Relevant bibliographies by topics / External Cost on Utility

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'External Cost on Utility'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "External Cost on Utility"

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Palmer, Karen, and Hadi Dowlatabadi. "Implementing Social Costing in the Electric Utility Industry1." Energy & Environment 4, no. 3 (1993): 197–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9300400301.

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Social costing refers to the regulatory practice of requiring electric utilities to incorporate external costs into utility decision making. This practice is being adopted by a growing number of state public utility commissions (PUCs). The effectiveness of this new regulatory approach in reducing the social costs of supplying electricity will depend on the range of utility decisions covered. We use a utility planning model and illustrative estimtes of environmental costs to analyze the implications of different social costing regimes for generation technology choice, social and private costs of electricity supply and electricity price. Due to large differences in private costs across technologies and fuel types, social costing regulation has little or no effect on the utility's investment decisions, dispatch of generators or output price for many of the external cost estimates considered. Applying social costing exclusively to new generating units could result in increased use of existing units and higher social cost electricity production.
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Papatheofanis, Frank J., Erin Williams, and Steven D. Chang. "COST-UTILITY ANALYSIS OF THE CYBERKNIFE SYSTEM FOR METASTATIC SPINAL TUMORS." Neurosurgery 64, suppl_2 (2009): A73—A83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000341205.37067.de.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE Using decision analysis, a cost-utility study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of CyberKnife (Accuray, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in comparison to external beam radiation therapy in the treatment of metastatic spinal malignancies. METHODS The published literature provided evidence on the effectiveness of the comparator interventions in the absence of primary outcomes data. Costs of care were derived from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services fee schedules. A Markov model was constructed from the payer perspective to simulate the outcomes of patients undergoing nonchemotherapeutic interventions for metastatic spinal tumors. Because cancer therapies bear significant health and economic consequences, the impact of treatment-related toxicities was integrated into the model. Given the terminal nature of these conditions and the limited life expectancy of the patient population, the time horizon for the analysis was limited to 12 months. RESULTS Patients treated with CyberKnife SRS gained an additional net health benefit of 0.08 quality-adjusted life year; the calculated cost of CyberKnife SRS was $1933 less than external beam radiation therapy for comparable effectiveness. The incremental cost per benefit for this strategy ($41 500 per quality-adjusted life year) met payers' willingness-to-pay criteria. CONCLUSION Cost-utility analysis demonstrated that CyberKnife SRS was a superior, cost-effective primary intervention for patients with metastatic spinal tumors compared with conventional external beam radiation therapy.
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Zhang, Zi-Yun, Fang-Le Peng, Chen-Xiao Ma, Hui Zhang, and Su-Juan Fu. "External Benefit Assessment of Urban Utility Tunnels Based on Sustainable Development." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (2021): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020900.

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Urban utility tunnels (UUTs) can have great external benefits in terms of social and environmental aspects for the sustainable development of a city. However, the high initial construction cost has been the main obstacle to the promotion of UUT projects for a long time. Although several evaluation methods for the benefits of UUTs have been proposed, most of them focus on the cost assessment during the construction period and are limited in terms of their scientificity, the feasibility of the valuation methodology and the comprehensiveness of external categories. The external benefit assessment of UUTs during their service life remains lacking, leading to an incomplete insight into UUT projects. Therefore, a scientific evaluation method of the long-term external benefits of UUTs is still needed from the perspective of urban sustainable development. This paper proposes a composite market price method to carry out a simple but systematic evaluation of the positive externalities of UUTs in monetary terms. Detailed instructions on the operation of the method are also elucidated to further improve its practicability. The feasibility and validity of the method is then demonstrated through a case study of the UUT project in Xiong’an New Area, China. It is also concluded that UUTs can benefit all social subjects and that a classification of externalities based on different social subjects can foster better development and broader support for the implementation of UUTs.
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Karhade, Aditya, and John Kwon. "Cost-Utility Analyses in Foot & Ankle Surgery." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, no. 3 (2018): 2473011418S0028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00283.

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Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: Orthopedic surgery lies at the forefront of the initiative to deliver value-based care. As a result, cost utility analyses have gained increased importance in the orthopedic literature. While other authors have previously reviewed the quality of US-based cost-utility analyses in orthopedic trauma, spine, sports, and arthroplasty, a similar analysis specific to foot and ankle surgery has not been performed. As such, the practicing foot and ankle surgeon does not yet have a comprehensive analysis of the available cost-utility analyses or the quality of the available evidence. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of cost-utility analyses in foot and ankle surgery. Methods: A systematic review of foot and ankle studies was conducted to identify cost-utility based analyses published between 2000 and 2017. Of 687 studies screened by abstract, eight cost-utility foot and ankle studies were identified that met inclusion criteria and were scored by the Quality of Health Economic Studies instrument for overall quality. Results: Of the eight studies that met inclusion criteria, four were published in the U.S. Regarding topic, three examined end-stage arthritis, two examined diabetic foot ulcers, two examined ankle fractures and one examined ankle sprains. Cost-effective interventions identified by these studies included total ankle arthroplasty over ankle fusion or nonoperative treatment, adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy for diabetic foot ulcers, suture button fixation over syndesmotic screws for unstable supination-external rotation type IV ankle fractures, and below knee cast and fracture boot immobilization over tubular bandages for acute severe ankle sprains respectively. The mean Quality of Health Economic Studies scores for these studies was 81.9 with interquartile range, 25th percentile score of 74.8 to 75th percentile score of 86. Conclusion: Despite the increasing focus on value-based care delivery, there are few foot and ankle cost-utility analyses in the current literature. Nonetheless, the quality of existing analyses is high as rated by the Quality of Health Economic Studies and certain interventions have been identified as cost-effective as highlighted above. The findings of this review can be used to help design future analyses in order to best demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of foot and ankle interventions.
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Karhade, Aditya V., and John Y. Kwon. "Cost-Utility Analyses in US Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgery: A Systematic Review." Foot & Ankle Specialist 11, no. 6 (2018): 548–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1938640018782588.

