Journal articles: 'External determinants'

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Mohsin Jadah, Hamid, Manar Hayder Ali Alghanimi, Noor Sabah Hameed Al-Dahaan, and Noor Hashim Mohammed Al-Husainy. "Internal and external determinants of Iraqi bank profitability." Banks and Bank Systems 15, no. 2 (2020): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.15(2).2020.08.

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The determinants of bank profitability are very important, as bank profitability significantly affects the economies of countries. This study aims to examine the internal determinants (bank-specific characteristics) and external determinants (macroeconomic factors and government variables) of bank profitability in Iraq. The study uses unbalanced panel data from 18 banks in Iraq for thirteen years, from 2005 to 2017. The relationship is estimated using a fixed effects approach. The study selected 18 conventional banks considering their data availability in the period from 2005 to 2017. Based on the panel data method, the results show that bank size, the equity to total assets and total loans to total assets ratios, GDP growth, and government effectiveness have a significant and positive impact on the profitability of Iraqi banks. Meanwhile, credit risk, inflation, interest rate, unemployment, and political instability have a significant negative influence on bank profitability. To the authors’ knowledge, this study is considered one of the earliest studies of its kind, in which the main factors affecting Iraqi bank profitability are determined. That said, this paper makes a significant contribution to the theoretical literature, the industry, and policymakers, so that the performance of Iraqi conventional banks can be improved. Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the support from Ministry of Higher Education in Iraq, University of Kerbala, AL-Furat AL-Awsat Technical University, and Imam AL-Kadhum College for Islamic Studies. Furthermore, we appreciate the support by Prof. Dr. Sivarajasingham Selliah, Assistant Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abrar Ul Haq, and Dr. Mohammed Hasan.

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Falcetti, Elisabetta, and Luis Catão. "Determinants of Argentina's External Trade." IMF Working Papers 99, no. 121 (1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451854367.001.

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LA PORTA, RAFAEL, FLORENCIO LOPEZ-DE-SILANES, ANDREI SHLEIFER, and ROBERT W. VISHNY. "Legal Determinants of External Finance." Journal of Finance 52, no. 3 (1997): 1131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb02727.x.

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Catão, Luis, and Elisabetta Falcetti. "Determinants of Argentina's External Trade." Journal of Applied Economics 5, no. 1 (2002): 19–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2002.12040570.

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Teixeira, Mariana Felix, Marcelo Cabus Klotzle, and Walter Lee Ness. "Fatores determinantes do risco país brasileiro: uma análise empírica do risco país específico." Brazilian Review of Finance 6, no. 1 (2008): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/rbfin.v6n1.2008.1233.

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Many studies in international ﬁnance try to investigate to what extent domestic and external economic factors constitute signiﬁcant determinant factors of international country risk. This article tries to analyze, for the period 1992-2003, Brazilian country risk from the point of view of three empirical models: i) First, the internal economic determinants of the country risk; ii) the second has the same purpose as the ﬁrst, with the difference that the variable “intensity of global risk aversion”, that serves as proxy for the external component of the risk, is included in the group of explanatory variables; iii) in the last model the emphasis is on the relation between speciﬁc country risk (country risk minus the external component) and the internal and external economic determinants.

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Fettouche, Fatma, and Aboubaker Khoualed. "Determinants of External Debt in Developing Countries: The Case of Algeria." Journal of Technology Management for Growing Economies 15, no. 2 (2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jtmge.2024.152001.

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Background: Developing countries seek to eliminate external debt problems towards financial obligations with a view of alleviating the debt burden to avert economic volatility in the context of debt accumulation. Since the beginning of the 1970s, developing countries, including Algeria, have experienced rapid growth in external debt accumulation in an effort to finance domestic deficits and not enter into economic recession. All these reasons ignore the topic of external debt as an interesting topic of study. This study attempts to analyse and measure some of Algeria's external debt indicators during the study period. Purpose: This research paper focuses on identifying the determinants of external debt in Algeria. Methods: The study utilized the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and cointegration test to analyze both short- and long-term relationships among the study variables from 1990 to 2021. Results: The findings show that the exchange rate and government spending significantly and positively impact external debt in the long run, whereas GDP per capita and foreign direct investment are significantly negatively correlated with external debt. The short-term results align with those of the long term. Conclusions: The paper advises that the Algerian government and other developing countries should assess their foreign debts, rationalize government spending, diversify their economies, and enhance their investment climates.

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Svatoš, M. "External determinants of agricultural policy in the Czech Republic ." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 9 (2012): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5341-agricecon.

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Formation of strategic development intentions of Czech agriculture is determined from a viewpoint of external factors by European integrating processes and strengthening tendencies of globalisation. This multi-dimensional process is a driving power and at the same time also an eliminating factor of many development trends. The sustainable dimension of globalisation is formed in the frame of the world society, world economics, world ecology and world policy. Problems of world agriculture are represented by the intersection of these trends and present a starting point for the formation of the European and Czech agricultural policy.

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Loayza, Norman V., and Claudio Raddatz. "The Structural Determinants of External Vulnerability." World Bank Economic Review 21, no. 3 (2007): 359–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhm018.

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Lychagin, A. I., and I. D. Komarov. "THE TAIWAN QUESTION: EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL DETERMINANTS." Vestnik RUDN International Relations 17, no. 3 (2017): 530–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2017-17-3-530-538.

