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Ayed, Nejia. "Effet de la tarification des coûts externes dans les services sujet à congestion." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CERG0563.
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Après avoir rappelé les fondements théoriques de la notion de la tarification, et présenté les différentes méthodes d'évaluation des coûts externes, nous passons à l'apport original de cette thèse qui se décompose en trois parties. Dans un premier temps, on a procédé à l'évaluation physique et monétaire des différents coûts externes. Ces étapes constituent un préalable à une politique de tarification visant à internaliser les coûts externes. On a estimé les coûts marginaux externes de congestion, de pollution atmosphérique, de bruit et des accidents. On s'est intéressé à un cas particulier qu'est le transport des personnes en Ile-de-France. On suppose trois modes de transport (voiture, bus et rail) et deux périodes de déplacement (heures de pointe et heures creuses). Notre analyse se base sur l'évaluation monétaire des coûts marginaux de congestion, de pollution atmosphérique, de nuisance sonore et des accidents. Dans un deuxième temps, on a estimé un modèle logit multinomial pour déterminer le choix entre les différents modes de transport. Une fois le modèle estimé, on a étudié l'effet de la tarification au coût marginal sur le comportement des franciliens. On suppose deux scénarios: un scénario sans tarification et un scénario avec tarification. On calcule ainsi le partage modal des usagers et le bien-être qui en découle. Enfin, on a déterminé un lien de causalité entre le choix de mode et le choix de l'heure de déplacement. Pour se faire on a utilisé un sous-échantillon regroupant les déplacements en voiture particulière et en transport en commun pour les motifs non-professionnels. On a distingué entre deux catégories d'usagers les travailleurs et les non-travailleurs. On a estimé un modèle probit bivarié et on a pu déduire la structure de causalité la plus appropriée pour chaque catégories d'usagers. On a montré que les travailleurs choisissent en première étape l'heure ensuite ils choisissent le mode. En revanche, les non-travailleurs sont plus flexibles dans les choix horaires donc ils déterminent en première étape le mode ensuite ils choisissent l'heure de déplacementExternalies transport pricing
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Tello, Mario D. "Márgenes precio-costo, competencia externa y participación del mercado en el sector manufacturero del Perú: 2002-2007." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117899.
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Price-cost margins, external competition and participation of the market in the manufacturing sector in Peru: 2002-2007This paper analyzes the validity of four hypotheses on the relationship between the price-cost margin and import penetration as well as firms’ market concentration for a sample of Peruvian firms of the manufacturing sector in period 2002-2007. The first hypothesis states that an increase in the degree of import penetration reduces firms’ price-cost margins. The second hypothesis states that such a negative impact of the import penetration is greater the higher is firms’ concentration ratios. The third hypothesis propose the negative impact of import penetration is reduced the higher is firms’ concentration ratios. The fourth hypothesis states that the positive effect of a firm’ share of the market is decreasing. The evidence in the Peruvian case reject the first and third hypotheses and accept the other two.El presente trabajo analiza la validez de cuatro hipótesis sobre la relación entre el margen precio costo y la competencia externa, conjuntamente con la participación del mercado para una muestra de firmas del sector manufacturero peruano en el periodo 2002-2007. La primera hipótesis sostiene que los incrementos del grado de competencia externa (o intensidad de las importaciones) reducen el margen precio-costo de las firmas. La segunda argumenta que el efecto negativo de la competencia externa se agudiza (aumenta) cuanto mayor es la participación (en producción) de la firma en el mercado. En contraste con lo anterior, la tercera hipótesis propone que el efecto de la competencia externa tiende a desaparecer (disminuir) cuanto mayor es la participación de la firma en el mercado. La última hipótesis sustenta que el efecto positivo de la participación en el mercado de las firmas sobre el margen precio-costo es decreciente. La evidencia en el caso peruano rechaza la primera y tercera hipótesis, y confirma las otras dos.
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Einvall, John. "Cost effectiveness evaluation of external maintenance supplier utilization: a case study." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-43746.
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In order to maintain the quality in a system it is important to be aware of the effects of the maintenance and how it is structured. The cost effectiveness of a system is measured with respect to the reliability, availability and maintainability (RAM) and the total life cycle cost (LCC). Integrated Logistic Support (ILS) is a method used for designing a maintenance solution for a system. The ILS identifies maintenance actions needed for maintaining the system ability to operate at a certain level. Maintenance actions are usually performed by both internal and external suppliers. The use of external suppliers can be connected to changes in the RAM and total LCC for the system. This study is developing a method for calculating the cost effectiveness of a system with respect to both RAM and LCC and focusing on the utilization of external maintenance suppliers. The method is calculating a cost effectiveness index which is useable for comparing different maintenance solutions with each other. The cost effectiveness index is also useable for investigating how changes in the input values are affecting the cost effectiveness of a system. The developed method was tested in a real logistic maintenance structure in a case study at the company Combitech AB. The results showed that the RAM values were not changing linear to the LCC. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the possible cost increase when the RAM maybe is unaffected. The main conclusion of the study is that it is important to be aware of the importance of how both the RAM and LCC is changing when the input values are changing. A further conclusion is the importance of equally comparing different systems or maintenance solutions in order to secure the reliability of the comparison.För att upprätthålla kvaliteten i ett system är det viktigt att vara medveten om hur underhållet och dess struktur påverkar resultatet. Kostnadseffektiviteten i ett system är uppdelad i tillförlitlighet, tillgänglighet, underhållsmässighet (RAM) och de totala livs cykel kostnaderna (LCC). Integrerat Logistikstöd (ILS) är en metod för att utveckla en underhållslösning för ett system. ILS identifierar de underhållsåtgärder som behövs för att systemet ska kunna upprätthålla sin förmåga att leverera enligt en förutbestämd nivå. Dessa underhållsåtgärder kan utföras av både interna och externa underhållsleverantörer. Användandet av externa leverantörer kan ha koppling till förändringar i både RAM och de totala LCC för ett system. Denna studie utvecklar en metod som beräknar kostnadseffektiviteten för ett system med avseende på både RAM och LCC och fokuserar på utnyttjandet av externa underhållsleverantörer. Metoden beräknar ett kostnadseffektivitetsindex som kan användas för att jämföra olika underhållslösningar med varandra. Kostnadseffektivitetsindexet är också användbart för att undersöka hur ändringar i olika ingångsvärden påverkar systemets totala kostnadseffektivitet. Den utvecklade metoden testades i en verklig logistikstruktur i en fallstudie på företaget Combitech AB. Resultaten visade att värdena RAM inte varierade linjärt relaterat till LCC värdena. Därför är det viktigt att vara medveten om att kostaderna kan öka utan att effektiviteten i systemet gör det. Huvudslutsatsen i denna studie är att det är viktigt att vara medveten om hur både RAM och LCC förändras när ingångsvärdena ändras. Ytterligare en slutsats är att det är avgörande att jämföra olika system eller underhållslösningar på samma sätt för att jämförelsen ska vara tillförlitlig.
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OHTA, Wataru. "An Empirical Study of the Inter-Firm Cost Differential of External Finance." 名古屋大学経済学会, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/10528.
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Lins, Cristiana de Meira. "Divergências entre o parecer prévio do Tribunal de Contas do Estado (TCE) e o resultado do julgamento das contas anuais de prefeitos em Pernambuco." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/10553.
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The current study has the objective of identify what are the basis that lead some of the City Councils of Pernambuco not to follow the prior opinion of the State Audit Office on the matter of the judgment of the mayors’ annual bills. Considering that a significant number of trials executed by the City Councils concerning Mayors annual bills do not follow the recommendations stated by the priors notions from the State Audit Office, initially there have been identified theoretical approaches regarding the structure of the relation between the Executive and the Legislative Power which offer aids for the correct understanding of the politics of the City Councils on those trials. Another highlight was the technical and administrative views offered by the legislative process of the bills trails, which are susceptible to analysis and judicial reviews by the Public Ministry aiming to annulment if the trial do not demonstrate a officially registered legal motivation which serve the constitutionals arrangements. The current study was accomplished by means of bibliographic, documental and field researches, obtained through interviews with councilors of the City Councils of Pernambuco. For the data analysis it was chosen a qualitative methodology of the content analysis. The results of the current research identified that the basis which lead some of the City Councils of Pernambuco not to follow the prior opinion of the State Audit Office on the matter of the judgment of the mayors’ annual bills were not formally described in the legislative process, in which the researched official documents do not show the legal requirements of motivation, nor explain the reasons why the State Audit Office’s legal opinion was not followed. The interviewed councilors opinion lead to the understanding that such technical basis were politically based, instead of technically based, explained by the interference of the Executive Power over the Legislative.
Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar quais os fundamentos que levam algumas Câmaras Municipais pernambucanas a não acompanhar o parecer prévio do Tribunal de Contas do Estado no julgamento das contas anuais dos prefeitos. Tendo em vista que uma parcela significativa dos julgamentos das contas anuais dos prefeitos realizados pelas Câmaras Municipais não tem acompanhado as recomendações emitidas nos Pareceres Prévios do TCE, inicialmente foram identificadas as abordagens teóricas sobre a estrutura da relação do executivo com o legislativo que oferecem subsídios para o entendimento da face política das Câmaras Municipais nestes julgamentos. Destacou-se também o aspecto técnicoadministrativo viabilizado pelo processo legislativo do julgamento das contas, passível da análise e solicitação de revisão judicial pelo Ministério Público com vistas à anulação, caso não apresente motivação legal formalmente registrada que atenda às disposições constitucionais. O estudo foi realizado por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com vereadores das Câmaras Municipais pernambucanas. A metodologia qualitativa de análise de conteúdo foi escolhida para a análise dos dados. Os resultados da pesquisa permitiram identificar que os fundamentos que levam algumas Câmaras Municipais pernambucanas a não acompanhar o parecer prévio do Tribunal de Contas no julgamento das contas anuais dos prefeitos não estão formalmente evidenciados no processo legislativo pertinente, cujos documentos oficiais pesquisados não atendem aos requisitos legais de motivação, nem tampouco explicam as razões do não acompanhamento do parecer prévio do TCE. A opinião dos vereadores entrevistados conduz ao entendimento de que tais fundamentos são de natureza política, em detrimento dos fundamentos técnicos, explicados pela relação de preponderância do executivo sobre o poder legislativo municipal.
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Tanil, Cagatay. "Optimal External Configuration Design Of Missiles." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610873/index.pdf.
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The main area of emphasis in this study is to investigate the methods and technology for aerodynamic configuration sizing of missiles and to develop a software platform in MATLAB®environment as a design tool which has an ability of optimizing the external configuration of missiles for a set of flight requirements specified by the user through a graphical user interface. A genetic algorithm based optimization tool is prepared by MATLAB is expected to help the designer to find out the best external geometry candidates in the conceptual design stage. Missile DATCOM software package is employed to predict the aerodynamic coefficients needed in finding the performance merits of a missile for each external geometry candidate by integrating its dynamic equations of motion. Numerous external geometry candidates are rapidly eliminated according to objectives and constraints specified by designers, which provide necessary information in preliminary design. In this elimination, the external geometry candidates are graded according to their flight performances in order to discover an optimum solution. In the conceptual design, the most important performance objectives related to the external geometry of a missile are range, speed, maneuverability, and control effectiveness. These objectives are directly related to the equations of motion of the missile, concluding that the speed and flight range are related to the total mass and the drag-to-lift ratio acting on missile. Also, maneuverability depends on the normal force acting on missile body and mass whereas the control effectiveness is affected by pitching moment and mass moment of inertia of missile. All of the flight performance data are obtained by running a two degree-of-freedom simulation. In order to solve the resulting multi-objective optimization problem with a set of constraint of linear and nonlinear nature and in equality and inequality forms, genetic-algorithm-based methods are applied. Hybrid encoding methods in which the integer configuration variables (i.e., nose shape and control type) and real-valued geometrical dimension (i.e., diameter, length) parameters are encoded in the same individual chromosome. An external configuration design tool (EXCON) is developed as a synthesis and external sizing tool for the subsonic cruise missiles. A graphical user interface (GUI), a flight simulator and optimization modules are embedded into the tool. A numerical example, the re-configuration problem of an anti-ship cruise missile Harpoon, is presented to demonstrate the accuracy and feasibility of the conceptual design tool. The optimum external geometries found for different penalty weights of penalty terms in the cost function are compared according to their constraint violations and launch mass values. By means of using EXCON, the launch mass original baseline Harpoon is reduced by approximately 30% without deteriorating the other flight performance characteristics of the original Harpoon.
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Xu, Jing. "Structure and function of macromolecular filaments connected to the external surface of undocked synaptic vesicles /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Karlíková, Jana. "Výběr vhodné formy externího financování rekonstrukce nemovitosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-223822.
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The Master´s thesis deals with the selection of appropriate forms of financing reconstruction of real estate from external sources. In particular, it deals with the analysis and comparison of bids each bank loans. The essence of the thesis is to find an optimal variant of the external financing of reconstruction of real estate, including the evaluation of the implementation of the planned investment.
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Mehrotra, Vikas 1975. "An economic cost benefit analysis of internal and external warehouses in food retail industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29534.
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Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2003.Paged continuously. Each page no. is preceded by a chapter no.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-89).
In today's supermarket world, consumers apart from demanding 'higher and higher quality at lower and lower prices', want more and more product choices. This has put tremendous pressure on supermarkets and their infrastructure. With better information technology, forecasting techniques, planning tools, demand fulfillment and supplier relationships supermarkets can meet the rising demand much better than ever before. But inorder to meet this demand at the lowest price they need to rethink their inbound logistics and re-optimize their warehouses. This has spurred a growth in warehousing outsourcing. The study is concerned with evaluating the cost benefit between the internal and the external warehousing for the food retail industry, while addressing the following issues: 1. Advantages and disadvantages of an internal and external warehouse. 2. Importance of alignment of logistics strategy and corporate strategy. 3. Vendor items which should be outsourced or insourced The study was conducted by evaluating the economic value for fifteen different vendors of a regional supermarket chain with the objective to help the supermarket chain reassess its warehousing strategy.
by Vikas Mehrotra.