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Background. While investigations have been performed examining the quality of US-based cost-utility analyses for other orthopaedic subspecialties and have provided important insights, a similar analysis has not been performed examining the foot and ankle literature. Methods. A systematic review of foot and ankle studies was conducted to identify cost-utility analyses published between 2000 and 2017. Of 687 studies screened by abstract, 4 cost-utility studies were identified and scored by the Quality of Health Economic Studies instrument. Results. Of these 4 studies, 3 examined end-stage arthritis and 1 examined unstable ankle fractures. Cost-effective interventions identified by these studies included the performance of total ankle arthroplasty over ankle arthrodesis or nonoperative treatment for end-stage arthritis and suture button fixation over syndesmotic screws for unstable supination–external rotation ankle fractures. The mean Quality of Health Economic Studies scores for these studies was 87.5. Conclusion. Despite the increasing focus on value-based care delivery in the United States, there are few foot and ankle cost-utility analyses. Nonetheless, the quality of existing analyses is high. Certain interventions have been identified as cost-effective as highlighted above and the findings of this review can be used to help design future analyses in order to best demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of foot and ankle interventions. Levels of Evidence: Level III: Systematic Review of level III studies
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Quiroga, Cesar, David Ford, Timothy Taylor, Stanley Kranc, and Edgar Kraus. "Construction Specification Framework for Utility Installations." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2060, no. 1 (2008): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2060-18.

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Utility accommodation policies nationwide contain requirements for the accommodation, location, installation, relocation, and maintenance of utility facilities on the state right-of-way. The policies normally cover basic requirements, making it necessary to use additional specifications and special provisions to handle situations not covered by the policies. Frequently, because of the lack of standard utility installation construction specifications at transportation agencies, many different versions of special specifications and special provisions exist. Closely related to the need to standardize construction specifications for utility installations is the need to standardize methodologies and procedures for determining the cost of utility relocation. This lack of standardization translates into difficulties such as how to verify the validity of the cost data submitted for reimbursement and how to prepare adequately for audits and other internal and external inquiries. This paper summarizes the work completed to develop a prototype framework of construction specification requirements for utility installations, with a focus on water, sanitary sewer, and communication specifications. The specification framework includes five groups of specifications: earth work, pipes and boxes, appurtenances, other, and general (including specifications such as mobilization and traffic control, which highway construction contracts typically include but are also relevant to the utility relocation process). The framework uses tables that summarize the main characteristics of proposed new and modified standard specifications and includes a listing of pay items, subsidiary items, and corresponding measurement units. The framework also includes specification requirements.
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Mugabi, Josses, Sam Kayaga, Ian Smout, and Cyrus Njiru. "Determinants of customer decisions to pay utility water bills promptly." Water Policy 12, no. 2 (2009): 220–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.096.

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Cost recovery is a prerequisite for sustainable water service provision. For water utilities, one of the key determinants of overall cost recovery efficiency is the ability to recover payment, within a reasonable timeframe, for all the water bills sent to customers. This study used empirical data, obtained through a cross-sectional survey in eight small urban centres in Uganda, to establish the determinants of customer decisions to pay utility water bills promptly. Regression analysis on the data showed that customer attitude towards prompt payment, perceived ease or difficulty of paying on time (perceived control), as well as social pressure, strongly influence intentions to pay, which in turn directly affects actual prompt bill payment behaviour. The results also show that attitudes towards prompt payment are informed by perceptions of benefits and sacrifices associated with the behaviour, while social pressure is perceived to come from family members, neighbours and the utility itself. Perceived control was found to reflect both internal and external impediments to prompt bill payment, many of which relate to service issues that are within the control of water utility managers.
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Dirks, James A., and Clement J. Chiang. "Optimizing the Value-to-Cost Ratio for Central Receiver Electric Power Plants." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 111, no. 3 (1989): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268307.

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Typically, solar thermal power plants are designed to minimize the levelized energy cost. However, to maximize the benefit of a solar plant and, hence, maximize the wealth of an investor or a utility, a solar plant should be designed and operated with the objective of maximizing the value-to-cost ratio. This paper describes a value and cost analysis of solar central receiver power plants using molten salt external receiver technology. These plants were assumed to operate within the service area of the Southern California Edison Company. The SOLERGY computer code was used to simulate the performance of the solar plants using 1984 weather data for Barstow, California. A value-maximizing dispatch strategy that uses thermal storage to shift operation of the turbine from nonpeak demand periods to the utility’s peak demand period, is shown to greatly increase the value of a solar central receiver power plant with little increase in the levelized energy cost. Results are presented as functions of storage capacity, type of dispatch strategy, size of the field relative to the turbine, and turbine size.
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MH, Dr Karim, Seied Beniamin Hosseini, Dr Ayesha Farooq, Hossein (Adib) Arab, and Ali Takroosta. "A Strategic Review on Economic Dispatch Distribution and Environmental Considerations." Restaurant Business 118, no. 12 (2019): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/rb.v118i12.13211.

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Power systems contain four generic parts, including production, transmission, dispatch distribution, and consumption. Generally, dispatch distribution between powerhouses modelled with the goal of minimisation in utilisation cost. However, Environmental concerns were given more attention to powerhouse emissions such as SO2, CO2 and NO cause to investigate modelling in recent researches. However consideration of the objectives of fuel cost and emission value in the dispatch distribution problems known as the eco-environmental dispatch distribution. Although Due to the paradox between the reduction of utility costs and external costs, different methods used.
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Belo, Frederico, Xiaoji Lin, and Fan Yang. "External Equity Financing Shocks, Financial Flows, and Asset Prices." Review of Financial Studies 32, no. 9 (2018): 3500–3543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhy128.

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Abstract We develop a dynamic model with time variation in external equity financing costs and show that variation in these costs is important for the model to quantitatively capture the joint dynamics of firms’ asset prices, real quantities, and financial flows in the U.S. economy. Growth firms and high investment firms are less risky in equilibrium, because they can substitute more easily debt financing for equity financing when it becomes more costly to raise external equity, which are high marginal utility states. Using a model-implied proxy of aggregate equity issuance cost shocks, we provide empirical support for the model’s economic mechanism. Received August 7, 2017; editorial decision September 24, 2018 by Editor Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "External Cost on Utility"

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Vanhook, Patricia M. "Cost-Utility Analysis/Cost Effectiveness of Nursing Care." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7432.