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LAU, EVAN, ALVINA SYN-YEE LEE, and MOHAMMAD AFFENDY ARIP. "MACROECONOMICS DETERMINANTS OF EXTERNAL DEBT IN MALAYSIA." International Journal of Economic Sciences IV, no. 4 (2015): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/es.2015.4.4.002.

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ROHIT, Abhishek Kumar, and D. Tripati RAO. "External Determinants of Inflation: The India Experience." KODISA International Conference on Business and Economics (KODISA.ICBE) 2019, no. 7 (2019): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35646/kodisa.icbe.2019.7.5.41.

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Garcia, Maria Teresa Medeiros, and João Pedro Silva Martins Guerreiro. "Internal and external determinants of banks’ profitability." Journal of Economic Studies 43, no. 1 (2016): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-09-2014-0166.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the profitability of 27 universal banks in Portugal over the period from 2002 to 2011. Design/methodology/approach – The paper conducts ordinary least squares estimations with fixed effects using three measures of profitability: the return on average assets, the return on average equity and the net interest margin. Several independent variables were included concerning both bank-specific and macroeconomic and industry-specific characteristics which have not been considered in previous studies. In addition, the sub-sample between 2008 and 2011 was considered for comparative analysis. Findings – The authors concluded that the independent variables selected, with few exceptions, behaved accordingly to what was expected. Originality/value – To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first attempt to examine determinants of banks’ profitability in Portugal, both internal and external, using time series data, which have not been considered in previous studies.

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Minin, Nikita, and Tomáš Vlček. "Determinants and considerations of Rosatom's external strategy." Energy Strategy Reviews 17 (September 2017): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2017.07.001.

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Andrews, Rhys, George A. Boyne, Kenneth J. Meier, Laurence J. O'Toole, and Richard M. Walker. "Environmental and Organizational Determinants of External Networking." American Review of Public Administration 41, no. 4 (2011): 355–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074010382036.

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Wahyudi, Heru, Driya Wirawan, I. Wayan Suparta, and Widia Anggi Palupi. "Determinants of Indonesia’s External Debt 31 Years." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 20 (August 11, 2023): 1802–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2023.20.158.

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External debt can be used as a source of development in developing countries, including Indonesia. External debt can be affected by various factors. This study aims to determine the short- and long-term relationship between the exchange rate, foreign exchange reserves, and state revenues for Indonesia’s external debt from 1990 to 2021, sourced from the World Bank. The method used in this study is the Error Correction Model (ECM). The results of this study show that the exchange rate in both the short and long term has a significant negative effect on foreign debt. In the short and long term, foreign exchange reserves positively impact external debt. Meanwhile, state revenues in a short time do not affect external debt and have a significant positive effect in the long run. This research can be used as one of the guidelines for determining policies related to foreign debt.

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Cano, Wilson. "Novas determinações sobre as questões regional e urbana após 1980." Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais 13, no. 2 (2011): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.2011v13n2p27.

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Entre 1930 e 1980 as principais determinações sobre nossa urbanização, integração do mercado nacional e desenvolvimento regional decorreram basicamente da industrialização, da política macroeconômica e de políticas de desenvolvimento regional. Após 1980, com a “Década perdida” e as políticas neoliberais, aquelas determinações foram em grande parte modificadas pelas novas formas de nossa inserção externa, pelo câmbio apreciado e juro alto, e pela Guerra Fiscal. Assim, além dos determinantes anteriores – enfraquecidos –, há os novos, de sentido nacional, sendo alguns específicos a cada região. Em que pese as mudanças, os efeitos nocivos de nossa forma de crescer e de nossa urbanização se transmitiram a todo o território nacional. O artigo se encerra com uma proposta de Agenda de Pesquisa sobre os temas regional e urbano para o período 1980-2010, com intuito de entender melhor aquelas determinações e efeitos desses processos. Palavras-chave: questão regional; urbanização; novos determinantes; guerra fiscal; fronteira agro-mineral; inserção externa. Abstract: Between 1930 and 1980, urbanization process, domestic market integration and regional development in Brazil were basically determined by the combination of industrialization process, macroeconomic and regional development policies. After 1980, as a result of the so called “Lost decade” and the implementation of neoliberal policies, those determinants were significantly modified by the new paths of external insertion, overvalued exchange rate, high interest rates, and “fiscal war” between regions. Beyond those weakened previous determinants, new ones have aroused; some are national and others specific to each region. Despite the changes in the determinants mentioned above, the harmful side-effects of the economic growth and urbanization processes have affected the whole national territory. As a conclusion, the article proposes a Research Agenda focused on regional and urban subjects for the period 1980-2010 in order to better understand how those determinants have affected these processes. Keywords: regional development; urbanization; new determinants; fiscal war; Brazil’s international position.

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Pariartha, I. Made, Rukmono Siswishanto, and Nuring Pangastuti. "Faktor-faktor yang Mendukung dan Menghambat Dilakukannya Versi Luar pada Kehamilan dengan Presentasi Bokong di Yogyakarta." Jurnal Kesehatan Reproduksi 7, no. 2 (2020): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jkr.59811.

