and practices in South African police stations on violence and authority, particularly during the months following a police massacre of striking platinum miners at Marikana. Police officers who were not present at the shooting instinctively defended their colleagues from external criticism. This chapter suggests that members of the South African Police Service believe that the use of violent force in the performance of their duties is necessary to gain the respect of the communities they serve, which is also linked to constructions of masculinity.

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23

Williams, Susan H. Legal Pluralism, Gender Equality, and Parity of Participation: Constitutional Issues Concerning Customary Law in Liberia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829621.003.0006.

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This chapter examines the practice of customary law in Liberia and how it contributes to gender inequality. The familiar menu of constitutional tools to protect equality has often failed, both because external legal limits on customary law are inaccessible to women in traditional communities and because they put those women in the position of opposing their own communities. The only sustainable solution is to empower women to reshape their own customary law. This requires rethinking culture and customary law at three levels: first, we must view culture as an evolving process to which all members contribute; second, we must view customary law as an evolving part of the common law that interacts with state law; and third, we must enhance ‘participatory parity’ for women. The chapter concludes with suggestions for constitutional reform in Liberia to promote the role of women as norm creators.

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24

Guhin, Jeffrey. Agents of God. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190244743.001.0001.

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In Agents of God, sociologist Jeffrey Guhin describes his year and a half spent in two Sunni Muslim and two Evangelical Christian high schools in the New York City area. At first, these four schools could not seem more different, yet they are linked by much: these are all schools with conservative thoughts on gender and sexuality, with a hostility to the theory of evolution, and with a deep suspicion of secularism. And they are all also hopeful that America will be a place where their children can excel, even as they also fear the nation’s many temptations might lead their children astray. Guhin shows how these school communities use boundaries of politics, gender, and sexuality to distinguish themselves from the outside world, both in school and online. Within these boundaries, these communities have developed “external authorities” like Science, Scripture, and Prayer, each of which is felt and experienced as a real power with the ability to make commands and coerce action. For example, people can describe Science itself as showing something or the Bible itself as making a command. By offloading coercion to these external authorities, leaders in these schools are able to maintain a commitment to religious freedom while simultaneously reproducing their moral commitments in their students. Drawing on extensive classroom observation, community participation, and interviews with students, teachers, and staff, this book makes an original contribution to religious studies, sociology, and education.

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25

Grenoble, Lenore A. Language Revitalization. Edited by Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron, and Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0039.

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Linguists have become increasingly engaged in language documentation, working to record languages while they are still spoken. Speaker communities often turn to revitalization programs, attempting to strengthen the speaker base of their ancestral languages and make them vital again. This chapter addresses the factors that enter into the decision of what kind of revitalization to pursue and then discusses different kinds of models for language revitalization. It examines revitalization as a response to language endangerment, language attitudes, language domains and social networks, the role of the external linguist, and a successful revitalization in the case of the Hebrew language.

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26

Books, HMSO. Conduct of the Community's External Aviation Relations with Evid., 9th Rpt Sel CM. Bernan Press, 1991.

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27

Cavanaugh, Kathleen, and Joshua Castellino. The Politics of Sectarianism and Its Reflection in Questions of International Law and State Formation in the Middle East. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190272654.003.0005.

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As the relationships between communities (majority and minority) within states in the Middle East are recalibrated and competition for access to political and economic decision-making institutions intensifies, this chapter focuses on how identity politics are constructed in the Middle East. It provides a general overview of the historical social formation of regional identities, and explores the politicisation of identity and growth of sectarianism in the region. The chapter concludes by reflecting on how entrepreneurial sectarianism has taken root in Iraq exacerbated by tensions related to the transition, changing the identity landscape and threatening the physical boundaries in the region, and generating newer antagonisms that mapped onto external and internal political ambition.

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28

Magdalinski, Tara. Into the Digital Era. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038938.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses the numerous opportunities for incorporating interactive, Internet-based technologies for collaborative learning into sport history pedagogy. These include blogs, wikis, Wikipedia, Twitter, and Facebook, and extend to lesser-known platforms and tools such as Curatr and TED-Ed “Flip this Lesson.” Indeed, as new platforms continue to be developed, and as students—who are already largely digital natives—engage with these, and as pedagogical practice continues to move away from passive receipt of static knowledge toward active engagement in knowledge creation, sport historians themselves need to be “competent and critical users.” The interactive and collaborative potential of many web-based platforms offers possibilities for engagement both within the classroom and with external communities of interest.