M.Eng.in Logistics
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Sancho, Pardo Gemma. "Tratamiento del cáncer de próstata con radioterapia externa: factores pronóstico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4515.
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El cáncer de próstata es el más frecuente en el varón y la tercera causa de muerte por cáncer en España. Su historia natural es incierta. La prostatectomía radical sigue siendo el tratamiento de elección en los estadios localizados. La radioterapia es un tratamiento curativo alternativo a la prostatectomía radical y el tratamiento de elección en los tumores localmente avanzados. El mejor conocimiento de los factores pronóstico permite individualizar y optimizar los tratamientos con radioterapia.Pacientes y Método: Se han revisado 981 paciente con cáncer de próstata localizado tratados con radioterapia externa con intención radical en el Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau entre 1979-1999. Edad media: 68.5 años. Estadio: 24% T1, 45% T2, 29% T3, 1% T4 y 1% N+. En 12% Gleason desconocido, 13% ≤ 4, 60% ≤ 7 y 15% > 7. Un 17% de los pacientes sin PSA inicial, 4% < 4 ng/ml, 32% 4-10 ng/ml, 24% >10-20 ng/ml y 23% > 20 ng/ml. Grupo de riesgo: 20% bajo, 28% intermedio, 27% alto y 25% no clasificables. Un 58% realizó hormonoterapia. 30% de los pacientes se trataron con cobaltoterapia y 70% con fotones de 18 MV. Dosis media próstata: 70 Gy. En 673 pacientes se ha valorado el control bioquímico según la definición propuesta por ASTRO. Para la valoración de la toxicidad se han utilizado las escalas de la RTOG.
Resultados: *Respuesta a la radioterapia: 18% no respondieron a la radioterapia. Existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el valor medio del PSA nadir del grupo de pacientes que presentaron fallo bioquímico y el del grupo sin fallo bioquímico (1.12 vs 0.65 ng/ml; p< 0.001). Un PSA nadir ≥ 1 ng/ml se asocia con mayor probabilidad de presentar fallo bioquímico (p=0.013), progresión de la enfermedad (p=0.001) y muerte por cáncer de próstata (p=0.001). Los pacientes que alcanzan un PSA nadir más rápidamente durante el primer año después de radioterapia presentaron mayor riesgo de progresión bioquímica y/o clínica que los pacientes con descenso más lento (41% vs 24%; p=0.001). *Fallo bioquímico: 27%; Factores pronóstico: edad (p=0.010); estadio (p=0.001), Gleason (p=0.003), dosis (p<0.001) y PSA nadir < 1 ng/ml (p=0.033). Un 39% de lo pacientes con fallo bioquímico presentaron progresión clínica vs un 8% de los pacientes libres de fallo bioquímico (p<0.001). *Recidiva local: 10.4%; factores pronóstico: estadio (p=0.005) y dosis (P=0.05). *Metástasis: 11%; factores pronóstico: edad (p=0.046), Gleason (p=0.006), estadio (p<0.001), dosis (p=0.009), PSA nadir < 1 ng/ml (p<0.001), fallo bioquímico (p< 0.001), recidiva local (p=0.009). *Toxicidad aguda: grado ≥ 2: 66%. La cobaltoterapia (p=0.014) y la irradiación pélvica (p=0.019) se asocian significativamente con un aumento de la toxicidad aguda. *Toxicidad crónica grado ≥2: 22.8%. Factores pronóstico: toxicidad aguda (p<0.001), realización previa de RTU (p=0.009) y la irradiación pélvica electiva (p=0.041). *SG: 84%, 51% y 38% a 5, 10 y 15 años respectivamente. *SVCE: 93%, 68% y 57% a 5, 10 y 15 años. El estadio es un potente factor pronóstico de la muerte por cáncer de próstata, conjuntamente con la dosis y el PSA nadir. *SVLEC: 77% y 59% a 5 y 10 años. *SVLFB:72.6% a 5 y 10 años. *SVLP: 58% y 30% a 5 y 10 años. En un 50% de los casos la causa de muerte fue el cáncer de próstata (9%). La mortalidad por cáncer de próstata se asocia al estadio (20% en estadios T3-T4 vs 3.8% en estadios T1-T2).
Conclusión: La radioterapia externa es un tratamiento curativo del cáncer de próstata localizado con una toxicidad aceptable. El estadio clínico y la dosis de radioterapia son factores pronóstico que se asocian fuertemente a la progresión de la enfermedad.
Prostate cancer is the most common malignant disease and the third leading cause-related death in men in Spain. Radical prostatectomy is the most common treatment for early prostate cancer. Radiotherapy is a curative alternative for these patients and the appropriate treatment for locally advanced tumors. Prognostic factors play an important role in optimal management of this disease.
Patients and Methods: Between 1979 and 1999, 981 men with prostate cancer received potential curative external beam radiotherapy at the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. All clinical records were reviewed. Mean age was 68.5 years (ranging 44-84). Stages were: 24% T1; 45% T2, 29% T3, 1% T4 and 1% N+. Gleason score: 12% unknown, 13% ≤ 4, 60% 5-7 and 15% > 7. PSA values: 17% unknown, 4% < 4 ng/ml, 32% 4-10 ng/ml: 24% >10-20 ng/ml and 23% > 20 ng/ml. Risk groups: 20% low risk, 28 % intermediate risk, 27% high risk and 25% were unclassifiable. Fifty-eight percent of patients received concomitant androgen suppression. Cobalt therapy was used in 30% of patients and 18 MV X-rays in 70%. The mean dose delivered was 70 Gy. Biochemical control was calculated according to the ASTRO definition in 673 patients.
RTOG score was used to assess toxicity.
Results: *Radiation response: 18% were non-responders. The mean nadir PSA (nPSA) was 1.12 ng/ml for biochemical failure-free survival (BFFS) patients and 0.65 ng/ml for the group with BF (p< 0.001). A nPSA ≥ 1 ng/ml was related to greater probability of BF (p= 0.013), cancer progression (p=0.001) and prostate cancer death (p=0.001). Taking longer than 1 year to reach nPSA (TnPSA) was associated with less biochemical and/or clinical progression (24% vs 41%; p 0 0.001). *Biochemical failure: 27%; Prognostic factors: age (p=0.010), stage (p=0.001), Gleason (p=0.003), nadir PSA < 1 ng/ml (p=0.033). 39% of patients with BF showed clinical progression compared to 8% in the BFFS group (p< 0.001). *Local relapse: 10.4%; Prognostic factors: stage (p=0.005) and dose (p= 0.005). *Metastases: 11%; prognostic factors: age (p=0.046), Gleason (p=0.006), stage (p=< 0.001), dose (p=0.009), nPSA < 1 ng/ml (p< 0.001), BF (p<0.001) and local relapse (p=0.009). *Acute toxicity grade ≥ 2: 66%. The use of cobalt energy (p= 0.014) and pelvic irradiation (p=0.019) was significantly associated with acute complications. *Late toxicity: grade ≥ 2: 22.8%. Prognostic factors: acute toxicity (p<0.001), previous transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) (p=0.009) and pelvic irradiation (0.041). *Overall survival: 84%, 51% and 38% at 5, 10 and 15 years, respectively. *Cause-specific survival: 93%, 68% and 57% at 5, 10 and 15 years respectively. Stage was the most powerful factor associated to prostate cancer death followed by the radiation dose and nadir PSA. *BFFS: 72.6% at both 5 and 10 years. *Progression free-survival: 58% and 30% at 5 and 10 years respectively. Prostate cancer represented 50% of all deaths (9% of patients). There was a significant association between stage and prostate cancer death (20% for stages T3-T4 and 3.8% for stages T1-T2).
Conclusions: external beam radiation is a curative treatment for localized prostate cancer and toxicity is acceptable. Clinical stage and radiation dose are strong prognostic factors of cancer progression.
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Vargas, Concha Richard Wilfredo. "Fracturas trocantéricas, tratamiento con fijación externa descartable, HNDAC 2004-2008." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/13481.
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Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de pacientes con fracturas de la región trocantérica de cadera tratadas con el sistema de Fijación Externa Descartable a cielo cerrado entre los años 2004 a 2008, se revisaron un número de 30 pacientes ancianos con alto riesgo médico, 18 mujeres y 12 varones. Se utilizó el sistema de clasificación de fracturas de Boyd-Griffin se encontró en 15 casos el tipo II, en 7 casos el tipo III, en 5 casos el IV, y en 3 casos el tipo I. Se evaluó la pérdida hemática, el tiempo de consolidación, la duración media del fijador y complicaciones inmediatas y tardías. La edad media fue de 76.9 años (60-90 años), con predominio del sexo femenino, la cadera más afectada fue el lado derecho en el 63.3%; en cuanto al riesgo quirúrgico III (93.3%), ASA III (53.3%). La enfermedad asociada más frecuente arritmia cardiaca 26.7%. El promedio de espera quirúrgica fue de 9,27 días, el tiempo promedio de la cirugía 106,67 minutos; pérdida de sangre en sala de operaciones menos de 50 cc en el 93.3%, asimismo la consolidación de las fracturas se produjo en 14,28 semanas como promedio y la duración del fijador promedio fue de 8,05 meses. Se obtuvieron buenos resultados consolidación en todos los casos sin problemas de osteomielitis, se encontró como complicación tardía más frecuente infección periclavo en 8 pacientes (26.7%) que fue solucionada con antibióticoterapia oral y curaciones diarias. Se detectó varo en 2 pacientes (6.6%) sin repercusión clínica, 2 pacientes fallecieron en el primer mes postoperatorio y 6 en el primer año. El resultado final de la autonomía de la marcha fue de 3.Trabajo académico
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Miran, Seyedeh Azadeh. "RELIABILITY-BASED MANAGEMENT OF BURIED PIPELINES CONSIDERING EXTERNAL CORROSION DEFECTS." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1467217785.
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Hedin, Hanne. "External Fixation of Femoral Fractures in Children : Clinical, radiological and functional outcome and cost analysis." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Orthopaedics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3322.
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The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the outcome when treating children for displaced femoral fractures with external fixation.
In a consecutive and prospective study during the period 1993-2000, 96 children aged 3-15 years with 98 displaced femoral fractures were treated with external fixation and early mobilisation. The mean age was 8.1 years, the mean hospital stay was 8.7 days and the mean treatment time was 61 days. All fractures healed. Minor complications included pin tract infections (18%), clinical insignificant malunions, heterotopic ossification and two re-reductions. Major complications (6%) included two re-fractures after significant trauma and three plastic deformations after premature fixator removal leading to an osteotomy.
Radiological evaluation was performed up to one year for the whole group and for a subgroup up to two years. The evaluation showed that malunions were few and prone to remodelling almost completely. Although the fractures were fixated without shortening, as recommended earlier, the overgrowth was far less than expected.
Isokinetic muscle strength was measured in both hamstrings and quadriceps in 31 of the patients and compared with 31 matched children without previous injury to the legs. Early mobilisation seems to prevent residual muscle weakness previously shown after treatment with traction or cast for femoral fractures in children.
A cost analysis was performed, comparing three different treatment modalities of femoral shaft fractures: traction in hospital, traction in hospital/at home and external fixation. The analysis included both total medical costs and costs for the care provider. The most important factors were days spent at the hospital and the sick leave for the care provider. Treatment that can minimise these factors will contribute strongly to a lowering of health care costs.
Conclusion: External fixation of displaced femoral fractures in children can be used as standard treatment in children aged 3-15 years. The treatment provides satisfactory results with a low rate of major complications. Early mobilisation seems to prevent residual muscle weakness. The treatment reduce the number of days in hospital and the number of days of sick leave for the care provider and contributes strongly to lowering health care costs.
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Chyrkov, Oleksii. "Investigation and testing of a low-cost long fiber optic link without external electric power." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-98677.
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In environments with underdeveloped transport network infrastructure, such as many African countries, the issue of connecting distant yet scarce cities with high-speed links is an important question. One of the central aspects of the problem is the fact that optical fiber links require amplification in the middle, which cannot be provided easily as power infrastructure is very hard to implement in locations such as deserts. Therefore, a solution including inexpensive and widely available components to power the amplifiers is required. This Master Thesis presents a project of a system providing power for optical signal amplifiers through an alternative energy source, taking advantage of the fact that the insolation is high throughout Africa. The system also incorporates remote control over the amplifiers via SMS. We have been able to set up and test a working 320 km long link at a speed of 1 Gbps using one amplifier, as well as a working 125 km link at a speed of 10 Gbps, using one amplifier as well. The result of the work is providing African network designers with an instrument to extend many optical fiber links, as well as giving them a reference on how far the links may reach having different bandwidths.
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Cornejo, Quispe Carlos Antonio. "Comportamiento experimental de columnas cortas con refuerzo externo." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/15191.
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La presente tesis se ha realizado con el objetivo de estudiar el comportamiento mecánico de una columna corta, reforzada con bandas de fibra de carbono (CFRP) y con bandas de fibra de vidrio (GFRP), ante carga lateral cíclica. Para ello se construyeron tres especímenes que representarían el comportamiento de la columna corta; el primer espécimen no tuvo refuerzo externo, el segundo espécimen fue reforzado con dos bandas de fibra de carbono de 7.5 cm cada uno, el tercer espécimen fue reforzado con tres bandas de fibras de vidrio de 7.5 cm cada una. Los tres especímenes fueron ensayados mediante carga lateral cíclica con el actuador dinámico del Laboratorio de Estructuras de la PUCP.
Los resultados obtenidos muestran un incremento en la resistencia ante cargas laterales de los especímenes reforzados con FRP (polímero reforzado con fibras de carbono o fibras de vidrio), en comparación con el espécimen de control. También se aprecia que los refuerzos con FRP controlaron el grosor de las grietas diagonales que se formaron en el espécimen de control.Tesis
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Correia, Alexandre Diogo Figueira da Silva. "ESG performance, tax avoidance and external financing decisions in Europe." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20881.