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Background: Guidelines recommend that external cephalic version (ECV) should be offer to all women with fetus in breech presentation at term. Many literature show external cephalic version can lowering c-section rate caused by breech presentation.Objective: To explore the determinants (barriers and facilitators) affecting obstetricians and gynaecologists to do external cephalic version at Yogyakarta.Method: Explanatory mixed methods design with quantitative-qualitative model. Survey with validated questionnaire and in-depth interview with semi-structured question was done January 2019 until August 2019.Results and Discussion: 72 respondents (83.7%) was responded to questionnaire and in-depth interview was done to 12 respondents. Adherence to ECV guideline was varied: counselling (20.8%), advising for ECV (15.3%), and arranged for ECV to for (almost) all their clients (16.6%). Although 76.4% of respondents considered ECV to be an effective treatment for preventing caesarean childbirth, only 18.1% respondents agreed that every client with breech presentation should undergo ECV. Self-efficacy was the most important determinant influencing adherence. In-depth interview shows several determinants to performed or did not performed ECV: skill of clinicians, guideline for ECV, facility to emergency c-section, ECV characteristic, cost, other methods for breech presentation, perception about ECV in lowering c-section rate, perceived ECV risk and patient preferences.Conclusion: Most respondents agreed that ECV was effective intervention to reduce caesarean childbirth, but adherence to counselling, advising and arranging ECV for clients still very low. Several determinants influenced obstetrician and gynaecologists to perform or did not perform ECV.Keywords: External cephalic version; breech presentation; determinants.

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Baniata, Atef, Ahmad Alnawasreh, and Faten Nsairat. "Macroeconomic determinants of Jordan’s external debt in the period 1980–2022 using ARDL." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 20, no. 3 (2023): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.20(3).2023.13.

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This paper addresses the macroeconomic determinants of Jordan’s external debt. The study aims at exploring the impact of foreign direct investment inflows on external debt service, gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, government spending, and real exchange rate, on the external debt of Jordan from 1980 to 2022. The study utilizes the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound cointegration econometric model to establish long-run relationships between variables. The model also investigates short-run dynamics via an error correction model to give insight into how quickly the system returns to equilibrium following a shock. Statistical results demonstrate an inverse link between foreign direct investment and debt, where a 1% increase in investment reduces debt by 0.15311%. Similar patterns are seen with GDP and external debt, where a 1% GDP rise reduces debt by 0.4743%. Government spending shows a direct relationship, with a 1% increase causing a 1.02049% debt rise. Real exchange rate and inflation impact debt, with a 1% rise causing debt to increase by 0.067 and decrease by 0.00771 dollars, respectively, though these effects are relatively small. In the short run, the system adjusts to shocks with an error correction coefficient indicating a 24% correction to equilibrium each period.

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Tretyakova, Tatyana. "Determinants of Modern Scientific Discourse in the Context of “Socialization” of Knowledge." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 5 (January 2022): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2021.5.8.

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The aim of the article is to disclose some general trends in scientific discourse studies that have emerged by the second decade of the 21 st century, to characterize scientific discourse as a means of promoting knowledge, and to consider its contribution to public communication. The notion of scientific discourse incorporates both conventional (scientific articles, reviews, theses, dissertation abstracts) and modern forms of discourse (online academic conferences, symposia, colloquiums, seminars). The research is viewed in the article as a result of scientists' social activity targeted at new knowledge discovery and broadcasting, whilst the scientific text is defined in terms of verbal representation of the research results in a par with new knowledge transmission. Two types of determinants are introduced to regulate the model of scientific text composition – internal and external. The internal determinant is represented by discursive structures, which promote knowledge in scientific text as the element of scientific communication, while the external dominant is represented by extralinguistic factors, which provide the promotion of scientific discourse outside the professional community (socializing). Воth kinds of determinants provide the interpretation of the scientific discourse as open systems. An assumption is made on the increasing role of external determinant in discursive extension of modern scientific text by means of the Internet; the addressee factor wider representation and scientific knowledge inclusion into cross-cultural communication.

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Alanezi, Faisal, and Mishari Alfraih. "The Awareness of External Auditors and the Management of Kuwaiti Listed Companies on Determinants of Audit Fees: An Exploratory Study." International Journal of Business and Management 11, no. 1 (2015): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n1p108.

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This paper explored the factors that influence audit fees determinants in the Kuwait audit market. A questionnaire was distributed to a number of audit firms operating in the Kuwaiti market and Kuwaiti companies listed on the Kuwait Stock Exchange (KSE). The results indicated that all factors show a Likert-scale score of greater than 2.5, suggesting that all the factors included in the questionnaire influence the audit fee determinants. Among the 25 factors included in this study, audit firm brand name, time spent completing a given job and auditors experience were the most important factors influencing audit fees determinants in the Kuwait audit market from audit firm and companies perspective. In contrast, company age, client company location and audit firm location were the least important factors influencing the determinants of audit fee in Kuwait from audit firm and companies perspectives. The results of the t-test revealed that there are significant differences in the mean ranking of some of the factors assumed to determinant the audit fee in Kuwait audit market between the two groups of respondents (audit firms and companies). The findings presented in this study may help professional accounting associations and both audit firms and companies to better understand the factors influencing audit fee determinants in Kuwait audit market.

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Harsono, Edi, Andi Kusumawati, and Nirwana Nirwana. "External Debt Determinants: Do Macroeconomic and Institutional Ones Matter for Selected ASEAN Developing Countries?" Economies 12, no. 1 (2023): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies12010007.