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29

Broyde, Michael J. The Rise of Religious Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190640286.003.0002.

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This chapter surveys the contemporary landscape of religious arbitration in the United States by exploring how different religious communities utilize arbitration, how these processes differ from each other, and where various faith-based dispute resolution models fall within the broader ADR spectrum. It explores developments in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic arbitration in America over the last several decades, and discusses what internal concerns and external stimuli have spurred these changes. As such, this chapter reflects on why American Catholics have not moved in the same direction as some other religious groups, which have been eager to embrace the use of religious arbitration as a means of enabling their adherents to resolve ordinary secular conflicts in accordance with religious norms and values. Finally, this chapter will discuss the historical limitations of utilizing religious arbitration in many faiths and how some have evolved to embrace the practice.

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30

Westphal, James, and Sun Hyun Park. Symbolic Management. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792055.001.0001.

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This book presents the symbolic management perspective as a comprehensive, behavioral theory of corporate governance. It describes a pervasive pattern of symbolic decoupling, or separation between appearances and reality, at each level of the governance system. The processes of governance are less efficient or effective than they appear, at every level: from interpersonal relations within organizations, such as relations between chief executive officers and directors and between top managers and lower-level employees, between firm leaders and external stakeholders, and between communities of leaders and groups of constituents. There is even a separation between appearances and reality at the level of the governance system. Symbolic management comprises the agentic practices by which decoupling is maintained at different levels of the system, including internal and external communications by firm leaders that conform to prevailing cultural values. The symbolic management perspective not only provides an integrative, behavioral alternative to economic theories of governance such as agency theory, but it subsumes economic theory. Agency theory is reconceived as a historically contingent, institutional logic, or a set of cultural values, assumptions, and prescriptions that became taken for granted among key stakeholders for a period of time. We reveal a gradual shift in institutional logics of governance, away from the traditional agency logic, and toward an alternative “neo-corporate” logic that reinterprets agency prescriptions and drops fundamental economic assumptions of agency theory. Our theory and research ultimately demonstrate how the symbolic management activities of firm leaders have contributed to this historical shift in prevailing logics of governance.

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31

Adler, Eliyana, and Antony Polonsky, eds. Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 30. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764500.001.0001.

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An emphasis on education has long been a salient feature of the Jewish experience. Historians of the early modern and modern era frequently point to the centrality of educational institutions and pursuits within Jewish society, yet the vast majority treat them as merely a reflection of the surrounding culture. Only a small number note how schools and teachers could contribute in dynamic ways to the shaping of local communities and cultures. This volume addresses this gap in the portrayal of the Jewish past by presenting education as an active and potent force for change. It moves beyond a narrow definition of Jewish education by treating formal and informal training in academic or practical subjects with equal attention. In so doing, it sheds light not only on schools and students, but also on informal educators, youth groups, textbooks, and numerous other devices through which the mutual relationship between education and Jewish society is played out. It also places male and female education on a par with each other, and considers students of all ages, religious backgrounds, and social classes. The book spans two centuries of Jewish history, from the Austrian and Russian empires to the Second Republic of Poland and the Polish People’s Republic. It highlights the centrality of education in the vision of numerous Jewish individuals, groups, and institutions across eastern Europe, and the degree to which this vision interacted with forces within and external to Jewish society. In this way, the book highlights the interrelationship between Jewish educational endeavours, the Jewish community, and external economic, political, and social forces.

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32

Aase, Tor H., ed. Climate Change and the Future of Himalayan Farming. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199475476.001.0001.