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Mestrado em FinançasEste estudo pretende analisar se a evasão fiscal afeta o custo de capital das empresas na Europa, tomando em consideração o nível de ESG das empresas. Enquanto que as atividades de planeamento fiscal podem gerar um maior fluxo de caixa depois de impostos, como resultado de um menor pagamento de imposto para os governos, estas podem também levar a resultados futuros incertos e arriscados, o que pode impor vários riscos para as empresas. Particularmente, tomando em atenção a estrutura de capital das empresas, esses riscos podem afetar significativamente as decisões de financiamento por afetarem o custo de capital próprio e o custo de capital alheio. No entanto, temos também que ter em consideração um tema cada vez mais relevante relacionado com a responsabilidade e impacto social das empresas, que pode também ter um papel importante nas decisões de financiamento. Para analisar, recorremos aos ratings de ESG fornecidas pela Thomson Reuters. Testámos se os ratings de ESG podem moldar a relação entre o planeamento fiscal e o custo de capital. Os resultados sugerem que os investidores reagem positivamente a elevadas pontuações de ESG quando investem em empresas que praticam atividades de planeamento fiscal. Esse efeito é especialmente capturado pelas componentes Social e Governança. Este estudo contribui para a literatura existente sobre planeamento fiscal e custo de capital, adicionando um tem não tem sido suficientemente explorado e que pode influenciar a relação dessas duas variáveis e, particularmente, a reação dos investidores.
This paper aims to study whether tax avoidance affects company's cost of capital in Europe, taking into consideration company's level of ESG. While tax avoidance activities may generate a higher after-tax cash-flow as a result of lower cash tax payments to the governments, those outcomes can be uncertain, which could impose several risks. Specifically, looking at firm's capital structure, those risks could significantly affect the firm's financing decisions by affecting both the cost of equity and the cost of debt. However, we also need to take into consideration an increasingly topic related to firm's responsibility and social impact that may also play an important role in financing decisions. We take advantage of the ESG Scores from Thomson Reuters. We test whether ESG performance scores shape the relationship between tax avoidance and cost of capital. Results suggest that investors perceive higher levels of ESG performance positively when investing in firms that engage in tax avoidance activities. The effect is mostly captured by the Social and Governance components. The study contributes to the literature on tax avoidance and cost of capital, adding a topic that is not sufficiently explored and could influence the final relationship between those two variables and, particularly, the investors' reaction.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Ceolin, Scheila Aparecida Santos da Costa. "Gestão externa de custos: um estudo no âmbito da gestão estratégica de custos." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2010. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/3923.
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Este estudo investiga as práticas de gestão externa de custos mais utilizadas por empresas brasileiras. A motivação do estudo está no reconhecimento de que isoladamente a gestão interna de custos não é suficiente para o sucesso dos negócios. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo descritivo, utilizando-se como procedimento técnico de coleta de dados uma survey, por meio de questionário, elaborado com base nas práticas de Gestão Externa de Custos - GEXC identificadas na literatura. Este questionário foi enviado pela internet para 250 das 500 maiores empresas constantes na Revista Exame Melhores & Maiores de 2008, das quais, 44 o responderam. Para analisar as informações obtidas por meio da aplicação desse questionário, realizou-se análise descritiva dos dados. Nesta análise foram utilizados gráficos com o objetivo de mostrar detalhadamente as respostas de cada afirmação. Utilizou-se também o ranking médio - RM para as afirmações que compõem o instrumento de coleta de dados utilizando-se a escala likert de 6 pontos. Na sequência, foi realizada a análise fatorial e análise de veriância, com a utilização do software statistical package for the social science (SPSS). Por meio dessas análises foi possível verificar que as empresas da amostra não adotam as práticas de GEXC com a mesma abrangência e profundidade que são tratadas na literatura, a qual descreve a sua relevância na gestão estratégica adotada pelas empresas. Além disso, verificou-se que poucos profissionais possuem experiência em GEXC. No caso da amostra pesquisada, apenas 25% deles afirmou ter experiência nessa área, ou seja, esses resultados sugerem que, no Brasil, a GEXC ainda está dando os primeiros passos. Foi possível ainda identificar, com relação à adoção de práticas de GEXC, que as ações mais amplamente utilizadas pelas empresas são: a) controle de estoque e entrega de determinados materiais diretamente nas linhas de produção do cliente; b) estabelecimento de metas de redução de custos para clientes; c) informações sobre o preço de venda do concorrente.
This study investigates the practices of external management costs most used by Brazilian Companies. The study is motivated by the recognition that, by itself, external management costs is not enough for business success. The technical procedure used for data collection was a survey through questionnaires based on the practices of external management costs, identified on the literature. This survey was send through the internet to 250 of the 500 biggest companies from Revista Exame Melhores & Maiores de 2008, in which, 44 answered it. To analyze the information from the questionnaires, a descriptive analysis of these data was made. In this analysis, graphics were used to demonstrate with details the answers of each assertion. Also the average ranking was used to the affirmations that compose the instrument to collect data using the Likert scale of 6 points. After, it was made a factorial analysis using the statistical software package for the social science (SPSS). Through these analyses it was possible to verify that Brazilian Companies do not adopt the practice of external management costs with the same rage and deepness as said on the literature which describes the relevance of these practices on the company´s strategic management. Besides that, it was verified that few professionals have experience with external management costs. Just 25% of the research sample confirmed to have experience in this field In other words, these results suggest that external management costs is giving the firsts steps in Brazil. It was also possible to identify that the practices most used by companies related to external management costs are: a) stock control and delivering of certain materials directly to client’s assembly line; b) setting cost reduction goals for clients; c) information about competitors’ sales prices.
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Kajibata, Orlando Tadao. "Análise de estratégias e dos fatores externos na gestão estratégica de custos das companhias aéreas brasileiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18157/tde-24042013-144352/.
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As variáveis que exercem influência em um setor podem torná-lo complexo e imprevisível. A complexidade de um setor, quando existente, é uma característica intrínseca e não pode ser evitada, sendo necessário que a empresa primeiramente compreenda e se adapte a essa complexidade a fim de obter vantagem competitiva frente a seus competidores. A imprevisibilidade também não pode ser evitada, entretanto pode ser também compreendida e atenuada. O setor de aviação é influenciado por diversas variáveis, sejam elas internas ou externas, o que o torna complexo e imprevisível. Principal exemplo de influência interna, a estratégia deve servir como um direcionador a todos dentro de uma organização, para que os objetivos delineados pelos executivos sejam alcançados. A definição da estratégia deve ser seguida de uma exaustiva análise da influência dos agentes externos ao setor, com o objetivo de compreendê-los e assim fazer com que os seus efeitos, quando negativos para a empresa, sejam os menores possíveis. Invariavelmente afetados pelas influências internas ou externas, sejam elas quais forem, estão os custos das companhias, que ao longo dos últimos 90 anos, passaram de um ordinário indicador de controle a uma ferramenta de auxílio às decisões estratégias, por meio da gestão estratégica de custos. No setor aéreo brasileiro, mais especificamente na aviação comercial, os custos passaram a ter maior importância a partir dos primeiros movimentos de desregulamentação do setor, iniciado em novembro de 1991, até a entrada no setor da companhia GOL, que trouxe um novo conceito para o país de gestão de custos, graças à retirada das últimas regulamentações ao controle das tarifas. Esse novo foco em custos iniciou uma nova etapa na competição das companhias aéreas no Brasil e introduziu a experiência de voar a novos passageiros, antes restritos ao transporte rodoviário por causa dos altos custos das passagens aéreas nos anos anteriores. A busca por custos mais baixos é comprovada com os resultados das análises, assim como a existência da diferenciação, principalmente no segmento internacional. O período de 2000 a 2010 foi marcado por diversos acontecimentos no mundo, como guerras, atentados terroristas, crises econômicas mundiais, todos esses com influência nos custos das companhias aéreas brasileiras. As análises de custo unitário demonstram a influência desses fatores, principalmente no custo de combustível, principal componente dos custos das companhias.The variables that influence a sector can make it complex and unpredictable. The complexity of a sector, where it exists, is an intrinsic feature and cannot be avoided, being necessary for the company to first understand it and adapt it in order to gain competitive advantage against its competitors. The unpredictability cannot be avoided; however it can also be understood and mitigated. The aviation industry is influenced by several variables, whether internal or external, which makes it complex and unpredictable. Prime example of internal influence, the strategy should serve as a guide to all within an organization, so that the goals outlined by the executives are achieved. The definition of the strategy should be followed by an exhaustive analysis of the influence of external agents to the sector, in order to understand them and thus make their effects, while negative for the company, are as small as possible. Invariably affected by internal or external influences, whatever they are, are the costs of companies, which over the past 90 years, went from an ordinary control indicator to a tool to help decision strategies to be made, through strategic cost management. In the Brazilian airline industry, specifically in commercial aviation, the costs have been given greater importance from the first movement of deregulation, initiated in November 1991 until the entry into the industry the company GOL, which brought a new concept for country of management costs, mostly because of the withdrawal of the last regulations to control rates. This new focus on costs started a new stage in the competition of the airlines in Brazil and introduced the experience of flying to new passengers, previously restricted to road transport, because of the high cost of airline tickets in previous years. The constant search for lower costs is evidenced by the analyzes, as well as the existence of differentiation, more specifically in the international segment. The period from 2000 to 2010 was marked by several events in the world such as wars, terrorist attacks, global economic crisis, all of those with influence in the cost of Brazilian airlines. The unit cost analyzes demonstrate the influence of these factors, specially the cost of fuel, the main component of airlines costs.
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Teulère-Maynat, Laurence. "Le coût externe lié à la production et à la consommation d'électricité." Bordeaux 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR40033.
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L'industrie electrique, carrefour des energies, est devenue depuis une dizaine d'annees l'un des champs d'application de predilection de l'evaluation monetaire des dommages. L'union europeenne (ce-dgxii, 1995) et les etats-unis (oak ridge national lab. /resource for the future, 1995) ont ainsi lance conjointement, en 1991, un programme de recherche sur le cout externe des differentes filieres de production de l'electricite. La philosophie generale de ce programme de recherche, connu en europe sous le nom d'exteme, etait de clarifier la problematique des externalites suscitee notamment par les premieres tentatives d'estimation realisees en allemagne (hohmeyer, 1988) ou aux etats-unis (ottinger et al. , 1991). Celle-ci se caracterisait donc moins par une volonte d'evaluation exhaustive des extemalites de l'electricite, que par un souci de developper une methodologie et de l'appliquer de maniere unifiee aux differentes filieres de l'electricite. Parce que l'evaluation monetaire de ces couts externes permet d'exprimer de veritables enjeux environnementaux, il est apparu important d'examiner la robustesse de cette methode. Comment les valeurs monetaires du cout externe de l'electricite ont-elles ete definies dans les differentes etudes empiriques ? peut-on desormais etablir une valeur du cout externe de l'electricite qui soit suffisamment fiable et pertinente pour servir de support a une politique de l'environnement ? si tel etait le cas, quels seraient alors les mecanismes efficaces, benefiques en terme de bien-etre, qui permettraient de corriger ces externalites ? nous avons ici cherche a souligner les forces et les faiblesses de l'evaluation economique du cout externe de l'electricite, afin d'examiner dans quelle mesure ces estimations pourraient devenir un critere d'aide a la decision dans le secteur de l'electricite.
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Taleb, Mehr Mahdieh. "Usefulness of dental cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for detetion of the anatomical landmarks of the external, middle and inner ear." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2643.
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Thesis problem: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) can provide images with identical information and considerable dose reduction compared with reasonably low costs compared to multislice computed tomography (MSCT) especially where multiple follow up imaging studies are needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of CBCT, using i-CAT®'s software, for detection of the anatomical landmarks of the external, middle and inner ear to answer this question whether MSCT Can be replaced by dental CBCT for evaluation of the temporal bone.
Material and methods: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 63 subjects made with the same machine, with unknown clinical histories and no evidence of pathosis on CBCT images, were evaluated by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists retrospectively. Seven anatomical points (scutum, oval window, incudomalleolar joint, the tympanic/horizontal and mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve, anterior and posterior crura of stapes) of the right and left temporal bone (total of 120 temporal bones) were evaluated. The results were provided as percentage of the points identified by each radiologist. The intra and inter observer agreement were calculated using kappa statistic.
Results: The scutum, the tympanic/horizontal segment of the facial nerve canal and the oval window of the right and left temporal bone of 63 cases (total 126 temporal bones) were visualized by the first observer as well-defined structures in 100%, 96.03% and 100% of the cases, respectively. The tympanic/horizontal segment of the facial nerve canal was visualized as a poorly-defined structure in 2.38 % and could not be identified in 1.59% of the cases. The anterior and posterior crura of stapes, the mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve canal and the incudomalleolar joint were visualized as well-defined structures in 24.60%, 53.17%, 99.21% and 57.94% of the cases, as poorly defined structures in 32.54%, 41.27%, 0.79% and 39.68% of the cases respectively. The anterior and posterior crura of stapes, the mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve canal and the incudomalleolar joint could not be identified in 42.86%, 5.56%, 0% and 2.38% of the cases respectively. The intra- and inter-observer agreement ranged from strong for tympanic/horizontal and mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve canal to poor for the anterior and posterior crura of stapes and also the incudomalleolar joint.
Conclusion: The i-CAT CBCT machine is a promising replacement for MSCT in evaluation of the temporal bone where there is no need for evaluation of the anterior and posterior crura of stapes and the incudomalleolar joint which are the smallest anatomical structures in the temporal bone. Other CBCT machines with higher contrast to noise ratio should be evaluated for detection of those anatomical structures since CBCT can reduce the patient dose substantially where multiple follow up CT studied are needed.
Key words: Computed tomography; cone beam CT; multislice helical CT; middle ear; inner ear; temporal bone.
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Souza, Anderson Oliveira de. "O que guia o endividamento externo brasileiro?: entendendo a resposta a choques transitórios e permanentes." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/13998.