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Developing nations have the task of effectively managing their external debt. The government is urged to comprehend the decisive component in managing its external debt, despite the varying viewpoints among economists. In addition, the world sees the need for institutional quality to optimize its economic policy. Institutional quality shows accountability, stability, effectiveness, quality, law, and trust. Our research examines the determinant factors of external debt and discusses the policy to manage external debt. We regress the inflation rate, exchange rate, interest rate, trade openness, and institutional quality on external debt. This study also uses moderated regression analysis to examine the interaction between institutional quality and macroeconomic indicators on external debt. We selected 52 samples from five ASEAN developing countries from 2008 to 2019. The first study found that the inflation rate, interest rate, and institutional quality have a negative impact on external debt, while the exchange rate and trade openness have a positive impact on external debt. Next, we were surprised that institutional quality could not moderate the relationship between the inflation rate, exchange rate, and interest rate on external debt. Further, it only moderated the relationship between trade openness and external debt. In the end, we discuss the external debt determinants from the selected ASEAN developing countries with the theories.

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Mohamed Omar, Zahir, and Mohamed Isse Ibrahim. "Determinants of External Debt: The Case of Somalia." Asian Development Policy Review 9, no. 1 (2021): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.107.2021.91.33.43.

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Müller, Ralf. "Determinants for external communications of IT project managers." International Journal of Project Management 21, no. 5 (2003): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-7863(02)00053-4.

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Jones, Gary K., Aldor Lanctot, and Hildy J. Teegen. "Determinants and performance impacts of external technology acquisition." Journal of Business Venturing 16, no. 3 (2001): 255–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0883-9026(99)00048-8.

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Nofsinger, John R., and Weicheng Wang. "Determinants of start-up firm external financing worldwide." Journal of Banking & Finance 35, no. 9 (2011): 2282–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2011.01.024.

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Mayapada, Arung Gihna, Muliati Muliati, Tampang Tampang, and Erlina Djaniba. "THE DETERMINANTS OF TAX COMPLIANCE: LOVING OR FEARING." Jurnal Akuntansi Kontemporer 13, no. 2 (2021): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33508/jako.v13i2.3066.

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Research Purposes. This study aims to analyze the internal and external determinants of tax compliance. The internal determinant in this study is a feeling of love for the motherland which is manifested through the soul of patriotism and nationalism. Meanwhile, external determinants that cause fear of taxpayers are tax sanctions. Research Methods. The type of this research is quantitative research. The research data was obtained by distributing questionnaires to all individual taxpayers registered at the Tax Office of Palu. The sampling method is used a random sampling technique so that the total sample of this study is 94 respondents. The data analysis method used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis. Research Results and Findings. The results show that the spirit of patriotism does not affect taxpayers to comply with tax regulations. Meanwhile, nationalism has a significant effect on tax compliance. Meanwhile, tax sanctions have proven unable to increase tax compliance. The findings of this study have implications for the economic theory of tax compliance and social identity theory.

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Mohanty, Shiba Prasad, Ashish Mahendra, and Santosh Gopalkrishnan. "“Soar” or “Sore”." International Journal of Information Technology Project Management 13, no. 3 (2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitpm.313662.

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The study examines the factors affecting the performances of the Indian banking sector, especially after the global financial crisis. The sample constitutes a total of 33 scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) that were operative in India during the period extending from 2002 to 2016 by employing a panel data model. It also reports that leverage and management efficiency as internal determinants do have a significant impact, while inflation as an external determinant affects the bank's profitability. The Indian banking industry has been less affected by the influence of external factors as compared to profitability.

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Tang, Tuck Cheong. "Determinants of Aggregate Import Demand in Bangladesh." Journal of Bangladesh Studies 4, no. 2 (2002): 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1163/27715086-00402006.

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This paper aims to examine the determinants of aggregate import demand behaviour in Bangladesh. In contrast with traditional import demand specification, the final demand variable (Real Gross Domestic Product) was further disaggregated into private consumption, government consumption, expenditure on export goods, and gross domestic investment. The other determinant is relative price. The bounds testing approach and unrestricted error correction model were employed for analysis. The findings are first, a long run relationship exists among quantity of import demand and its determinants over sample period 1965 to 1998. Secondly, Bangladesh’s import demand is influenced differently by various components of final expenditure, particularly expenditure on export goods. The results have important policy implication to improve external balance.

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Owusu, Godfred Matthew Yaw, and Rita Amoah Bekoe. "Determinants of audit fees: The perception of external auditors." Journal of Research in Emerging Markets 1, no. 4 (2019): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30585/jrems.v1i4.368.

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This paper examines the perception of external auditors on the dominant factors that influence audit fees determination. By means of a survey, the study explored from the perspective of external auditors the level of importance audit firms attach to some identified factors in the determination of audit fees. A self-administered questionnaire was used to gather data from professional auditors working with practicing auditing firms certified and approved by the Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana (ICAG). Using a total of 339 valid responses, the study explored the dimensionality of the factors that influence audit fees by employing the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) procedure. Based on the factor structure identified from the EFA, we subsequently evaluated the level of importance auditors perceive these factors to be in the determination of audit fees. The EFA results suggest that audit fees determinants can be grouped into five distinct factors (Audit firm reputation, experience & expertise; Nature and scope of the audit; Market-wide factor; Client size; Client risk). The factor ‘Client risk’ was rated to be the most important determinant of audit fees distantly followed by the ‘Nature and scope of the audit’ factor. The ‘Market-wide factor’ was rated to be the least important factor in the determination of audit fees. The findings of this study provide some useful insights from the perspective of external auditors on the factors that influence audit fees from a developing country context.