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The book asks to what extent Himalayan farmers and their institutions are prepared to face a future when external production conditions change. Because farming is particularly sensitive to climate, the main aim here is to relate present farming practices to projected future climate changes. Intensive, coordinated studies of six farming communities along the Himalayan range, from China in the east to Pakistan in the west, focus on their potentiality to adapt to climate changes that are projected for 2030, 2050, and 2100. But since climate projections are just projections, and since the context of farming is wider than just climate, the book also asks about farmers’ capacity to adapt to uncertainty in general. For that purpose, theories of ‘flexibility’ that have been applied in ecology, economics, and management science are accommodated to the present topic of farming systems. The assertion is that farmers and farming systems that are flexible are best prepared to face a future of climate change and other uncertainties.

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33

Hazzard-Donald, Katrina. Crisis at the Crossroads. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037290.003.0005.

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This chapter charts the transformation of Hoodoo as it moves from the plantation environment and encounters both snake-oil Hoodoo and the spiritual marketplace of the urban environment. Prior to emancipation, the larger plantation slave communities, as well as areas of high black concentration, had functioned as culturally potent repositories and cultural germination sites where, partially due to demographics, the culture-making process was intensified. The period following emancipation was transformative in every sense for African Americans and black belt traditional Hoodoo. In particular, Hoodoo would find itself approaching a critical crossroads in its identity and existence from emancipation to World War II. This chapter examines how the black belt Hoodoo complex was modified and transformed under the influence of both internal and external factors from Reconstruction to World War II. It shows that conjure after emancipation would continue to figure significantly in black consciousness of self, family, and community under the new freedom.

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34

Dominy, Graham. The Inniskilling Fusiliers. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040047.003.0008.

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This chapter recounts the mutiny of the Inniskilling Fusiliers (the 27th Regiment) at Fort Napier in 1887. For most of the 1880s, two or three infantry battalions, a cavalry regiment, and a full mountain battery of artillery were deployed in Natal and Zululand. Small detachments scattered across Zululand undertook tedious and arduous patrolling. The breakup of the regiments into small units serving in out-of-the-way places compromised regimental discipline. This chapter examines whether external factors played any part in the Inniskilling Fusiliers mutiny, which has also been described as a mere “drunken brawl” involving Irish troops, by assessing the situation in Ireland and among the Irish communities in England at the time. In particular, it looks at the Land Wars and the Home Rule movement in Ireland in the 1880s and goes on to discuss the mysterious circumstances surrounding the the Inniskilling Fusiliers rebellion. It also considers the trial of four mutineers—Patrick McKeown, Joseph McCrea, Charles Orr, and John Campbell—which saw the execution of McCrea.

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35

Laursen, Finn, ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of European Union Politics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780190856427.001.0001.

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This encyclopedia offers the most comprehensive and up-to-date resource on the European integration process. Under the editorial directorship of Finn Laursen and associate editors Derek Beach, Roberto Domínguez, Sung-Hoon Park, Sophie Vanhoonacker, and Amy Verdun, the publication brings together peer-reviewed contributions by leading researchers on the European Union as a global actor. Topics include the basic treaties, institutions and policies of the European Union and the previous European Communities, the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community, and the European Atomic Energy Community. It also includes articles on the various conceptual frameworks and theories that have been developed by political scientists to guide research into the integration process and the policy- and decision-making processes with a focus on the roles of the different institutions, the European Council, the European Commission, the European Parliament, and the Court of Justice of the EU. Additionally, the publication includes articles on the member states as well as external relations and foreign policies of the EU. As a result, the Oxford Encyclopedia of European Union Politics is a vital resource for students, scholars, and policymakers.

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36

Petras, James F. U.S. Hegemony Under Siege: Class Politics and Development in Latin America. Verso Books, 1990.

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37

Petras, James F. U.S. Hegemony Under Siege: Class Politics and Development in Latin America. Verso, 1990.

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38

Hughes, Kyle, and Donald MacRaild. Ribbon Societies in Nineteenth-Century Ireland and its Diaspora. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786941350.001.0001.