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Vasiliadis, Helen-Maria. "A cost-effectiveness and cost-utility study of lung transplants /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84852.

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Introduction. Lung recipients are faced with life-threatening complications which may impede in reaching an acceptable overall clinical and HRQOL level. Furthermore, the reported costs associated with the rigid follow-up care and expensive drug regimen raises the question whether this intervention is cost-effective.<br>Objectives. To determine the incremental cost-effectiveness (C/E) and cost-utility (C/U) of lung transplantation (L-Tx) according to the health system perspective.<br>Methods. A C/E and C/U analysis of L-Tx was carried out on 124 patients accepted unto the Quebec L-Tx waiting list (1997--2001). Survival was presented in mean life years (LY). HRQOL and utility were assessed using the SF-36 and standard gamble; they were studied cross-sectionally and longitudinally on a group of patients. Utility was used in the computation of the QALY. The economic impact of L-Tx was based on direct medical costs for 3 time periods: the waiting list, the transplant procedure and post-transplant phase. In the incremental C/E and C/U ratio, the costs for the procedure and follow-up care were compared to those during the waiting list, which served as an estimate for costs without transplantation. Estimates were modeled beyond the study period based on registry data. Simulating different person-time experiences during the waiting time (1 to 6 years) and post-transplant phase (1 to 8 years) tested key assumptions. Costs were based on provincial and national data and were discounted at a rate of 5%.<br>Results. The estimates were based on the 1,090.0 and 1,421.5 person-months contributed by the cohort (N = 124) to the waiting list and post-transplant phase (N = 91), respectively. The mean LYs and QALYs gained were 0.57 (95% CI: 0.36--0.78) and 0.62 (95% CI: 0.36--0.78), respectively. HRQOL was higher on average for all domains in lung recipients versus candidates. Utility scores were also higher in recipients as compared to candidates: 0.76 (95% CI: 0.69, 0.83) versus 0.17 (95% CI: 0.12, 0.22). The estimated total average cost per patient without Tx was $15,015 or $1,708 (95% CI: $1,327--$2,090) per month. The L-Tx program induced an additional screening cost of $9,622 per patient. The average cost of a transplant procedure was $49,314 (95% CI: $39,216--$69,465). The average post-Tx follow-up cost per patient per month in the first, second, third and fourth year was $2,804 ($1,840--$3,792), $1,643 ($1,090--$2,291), $1,749 ($804--$2,690) and $971 ($768--$1,175), respectively.
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Balli, Umut. "Utility Accrual Real-Time Scheduling Under Variable Cost Functions." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34358.

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We present a utility accrual real-time scheduling algorithm called CIC-VCUA, for tasks whose execution times are functions of their starting times. We model such variable execution times employing variable cost functions (or VCFs). The algorithm considers application activities that are subject to time/utility function time constraints (or TUFs), execution times de- scribed using VCFs, and concurrent, mutually exclusive sharing of non-CPU resources. We consider the multi-criteria scheduling objective of (1) assuring that the maximum interval between any two consecutive, successful completions of jobs of a task must not exceed a specified upper bound, and (2) maximizing the system's total accrued utility, while satis- fying mutual exclusion resource constraints. Since the scheduling problem is intractable, CIC-VCUA statically computes worst-case sojourn times of tasks, selects tasks for execution based on their potential utility density, and completes them at specific times, in polynomial- time. We establish that CIC-VCUA achieves optimal timeliness during under-loads. Further, we identify the conditions under which timeliness assurances hold. Our simulation experi- ments illustrate CIC-VCUA's effectiveness and superiority.<br>Master of Science
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Neto, NapoleÃo Moura Dias. "Study of cost-effectiveness and cost-utility antihypertensive drugs used in hiperdia peaked - PI." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4226.

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nÃo hÃ<br>Hypertension is a major cause of cardiovascular disease and study the costeffectiveness and cost-utility of anti-hypertensive drugs are rare in Brazil. This paper is a study of type pharmacoeconomic cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis of patients enrolled in the program HiperDia the municipality of Picos â PI in the period 20/8/2009 to 30/10/2009. We analyzed the direct costs of treatment, considering only the price of antiretroviral drugs, the effectiveness as measured by mean reduction in blood pressure in mm Hg and the utility measured by the degree of patient satisfaction with treatment. The patients chosen were registered in HiperDia by these make use of standard drugs for the program. The patient underwent a questionnaire and during the interview was checked for blood pressure, and compared with the initial blood pressure of patients registered in a standardized form to register for the program HiperDia.Com on the data obtained were analyzed pharmacoeconomic cost effectiveness-checking the percentage of patients who had controlled BP <140 mmHg/90 mmHg; percentage of patients who changed their stage of hypertension in the transition matrix, the sum of changes in SBP and DBP between the entry into the program and the status and cost-utility with the percentage of patients who reported a marked improvement with treatment. Propranolol that although fewer prescription was better than the costeffectiveness and cost-utility, when combined with HCTZ came to have the best performance in the transition matrix, with the largest number of patients with some level of improvement in hypertension.<br>A hipertensÃo à uma das principais causas de doenÃas cardiovasculares, e o estudo sobre custo-efetividade e custo-utilidade de medicamentos antihipertensivos à raro no Brasil. Neste trabalho, à realizado um estudo farmacoeconÃmico do tipo custo-efetividade e custo-utilidade de pacientes cadastrados no programa HiperDia, no municÃpio de Picos â PI, no perÃodo de 20/8/2009 a 30/10/2009. Foram analisados os custos diretos do tratamento, considerando apenas o preÃo dos medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, a efetividade medida pela reduÃÃo mÃdia da pressÃo arterial em mmHg e a utilidade medida pelo grau de satisfaÃÃo dos pacientes ao tratamento. Os pacientes escolhidos eram cadastrados no HiperDia em virtude de fazerem uso de medicamentos padronizados pelo programa. O paciente foi submetido a um questionÃrio fechado e no momento da entrevista foi verificada a sua pressÃo arterial, sendo comparada com a pressÃo arterial inicial do paciente registrado em ficha padronizada ao se cadastrar no programa HiperDia. Com base nos dados obtidos, foram analisados farmacoeconomicamente o custo-efetividade, verificando o percentual de pacientes que tiveram a PA controlada < 140 mmHg/90 mmHg; percentual de pacientes que mudaram de estÃgio de hipertensÃo na matriz de transiÃÃo; soma da variaÃÃo da PAS e da PAD entre a entrada no programa e a condiÃÃo atual e anÃlise de custo-utilidade com percentual de pacientes que declararam uma melhora acentuada com o tratamento. O propranolol, embora tenha um menor nÃmero de prescriÃÃo, apresentou o melhor resultado de custo-efetividade e custo-utilidade quando combinado com o HCTZ, vindo a ter o melhor desempenho na matriz de transiÃÃo, com o maior nÃmero de pacientes com alguma melhora de nÃvel de hipertensÃo. Palavras-chave: Farmacoeconomia; Anti-hipertensivos; Custo-efetividade;
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Taylor, Matthew J. "Experimental insights to improve utility measurement for use in cost-utility analysis of health care provision." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432516.