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Ergün, Meriç, and Harun Şeşen. "A Comprehensive Study on University Students’ Perceived Employability: Comparative Effects of Personal and Contextual Factors." SAGE Open 11, no. 3 (2021): 215824402110361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211036105.

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This study aimed to investigate the personal and contextual determinants affecting the employability perception of university students using a comprehensive model, and to compare the effects of these determinants with each other. The sample consisted of 463 university students from Turkish universities in İstanbul. Following explanatory and confirmatory analyses, the study variables were tested via hierarchical regression analysis. Across all variables, generic skills, academic performance, personal circumstances, and external labor market had significant and positive effects on the perception of employability, while students’ work experience and the contribution of university and consultants did not. The external labor market was identified as the strongest determinant of employability, and contextual factors were identified as having a stronger influence than personal ones. The results present a number of suggestions for stakeholders—including the Ministry of Education, university administrations, teaching staff, employers, students, families, media, and graduates—vis-à-vis perceived employability.

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Hendro, Sasongko, and Alipudin Asep. "Internal and External Determinants of Firm Value: A Study on the Manufacturing Companies in Indonesia." International Journal of Current Science Research and Review 06, no. 03 (2023): 1944–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7721415.

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ABSTRACT: This study describes the influence of internal and external factors of the company on firm value which is a verification study using an explanatory survey method. The data used is secondary data available on the official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange. While the type of data used is quantitative data. The sampling method is to use a purposive sampling method, so that 7 companies can be sampled in this study. The results of this study indicate that all variables indicate that the company's internal and external factors have an influence on the Firm Value of the food and beverage sub-sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2014-2020. Suggestions for companies, namely companies need to improve company performance in order to increase Firm Value, especially the use of costs and working capital management which can increase positive perceptions from investors so that they are reflected in Firm Value.

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Shibeeb, Abdulrazzaq Ibrahim, and Reyaam Aamer Hameed Al-Fahdawi. "External and Internal Determinants of Market Value: An Applied Study On the Iraqi Stock Exchange for The Period 2004-2020." Journal of AlMaarif University College 34, no. 1 (2023): 226–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51345/.v34i1.537.g338.

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The aim of the study is to know the external and internal factors and determinants that cause the presence of companies listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange during the period 2004-2020, and this means several determinants, including internal and external, by which we mean the factors that occur outside the companies listed in the market, and the researchers used a linear regression diagram model with Package time intervals (ARDL) after application of the Phillips-Perron and Dickey Fuller test. The researchers concluded that there is a clear influence of the external determinants on the market value of the listed companies, in addition to the fact that the market value of the companies listed in the Iraqi financial market is greatly affected by the external determinants of the market, and this effect makes that value very far from its real value, and therefore it will be difficult for investors to be guided by it. As an important factor in determining their investment inclinations.

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Sacco, Shane J., Kun Chen, Fei Wang, and Robert Aseltine. "Target-based fusion using social determinants of health to enhance suicide prediction with electronic health records." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (2023): e0283595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283595.

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Objective Preventing suicide in US youth is of paramount concern, with rates increasing over 50% between 2007 and 2018. Statistical modeling using electronic health records may help identify at-risk youth before a suicide attempt. While electronic health records contain diagnostic information, which are known risk factors, they generally lack or poorly document social determinants (e.g., social support), which are also known risk factors. If statistical models are built incorporating not only diagnostic records, but also social determinants measures, additional at-risk youth may be identified before a suicide attempt. Methods Suicide attempts were predicted in hospitalized patients, ages 10–24, from the State of Connecticut’s Hospital Inpatient Discharge Database (HIDD; N = 38943). Predictors included demographic information, diagnosis codes, and using a data fusion framework, social determinants features transferred or fused from an external source of survey data, The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). Social determinant information for each HIDD patient was generated by averaging values from their most similar Add Health individuals (e.g., top 10), based upon matching shared features between datasets (e.g., Pearson’s r). Attempts were then modelled using an elastic net logistic regression with both HIDD features and fused Add Health features. Results The model including fused social determinants outperformed the conventional model (AUC = 0.83 v. 0.82). Sensitivity and positive predictive values at 90 and 95% specificity were almost 10% higher when including fused features (e.g., sensitivity at 90% specificity = 0.48 v. 0.44). Among social determinants variables, the perception that their mother cares and being non-religious appeared particularly important to performance improvement. Discussion This proof-of-concept study showed that incorporating social determinants measures from an external survey database could improve prediction of youth suicide risk from clinical data using a data fusion framework. While social determinant data directly from patients might be ideal, estimating these characteristics via data fusion avoids the task of data collection, which is generally time-consuming, expensive, and suffers from non-compliance.

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Benabderrahmane, Narimane, and Karima Benbouzid. "Personal, Organizational, and External Determinants of Tourism Startups Success: Step-By-Step for Business Leadership." Business Ethics and Leadership 9, no. 1 (2025): 154–66. https://doi.org/10.61093/bel.9(1).154-166.2025.