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The book is the first full-length study of Irish Ribbonism. It traces its development from its origins in the Defender movement of the 1790s to the latter part of the century when the remnants of the Ribbon tradition found solace in a new movement: the quasi-constitutional affinities of the Ancient Order of Hibernians. This book places Ribbonism firmly within Ireland’s long tradition of secret societies and show that, due to its diversity and adaptability, it stood apart from other similar bodies and showed remarkable longevity not matched by its contemporaries. The book describes the wider context of Catholic struggles for improved standing, explores traditions and networks for association, and it describes external impressions. This study utilises very rich archives in the form of state surveillances records and evidence from spies. ‘Show trial’ proceedings also are examined in detail. Throughout, the book deploys masses of press reportage. Harnesssing such evidence, the book shows that Ribbonism was a sophisticated and durable underground network drawing together various strands of the rural and urban Catholic populace in Ireland and Britain. Operating as a militant bulwark against Orangeism, an immigrant aid society, a social club, a proto-political collective, it also was at times a primitive trade union. Ribbonism operated more widely than previous studies have revealed, and was, in fact, a transnational entity linking Irish communities in Ireland and Britain, with trace elements also in the USA, Canada and Australia.

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39

Blidstein, Moshe. Baptism as Purification in Early Christian Texts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791959.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 discusses baptism as a ritual of purification and as marking the community’s external boundaries. Most authors who wrote about baptism in the second and third centuries described it as an act of purification, an understanding which is supported by the imagery of the ritual itself and by the Jewish and pagan parallels. This understanding made baptism dangerously similar to Jewish ritual, and the first section of the chapter therefore focuses on the efforts of Christian authors to differentiate between Christian baptism and Jewish rituals. Furthermore, this chapter investigates what exactly baptism was thought to purify. The identification of baptism—a physical act of washing—with purification from what would seem to be non- or semi-physical entities makes it a major site for addressing the relationship between external and internal purity, the role of conscious intention as opposed to ritual action, and the place of spiritual entities.

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40

Guideline for Preventive Chemotherapy for the Control of Taenia solium Taeniasis. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275123720.

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The larval stage of the parasite Taenia solium can encyst in the central nervous system causing neurocysticercosis, which is the main cause of acquired epilepsy in the countries in which the parasite is endemic. Endemic areas are those with the presence (or likely presence) of the full life cycle of Taenia solium. The parasite is most prevalent in poor and vulnerable communities in which pigs roam free, open defecation is practiced, basic sanitation is deficient, and health education is absent or limited. Several tools are available for the control of Taenia solium. Preventive chemotherapy for Taenia solium taeniasis, which is directed at the adult tapeworm, is one of them. Other tools focus on pig management, pig vaccination and treatment, sanitation and hygiene, and community education. Three potential drugs—niclosamide, praziquantel, and albendazole—have been considered for use for preventive chemotherapy in Taenia solium taeniasis control programs through mass drug administration or targeted chemotherapy. In this Guideline, we provide recommendations for preventive chemotherapy in Taenia solium-endemic areas using niclosamide, praziquantel, or albendazole, including at which dose and in which population groups. The development of this Guideline is based on the latest standard World Health Organization methods for guideline development, including the use of systematic search strategies, synthesis, quality assessment of the available evidence to support the recommendations, and participation of experts and stakeholders in the Guideline Development Group and External Review Group. The recommendations are intended for a wide audience, including policymakers and their expert advisers, and technical and program staff at governmental institutions and organizations involved in the planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of preventive chemotherapy programs for the control of Taenia solium.

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41

Kirchman, David L. The ecology of viruses. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0010.

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In addition to grazing, another form of top-down control of microbes is lysis by viruses. Every organism in the biosphere is probably infected by at least one virus, but the most common viruses are thought to be those that infect bacteria. Viruses come in many varieties, but the simplest is a form of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat. The form of nucleic acid can be virtually any type of RNA or DNA, single or double stranded. Few viruses in nature can be identified by traditional methods because their hosts cannot be grown in the laboratory. Direct count methods have found that viruses are very abundant, being about ten-fold more abundant than bacteria, but the ratio of viruses to bacteria varies greatly. Viruses are thought to account for about 50% of bacterial mortality but the percentage varies from zero to 100%, depending on the environment and time. In addition to viruses of bacteria and cyanobacteria, microbial ecologists have examined viruses of algae and the possibility that viral lysis ends phytoplankton blooms. Viruses infecting fungi do not appear to lyse their host and are transmitted from one fungus to another without being released into the external environment. While viral lysis and grazing are both top-down controls on microbial growth, they differ in several crucial respects. Unlike grazers, which often completely oxidize prey organic material to carbon dioxide and inorganic nutrients, viral lysis releases the organic material from hosts more or less without modification. Perhaps even more important, viruses may facilitate the exchange of genetic material from one host to another. Metagenomic approaches have been used to explore viral diversity and the dynamics of virus communities in natural environments.