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Suksiriserekul, Somchai. "The cost-utility analysis of some Thai public health programmes." Thesis, University of York, 1994. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9822/.

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Scarparo, Simona. "The role and utility of cost information in medical audit." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23181.

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The aim of this thesis is to investigate issues arising from the integration of accounting and medicine. The setting for this is medical audit. The area of medical audit is an interesting field for investigation. It provides a research setting which reflects the tensions and divergences between, on the one hand, the intentions and concerns of the medical profession and, on the other, the aims of the managerial and accounting reforms in health care, which the British government has implemented in the last two decades. The intention is to investigate whether medical audit can be considered as an appropriate area in which the interaction of management accounting methods and clinical practice may contribute to a closer collaboration among accountants and clinicians. Accounting has the potential to play an important though non traditional role in developing constructive financial information which places less emphasis on control and more on contributing to a cost effective clinical service design and treatment process. To achieve this, accountants have to appreciate clinical decision-making process procedures and objectives, so that appropriate information can be supplied, in the context form and at the correct time. This study uses the medical audit as the setting for assessing whether accounting information can contribute to improving both the quality of care and its cost effectiveness. The aim of this study is therefore to ascertain the extent of potential interest in accounting, particularly in cost accounting, by clinicians. This issue reveals a paradoxical element in clinicians’ behaviour, which requires explanation, Kilpatrick <i>et al</i>. discloses a scenario, which presents inconsistencies in the pattern of clinicians’ behaviour (Kilpatrick K., Lapsley I., Mitchell F., 1998).
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Youssef, Mohammed Ali. "An examination of the utility of Microsoft.net in intergrating ERP with external systems." Thesis, University of East London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532671.

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Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software systems have been gaining increasing prominence in recent times and are now regarded as one of the most important components of the corporate IT infrastructure. Indeed, in organisations where they are installed, ERP systems usually form the centre of this infrastructure. Being at the centre of a wider system consisting of several software components, ERPs usually need to be integrated with the other enterprise software solutions around them. This research examined the role that Microsoft . NET technology can play in such an integration process. This examination mainly took place through a real-life case study which involved the implementation of an integration project. The purpose of the project was to integrate an ERP system installed in a manufacturing company with an e-commerce website that was being developed to enable the company to sell its products online. The project required the two systems to be integrated so that prices on the website would be sourced directly from the ERP system and that any orders placed on the website would be sent directly into the ERP. Through the above case study, Microsoft . NET's potential role in facilitating the integration of ERP systems with external applications was analysed, resulting in a critical evaluation of the effectiveness of NET for ERP-based integration projects including conclusions on the suitability of the technology for this purpose as well as its advantages and shortcomings. In terms of research questions, the purpose of this research was to answer the following: 1) Is the Microsoft . NET platform a suitable technology to use in integrating small to mid-sized ERP systems with external third party applications and systems within an SME context? 2) How does Microsoft. NET compare with other technologies for this purpose? The conclusion that was reached was that Microsoft NET can, in fact, significantly facilitate ERP integration projects and that the technology provides several features that make it of particular use for this purpose: " Unrivalled support for Web Services and XML. "A very extensive class library providing a huge number of ready-made components. " An industry-leading development tool in Visual Studio. NET. " Inherent security features that reduce the burden on developers to secure applications. " Support for most programming languages as well as support for the use of several different languages within the same project. Furthermore, a comparison of NET with J2EE as an enabler of ERP integration with external applications reached the conclusion that NET would, in the majority of cases, constitute the better option within an SME context for the following reasons: " Faster development of projects in most cases, thereby putting less strain on the generally fewer resources available to smaller companies. " Closer integration of NET with Windows operating systems and software, with Windows being generally more popular amongst smaller companies. However, it was also concluded that in the case of ERP integration projects for larger organisations, J2EE would usually be the more suitable choice since it was found to be more suited than NET to the heterogeneous IT infrastructures generally found in such organisations. As well as evaluating NET as an enabler of ERP integration, a further contribution to knowledge that this research presented was a novel architecture that can be used to facilitate the integration of ERP systems with external applications and potentially also the integration of all of a company's systems through their ERP. This novel architecture involved using a dedicated Web Services server that would expose the functionality and data of the ERP and would constitute a central integration hub.
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Vanhook, Patricia M. "Cost-Utility Analysis: A Method of Quantifying the Value of Registered Nurses." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7454.