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A partir de Buiter e Miller (1981), Obstfeld (1983), Sachs (1981), Svensson e Razin (1983) e alguns outros, a abordagem intertemporal da conta-corrente passou a receber atenção crescente da literatura. Desde então os estudos empíricos não são unânimes em atestar sua validade e, dessa forma, a evidência empírica tem sido mista. Mais recentemente, Corsetti e Konstantinou (2009) caracterizam empiricamente a dinâmica conjunta da conta-corrente, ativos e passivos externos a valor de mercado e produto líquido para os EUA no período pós Bretton Woods. Ao contrário da maioria das outras publicações, Corsetti e Konstantinou (2009) são pouco restritivos no que diz respeito às premissas. Neste trabalho buscou-se aplicar a mesma metodologia emprega por Corsetti e Konstantinou (2009) para analisar o equilíbrio externo do Brasil entre 1990 e 2014, período no qual diversos choques afetaram a economia brasileira. São identificados os componentes transitórios e permanentes para a dinâmica conjunta das quatro variáveis básicas da restrição intertemporal da economia, ou seja: Consumo, Produto Líquido, Ativos externos e Passivos externos. O presente trabalho sugere que existem evidências da validade da abordagem intertemporal da conta-corrente para o Brasil, mesmo a análise sendo feita em uma amostra em que estão presentes choques significantes que afetaram a economia brasileira.
Since Buiter and Miller (1981), Obstfeld (1983), Sachs (1981), Svensson and Razin (1983), and some others, the inter-temporal approach of the current account started receiving increasing attention in the literature. Over the past years empirical studies have not been unanimous in attesting its validity and empirical evidence has presented mixed results. More recently, Corsetti and Konstantinou (2009) empirically characterize the joint dynamics of the current account, foreign assets and liabilities valued at market and net output of the US, in the post Bretton Woods period. Unlike most other publications, Corsetti and Konstantinou (2009) are not very restrictive regarding the assuptions made. In this dissertation, the same methodology employed by Corsetti and Konstantinou (2009) is used to analyze the external balance of Brazil between 1990 and 2014, period for which several shocks have affected the Brazilian economy. Temporary and permanent components are identified for joint dynamics of four basic variables of intertemporal constraint of the economy, consumption, net output, external assets and external liabilities. This study suggests that there is evidence of the validity of the intertemporal approach to current account to Brazil, even the analysis being made on a sample where significant shocks were found and for sure affected the Brazilian economy.
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Sousa, Melo Saulo Leonardo. "The impact on diagnostic yield of the scan mode of cone beam CT images in artificial external root resorption." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6292.
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Introduction: Root resorption is an undesired but frequent side effect of orthodontic treatment. Several studies have already aimed to evaluate the performance of CBCT on this topic. However, none have addressed the peculiarities of the most common daily orthodontic scenario. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of CBCT scans on the diagnosis of artificial external root resorption in the apical third of anterior teeth.
Materials and methods: One hundred extracted human anterior teeth were randomly assigned to 2 uneven groups (51 as the control and 49 as the experimental group). A limited area of the apical third of the root of the teeth of the experimental group was selected and a buffer solution was used to induce tooth subsurface demineralization. Before CBCT image acquisition, each tooth was coated with an approximately 0.3 mm thick layer of utility wax to simulate the radiographic appearance of the periodontal space and placed into an empty mandibular anterior socket of a partially edentulous dry human mandible. The mandible was placed into a polystyrene box filled with water prior to the CBCT examination to simulate soft-tissue attenuation and scattering. The CBCT images were obtained on an i-CAT unit (i-CAT Next Generation, Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA) according to three protocols: (I) half scan (180°), 0.40 mm voxel size; (II) full scan (360°), 0.40 mm voxel size; and (III) full scan (360°), 0.125 mm voxel size. The 300 resultant CBCT DICOM volumes were imported into InVivo software (InVivo5, Anatomage, San Jose, CA) for evaluation by three blinded, previously calibrated observers using a five-point confidence rating scale. Cohen’s kappa was used to calculate observers’ agreement. The diagnostic values of sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp) and accuracy (Ac) were performed by pooling observer responses for every image modality. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) were built and the areas under the curve (AUC) were calculated. The Sn, Sp and Ac values were compared by Cochran’s Q test. The AUC values were compared by Mann-Whitney U test.
Results: The observers’ agreement ranged from 0.63 to 0.71, which was interpreted as a substantial agreement. Protocol III (0.125 mm voxel size) displayed the highest Sn (81.63 %), Ac (80.67%) and AUC (0.807). There were statistically significant differences between protocol III and the other two protocols (p < 0.001). The specificity of protocol I (84.97 %) was greater than that of protocols II (69.93 %) and III (79.74 %); however statistically significant difference was only found between protocols I and II (p = 0.005).
Conclusion: Although there was no difference in accuracy between the degrees of rotation (half and full scan) within the same voxel size (0.4 mm), there was a considerable difference between those and the smallest voxel size (0.125 mm). In fact, it may be suggested that a more dedicated, high resolution scan should be acquired when one intends to investigate the early stage of external root resorption during orthodontic treatment.
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Dekker, Kaely. "The Dollars and Cents of Driving and Cycling: Calculating the Full Costs of Transportation in Calgary, Canada." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-296031.
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Many cities across the globe are working to facilitate cycling as a sustainable transportation mode through changes to public policy and investments in infrastructure. Examining the costs and benefits of both driving and cycling using the cost benefit analysis (CBA) framework developed in Copenhagen provides an opportunity to identify private and social costs associated with these modes of transport with respect to environmental, social, and economic impacts. This paper outlines the methods used to calculate the per-kilometre costs of driving and cycling in Calgary, Canada, utilizing real-world data and methods from Canadian and global best-practice with the Copenhagen CBA framework as a guide. Transportation costs were calculated for travel time, vehicle ownership, health, collisions, air pollution, climate change, noise, roadway degradation, congestion, and winter maintenance for both driving and cycling. When the costs borne by both individuals and society are calculated for Calgary (in 2015 Canadian dollars) driving costs $0.83 per kilometre and cycling costs $0.08 per kilometre. When the social costs of transport are isolated, the cost of driving one kilometre is $0.10, while cycling one kilometre generates a net social benefit of $0.35. The results of this research show that the Copenhagen CBA framework can be applied in jurisdictions outside Denmark to calculate environmental, social, and economic costs of driving and cycling.
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Valada, Gabriela Veeck. "Diversificação corporativa e custo de financiamento externo." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/140323.
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O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar empiricamente as implicações da diversificação corporativa, através do efeito de coinsurance, nas finanças e no investimento corporativo através de dois canais específicos: o custo da dívida externa bancária das empresas e a probabilidade de ocorrência de covenants com restrições à investimento. Para alcançar esse objetivo, estimou-se dois modelos que controlam a endogeneidade da decisão de diversificar através da utilização de variáveis instrumentais. Não foi possível, através dos dados utilizados no estudo, evidenciar que a diversificação corporativa impacta o custo do financiamento externo bancário das empresas. O estudo encontrou evidências, ainda que fracas, de que a diversificação corporativa reduz a probabilidade de ocorrência de covenants com restrições a gastos em investimento nos contratos de financiamento bancário.The purpose of this study is to empirically verify the implications of corporate diversification, through coinsurance effect, in corporate finance and investment through two specific channels: the cost of bank borrowing and the likelihood of covenants with investment restrictions. To achieve this goal, this study estimated two models that control the endogeneity of the diversification decision by using an instrumental variables approach. The results do not show evidences that corporate diversification affects the cost of bank borrowing. In addition, the analysis suggests that corporate diversification reduces the likelihood of covenants with investment restrictions in bank borrowing contracts. Although the evidence is weak, it brings a new insight into how corporate diversification affects corporate results.
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Hernández, Melo Arturo. "Finanzas Conductuales: Irracionalidad en la Toma de Decisiones." Thesis, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, 2014. http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/loce/hernandez_m_a/.
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Cabezas, Dávalos Engilvero Everardo. "Tratamiento de fracturas abiertas de tibia III grado con fijación externa descartable. Resultados y complicaciones." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/12666.
Full textAbstract:
Expone la experiencia en el manejo de las fracturas abiertas de tibia de III grado (Gustilo Anderson), con el fijador externo descartable (FEDA). Métodos: Fueron estudiados doce pacientes (m = 8; f = 4) con fracturas abiertas de tibia tratados con el Fijador Externo Descartable (FEDA), entre los años 2003 al 2007 en un Hospital del Ministerio de Salud. Las fracturas fueron clasificadas según la Clasificación de Gustilo y col. La localización de la fractura fue dividida en tercio proximal, medio y distal. El manejo consistió en la administración de antibiótico, desbridamiento y estabilización con férula de yeso y posterior fijación externa descartable y colocación de injerto óseo de cresta iliaca, injertos de piel y colgajo muscular. Se realizó un seguimiento promedio de 21.3 meses. Resultados: Doce pacientes (m=8 f=4) con un promedio de edad de 29.5 años (rango de 16 – 71anos). Tres fracturas fueron tipo IIIA y nueve IIIB. Las lesiones fueron el resultado de accidente de tránsito (N = 9), caída de gran altura (N = 3). El inicio del uso de antibióticos fue de 38.3 minutos (rango 15 – 1080) El promedio de seguimiento fue de 21.3 meses (rango 9 – 37.1). Apoyo parcial se inició a los 2.6 meses (rango 1.2 – 5.2) y apoyo total a los 4.3 meses (rango 2.3 – 7.9) después de la intervención quirúrgica primaria. El promedio de intervenciones quirúrgicas fue de 4.25 (rango 2 – 7). En dos pacientes se utilizó fijador externo monopolar y en diez bipolar transfixiante. El tiempo de consolidación fue en promedio 8.7 meses (rango 5.4 – 15.5). Infección en el trayecto de los clavos se observó dos de grado I, nueve de grado II y uno de grado III (Clasificación de Checketts y col.). No se presentaron problemas de retardo de consolidación ni seudoartrosis. Se concluye que el fijador externo descartable representa una buena opción de tratamiento optimo en casos de fracturas abiertas de III grado equiparable a otros sistemas de tratamiento mostrando resultados muy similares y con el mérito de su bajo costo y versatilidad.Trabajo académico
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García, Cruz Luis Alberto. "Reproducibilidad del posicionamiento en pacientes que reciben tratamiento con radioterapia externa para cáncer de próstata. Centro de Radioterapia del Hospital de Alta Complejidad Virgen de La Puerta. Setiembre 2016 - febrero 2017." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/7459.
Full textAbstract:
Evalúa la reproducibilidad del posicionamiento en pacientes que reciben tratamiento con radioterapia externa para cáncer de próstata en el Centro de Radioterapia del Hospital de Alta Complejidad Virgen de La Puerta, durante los meses de setiembre 2016 a febrero 2017. Desarrolla un estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo prospectivo y de corte longitudinal, ya que se midió durante el tiempo de tratamiento las variaciones en las imágenes verificadoras de 15 pacientes con cáncer de próstata que recibieron radioterapia externa entre los meses de enero y mayo. Para evaluar la reproducibilidad del posicionamiento de los pacientes se analizó las variaciones de las radiografías verificadoras con respecto a las radiografías digitales reconstruidas (DRR), y se utilizó como instrumento una ficha de recolección de datos en la cual se anotaba los movimientos realizados. La reproducibilidad se evaluó en base al umbral de 5mm. Se analizaron 225 datos en 150 imágenes adquiridas. Encuentra que la variación promedio de los desplazamientos en los ejes X, Y, Z fue de 3.33mm, 2.97mm, 3.03mm respectivamente, y el 82.2% de los desplazamientos presentó una reproducibilidad adecuada. Concluye en que existe una adecuada reproducibilidad del posicionamiento en pacientes con cáncer de próstata, con desplazamientos similares a los reportados en la literatura.Tesis
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Odo, Caroline Hanada 1987. "Photoelastic analysis of stress distribution around external hexagon and morse taper implants in different immediate loading systems = Análise fotoelástica da distribuição de tensões ao redor de implantes hexágono externo e cone Morse em diferentes sistemas de carga imediata." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288288.
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Orientador: Mauro Antônio de Arruda NóbiloDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Dentre diversos fatores que determinam o sucesso da osseointegração e da reabilitação protética, a biomecânica se destaca como fator fundamental. Utilizando a técnica da fotoelasticidade, o objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar as tensões geradas ao redor de implantes cone morse e hexágono externo osseointegrados após carregamento distal em diferentes técnicas de carga imediata: barra distal, fundição e solda a Laser. Três infraestruturas similares (uma para cada técnica) foram confeccionadas, sobre uma matriz metálica simulando um arco mandibular edêntulo. Cinco implantes foram dispostos de maneira a simular a distribuição clínica para protocolo inferior convencional. Análogos de mini pilares foram fixados na matriz metálica e após procedimento de transferência e obtenção de modelo em gesso especial, foram confeccionadas as infraestruturas protéticas. Estas foram utilizadas em novo procedimento de transferência e posteriormente, instaladas em modelo fotoelástico confeccionado com resina epóxi flexível (GIV, Polipox Indústria e Comércio Ltda - São Paulo - SP - Brasil). Foi realizado um carregamento pontual de 4,9N na região de primeiro molar inferior direito e, posteriormente primeiro molar inferior esquerdo. Foram avaliados cinco pontos pré-determinados ao longo do implante e as imagens foram analisadas no programa Fringes® de maneira qualitativa e quantitativa através da verificação das ordens de franjas ao redor dos implantes osseointegrados. A média dos valores foi submetida à análise de variância para dados com dois fatores de estudo, seguidos pelo teste de Tukey para comparação entre as médias. Os resultados não apresentaram diferença significativa entre as infraestruturas, porém apresentou diferença significativa entre os tipos de conexões. A partir dos resultados obtidos conclui-se que não há diferença na distribuição de tensão entre as técnicas de obtenção de infraestruturas, porém quando observados os tipos de conexão, o implante Cone Morse apresentou melhores resultados em relação à distribuição de tensão
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the stresses generated around morse taper and external hexagon osseointegrated implants after distal loading in different immediate loading techniques: distal bar, casting and laser welding. Three similar infrastructures (one for each technique) were fabricated on a metal matrix simulating an edentulous mandible arch. Five implants were arranged to simulate the clinical distribution of conventional lower protocol. Analogs of the implants were fixed in a metal matrix and a transfer procedure was made. After obtaining a special plaster model, the prosthetic infrastructures were fabricated. These were used on a new transfer procedure and subsequently installed in a photoelastic model made with flexible epoxy resin (GIV Polipox Industry and Commerce Ltd - São Paulo - SP - Brazil). A load application of 4.9N was performed at the region of lower right first molar and subsequently lower left first molar. Five predetermined points along the implant were evaluated and the images were analyzed in Fringes ® program in qualitative and quantitative way by checking the orders of the fringes around the dental implants. The mean values were statistically analyzed using a 2-Way analysis of variance and Tukey test. The results showed no significant difference between the infrastructure obtaining techniques, but significant difference was seen between the types of connection. From the results obtained it is concluded that the Morse taper implant showed better results in terms of stress distribution
Mestrado
Protese Dental
Mestra em Clínica Odontológica
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Ferrari, Carlos Henrique. "Mapeamento tridimensional do ápice radicular em relação às corticais ósseas externas e estruturas anatômicas adjacentes /." São José dos Campos, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150982.