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42

COM (94) 2 Final, Brussels, 12 January 1994: Proposal for a Council Decision on the Exercise of the Community's External Competence at International Labour ... (94) 2 Final, Brussels, 12 January 1994). European Communities / Union (EUR-OP/OOPEC/OPOCE), 1994.

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43

Mehta, Rupal N. Delaying Doomsday. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190077976.001.0001.

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Why are states willing to give up their nuclear weapons programs? This book presents a new theory for how external inducements supplied by the United States can convince even the most committed of proliferators to abandon weapons pursuit. Existing theories focus either on carrots or sticks. I explore how using both positive and negative inducements, in the shadow of military force, can persuade both friends and foes not to continue their nuclear weapons pursuit. I draw on worldwide cross-national data on nuclear reversal, case studies of Iran and North Korea, among other countries, and interviews with diplomats, policy-makers, and analysts. I show that the majority of proliferators have been persuaded to reverse their nuclear weapons programs when offered incentives from the United States. Moreover, I demonstrate that these tools are especially effective during periods of leadership transition and can work on both allies and adversaries. My theory and evidence also suggest a broader conception of counterproliferation than currently exists, identifying how carrots and sticks used together can accomplish one of the international community’s most important policy objectives.

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44

Tone-Pah-Hote, Jenny. Crafting an Indigenous Nation. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643663.001.0001.

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In this in-depth interdisciplinary study, Jenny Tone-Pah-Hote reveals how Kiowa people drew on the tribe's rich history of expressive culture to assert its identity at a time of profound challenge. Examining traditional forms such as beadwork, metalwork, painting, and dance, Tone-Pah-Hote argues that their creation and exchange were as significant to the expression of Indigenous identity and sovereignty as formal political engagement and policymaking. These cultural forms, she argues, were sites of contestation as well as affirmation, as Kiowa people used them to confront external pressures, express national identity, and wrestle with changing gender roles and representations. Combatting a tendency to view Indigenous cultural production primarily in terms of resistance to settler-colonialism, Tone-Pah-Hote expands existing work on Kiowa culture by focusing on acts of creation and material objects that mattered as much for the nation's internal and familial relationships as for relations with those outside the tribe. In the end, she finds that during a time of political struggle and cultural dislocation at the turn of the twentieth century, the community's performative and expressive acts had much to do with the persistence, survival, and adaptation of the Kiowa nation.

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Holes, Clive, ed. Arabic Historical Dialectology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701378.001.0001.

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Abstract:

This book, by a group of leading international scholars, outlines the history of the spoken dialects of Arabic from the Arab conquests of the seventh century up to the present day. It specifically investigates the evolution of Arabic as a spoken language, in contrast to the many existing studies that focus on written Classical or Modern Standard Arabic. The volume begins with a discursive introduction that deals with important issues in the general scholarly context, including the indigenous myth and probable reality of the history of Arabic; Arabic dialect geography and typology; types of internally and externally motivated linguistic change; social indexicalization; and pidginization and creolization in Arabic-speaking communities. Most chapters then focus on developments in a specific region—Mauritania, the Maghreb, Egypt, the Levant, the Northern Fertile Crescent, the Gulf, and South Arabia—with one exploring Judaeo-Arabic, a group of varieties historically spread over a wider area. The remaining two chapters in the volume examine individual linguistic features of particular historical interest and controversy, specifically the origin and evolution of the b- verbal prefix, and the adnominal linker –an/–in. The volume will be of interest to scholars and students of the linguistic and social history of Arabic as well as to comparative linguists interested in topics such as linguistic typology and language change.

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Books on the topic 'External communities'

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