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Cost-utility analysis is one method of determining the cost effectiveness of nursing interventions. It is heralded by the World Health Organization as the measure to determine allocation of resources. This method of measurement includes calculation of both the cost of quality-adjusted life years (QALY) and the cost of disability-adjusted life years (DALY). The purpose of this article is to present cost-utility analysis as a relevant measure for describing the value of registered nurses. First the article will present a short overview of cost effectiveness, along with a discussion of two cost-effectiveness measures, cost-effective analysis and cost-utility analysis. Then the measurement of quality-adjusted life years and disability-adjusted life years will be presented. The article will conclude by challenging nurses to develop cost-utility analyses into a meaningful and useful methodology that can provide nursing with a process to measure the economic outcomes of our nursing interventions.
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Einvall, John. "Cost effectiveness evaluation of external maintenance supplier utilization: a case study." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-43746.

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In order to maintain the quality in a system it is important to be aware of the effects of the maintenance and how it is structured. The cost effectiveness of a system is measured with respect to the reliability, availability and maintainability (RAM) and the total life cycle cost (LCC). Integrated Logistic Support (ILS) is a method used for designing a maintenance solution for a system. The ILS identifies maintenance actions needed for maintaining the system ability to operate at a certain level. Maintenance actions are usually performed by both internal and external suppliers. The use of external suppliers can be connected to changes in the RAM and total LCC for the system. This study is developing a method for calculating the cost effectiveness of a system with respect to both RAM and LCC and focusing on the utilization of external maintenance suppliers. The method is calculating a cost effectiveness index which is useable for comparing different maintenance solutions with each other. The cost effectiveness index is also useable for investigating how changes in the input values are affecting the cost effectiveness of a system. The developed method was tested in a real logistic maintenance structure in a case study at the company Combitech AB. The results showed that the RAM values were not changing linear to the LCC. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the possible cost increase when the RAM maybe is unaffected. The main conclusion of the study is that it is important to be aware of the importance of how both the RAM and LCC is changing when the input values are changing. A further conclusion is the importance of equally comparing different systems or maintenance solutions in order to secure the reliability of the comparison.<br>För att upprätthålla kvaliteten i ett system är det viktigt att vara medveten om hur underhållet och dess struktur påverkar resultatet. Kostnadseffektiviteten i ett system är uppdelad i tillförlitlighet, tillgänglighet, underhållsmässighet (RAM) och de totala livs cykel kostnaderna (LCC). Integrerat Logistikstöd (ILS) är en metod för att utveckla en underhållslösning för ett system. ILS identifierar de underhållsåtgärder som behövs för att systemet ska kunna upprätthålla sin förmåga att leverera enligt en förutbestämd nivå. Dessa underhållsåtgärder kan utföras av både interna och externa underhållsleverantörer. Användandet av externa leverantörer kan ha koppling till förändringar i både RAM och de totala LCC för ett system.   Denna studie utvecklar en metod som beräknar kostnadseffektiviteten för ett system med avseende på både RAM och LCC och fokuserar på utnyttjandet av externa underhållsleverantörer. Metoden beräknar ett kostnadseffektivitetsindex som kan användas för att jämföra olika underhållslösningar med varandra. Kostnadseffektivitetsindexet är också användbart för att undersöka hur ändringar i olika ingångsvärden påverkar systemets totala kostnadseffektivitet. Den utvecklade metoden testades i en verklig logistikstruktur i en fallstudie på företaget Combitech AB. Resultaten visade att värdena RAM inte varierade linjärt relaterat till LCC värdena. Därför är det viktigt att vara medveten om att kostaderna kan öka utan att effektiviteten i systemet gör det. Huvudslutsatsen i denna studie är att det är viktigt att vara medveten om hur både RAM och LCC förändras när ingångsvärdena ändras. Ytterligare en slutsats är att det är avgörande att jämföra olika system eller underhållslösningar på samma sätt för att jämförelsen ska vara tillförlitlig.
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Books on the topic "External Cost on Utility"

1

Stoll, Harry G. Least-cost electric utility planning. Wiley, 1989.

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Moskovitz, David. Least cost planning and utility earnings. National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners], 1989.

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Wan, Yih-huei. Distributed utility technology cost, performance, and environmental characteristics. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1995.

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White, Anthony G. Least-cost planning, utility industry sources: A selected bibliography. Vance Bibliographies, 1990.

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McCoy, Gilbert A. Applying electrical utility least-cost approaches to transportation planning. Washington State Energy Office, 1994.

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Epaulard, Anne. Recursive utility, endogenous growth, and the welfare cost of volatility. International Monetary Fund, IMF Institute, 2001.

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Goldman, Charles. Least-cost planning in the utility sector: Progress and challenges. Edited by Hirst Eric, Krause Florentin 1950-, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Energy Division., and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Applied Science Division. United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Buildings and Community Systems, 1989.

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Gerard, Karen. A review of cost utility studies: Assessing their policy-making relevance. Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, 1991.

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The cost of war: British policy on French war debts, 1918-1932. Sussex Academic Press, 1998.

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Berry, Linda. Recent accomplishments of the U.S. Department of Energy's least-cost utility planning program. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "External Cost on Utility"

1

Peterson, Donald C., and Daniel M. Violette. "Environmental Externalities in Utility Planning." In External Environmental Costs of Electric Power. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76712-8_22.

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Chernick, Paul, and Emily Caverhill. "The Valuation of Environmental Externalities in Utility Regulation." In External Environmental Costs of Electric Power. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76712-8_9.

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Franklin, Matthew. "Cost Utility Analysis." In Mental Health Economics. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55266-8_6.

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Johannesson, Magnus. "Cost-Utility Analysis." In Developments in Health Economics and Public Policy. Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6822-0_10.

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Stanton, Thomas. "Least Cost Utility Planning." In Applications of Decision-Aiding Software. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12498-5_2.

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Nahler, Gerhard. "cost/utility analysis (CUA)." In Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine. Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89836-9_312.

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Mishan, E. J., and Euston Quah. "Introduction to external effects." In Cost-Benefit Analysis. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351029780-16.

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Newman, Peter. "Cost Minimization and Utility Maximization." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_476.

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Newman, Peter. "Cost Minimization and Utility Maximization." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_476-1.