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In recent years, Algeria has witnessed a great trend towards establishing start-ups in various industries, especially in tourism, which witnessed the emergence of many successful startups that positively affected the quality of tourism services by providing innovative services that greatly impacted the sector’s development. Compared to the efforts and measures taken, the number of active tourism startups in the market is still small. The work aims to study factors affecting the success of tourism startups in Algeria. By studying the personal, organizational, and external determinants that influence the survival and growth of these enterprises, success is measured according to the concept of survival, which considers those startups that have existed for more than a year (considered successful). Through a questionnaire addressed to tourism startups across Algeria, the field study was conducted from December 24, 2023, to February 05, 2024, where responses from 43 companies were received. The results show that gender, age, training and continuous training have a significant impact on startup success and are the most essential personal determinants of entrepreneur factors affecting the success of tourism startups in Algeria. The most important organizational determinants of company factors influencing startup success are the number of employees, scope of the company, size of startups and startup labialization. This is due to the fact that these start-ups have the opportunity to receive funding from the Algerian Startup Fund. Regarding external determinants, i.e., environmental factors that influence success, the results show that the location of the startup is an important determinant of startup success. The most successful startups operate in the North Central region. This advantage is due to a favorable ecosystem, such as proximity to ministries and support institutions like incubators and accelerators.

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Ahmad, Fayyaz, Muhammad Umar Draz, and Su-chang Yang. "Determinants of Foreign Portfolio Inflows: Analysis and Implications for China." Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting 7, no. 2 (2015): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ajfa.v7i2.8165.

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In emerging markets, a number of factors like GDP growth, market efficiency and higher earnings expectations play a vital role in attracting stable and smooth foreign investment. This work is intended to explore the determinants of FPI in China and compare the results with determinants of FPI in India explored by Garg and Dua (2014). We have applied multiple-regression model for ten years’ data ranging from 2001 to 2010. The results indicate that external debts are the most significant determinant of FPI for China. We concur with Garg and Dua (2014) that GDP growth, FDI and exchange rate are among the significant determinants of FPI. Our findings suggest that China needs to sustain its economic growth in order to attract more FPI.

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Ahmed, Hamna, and Naved Hamid. "Financing Constraints: Determinants and Implications for Firm Growth in Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 16, Special Edition (2011): 317–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2011.v16.isp.a14.

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This study has a twofold objective: (i) to investigate the determinants of firm growth, specifically the extent to which finance constrains enterprise growth; and (ii) to explore the determinants of external financial access in Pakistan. External financial access is defined as access to credit through institutional sources such as private commercial banks, nonbank financial institutions, and state-owned banks and agencies. The study uses data from the second round of the Investment Climate Assessment Survey conducted by the World Bank in FY 2007. The methodology entails using an instrumental variable approach to estimate the impact of external financial access on firm growth while employing a probit model to explore the determinants of external financial access. The results suggest the following: First, finance is a binding constraint to firm growth in Pakistan—a 10 percent increase in the working capital financed through external sources is predicted to increase the average annual growth rate by 5.6 percentage points. Second, financial depth is important for access—across the country, access is better where there is greater penetration of financial infrastructure. Third, a range of internal factors such as size, export status, quality of human capital, and organizational form emerge as important determinants of external financial access in Pakistan.

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Курникова, М. В. "Determinants of the external economic division of the territory: regional aspect." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 4(141) (July 11, 2022): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2022.141.4.076.

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В статье представлены результаты выявления детерминант внешнеэкономического потенциала регионов - внутренних факторов социально-экономического развития, определяющих успешность региона во внешнеэкономической деятельности. Полигоном исследования выбраны субъекты Приволжского федерального округа, среди которых три региона занимают приграничное положение. Исследование детерминант реализовано путем разработки и апробации методики оценки внешнеэкономического потенциала территории. Результаты оценки выявили высокую степень дифференциации внутренних условий анализируемых регионов в реализации приграничного и трансграничного сотрудничества. The paper presents the results of the identification of regional foreign economic potential determinants, which are the internal factors of socio-economic development, determining the success of a region in its foreign economic activity. The subjects of the Volga Federal District, among which three regions occupy a border position, have been selected for the study. The study of the determinant has been realized by developing and testing a methodology for assessing the foreign economic potential of the territory. The results of the assessment revealed a high degree of differentiation of internal conditions of the regions under analysis in the implementation of border and cross-border cooperation.

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ElGammal, Walid, and Marwa Gharzeddine. "Determinants of audit fees in developing countries: Evidence from Egypt." Corporate Ownership and Control 17, no. 2 (2020): 142–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv17i2art12.

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The aim of this study is to examine the perceived level of importance with respect to each pre-suggested determinant of audit fees in Egypt. In particular, the perceptions about auditor related attributes and client-related attributes according to external auditors and client’s representatives (auditee). This study is based on the results of a survey conducted in Egypt. A questionnaire is designed to request the opinions of external auditors and client representatives about 28 audit fees determinant. The questionnaire was sent to 150 participants out of whom 63 responses are found usable. Data is analyzed using SPSS program and Mann-Whitney U test is performed. The results reveal that the perception of all attributes is greater than 3, implying that all pre-suggested determinants are perceived as relatively important, important or highly important. The most three important attributes are: the good reputation of the audit firm, the fact of being one of the Big Four and the level of complexity of the auditee. Furthermore, the results show that there is no significant difference in perceptions of both group of participants regarding the importance of each audit fees determinant. It is also evident that auditor-related attributes are perceived to be of higher importance than client-related attributes. This is the first study conducted in Egypt examining the determinants of audit fees, knowing that audit fees figures are neither available nor publically disclosed. Moreover, the study takes into account the Egyptian revolution which started in 2011 by adding two new determinants to the questionnaire; economic and political stability. This is in order to cope with the country’s situation and to check the extent of such environmental attributes’ effect on audit pricing.