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Orientador: Frederico Canato MartinhoBanca: Márcia Carneiro Valera Garakis
Banca: Cláudio Antonio Talge Carvalho
Banca: Luiz Alexandre Thomaz
Banca: Maria Rachel Figueiredo Penalva Monteiro
Resumo: O conhecimento da posição topográfica dos ápices dentários em relação às corticais ósseas externas e estruturas anatômicas é de importância para a endodontia, sobretudo quando da instituição de técnicas com sobreinstrumentação. A tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) permite uma análise tridimensional da localização do ápice radicular, estimando os riscos em relação a essas estruturas. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: a) aferir a medida linear entre os ápices radiculares de dentes posteriores e canino superiores e o seio maxilar e entre os ápices de dentes posteriores inferiores e o canal mandibular, relacionando os achados com gênero e idade; b) comparar as medições realizadas em tomografias entre ápices e estruturas anatômicas, com as realizadas em radiografias panorâmicas; c) verificar a proximidade dos ápices radiculares dos dentes superiores com a respectiva cortical óssea externa adjacente e dos ápices radiculares dos dentes inferiores com as corticais ósseas externas vestibular e lingual; d) verificar a ocorrência de fenestrações apicais, em todos os grupos dentais e e) classificar riscos de sobreinstrumentação baseando-se nas medidas lineares entre ápices radiculares e estruturas anatômicas/ corticais ósseas externas. Foram selecionados 800 TCFCs e 200 radiografias panorâmicas obtidas de pacientes com indicações diversas. Na TCFC, foram encontradas médias entre os ápices radiculares e o seio maxilar, variando de 0,37mm até 6,22mm, e na mandíbula, entre o... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: It is important to know the topographic position of dental root apices in relation to external cortical bones and adjacent anatomical structures for endodontics, mainly regarding the use of over-instrumentation techniques. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) allows for analysis of the root apex position and estimation of the risks in relation to these structures. The objectives of this study were: a) to assess the linear measurement between root apices of posterior teeth and upper canine and maxillary sinus as well as between apices of lower posterior teeth and mandibular canal according to gender and age; b) to compare tomographic measurements of apices and anatomical structures to those from panoramic radiographs; c) to verify the proximities of the root apices of upper teeth to corresponding adjacent cortical bones and of lower teeth to buccal and lingual cortical bones; d) to verify the occurrence of apical fenestrations in all dental groups; and e) to assess the risks of overinstrumentation based on linear measurements between root apices and anatomical structures/external cortical bones. A total of 800 tomographs and 200 panoramic radiographs were selected. CBCT images showed mean distances between root apices and maxillary sinus ranging from 0.37mm to 6.22mm and between root apices and mental foramen ranging from 2.81mm to 4.92mm. By comparing the tomographs to panoramic radiographs, over-estimation and sub-estimation were found in the maxillary and mandibular measurements, respectively (P < 0.01). The distances between each root apex and corresponding cortical bone were ranked according to distance, with the majority of the apices located less than 1 mm from the cortical bone in the maxilla and greater than 3mm in the mandible. Higher rates of fenestrations were found in the maxilla, whereas lingual bone plate was more affected in the mandible. ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Doutor
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Akcoren, Dincay. "A Low-cost Uncooled Infrared Detector Array And Its Camera Electronics." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613082/index.pdf.
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This thesis presents the development of integrated readout electronics for diode type microbolometers
and development of external camera electronics for microbolometers. The
developed readout electronics are fabricated with its integrated 160x120 resolution FPA (Focal
Plane Array) in the XFAB SOI-CMOS 1.0 &mum process. The pixels in the FPA have 70 &mu
m pixel pitch, and they are sensitive in the 8&ndash
12 &mu
m band of the infrared spectrum. Each pixel has 4 serially connected diodes, and diode turn on voltage changes as the temperature of the suspended and thermally isolated pixel increases due to the absorbed infrared power. Suspension of the pixels is obtained with a post-CMOS MEMS etching process, but this process requires no critical litography and/or deposition steps. This dramatically reduces the detector process cost, which makes this microbolometer FPA suitable for ultra low-cost applications such as automobile, security, and commercial applications. The readout electronics of the FPA include digital blocks such as timing and programming blocks as well as analog blocks such as a differential trans-conductance amplifier, a switched capacitor integrator, a sampleand- hold, and current DACs. This new readout design has reduced number of pins to simplify the external electronics and allows wafer-level vacuum packaging compared to the 128x128 FPA developed in a previous study at METU with the same approach. Both of these features further decrease the cost. Two kinds of external camera electronics are developed for two SOI type microbolometers. The first one is for the 128x128 SOI microbolometer previously designed in METU. The developed external camera electronics have 1.5mVrms noise, which is much less than the microbolometer noise. The overall system has an average NETD of 465 mK and a peak NETD of 320mK. The second developed external camera electronics are for the 160x120 SOI microbolometers that developed in the scope of this thesis. The developed external camera electronics has 0.55mVrms noise which is much less than the bolometer noise which is 5mVrms. The overall system has an average NETD of 820 mK and a peak NETD of 350 mK. Each of these external camera electronics include a custom designed PCB, an FPGA board with appropiate configurion and a software working on a PC. The custom designed PCB holds the external components for the microbolometer, an FPGA takes and processes the bolometer data and it sends to a PC, and a PC processes these data and forms a streaming video. These two external camera electronics allow to obtain human images verifying that the developed microbolometers can be used for security and automotive applications.
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Oenning, Anne Caroline Costa 1981. "Diagnosis of external root resorption in second molars associated with impacted third molars by panoramic radiograph and two cone beam computed tomography devices = Diagnóstico da reabsorção radicular externa em segundos molares associada a terceiros molares impactados por meio de radiografias panorâmicas e dois sistemas de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288976.
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Orientador: Francisco Haiter NetoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: O presente estudo propôs-se a comparar um método radiográfico bidimensional, a radiografia panorâmica, com uma modalidade de imagem tridimensional, a tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC), no diagnóstico da reabsorção radicular externa (RRE) nos segundos molares relacionada à impactação dos terceiros molares. Buscou-se também relacionar a inclinação do terceiro molar, de acordo com a classificação proposta por Winter, com a presença da RRE no segundo molar. Primeiramente, a amostra foi composta por 188 terceiros molares impactados (66 indivíduos) observados na radiografia panorâmica (Orthopantomograph OP100 D) e nas imagens de TCFC obtidas no equipamento i-CAT Classic. Dois cirurgiões-dentistas, especialistas em Radiologia Odontológica, registraram a presença da RRE no segundo molar e a inclinação do terceiro molar impactado. Os dados foram tabulados e submetidos à análise estatística por meio dos testes de qui-quadrado, teste exato de Fisher, teste Z para duas proporções e regressão logística simples (nível de significância de 5%). Um número significativamente maior de casos de RRE foi diagnosticado na TCFC (n=43) quando comparada à radiografia panorâmica (n=10) (P=0,0001). Além disso, a concordância entre os métodos para o diagnóstico da RRE foi de apenas 4,3% (n=8). Terceiros molares inferiores e nas posições mesioangular e horizontal foram mais relacionados à presença da RRE nos segundos molares. Por esse motivo, 174 terceiros molares inferiores nessas duas inclinações foram avaliados em uma segunda amostra formada por 116 imagens de TCFC obtidas em dois diferentes equipamentos: i-CAT Classic e Picasso Trio. Além da presença da RRE, informações acerca da idade, sexo dos indivíduos e profundidade de terceiros molares (análise subjetiva e classificação de Pell & Gregory) foram registradas pelos dois avaliadores. Os dados numéricos foram submetidos aos testes ANOVA e Mann-Whitney, e os dados categóricos, aos testes do qui-quadrado para análises de contingência e qui-quadrado de aderência. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes na detecção da RRE nos dois equipamentos e entre as inclinações mesioangular e horizontal (p>0,05). A prevalência da condição na amostra total de dentes foi de 49,43%. Os terceiros molares pertencentes a pacientes de maior idade e posicionados mais superiormente (classes A e B de Pell & Gregory) estiveram mais associados à presença da RRE nos dentes adjacentes. Concluiu-se que a TCFC deve ser indicada quando for observado um contato direto entre o segundo e o terceiro molar inferiores na radiografia panorâmica, principalmente nos casos de impactações mesioangulares e horizontais, em classes A e B de Pell & Gregory e de pacientes com idade superior a 24 anos.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare a two-dimensional method - panoramic radiography - and a three-dimensional modality - cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) - on the assessment of external root resorption (ERR) of second molars associated with impacted third molars. In addition, we aimed to relate the third molar inclination (Winter's classification) with the detection of ERR on the second molar. First, the sample was consisted of 188 impacted third molars (66 individuals). Panoramic radiography (Orthopantomograph OP100 D) and CBCT imaging (i-CAT Classic) were obtained of all patients. Two oral radiologists investigated the presence of ERR on the adjacent second molar and the inclination of the third molar. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square test, Fisher exact test, two-proportion Z test and simple logistic regression (significance level was set at 5%). A significantly higher number of ERR was diagnosed on CBCT images (n=43) than on panoramic radiographs (n=10) (P=0.0001). The agreement between panoramic radiographs and CBCT for diagnosing ERR was 4.3% (n=8). The mandibular third molars on mesioangular and horizontal inclinations were more related to ERR lesions on the second molars. Therefore, 174 mandibular third molars on these two inclinations were evaluated in a second sample comprising of 116 CBCT images acquired in two units: i-CAT Classic e Picasso Trio. Age and sex of individuals and depth of third molars (subjective analysis and Pell and Gregory classification) were also recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Mann-Whitney tests (numerical data) and chi-square test (qualitative data). There were no statistically significant differences in the detection of ERR in images from both devices (p>0.05). Therefore, subsequent analyzes were performed on the total sample. The prevalence of ERR on this sample was 49.43%. There was no difference between mesioangular and horizontal inclination in the detection of ERR. Third molars of older patients (over 24 y-o) and in Pell and Gregory Class A and Class B were more associated with the presence of ERR. The results showed that CBCT should be indicated when a direct contact between the mandibular second and third molars is observed on panoramic radiography, especially in patients aged over 24 presenting with mesioangular or horizontal impactions, and Class A or Class B of Pell & Gregory.
Doutorado
Radiologia Odontologica
Doutora em Radiologia Odontológica
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Diniz, André Sander. "Financial disruption as a cost of sovereign default." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11457.
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This dissertation analyses quantitatively the costs of sovereign default for the economy, in a model where banks with long positions in government debt play a central role in the financial intermediation for private sector’s investments and face financial frictions that limit their leverage ability. Calibration tries to resemble some features of the Eurozone, where discussions about bailout schemes and default risk have been central issues. Results show that the model captures one important cost of default pointed out by empirical and theoretical literature on debt crises, namely the fall in investment that follows haircut episodes, what can be explained by a worsening in banks’ balance sheet conditions that limits credit for the private sector and raises their funding costs. The cost in terms of output decrease is though not significant enough to justify the existence of debt markets and the government incentives for debt repayment. Assuming that the government is able to alleviate its constrained budget by imposing a restructuring on debt repayment profile that allows it to cut taxes, our model generates an important difference for output path comparing lump-sum taxes and distortionary. For our calibration, quantitative results show that in terms of output and utility, it is possible that the effect on the labour supply response generated by tax cuts dominates investment drop caused by credit crunch on financial markets. We however abstract from default costs associated to the breaking of existing contracts, external sanctions and risk spillovers between countries, that might also be relevant in addition to financial disruption effects. Besides, there exist considerable trade-offs for short and long run path of economic variables related to government and banks’ behaviour
Este trabalho analisa de forma quantitativa os custos para a economia de um default soberano, num modelo onde bancos comprados em d´ıvida tˆem um papel central na intermedia¸c˜ao financeira para os investimentos do setor privado e enfrentam fric¸c˜oes financeiras que limitam sua alavancagem. A calibra¸c˜ao busca refletir economias da Eurozona, onde discuss˜oes sobre risco de calote das d´ıvidas e programas de resgate aos governos tem sido temas centrais. Os resultados mostram que o modelo captura um importante custo apontado pela literatura emp´ırica e te´orica, qual seja, a contra¸c˜ao do investimento que segue um epis´odio de default, o que pode ser explicado pela piora no balan¸co do setor financeiro, limitando cr´edito e liquidez para o setor privado e aumentando os custos para o seu financiamento. O custo em termos de perda de produto, no entanto, n˜ao ´e suficiente para explicar a existˆencia de mercados de d´ıvida e os incentivos dos governos em honrar seus compromissos. Assumindo que a reestrutura¸c˜ao do perfil de pagamentos da d´ıvida imposta num caso de default permite ao governo aliviar sua restri¸c˜ao or¸cament´aria e cortar impostos, o modelo apresenta resultados bastante distintos para impostos lump-sum e distorsivos. Para nossa calibra¸c˜ao, a resposta quantitativa de produto e utilidade mostra que ´e poss´ıvel que o efeito na oferta de trabalho gerado por cortes de impostos distorsivos domine a queda no investimento, causada pela escassez de cr´edito nos mercados privados. S˜ao abstra´ıdos, no entanto, os custos de default associados a quebras de contratos, san¸c˜oes externas e transbordamentos de risco entre pa´ıses, que podem ser bastante relevantes em adi¸c˜ao ao impacto sobre o cr´edito no sistema financeiro. Al´em disso, existem trade-offs consider´aveis na trajet´oria de curto e longo prazo das vari´aveis econˆomicas relacionados ao comportamento dos governos e dos bancos.