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Newman, Peter. "Cost Minimization and Utility Maximization." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_476-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "External Cost on Utility"

1

Jenco, John M., Donna R. Keck, and Gary L. Johnson. "Managing the Cost of Plant Piping System Leakage." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22193.

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Recent studies have shown that the average annual cost impact of external piping system leakage on commercial nuclear plant operations and maintenance can easily range into the millions of dollars for each reactor unit. Evidence suggests that this significant O&amp;M cost reduction opportunity has largely been overlooked, due to the number of diverse line items and budget areas affected. Results released last year from an EPRI pilot study of more than a dozen reactor units at seven plant sites operated by multiple utilities found that the average annual cost impact was indeed around $1.6 million per year per unit. Subsequent field experience has also demonstrated that an effective fluid leak management program can substantially reduce these costs within the first three years of implementation. This paper presents the general cost impact research results from various studies, outlines key elements of an effective plant fluid leak management program, discusses important implementation issues, and presents results from case studies covering different utility approaches to developing and implementing an effective fluid leak management program. Actual cost data will be included where appropriate.
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Vandervort, Christian L., Mohammed R. Bary, Larry E. Stoddard, and Steven T. Higgins. "Externally-Fired Combined Cycle Repowering of Existing Steam Plants." In ASME 1993 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/93-gt-359.

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The Externally-Fired Combined Cycle (EFCC) is an attractive emerging technology for powering high efficiency combined gas and steam turbine cycles with coal or other ash bearing fuels. The key near-term market for the EFCC is likely to be repowering of existing coal fueled power generation units. Repowering with an EFCC system offers utilities the ability to improve efficiency of existing plants by 25 to 60 percent, while doubling generating capacity. Repowering can be accomplished at a capital cost half that of a new facility of similar capacity. Furthermore, the EFCC concept does not require complex chemical processes, and is therefore very compatible with existing utility operating experience. In the EFCC, the heat input to the gas turbine is supplied indirectly through a ceramic heat exchanger. The heat exchanger, coupled with an atmospheric coal combustor and auxiliary components, replaces the conventional gas turbine combustor. Addition of a steam bottoming plant and exhaust cleanup system completes the combined cycle. A conceptual design has been developed for EFCC repowering of an existing reference plant which operates with a 48 MW steam turbine at a net plant efficiency of 25 percent. The repowered plant design uses a General Electric LM6000 gas turbine package in the EFCC power island. Topping the existing steam plant with the coal fueled EFCC improves efficiency to nearly 40 percent. The capital cost of this upgrade is 1,090/kW. When combined with the high efficiency, the low cost of coal, and low operation and maintenance costs, the resulting cost of electricity is competitive for base load generation.
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Rao, J. S., J. Neelima, and G. Srikanth. "A Technoeconomic Comparison of IGCC Power Plants With Cold Gas Cleanup and Hot Gas Cleanup Units Using Indian Coals." In International Joint Power Generation Conference collocated with TurboExpo 2003. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2003-40018.

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Bulk of CO2 emission comes from thermal power generation, which constitutes about 63% of total installed capacity of around 101.6 GWe. The policy makers and power utilities are increasingly favoring the introduction of clean coal technologies, which release less pollutants viz. CO2, NOx and SOx than the conventional thermal plants and have potential to operate at higher efficiencies above 42–44%. Among the clean coal technologies, Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) is being considered the most promising because of higher thermal efficiencies and improved environmental performance. IGCC has the added advantage of removing sulphur pollutants in bed using sorbent as against expensive external post combustion flue gas desulphurisation systems. It is proposed to set up 100MWe-demonstration plant for proving the emission standards and performance prior to commercialization. This plant is based on Frame 6 FA gas turbine designed for low Btu gas firing. The Paper presents the technical parameters and compares the overall project cost of 100MWe IGCC plant for both Cold gas cleanup unit (CGCU) and Hot gas cleanup unit (HGCU), which comprises of Gasification Island, power block, and balance of plant. Being first of kind the project cost is higher and the project cost is likely to get reduced for utility scale of 425 MW IGCC plants in future.
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Vant-Hull, Lorin L. "The Role of “Allowable Flux Density” in the Design and Operation of Molten-Salt Solar Central Receivers." In ASME 2001 Solar Engineering: International Solar Energy Conference (FORUM 2001: Solar Energy — The Power to Choose). American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sed2001-147.

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Abstract In the 1980’s, the Utility Study [Hilesland and Harder, 1988] identified the external cylindrical molten-salt-in-tube receiver with a surround heliostat field as the most cost effective and practical design for commercial applications. Such designs typically require 50–1000 MW of design-point thermal power at outlet temperatures around 1050 °F (565 °C). Using computer codes such as RCELL [Lipps and Vant-Hull, 1981] or DELSOL [Kistler, 1987] it is straightforward to design an optical system to meet these requirements, defining the smallest receiver (lower cost and thermal losses) and the most cost effective heliostat field. As the performance of heliostats in the anti-sun locations is better, such fields tend to be biased (in the northern hemisphere) to the north side of the receiver, and produce very high flux densities there; typically 2–5 MW/m2. However, the receiver is typicaly limited to a salt velocity and temperature dependent allowable flux density (AFD) of about 1 MW/m2. Design methods to reduce this peak flux to a nominally acceptable value in a cost effective manner are presented. Residual excess flux events under non-nominal conditions are handled by a real-time processor which selects specific heliostats for removal from track. This same processor is used to preheat the receiver, using a special algorithm to define the required flux density.
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Herrera, Guillermo A., Geoffrey P. McKnight, Xiujie Gao, Nancy Johnson, and Alan L. Browne. "Use of Intrinsic Electrical Resistance Changes in Shape Memory Alloys as Robust Actuator State and Fault Detection Sensors." In ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-5000.