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Forson, Richmond, Camara Kwesi Obeng, and William Gabriel Brafu-Insaidoo. "Determinants of Capital Flight In Ghana." Journal of Business and Enterprise Development (JOBED) 7 (September 16, 2017): 108–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47963/jobed.v7i0.133.

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   The study investigated the short-run and long-run determinants of capital flight in Ghana using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) estimation technique. The long-run and short-run results show that real GDP growth rate, higher domestic real interest rate over foreign interest rate, financial development, good governance and strong property rights reduce capital flight, while external debt to GDP leads to increase in capital flight in Ghana. However, lagged external debt to GDP and lagged financial development had negative and positive effect respectively in the short-run. The study recommends that government should adopt more pro-growth policies and resort to domestic borrowing to reduce external debt. The Central Bank of Ghana should improve on the development of the financial sector and ensure competitive domestic interest rates. It is also recommended that Public Accounts Committee (PAC) in Ghana should continue to ensure accountability and transparency to strengthen the interest of domestic investors.  

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Forson, Richmond, Camara Kwesi Obeng, and William Gabriel Brafu-Insaidoo. "Determinants of Capital Flight In Ghana." Journal of Business and Enterprise Development 7, no. 2017 (2017): 104–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47963/jobed.2017.06.

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The study investigated the short-run and long-run determinants of capital flight in Ghana using the auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) estimation technique. The long-run and short-run results show that real GDP growth rate, higher domestic real interest rate over foreign interest rate, financial development, good governance and strong property rights reduce capital flight, while external debt to GDP leads to increase in capital flight in Ghana. However, lagged external debt to GDP and lagged financial development had negative and positive effect respectively in the short-run. The study recommends that government should adopt more pro-growth policies and resort to domestic borrowing to reduce external debt. The Central Bank of Ghana should improve on the development of the financial sector and ensure competitive domestic interest rates. It is also recommended that Public Accounts Committee (PAC) in Ghana should continue to ensure accountability and transparency to strengthen the interest of domestic investors.

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Harahap, Berry A., Pakasa Bary, and Anggita Cinditya M. Kusuma. "The Determinants of Indonesia’s Business Cycle." Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 9, s1 (2020): 215–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2020-0029.

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AbstractThis study investigates the determinants of Indonesian’s business cycle using the global vector autoregressive (GVAR) approach, by including spillover responses within 33 countries with 2000 bootstrap replications. The results show that Indonesia’s business cycle is influenced by both domestic and external factors. In addition to exogenous shocks from output, the dominant domestic factors are monetary policy and price competitiveness. The dominant external factors are global economic activity and liquidity conditions, particularly those originating from the Chinese economy. Spillovers from a number of economies appear to shape Indonesia’s economic fluctuations. The paper discusses such relevant spillovers.

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Hashim, Muhammad Asyraaf, and Nor Razuana Amram. "EXTERNAL DETERMINANTS OF GLOBAL SUKUK ISSUANCE: A COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW." International Journal of Innovation and Industrial Revolution 7, no. 20 (2025): 135–56. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijirev.720008.

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The global sukuk market has experienced significant growth as a Shariah-compliant alternative to conventional bonds, yet its development is influenced by various external determinants. Despite considerable research on sukuk issuance, existing literature is fragmented, often analyzing macroeconomic, institutional, and financial factors in isolation. Additionally, the impact of external shocks, such as geopolitical risks and the COVID-19 pandemic, on sukuk issuance remains underexplored. This study aims to achieve three key objectives by systematically reviewing the external determinants of global sukuk issuance, analyzing past empirical studies, and examining critical themes, including geopolitical uncertainties and economic disruptions. This study employs a systematic literature review (SLR) methodology using Scopus AI, ensuring a structured approach to data selection, thematic classification, and synthesis of findings. Relevant academic sources were identified based on keywords such as "sukuk issuance determinants," "macroeconomic factors and sukuk," and "market risks in sukuk issuance," with a focus on high-impact journals from the past two decades. Findings reveal that macroeconomic stability, regulatory clarity, and investor confidence play crucial roles in sukuk market development. Institutional determinants, such as governance quality and regulatory frameworks, significantly shape market accessibility, while financial factors, including market liquidity and risk exposure, influence sukuk pricing and issuance decisions. External shocks, including geopolitical risks and the COVID-19 pandemic, have also impacted sukuk market stability and investor sentiment. Theoretically, this study consolidates fragmented research into a unified framework, improving the understanding of sukuk market dynamics. Practically, it provides valuable insights for policymakers, financial institutions, and investors seeking to optimize sukuk issuance strategies and mitigate risks. Despite its contributions, the study is limited by its reliance on secondary data and variations in sukuk market structures across jurisdictions. Future research should incorporate empirical modeling to quantify the direct impact of external determinants on sukuk issuance, particularly in evolving global economic conditions.