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Silva, Laura Thais. "Política externa brasileira para o Mercosul: interesses estratégicos e crise da integração regional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-18072007-131631/.
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O Mercosul - bloco criado em 1991 a partir da assinatura do Tratado de Assunção por Argentina, Brasil, Paraguai e Uruguai - é um arranjo regional que integra, por meio de uma união aduaneira (imperfeita), as economias dos quatro países que o compõem. Os propósitos iniciais expressos no Tratado de Assunção eram o aprofundamento progressivo da integração a partir de uma Zona de Livre Comércio, chegando até um Mercado Comum, e a criação de mecanismos de harmonização macroeconômica, entre outros objetivos. Em seus primeiros anos de funcionamento o Mercosul obteve grande sucesso, com a elevação do comércio intra-regional e a intensificação da interdependência entre os Estados membros, mas desde 1999 o bloco experimenta uma crise que se verifica tanto na queda do comércio intra-regional quanto na paralisia da agenda de integração e politização das divergências de interesses entre seus dois maiores sócios: Brasil e Argentina. A postura brasileira diante da integração - movida por interesses antes estratégicos que comerciais e com um perfil de atuação realista - contribui para a atual situação do Mercosul. Buscando afirmar-se como líder regional e como uma potência média, com capacidade de atuação efetiva em questões internacionais de relevância, o Brasil tem no Mercosul um dos pontos de apoio para sua estratégia, sem que, no entanto, esteja disposto a arcar com determinados custos implicados pela liderança do processo de integração regionalMercosur - an econômic block created in 1991 with the signing of Treat of Assunción by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay - is a regional arrange that integrates through a Customs Union (imperfect), the economies from the four countries which compose it. The initial purpose was the progressive deepening of the integration, from a Free Market Zone, becoming a Commom Market , and the creation of macroeconomy harmonization mechanisms, among another objectives.In its firts years of working, Mercosur had a great success with the rise of intraregional trade and the interdependence intensification among its member States, but since 1999 the block have been experiencing a crisis that is verified as far in a dwilling of intraregional trade as in a paralization of the integration agenda and politization about the interest divergencies between its major partners: Brazil and Argentina.The Brazilian posture in front of the integration - moved by most strategic than trading interests and having a profile of atuation of realism - contributes to the present situation of Mercosur. Trying to have affirmation as a regional leader and a medium power, with capacity of effective actuation in relevant internacional areas, Brazil has in Mercosul one of the points of support for its strategy. However, Brazil is not disposed to pay some costs implicit about the leadership of the regional integration process
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Elbe, Jeanette, and Ludvig Eriksson. "Ekonomifunktionens roll för beslutsfattarna : Intern eller extern funktion i förhållande till organisationen?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-74956.
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Examensarbete, Civilekonomprogrammet, Ekonomihögskolan vid Linnéuniversitetet, Företagsekonomi, 4FE17E, VT-2018. Författare: Jeanette Elbe och Ludvig Eriksson Handledare: Andreas Jansson Examinator: Karin Jonnergård Titel: Ekonomifunktionens roll för beslutsfattarna - Intern eller extern funktion i förhållande till organisationen? Sökord: Outsourcing, Ekonomisk administration, Kostnadslogiken, Strategiska logiken, Transaction Cost Economics, TCE, Resource-based View, RBV, Ekonomifunktionens roll Bakgrund: Att betala en extern part för att utföra bolagets ekonomiska administration är ett växande fenomen och outsourcing av ekonomiska företagsprocesser är högaktuellt att förstå sig på. I outsourcinglitteraturen finns det två perspektiv som kan lyftas upp för att förklara outsourcingbeslutet och genom att studera beslutsfattarnas logik till outsourcingbeslutet tror sig författarna kunna bidra till en djupare förståelse inom ämnet. Syfte: Studien syftar till att öka förståelsen för de logiker som ligger till grund för beslutsfattares outsourcingbeslut av den ekonomiska administrationen. Metod och genomförande: Genom användandet av idealtyper bygger författarna upp två differentierade logiker för att utreda olika beslutsfattares förhållningssätt till outsourcing av ekonomisk administration - kostnadslogiken och den strategiska logiken. Logikerna har sedan studeras empiriskt genom en intervjustudie kopplad till ledande befattningshavare i medelstora företag lokaliserade i den småländska GGVV-regionen. Slutsats: Studien visar att beslutsfattare som outsourcar större delar av den ekonomiska administrationen förhåller sig till kostnadslogiken. Den strategiska logiken är istället nära sammankopplad med den rationalitet som föreligger hos beslutsfattare som väljer att inte outsourca sin ekonomiska administration. Däremellan sker även ett möte mellan logikerna. De beslutsfattare som outsourcar mindre delar av den ekonomiska administrationen tar taktiska beslut vilket visar på ett yttrande gentemot kostnadslogiken. Dock blir det tydligt att det samtidigt finns ett bakomliggande strategiskt tankemönster i hur dessa beslutsfattarna resonerar kring ekonomifunktionen. Beslutsfattarna som omfattas av den strategiska logiken hämmas därför i dessa fall att outsourca större delar av ekonomifunktionens arbete.Master Thesis in Business Administration, School of Business and Economics, Linnaeus University, 4FE17E, 2018. Author: Jeanette Elbe and Ludvig Eriksson Supervisor: Andreas Jansson Examiner: Karin Jonnergård Title: The role of the accounting function for decision makers - An inhouse or outhouse function in relation to the organization? Keywords: Outsourcing, Accounting, Logic of cost, Strategic logic, Transaction Cost Economics, TCE, Resource-based View, RBV, The role of the accounting function Background: Paying an external party to perform the company’s financial administration is a growing phenomenon and outsourcing of accounting and financial processes are highly relevant to understand. In the outsourcing literature, there are two perspectives that can be raised to explain the outsourcing decision, and by studying the decision makers’ logic to the outsourcing decision, the authors believe that they can contribute to a deeper understanding of the subject. Purpose: The aim of this study is to increase the understanding of the logic that underlies decision makers' outsourcing decisions of the financial administration. Method: Using ideal types, the authors build up two differentiated logics to investigate different decision makers' approaches to outsourcing of financial administration - the logic of cost and the strategic logic. The logics have been studied empirically through an interview study linked to senior executives in medium-sized companies located in the GGVV-area in the province of Småland in Sweden. Conclusion: The study shows that decision makers who outsource major parts of the economic administration relate to the logic of cost. However, the strategic logic is closely linked to the rationality of decision makers who choose not to outsource their financial administration. In between, there is also a meeting between the logics. The decision makers who outsource smaller parts of the economic administration carry out tactical decisions, which indicates a relationship to the logic of cost. Anyhow, it becomes clear that there is an underlying strategic thinking pattern in how these decision makers argue about the financial function as a hole. The decision makers covered by the strategic logic are therefore in these cases hampered to outsource major parts of the financial administration.
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Franco, Cortéz Carlos Modesto. "Fracturas diafisiarias de tibia cerradas y expuestas de primer y segundo grado tratadas con fijador externo descartable en el Hospital Sergio E. Bernales : enero 1998 a diciembre del 2002." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2005. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/1811.
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Las fracturas diafisiarias de tibia, son de las lesiones mas frecuentes en traumatología, siendo una de sus principales causas los accidentes de transito: choques, atropellos; violencia física caídas, accidentes deportivos entre otras causas.
Se revisaron todas las Historias Clínicas de pacientes que ingresaron al Hospital Sergio E. Bernales con el Diagnostico de fracturas diafisiarias de tibia, un total de 76 Historias Clínicas, de las cuales 42 fueron seleccionadas para el presente trabajo por tener los criterios de inclusión, información completa y que fueron sometidos a intervención quirúrgica con el Sistema de Fijación Externa Descartable.
La fijación externa es una opción mas, entre tantas otras posibilidades quirúrgicas, es ampliamente aceptada para fracturas expuestas como la primera opción, sin embargo para fracturas cerradas la bibliografía menciona otras posibilidades quirúrgicas como son el Clavo Intramedular, placas y tornillos según sea el caso.
En el presente estudio, de 42 pacientes, 36 fueron hombres (85.71%), el promedio de edad de 20 – 29 años con 15 pacientes con un 35.71 % , el mecanismo de acción (atropello) 26 pacientes (61.9%), la tibia derecha se afecto en 27 pacientes (64.28%), fracturas cerradas 24 pacientes (57.14%), las fracturas tipo II de Aybar 15 pacientes (35.71%)fueron las mas frecuentes, se realizaron fasciotomia en 11 pacientes (26.19%), osteosintesis mínima en 15 pacientes (35.51%), el tiempo de consolidación vario de 6 – 15 meses, las tipo I de Aybar consolido en 8.57 meses.Tesis de segunda especialidad
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Cardenas, Tamayo Raúl. "Bien-être social, usages du capital et répartition : repenser la technologie et le coût collectif." Amiens, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AMIE0060.
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Cette thèse étudie le bien-être social à partir de la relation entre les usages du capital et la répartition des coûts et bénéfices. Elle élabore une caractérisation technologique de l'usage du capital, procédant à la fois du choix des techniques de production et de celui des biens ou services à produire. Emergent alors trois résultats venant transformer la représentation du coût collectif : (1) Est établie l'existence d'un revenu potentiel non produit (RPNP), qui constitue une externalité négative. (2) Il est prouvé que le théorème de Coase peut donner lieu à une allocation rentière du capital, génératrice d'un coût collectif sous la forme d'un RPNP (3) Est démontrée l'incapacité de l'impôt pigovien à restaurer les pertes de bien-être social, en termes de revenu. Cette recherche se clôt par la mise en exergue de l'importance des institutions dans la génération, la valorisation et le transfert des externalités négatives
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Maad, Deaa, and Mohamad Feras Alkhen. "A techno-economic case study of external timber wall assemblies in Swedish single-family homes." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för information och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-37795.
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Decisions made at the early stage of building design can significantly influence theenvironmental, energy and economic performance of buildings. Future homeowners anddevelopers often have to make decisions concerning the design and specification of thebuilding. These choices are usually governed by functionality, aesthetics, cost, materialavailability, etc. Except for decisions related to long-term performances, they are relativelyeasy and straightforward to make. Long-term performance assessments that consider theimpact of a product over its lifetime, requires thorough research. Due to the lack of studies onthe long-term benefits and performance of different building design options, homeowners anddevelopers often base their decisions on short-term financial benefits, ignoring long-termbenefits. This may lead to incorrect decisions that are difficult to correct.Within this context, the aim of this study is to compare the long-term economic viability ofdifferent external timber wall construction types. By doing so, our goal is to address the lackof techno-economic studies within the construction industry and thus, to assist the decisionmakingof Swedish homeowners and developers. We evaluate the economic performance ofthree wooden wall construction alternatives—that of IsoTimber, cross-laminated timber(CLT), and timber frame walls—via thirteen wall assembly scenarios and two case housesfrom Bysjöstrand eco-village, Sweden. The scenarios account for variations in wall type andwall thicknesses. Our study utilizes an approach based on life cycle costing (LCC) andconsiders the capital cost and the present value of heating cost. The latter is calculated for 1m2of heated area of each case houses over a 40-year period. Indoor Climate and Energy software(IDA ICE) is used to estimate the heating energy use and the Bidcon program to estimate thematerials and labor costs for all cases. The study considered reasonable economic parameters,but to see their impact on the results and feasibility of wall constructions improving, sensitiveanalysis has been done using different values.The main finding of this thesis is that timber frame wall construction is the most economicchoice in the long term. In contrast, IsoTimber wall is the least economic choice, in general,and for two-story homes, in particular. Moreover, the present value total cost for IsoTimber intwo-story building is 5% higher than for a single-story building that has a similar U-value. Incontrast, it is 3% and 7% lower for CLT and timber frame walls respectively. Also, the resultsindicate that although the present value heating cost decreases with increasing wall thickness,this increase is considerably smaller than the increase in the capital cost. Finally, assumedeconomic factors affect the results greatly, but in general, improving the U-value of CLT wallconstruction might be the most profitable then timber frame comes after, and then IsoTimbercomes in the last. Along with, return economic benefit from the improvement of all studiedwall constructions in single-story building is higher than the benefit in two-story building.
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Garcia, Casado Francisco Javier. "Identificación de la Señal Mioeléctrica del Intestino Delgado Registrada en Superficie Externa Abdominal. Comparativa con Registros Internos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/135956.
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[EN] Intestinal motility is responsible for the functions of segmentation, mixing and transport of the chime poured from the stomach. These functions are of main importance in the processes of nutrients digestion and absorption.
Intestinal contractile activity is determined by the myoelectrical activity of intestinal muscular layers. Precisely, intestinal myoelectrical activity, which is also called electroenterogram (EEnG), is the result of two components: a low frequency component (slow wave, SW) that is always present and a high frequency component (spike bursts, SB) which is associated with bowel contractions. Despite of the diagnostic significance of internal recordings of EEnG, clinical application of this technique is limited due to its invasiveness. Thus, surface recording of EEnG could be a solution for non-invasive monitoring of intestinal motility.
The aim of this Ph.D. Thesis is the recording of surface electroenterogram and the identification of slow wave and spike bursts activity in order to quantify bowel motor activity in dogs.
We conducted simultaneous recordings of IMA in bowel serosa and on abdominal surface of Beagle dogs in fast state. Both signals were analyzed in spectral domain and a frequency band for slow wave and spike bursts energy were determined. Likewise, the effects of abdominal layers and of possible interferences on surface recording of EEnG were also studied. For this purpose it was necessary to define new signal-to-interference and attenuation functions. We calculated different spectral parameters of surface EEnG that quantify presence and intensity of SB taking into consideration the attenuation behavior of abdominal layers and interference effects. These parameters have shown a strong correlation with bowel contractile activity.