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Shape memory alloy (SMA) used as electrically controlled on-demand actuators provide engineers new opportunities to create lighter automated components and devices in vehicles due to their compact size, silent operation, and inherently low mass. Outstanding and critical issues are cost-effective and robust control and protection of the SMA actuator element within the device to achieve long lasting service. SMA responds autonomously to external conditions such as temperature and stress and exhibit many property changes during excitation, but many current devices only use SMA as compact actuators; not making use of their intrinsic sensing capabilities. Inherent SMA property changes during use can provide significant utility for improved optimal control strategies. The motivation for this work is to create a robust control method for electrically controlled SMA actuation to simplify device implementation and improve reliability by using intrinsic material property changes. The current work demonstrates the use of electrical resistance feedback in an integrated controller to allow reduction of parasitic mass, cost, and complexity in 2-position devices. Using signal processing and algorithm logic states, we create virtual sensors that successfully identify start of the actuation, end of actuation, reset, and stress overload events. Using electrical resistance to sense the start of actuation allows successful/repeatable performance over a wide range of environmental conditions. Sensing the end of actuation and reset readiness prevents overheating and allows for shorter actuation cycle times, respectively without additional position and state sensors. While many previous efforts have examined the use of resistance in control schemes, one critical need not addressed in previous controllers is the ability to detect stress overload of the SMA during excitation. To protect against unintentional blocked deployment, many current devices include bulky mechanical overload protection systems that prevent stress spikes and SMA damage accumulation. Using resistance feedback, we demonstrate the detection of stress overloads thus extending device lifetime without the need for external mechanisms. The time derivative of the electrical resistance, logic state of the controller, and detection and use of peak/valley widths and thresholds define control events. These events become software based sensors that can augment or replace dedicated external sensors. Software based sensors were successfully employed to control an SMA wire actuator under various environmental temperatures and stress conditions. The control algorithm is not affected to changes in electrical contact resistance, material degradation and other noise sources yielding a powerful method for simple control of two position SMA devices without the need of external sensors.
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Furukawa, Masaru. "Database Agile Management Dependent on MIS Infrastructure." In 2001 Informing Science Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2427.

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Today agility of management cannot be realized unless given all of the following three kinds of quickness: a) quick recognition of environmental changes, b) quick decision-making on countermeasures against these changes, and c) quick implementation of the countermeasures chosen. In the business world nowadays the quickness of a) concerns information that an MIS deals with, the quickness of b) concerns use of an MIS for decision-making, and the quickness of c) concerns change of an MIS itself. With a focus on c) and assuming that flexibility is a core property that an MIS should acquire to realize agile management, our study aims to clarify how MIS flexibility should be enhanced. With this aim in mind, we will survey the sources and types of change demands on an MIS and consider in a structured way the characteristics that an MIS should have, such that they will conduce to its flexibility in dealing with these change demands. Having laid the groundwork mentioned so far, we will discuss practical methods to enhance MIS flexibility, and end by presenting our evaluation procedure for MIS flexibility. In this paper, we have focused on and presented the following: the causes of change demands on an MIS, the internal and ex external factors that an MIS should maintain to cope with change demands, and the procedure for evaluation of MIS flexibility via analysis of the relationship between the internal and external factors. Specifically, we have elucidated the following: • MIS flexibility is an index of the ability of an MIS to absorb future change demands on it. • MIS flexibility can be evaluated quantitatively in terms of the substitute index of POC (penalty of change). • MIS flexibility consists of internal and external factors. Evaluation of external factors focuses on the volume of change demands an MIS can absorb, and evaluation of internal factors focuses on the variety of strategies to evade change risks. We have treated POC as a common index to evaluate the two categories of MIS flexibility factors. • External factors of MIS flexibility are constrained by internal factors. • Renovation of MIS infrastructure means application of information technology for evasion of change risks accompanying MIS implementation. • Proper renovation of MIS infrastructure will enhance the internal characteristics of MIS flexibility. The challenges confronting us ahead are the detailed and practical studies on the following: • quantitative relationship between each internal and external factor, • behavior of cost and utility of MIS use and MIS infrastructure on the time axis.
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Chen, Hao, Chen Yang, Nana Zhou, Nor Farida Harun, and David Tucker. "Performance Comparison of Internal and External Reforming for Hybrid SOFC-GT Applications by Using 1D Real-Time Fuel Cell Mode." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-91920.

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Abstract Solid oxide fuel cells integrated with gas turbine (SOFC-GT) systems are considered among the most promising power generation units, not only because of the high efficiency, low emissions and carbon capture ability, but also the flexibility to use different kinds of fuels such as natural gas, syngas and biogas directly. In the case of natural gas, Previous researches have demonstrated that solid oxide fuel cells possess the ability to utilize natural gas directly by reforming it inside the anode because of the high operating temperature. But the major problem of internal reforming is that it increases the temperature gradient at the leading edge of fuel cell which may lead to high thermal stress and damage the cells. On the other side, external reforming requires an additional reformer outside of fuel cell, which may increase the investment costs. Also, the amount of air needed to cool the fuel cell is doubled, compared with internal reforming. A full comparison between internal reforming and external reforming of the pressurized SOFC is needed for the hybrids application. In this paper, a real time equilibrium reformer model based on minimization of Gibbs free energy was built to couple with 1D real time solid oxide fuel cell model. An internal on-anode reforming SOFC stack configuration for hybrid SOFC-GT system application was compared with external reforming configurations with 800K, 900K and 1000K reforming temperatures. The results show that internal reforming provides better performance of SOFC stack in the case of high fuel utilization. However, the external reforming showed a higher stack efficiency and smaller stack size compared with on-anode reforming when keeping a relatively lower SOFC stack fuel utilization, necessarily for high hybrid efficiency. Results indicated that external and internal reforming of fuel needs to be optimized depending on different design conditions of the entire hybrid system in terms of efficiency and investment cost. This paper shows that the hybrid system provides the opportunities for thermal integration on performance and efficiency improvement over fuel cell anode reforming.
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Fumo, N., V. Bortone, and J. C. Zambrano. "Methodology for Optimization of Stand-Alone Solar Photovoltaic Systems." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91044.