The research about surface EEnG is complemented with an analysis of signal dynamics throughout the pattern of bowel motor activity in fast state. Stationarity of the signal was evaluated in every period of contractile activity with different window-lengths. The study finishes with the definition of an algorithm that provides a variable window-length, adapting EEnG analysis to the spectral content of signal at every moment. This permits the generation of a fast non-invasive index of bowel contractile activity for future real-time applications.
Three main conclusions can be deduced out of the obtained results:
- It is possible to identify both bowel’s slow wave and spike bursts activity on surface recordings of EEnG.
- Quantification of SB activity on surface EEnG allows non-invasive monitoring of small bowel mechanical activity.
- It has been developed a new adaptive analysis method that improves intestinal motility indexes based in traditional techniques as it considers non-stationarity of EEnG.[ES]La motilidad intestinal es responsable de las funciones de segmentación, mezcla y transporte del quimo vertido desde el estómago. Estas funciones son fundamentales en los procesos de digestión y absorción de nutrientes. La actividad contráctil intestinal está determinada por la actividad mioeléctrica de las capas musculares intestinales. Concretamente, la actividad mioeléctrica intestinal, también denominada electroenterograma (EEnG), es el resultado de dos componentes: una componente de baja frecuencia que está siempre presente (onda lenta, OL); y una componente de alta frecuencia (potenciales rápidos de acción o spike bursts, SB) que está asociada directamente a las contracciones intestinales. A pesar del valor diagnóstico de los registros internos del EEnG, su aplicación clínica está limitada debido a su carácter invasivo. Por tanto, el registro en superficie del EEnG podría ser una solución a la monitorización no-invasiva de la motilidad intestinal. El objetivo de la presente tesis doctoral es el registro del electroenterograma de superficie y la identificación de la actividad de la onda lenta y de los spike bursts para la cuantificación no-invasiva de la actividad contráctil intestinal en perros. Se han llevado a cabo registros simultáneos del EEnG en la serosa intestinal y en superficie abdominal de perros Beagle en estado de ayunas. Ambas señales se han analizado en el dominio espectral para la determinación de los rangos de frecuencia en que se localiza la energía tanto de la OL como de los SB. Asimismo se ha estudiado la influencia de las capas abdominales y de posibles interferencias sobre el registro externo. Para ello ha sido necesario definir las funciones señal-interferencia y de atenuación, inéditas hasta la fecha. Teniendo en cuenta estos efectos de atenuación e interferencia, se han calculado distintos parámetros espectrales del EEnG de superficie que cuantifican la existencia e intensidad de SB. Estos parámetros han mostrado una elevada correlación con el grado de actividad contráctil intestinal interno. La investigación sobre el EEnG de superficie se complementa con un análisis de la dinámica de la señal a lo largo del patrón de motilidad intestinal en ayunas. Se ha valorado el grado de estacionariedad de la señal en cada estado de actividad contráctil para distintos anchos de ventana. El estudio finaliza con la definición de un algoritmo que proporciona un ancho de ventana variable, adaptando el análisis del EEnG al contenido espectral de la señal en cada momento. Esto permite generar un indicador no-invasivo de actividad contráctil intestinal, rápido de obtener, para futuras aplicaciones en tiempo real. De los resultados obtenidos se extraen tres conclusiones fundamentales: - Es posible identificar tanto la actividad de la onda lenta intestinal como la actividad de los potenciales rápidos de acción (SB) en el registro del EEnG de superficie. - La cuantificación de la actividad de los SB del EEnG de superficie permite la monitorización no invasiva de la actividad mecánica del intestino delgado. - Se ha desarrollado un método de análisis adaptativo que mejora los índices de motilidad intestinal basado en técnicas tradicionales, ya que tiene en cuenta la no estacionariedad del EEnG.
[CAT]La motilitat intestinal és responsable de les funcions de segmentació, mixtió i transport del quimo abocat des de l'estómac. Aquestes funcions són fonamentals en els processos de digestió i absorció de nutrients. L'activitat contràctil intestinal està determinada per l'activitat mioelèctrica de les capes musculars intestinals. Concretament, l'activitat mioelèctrica intestinal, també denominada electroenterograma (EEnG), és el resultat de dos components: una component de baixa freqüència que està sempre present (ona lenta, OL); i una component d'alta freqüència (potencials ràpids d'acció o spike bursts, SB) que està associada directament a les contraccions intestinals. A pesar del valor diagnòstic dels registres interns del EEnG, la seva aplicació clínica està limitada a causa de el seu caràcter invasiu. Per tant, el registre en superfície del EEnG podria ser una solució al monitoratge no-invasiu de la motilitat intestinal. L'objectiu de la present tesi doctoral és el registre de l’electroenterograma de superfície i la identificació de l'activitat de l'ona lenta i dels spike bursts per a la quantificació no-invasiva de l'activitat contràctil intestinal en gos. S'han portat a terme registres simultanis del EEnG en la serosa intestinal i en superfície abdominal de gossos Beagle en estat de dejunes. Ambdues senyals s'han analitzat en el domini espectral per a la determinació dels rangs de freqüència on es localitza l'energia tant de la OL com dels SB. Així mateix s'ha estudiat la influència de les capes abdominals i de possibles interferències sobre el registre extern. Per a això ha estat necessari desenvolupar les funcions senyal-interferència i d'atenuació inèdites fins a la data. Tenint en compte aquests efectes d'atenuació i interferència, s'han definit distints paràmetres espectrals del EEnG de superfície que quantifiquen l'existència i intensitat de SB. Aquests paràmetres han mostrat una elevada correlació amb el grau d'activitat contràctil intestinal intern. La investigació sobre el EEnG de superfície es completa amb una anàlisi de la dinàmica del senyal al llarg del patró de motilitat intestinal en dejú. S'ha valorat el grau de estacionarietat del senyal en cada estat d'activitat contràctil per a distints amples de finestra. L'estudi finalitza amb la definició d'un algorisme que proporciona un ample de finestra variable, adaptant l'anàlisi del EEnG al contingut espectral del senyal a cada moment. Això permet generar un indicador no-invasiu d'activitat contràctil intestinal, ràpid d'obtenir, per a futures aplicacions en temps real. Els resultats obtinguts permeten extreure tres conclusions fonamentals: - És possible identificar tant l'activitat de l'ona lenta intestinal com l'activitat dels potencials ràpids d’acció (SB) en el registre del EEnG de superfície. - La quantificació de l'activitat dels SB del EEnG de superfície permet el monitoratge no invasiu de l'activitat mecànica de l'intestí prim. - S'ha desenvolupat un mètode d'anàlisi adaptatiu que millora els índexs de motilitat intestinal basat en tècniques tradicionals, ja que té en compte la no-estacionarietat del EEnG.
Garcia Casado, FJ. (2005). Identificación de la Señal Mioeléctrica del Intestino Delgado Registrada en Superficie Externa Abdominal. Comparativa con Registros Internos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/135956
TESIS
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Zahedi, Siamak. "Quantifying external cost of air pollution and GHG emissions from private road transport in Catalonia using theory of planned behavior and contingent valuation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667317.
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Internalizing environmental externalities is a market-driven approach to correcting people's private costs and benefits. One way of quantifying these externalities is estimating people’s willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce those externalities. To better understand the determinants of this WTP, we use the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). This theory is a commonly used approach for predicting behavioral and pro-environmental intentions. Our study focuses on air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from private road transport. We gathered survey data from 406 residents of Catalonia to explore the relationships among the psychological factors determining willingness to pay to quantify the mentioned externalities. We expanded the TPB by adding as antecedent Environmental Concern (EC) prior to the theory's three main factors (Attitude, Subjective Norms and Perceived Behavioral Control). Next, we used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze structural relationship between the proposed model constructs. The results of our study show that environmental concern is positively related to the three main factors of TPB. Our model accounts for most of the variation of WTP (R-squared is 94.7%). Moreover, the results also revealed that a majority of the respondents in Catalonia (61.57%) are willing to pay to reduce air pollution and GHG emissions from private road transport. The results of the estimation of the logit model for the overall user sample, revealed that the mean WTP is 64.47€ for implementing plan “L” and 120.17€ for implementing plan “H” regarding the hypothetical scenario of the studyInternalizar las externalidades ambientales de las actividades humanas es un enfoque impulsado por el mercado para corregir los costos y beneficios privados de las personas. Una forma de cuantificar estas externalidades es estimar la voluntad de pago (VDP) de las personas para reducir dichas externalidades. Para entender mejor los determinantes de esta DAP, hemos utilizado la Teoría del Comportamiento Planificado (TCP). Esta teoría es un método que se usa normalmente para predecir el comportamiento y las intenciones pro-ambientales humanas. Nuestro estudio se centra en la contaminación del aire y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) del transporte privado por carretera. Hemos recogido datos de una encuesta realizada a 406 residentes de Cataluña para explorar las relaciones entre los factores psicológicos que determinan la voluntad de pago para cuantificar las externalidades mencionadas. Hemos ampliado el TCP añadiendo como antecedente la Preocupación Ambiental (EC) antes de los tres factores principales de la teoría (Actitud, Normas Subjetivas y Control del Comportamiento Percibido). Luego, hemos utilizado el Modelado de Ecuaciones Estructurales (MEE) para analizar la relación estructural entre los constructos del modelo propuesto. Los resultados de nuestro estudio muestran que la preocupación medioambiental está relacionada positivamente con los tres factores principales de la TCP. Nuestro modelo representa la mayor parte de la varianza de la VDP (R2 es 94,7%). Además, los resultados también han revelado que la mayoría de los encuestados en Cataluña (61,57%) están dispuestos a pagar para reducir la contaminación atmosférica y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero del transporte privado por carretera. La estimación del modelo logístico para la muestra global de usuarios ha dado como resultado que la VDP media es 64,47€ para la ejecución del plan "L" y 120,17€ para la ejecución del plan "H" en el escenario hipotético del estudio.
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Melgar, Lazo Deyvis. "Confiabilidad en sistemas con transformadores de potencia con devanado de compensación interna o aterramiento ficticio externo mediante transformador Zig-Zag." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Continental, 2019. http://repositorio.continental.edu.pe/handle/continental/5637.
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Los transformadores, junto con los generadores, son los equipos más importantes de las redes eléctricas. Sería inimaginable transmitir energía eléctrica a grandes distancias sin estos equipos, ya que con ellos podremos transformar un nivel de tensión a otro superior para así disminuir las corrientes, y por consiguiente atenuar las pérdidas en la transmisión de dicha energía. Bastaría instalar otro transformador cerca de los consumidores, para poder así trabajar con tensiones más bajas que nos permitan tener equipos con menos aislamientos (por lo tanto, más económicos), y trabajar con más seguridad. Si una red no está adecuadamente planificada, una falla en un transformador puede dejar desabastecida de energía eléctrica a una zona o toda una ciudad, dependiendo de la capacidad e importancia de esta. Por ello se justifica la necesidad de estudiar las contingencias que pudieran ocurrir en la puesta en servicio y operación de los transformadores de potencia. Estas contingencias obligan que el transformador sea diseñado con características dieléctricas, térmicas y electrodinámicas superiores a las que se tienen en condiciones normales de operación (tensiones y corrientes nominales).
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Bortoluzzo, Mauricio Mesquita. "Alocação do Investimento Direto Externo entre estados brasileiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96131/tde-26092011-141651/.
Full textAbstract:
O investimento direto externo (IDE) tem se tornado cada vez mais relevante para a economia brasileira. A razão do fluxo de IDE sobre o PIB do país subiu de uma média de 0,6% na década de 1980 para 2,5% de 2001 a 2009 segundo dados da UNCTAD. Observa-se, também, uma grande iniquidade na distribuição deste investimento entre as Unidades Federativas brasileiras. O presente trabalho faz uma investigação sobre os fatores determinantes da localização do investimento direto externo entre estados brasileiros através de um estudo econométrico de dados em painel para os anos de 1995, 2000 e 2005. Os resultados apontam evidências de que os investimentos respondem positivamente ao tamanho do mercado consumidor, à qualidade da força de trabalho, à infraestrutura de transporte e negativamente ao custo de mão de obra e a alta carga tributária.Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has become increasingly relevant for the Brazilian economy. The flow of FDI on the country\'s GDP ratio presented an average of 0.6% in the 1980s and rose to 2.5% within the period of 2001 to 2009, according to data from UNCTAD. There is also a great inequity in the distribution of investment between Brazilian states. This paper makes a research on the determinants of the location of foreign direct investment among Brazilian states through a panel data econometric study for the years 1995, 2000 and 2005. The results show that investments respond positively to the size of the consumer market, the quality of the workforce, the transport infrastructure and negatively to the cost of labor and high taxes.
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Orozco, Orozco Maria Isabel, and Nava Jose Carlos Ruiz. "Prevalencia de Depresión en adolescentes con Sobrepeso-Obesidad en la Consulta Externa del Hospital General de Tlalnepantla 2013." Tesis de Licenciatura, Medicina-Quimica, 2014. http://ri.uaemex.mx/handle/123456789/14920.
Full textAbstract:
La obesidad es una enfermedad crónica, compleja y multifactorial que se puede y
debe prevenir. Es resultado de un desequilibrio entre la ingesta y el gasto
energético, en cuyo origen intervienen factores genéticos y ambientales. En
México 35% de adolescentes tiene sobrepeso u obesidad que representa
alrededor de 6 325 131 individuos entre 12 y 19 años de edad. La obesidad no
sólo expone a quien la padece a una larga lista de enfermedades, sino también a
psicopatías como la depresión. Se realiza el siguiente estudio con el objetivo de
determinar la prevalencia de depresión en los pacientes adolescentes con
sobrepeso y obesidad atendidos en la consulta externa del Hospital General de
Tlalnepantla en el año 2013. Se realiza un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo,
observacional, transversal en el cual se incluye a todos los pacientes de 10años a
15años 11meses con expediente clínico activo con diagnostico de sobrepesoobesidad
en la consulta externa de adolescentes del Hospital General de
Tlalnepantla en 2013, aplicando la escala revisada de depresión del Centro de
Estudios Epidemiológico (CES-D-R) clasificando a los pacientes en sin depresión,
depresión leve-moderada y depresión mayor. Con una muestra final de 32
pacientes, se determina la prevalencia de depresión en pacientes con sobrepeso y
obesidad en la consulta externa de Adolescentes en Hospital General de
Tlalnepantla 2013 en 43.7% (n=14), presentándose esta con mayor frecuencia en
la adolescencia intermedia (14-16años), en aquellos pacientes catalogados con
sobrepeso (IMC en percentil 85-95) y en el género femenino, aunque con mayor
gravedad en el género masculino.
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Fazio, Antonio Nicolás, Renzo Martin Paturzo, and Guidarelli Alberto Saiz. "Auditoría externa de estados contables con fines generales en pequeña y mediana empresa en la provincia de Mendoza." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, 2020. http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/15698.
Full textAbstract:
Las pequeñas y medianas empresas son organizaciones que abundan en la economía Argentina y de Mendoza. Estas tienen características comunes que las diferencian de organizaciones de mayor tamaño. El proceso de auditoría se va a ver afectado por estas características imprimiéndole particularidades que le van a ser propias a los encargos en este tipo de entes.
El presente trabajo describe esta situación, las características y la forma en que ellas modifican al proceso de auditoría y consecuentemente, como impacta en el trabajo del auditor.Fil: Fazio, Antonio Nicolás. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.
Fil: Paturzo, Renzo Martin . Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.
Fil: Saiz Guidarelli, Alberto . Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.
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Stern, Petersson Linnea. "Indirekta positiva effekter till följd av transportinvesteringar - utvärdering av existerande hanteringsmetoder." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8572.
Full textAbstract:
I den här uppsatsen undersöks och utvärderas metoder för att beräkna indirekta socioekonomiska effekter till följd av transportinvesteringar. De projekt som ligger till grund för denna jämförelse finns på gemensam europeisk samt på nationell nivå. Projekten har använt sig antingen av kvantitativ analys, i form av multikriterieanalys alternativt cost-benefit analys, eller av kvalitativ analys, för att utvärdera effekterna. Slutsatserna består i att det är svårt att beräkna dessa effekter och att det därför är viktigt att metoden speglar den underliggande informationen. En verbal metod som speglar osäkerheten är ofta att föredra framför en metod som presenterar exakta monetära mått trots att den underliggande informationen är osäker.
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Levet, Anne-Laure. "Impact économique des politiques environnementales : les effets sur les coûts et la compétitivité des entreprises aéronautiques." Paris 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA020008.
Full text
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Olivares, Martínez Gisselle. "Evaluación de la eficacia de un limpiador ótico en dos presentaciones para perros con otitis externa crónica bilateral causada por bacterias cocáceas y levaduras." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/132568.
Full textAbstract:
Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico VeterinarioLa otitis externa es una enfermedad de etiología multifactorial que afecta comúnmente a los caninos. Representa una patología compleja que se asocia a infecciones causadas por bacterias y levaduras y que muchas veces no responden a los tratamientos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de un limpiador ótico en dos presentaciones (vehículo líquido y vehículo gel) como tratamiento único en pacientes con otitis externa bilateral. Esta solución contenía ácido acético 2%, ácido bórico 2%, ácido salicílico 1%, lidocaína 2% y azufre 0,5%. En esta investigación, 15 perros fueron incluídos con diagnóstico clínico y citológico de otitis externa generada por bacterias cocáceas y levaduras. Los oídos afectados fueron tratados con un limpiador ótico en presentación gel o líquido según correspondiera y cuya distribución fue al azar. La aplicación se realizó una vez al día por 14 días, considerando un control citológico y otoscópico el día 7 y 14 de tratamiento. El limpiador ótico, independiente de su presentación, fue eficaz en cuanto a la reducción de los recuentos para bacterias cocáceas y levaduras en el 100% de los pacientes. En cuanto a la efectividad entre soluciones, considerando un recuento de bacterias cocáceas menor a 25 bacterias por campo al término del tratamiento, la presentación líquida alcanzó un 40% de efectividad en comparación a un 20% de la presentación gel, sin encontrarse diferencias significativas entre ellas. Para los recuentos de levaduras considerando valores menores a 5 levaduras por campo al término del tratamiento, la presentación líquida alcanzó una efectividad de un 20% y la presentación gel un 60%, sin embargo, tampoco hubo diferencias significativas entre ambas presentaciones. En cuanto a los signos clínicos evaluados, es importante considerar que todos los perros en estudio, tuvieron una significativa regresión al término del tratamiento. Otitis externa, perros, limpiadores óticos, bacterias, levaduras.
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Abbes, Souhir. "Tarification au coût marginal social des infrastructures et des services portuaires : modélisation et méthodologies d'estimation." Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT4011.
Full textAbstract:
Le secteur des transports est l'un des secteurs les plus impliqués dans les problèmes environnementaux. Pour que ce secteur se développe dans un contexte de durabilité économique et environnementale, la Commission Européenne préconise, dans plusieurs documents (Livre Blanc, 1998; Livre Vert, 1997), d'appliquer la tarification au coût marginal social, qui consiste à faire payer les usagers la totalité des coûts qu'ils génèrent, qu'ils soient internes (coûts d'exploitation) ou externes (coûts environnementaux, coûts de congestion et coûts des accidents). Pour l'activité portuaire, qui est également concernée par ce système de tarification, la théorie économique n'offre pas tous les outils nécessaires à l'estimation du coût marginal social de court terme. Ce travail de recherche propose de pallier cette lacune théorique. Nous avons ainsi proposé des modèles théoriques et empiriques permettant de déterminer le coût marginal d'exploitation des services portuaires ainsi que les coûts marginaux externes des accidents, de la pollution atmosphérique et sonore, et de la congestion dans le port de Saint-Brieuc. Nous nous sommes basés, en particulier, sur les modèles développés pour le transport routier (Jansson, 1994; Lamure, 1990) et sur les hypothèses communément retenues dans l'économie portuaireThe transportation sector is one of the most involved sectors in environmental problems. Therefore, the European Commission advocate, in several papers (White Paper, 1998; Green Paper, 1997), to adopt the marginal social cost pricing taking into account both private (operational costs) and external costs (environmental, congestion and accident costs). The major motivations behind this pricing policy are to improve efficiency and to allow the sector to be developed in a sustainable way. Seaports are also concerned by this pricing approach. However, the economic theory doesn't offer all necessary tools to the evaluation of short-run marginal social costs in seaports. The purpose of this thesis is to palliate this theoretical gap. Thus, we propose theoretical and econometric models permitting to determine operational marginal costs as well as external marginal costs of accidents, atmospheric and noise pollution, and congestion costs in the seaport of Saint-Brieuc. We were based, in particular, on the models developed for the road transport (Jansson, 1994; Lamure, 1990) and on the assumptions commonly retained in port economics
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Martínez, Cevallos Leonel Christian, and Cevallos Leonel Christian Martínez. "Percepción de la automedicación con antibióticos en los usuarios externos en un hospital publico en lima." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2013. http://cybertesis.unmsm.edu.pe/handle/cybertesis/3077.
Full textAbstract:
“PERCEPCIÓN DE LA AUTOMEDICACIÓN CON ANTIBIÓTICOS EN LOS
USUARIOS EXTERNOS DE UN HOSPITAL PÚBLICO EN LIMA PERÚ”
AUTOR: Dr. Leonel Christian Martínez Cevallos
ASESOR: Dr. Eduardo Demetrio Matos Prado
PROBLEMA: ¿Cuál es la percepción sobre la automedicación con antibióticos en los usuarios de consultorio externo del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza?
Hipótesis: Existe relación directa entre el grado de instrucción y la automedicación con antibióticos en los sujetos de estudio. Objetivo: Identificar las percepciones más comunes sobre la automedicación con antibióticos en los usuarios de consultorio externo del HNAL.
MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio tipo encuesta, de carácter prospectivo observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Población: Usuarios de Consultorios Externos del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Lima Perú, a partir del mes de Noviembre del año 2011 en adelante. Muestra: n=369.
RESULTADOS: El 58% de los usuarios se auto medican con antibióticos, el grado de instrucción superior es menos prevalente en quienes se auto medican (38%) comparado con quienes no practican esta actividad (53,8%), (p =0,003). Los síntomas respiratorios fueron la causa más común para la automedicación y el 84,5% consideran a los antibióticos en el tratamiento del resfrío común. También perciben motivos no relacionados al estado de la salud para automedicarse, como tratamiento “Ya conocido”, “Confianza en el personal de la farmacia” o “tiempo prolongado de espera en el hospital previo a la consulta médica”. Los antibióticos más usados en la automedicación son los Betalactámicos, Quinolonas y Aminoglucósidos. Durante la automedicación, el 49,3% acceden a los antibióticos por petición directa y el 33,3% por sugerencia del personal de la farmacia. Durante el consumo de antibióticos sin receta médica, el 89,2% consideran “mejoría de sus síntomas”. CONCLUSIONES: El 58% de los usuarios de consultorio externo del HNAL practica la automedicación con antibióticos, siendo probablemente las infecciones respiratorias, la causa más común, sin embargo se describen otras causas no relacionados al estado de salud, como la “terapia ya conocida”, “confianza en el personal de la farmacia” o “tiempo prolongado de espera antes de la consulta médica” como posibles causas de automedicación. Los grupos de antibióticos más usados para esta práctica fueron los Betalactámicos, Quinolonas y Aminoglucósidos.Tesis de segunda especialidad
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Ojeda, Cunya Junior Alex. "Choques externos y fluctuaciones económicas en Perú: aplicación empírica usando modelos TVP-VAR con volatilidad estocástica." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/14144.
Full textAbstract:
Usamos una familia de modelos de vectores autorregresivos con coeficientes cambiantes en
el tiempo y volatilidad estocástica (TVP-VAR-SV) para estimar el impacto de los choques
externos reales en el producto y la inflación en Perú. Para medir la pertinencia de un modelo
frente a otro usamos técnicas recientes de elección Bayesiana tales como el Criterio de
Información de la Desviación (DIC) y la verosimilitud marginal calculada con el método de
Entropía Cruzada (CE). Los resultados son favorables a los modelos con SV frente a un TVPVAR,
un CVAR o los Regime Switching (RS-VAR). Encontramos como modelo ganador al
que permite solo los interceptos cambiantes en el tiempo y con SV, coincidiendo esto con el
análisis gráfico de los coeficientes estimados, mientras que el modelo CVAR es el que menos
se ajusta a los datos. Asimismo, con las IRFs calculadas para el modelo seleccionado
medimos el impacto que tendría un choque externo positivo en situaciones de alta inflación,
crisis económicas y cambios en la política monetaria, siendo que en períodos de alta
incertidumbre el impacto es más alto que en períodos de calma económica. En cuanto al
modelo CVAR, este subestima la respuesta del crecimiento del PBI y la inflación en períodos
de incertidumbre internacional como 2008 o 2010. Por otra parte, se brinda mayor evidencia
en relación a la participación de los choques externos en la variabilidad de las predicciones
del crecimiento del PBI (9.16% en 1994Q1 y 81.24% en 2017Q1) y la inflación (15.69% en
1994Q1 y 80.23% en 2017Q1) para cada momento en el tiempo, reflejando que cada choque
tiene una mayor o menor importancia de acuerdo al contexto económico en que se halle. Se
describen también los resultados respecto al impacto de otros choques (demanda agregada,
oferta agregada y política monetaria), los cuales afectan al crecimiento del PBI y la inflación
de forma variante en el tiempo. Los resultados son robustos ante cambios en las priors,
cambios en la estructura de rezagos, el orden de las variables, cambios en la variable externa
y cambios en la variable de actividad económica interna.Tesis
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Martínez, Cevallos Leonel Christian. "Percepción de la automedicación con antibióticos en los usuarios externos en un hospital publico en lima." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/3077.
Full textAbstract:
“PERCEPCIÓN DE LA AUTOMEDICACIÓN CON ANTIBIÓTICOS EN LOS
USUARIOS EXTERNOS DE UN HOSPITAL PÚBLICO EN LIMA PERÚ”
AUTOR: Dr. Leonel Christian Martínez Cevallos
ASESOR: Dr. Eduardo Demetrio Matos Prado
PROBLEMA: ¿Cuál es la percepción sobre la automedicación con antibióticos en los usuarios de consultorio externo del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza?
Hipótesis: Existe relación directa entre el grado de instrucción y la automedicación con antibióticos en los sujetos de estudio. Objetivo: Identificar las percepciones más comunes sobre la automedicación con antibióticos en los usuarios de consultorio externo del HNAL.
MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio tipo encuesta, de carácter prospectivo observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Población: Usuarios de Consultorios Externos del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Lima Perú, a partir del mes de Noviembre del año 2011 en adelante. Muestra: n=369.
RESULTADOS: El 58% de los usuarios se auto medican con antibióticos, el grado de instrucción superior es menos prevalente en quienes se auto medican (38%) comparado con quienes no practican esta actividad (53,8%), (p =0,003). Los síntomas respiratorios fueron la causa más común para la automedicación y el 84,5% consideran a los antibióticos en el tratamiento del resfrío común. También perciben motivos no relacionados al estado de la salud para automedicarse, como tratamiento “Ya conocido”, “Confianza en el personal de la farmacia” o “tiempo prolongado de espera en el hospital previo a la consulta médica”. Los antibióticos más usados en la automedicación son los Betalactámicos, Quinolonas y Aminoglucósidos. Durante la automedicación, el 49,3% acceden a los antibióticos por petición directa y el 33,3% por sugerencia del personal de la farmacia. Durante el consumo de antibióticos sin receta médica, el 89,2% consideran “mejoría de sus síntomas”. CONCLUSIONES: El 58% de los usuarios de consultorio externo del HNAL practica la automedicación con antibióticos, siendo probablemente las infecciones respiratorias, la causa más común, sin embargo se describen otras causas no relacionados al estado de salud, como la “terapia ya conocida”, “confianza en el personal de la farmacia” o “tiempo prolongado de espera antes de la consulta médica” como posibles causas de automedicación. Los grupos de antibióticos más usados para esta práctica fueron los Betalactámicos, Quinolonas y Aminoglucósidos.Tesis de segunda especialidad