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The concept of Net-Zero Energy in building refers to a building which has an annual balance of energy flow at the utility meter of zero. The concept implies that the building may consume energy from an external provider at times in order to satisfy the building demands, but at other times it must produce enough on-site energy to compensate for this energy. The use of renewable energy technologies is implicit as the source of energy to compensate for any energy used from an external provider. Solar photovoltaic is a proved technology for achieving Net-Zero Energy building but economic factors has limited its broad use. The design stage of a solar photovoltaic project is critical to make a project feasible. In the design stage, the equipment sizing must be optimized in order to reduce the initial capital cost and, therefore, improve the economics of the project. For houses, which is the focus of this paper, a stand-alone solar photovoltaic system must supply the house energy demand at all times since it is not connected to the electric grid. As a means to size the system, data of solar energy availability must be used to ensure that the system will provide enough energy to satisfy the energy demand as well as provide energy to charge the batteries that will provide the energy required when the solar energy is not available. In this paper, a methodology to optimize the size of the photovoltaic array and the battery bank is proposed. The methodology accounts for Typical Meteorological Year data (TMY3) to ensure that the system, based on accepted statistical data, will be able to satisfy the energy demand at all times. An example that uses energy demand data obtained from the simulation of a house using the software EnergyGauge is used to illustrate the implementation of the methodology.
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Iyengar, Arun K. S., Brian J. Koeppel, Dale L. Keairns, Mark C. Woods, Gregory A. Hackett, and Travis R. Shultz. "Performance of a Natural Gas Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System With and Without Carbon Capture." In ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2019-3918.

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Abstract The fuel cell program at the United States Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is focused on the development of low-cost, highly efficient, and reliable fossil-fuel-based solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power systems that can generate environmentally-friendly electric power with at least 90 percent carbon capture. NETL’s SOFC technology development roadmap is aligned with near-term market opportunities in the distributed generation sector to validate and advance the technology while paving the way for utility-scale natural gas (NG)- and coal-derived synthesis gas-fueled applications via progressively larger system demonstrations. The present study represents a part of a series of system evaluations being carried out at NETL to aid in prioritizing technological advances along research pathways to the realization of utility-scale SOFC systems, a transformational goal of the fuel cell program. In particular, the system performance of utility-scale NG fuel cell (NGFC) systems with and without carbon dioxide (CO2) capture is presented. The NGFC system analyzed features an external auto-thermal reformer (ATR) feeding the fuel to the SOFC system consisting of planar anode-supported SOFC with separated anode and cathode off-gas streams. In systems with CO2 capture, an air separation unit (ASU) is used to provide the oxygen for the ATR and for the combustion of unutilized fuel in the SOFC anode exhaust along with a CO2 purification unit to provide a nearly pure CO2 stream suitable for transport for usage in enhanced oil recovery operations or for storage in underground saline formations. Remaining thermal energy in the exhaust gases is recovered in a bottoming steam Rankine cycle while supplying any process heat requirements. A reduced order model (ROM) developed at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is used to predict the SOFC performance. The ROM, while being computationally effective for system studies, provides other detailed information about the state of the stack, such as the internal temperature gradient, generally not available from simple performance models often used to represent the SOFC. Such additional information can be important in system optimization studies to preclude operation under off-design conditions that can adversely impact overall system reliability. The NGFC system performance was analyzed by varying salient system parameters, including the percent of internal (to the SOFC module) NG reformation — ranging from 0 to 100 percent — fuel utilization, and current density. The impact of advances in underlying SOFC technology on electrical performance was also explored.
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Gertler, Judith B., James Carter, and Swamidas Punwani. "Design of an Emergency Egress System for Locomotive Cabs." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-55006.

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Improving the survivability of a locomotive crew in the event of an accident has been a concern of the Federal Railroad Administration in the past decade. Locomotive crashes can injure the crew as well as deform the locomotive cab. Exiting from a deformed cab can be difficult, particularly for injured crewmembers. Egress becomes an even greater challenge if the locomotive is toppled. From an initial list of emergency egress concepts, the following three were chosen for further development: 1) hand/footholds to aid climbing inside a toppled locomotive, 2) roof-mounted escape hatch, and 3) externally removable windshield. As the potential users of the egress system, train crews and emergency rescue workers were interviewed to provide feedback on the design concepts. Focus groups with locomotive engineers and conductors provided information about train crew perceptions of the three concepts. Interviews with rescue personnel provided a perspective on the concerns of emergency rescue operations. Based on the user feedback, the roof-mounted escape hatch with hand/footholds was selected as the preferred concept. Construction of a system mockup facilitated evaluation of this concept. The utility of the overall concept was evaluated using untrained personnel in the full-scale mockup of a toppled road locomotive cab. A preliminary examination of the cost implications of incorporating the hatch system into new locomotives indicated that the initial engineering costs, rather than the recurring manufacturing costs, are the issue. As such, the overall cost for implementing the hatch is likely to be low.
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Reports on the topic "External Cost on Utility"

1

Krause, F., and J. Eto. Least-cost utility planning handbook for public utility commissioners. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5270813.

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Coddington, M., R. M. Margolis, and J. Aabakken. Utility-Interconnected Photovoltaic Systems: Evaluating the Rationale for the Utility-Accessible External Disconnect Switch. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/922879.

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Mitchell, C., J. Wellinghoff, and F. Goldberg. Least-cost utility planning consumer participation manual. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5623493.

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Cole, Wesley J., and Allister Frazier. Cost Projections for Utility-Scale Battery Storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1529218.

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Wan, Y., and S. Adelman. Distributed utility technology cost, performance, and environmental characteristics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/72957.

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Author, Not Given. US Department of Energy least-cost utility planning program integrated utility planning: Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6166752.

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Pendleton, L., R. Mendelsohn, and E. W. Davis. Hedonic travel cost and random utility models of recreation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/656890.

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Cole, Wesley, and Allister Frazier. Cost Projections for Utility-Scale Battery Storage: 2020 Update. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1665769.

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Mitchell, C., J. Wellinghoff, and F. Goldberg. Least-cost utility planning consumer participation manual. [Final report]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10128503.

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McCoy, G. A., K. Growdon, and B. Lagerberg. Applying electrical utility least-cost approach to transportation planning. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/258223.

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