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Mustafa-Zatriqi, Albulena, and Skender Ahmeti. "Determinants of bank’s net interest margins in Kosovo." Ekonomski pregled 73, no. 4 (2022): 485–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.32910/ep.73.4.1.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate internal and external determinants that impact the Net Interest Margin (NIM). The paper employs an OLS-PSCE procedure using quarterly Panel Data (From March 2013 to December 2019) for commercial banks in Kosovo. Results suggest that the Net Interest Margin is the banking sector in Kosovo is mostly influenced by factors within the bank such as: Loan-to-Deposit Ratio; Operation Costs and Fee Income, but less affected by external factors besides inflation. In addition, results suggest that external factors do not influence the net interest margin; therefore, a governmental policy intervention might not have an impact on Net Interest Margin. The results of the research are important for commercial banks in Kosovo, since they can help improve the efficiency through the internal and external indicators that are impacting the NIM.

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Ali, Flordeliza, and Reynaldo Dalayap. "Determinants of Student’s Retention Competence in Mathematics 7 at Columbio National High School." Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal 38, no. 6 (2025): 683–94. https://doi.org/10.70838/pemj.380610.

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Mathematics retention competence is crucial for academic and professional success. However, many students struggle to develop and retain mathematical concepts and skills, which is challenging for any teacher. It is an internal ability that requires intrinsic self-motivation and determination. This study investigates the strongest determinants influencing student retention competence of Grade 7 students at Columbio National High School. The descriptive correlation design used a researcher-modified survey questionnaire and a quarterly summative researcher-made test to analyze the relationship between retention competence and internal and external determinants of sixty-five respondents from Grade 7 students under the handled two sections of the researcher through the total enumeration sampling technique. Thirty-three students came from section Gumamela, and thirty-two from section Orchid. The study evaluated the level of each determinant by calculating the mean frequency, analyzing the level of retention competence of the students through computing the mean score and standard deviation of the weekly evaluation quiz and quarterly summative test, investigating the low retention competence of the students based on the decrease of the result from the quarterly summative test compared to the result from the weekly evaluation quiz, and evaluating the internal and external determinants that influence the low retention competence of the students.

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OBORO, Emmanuel David, and Festus Ndidi OPARA. "Determinants of external debt in Liberia: An Empirical Investigation." International Journal of Advance Research in Multidisciplinary 2, no. 2 (2024): 166–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11216155.

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The factors influencing Liberia's external debt from 1991 to 2022 were examined in this paper. During the estimate procedure, the correlation matrix, cointegration test, unit root test, and error correction model were employed. The results show that, both in the short and long run, economic growth and foreign direct investment reduce external debt, but exchange rates, trade balances, and government spending raise it. The consistency and reliability of our findings are confirmed by diagnostic test results, which policymakers should take into account when creating and enforcing policies. From the findings, pertinent policy recommendations are put out for consideration to reduce Liberia's external debt.  

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Patacsil, Melba, and Maria Ana Quimbo. "Student Learning Satisfaction and Academic Performance in Philippine Science High School Chemistry: A Prediction Model Building Study for Online Learning." SEAQIS Journal of Science Education 4, no. 02 (2024): 14–23. https://doi.org/10.58249/sjse.v4i02.137.

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Learning satisfaction is a key indicator of enriching student learning whether it is face-to-face or online mode of delivery. Learning has shifted more to remote online learning due to the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aimed to identify the determinants of Student Learning Satisfaction (SLS) in online learning and develop a model that represented the relationship of the determinants to SLS. The study explored both internal and external determinants hypothesised to influence SLS among 169 students in grades 9-12 taking Chemistry at the Philippine Science High School Cordillera Administrative Region Campus (PSHS CARC). The internal factors included gender, academic self-concept (ASC), academic motivation (AM), interest to learn (IL), and mental well-being (MW), while the external factors comprised teacher-related indicators (Teacher), assessment-related indicators (Assessment), learning guide-related indicators (LG) and Knowledge Hub-related indicators (KHub). The study utilised Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with SmartPLS software to develop the SLS model and Academic Performance (AP) model. Both online learning platforms used by PSHS CARC, the LG, and KHub, were found to influence SLS. The external determinants (LG, KHub, Teacher, Assessment) dominated the SLS models while internal determinants (ASC, AM, IL, MW) dominated the AP model for the PSHS CARC Chemistry students. The external determinants influenced the student's learning satisfaction while the internal determinants influenced the AP of the Chemistry students. Assessment indirectly affected SLS. Another finding was that gender, LG, and ASC directly influenced AP. The results validate that online learning tools (LG and KHub) were crucial determinants in ensuring learning satisfaction and academic success in the online learning of PSHS CARC Chemistry students. The models (SLS and AP) can be utilised to evaluate and enhance the quality of online learning and the development of effective online learning strategies and policies especially regarding the use of online tools like LG and KHub.

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Ghiara, Hilda, and Alessio Tei. "Port activity and technical efficiency: determinants and external factors." Maritime Policy & Management 48, no. 5 (2021): 711–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2021.1872807.

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Tiruneh, Menbere Workie. "An Empirical Investigation Into the Determinants of External Indebtedness." Prague Economic Papers 13, no. 3 (2004): 261–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.242.

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Hwang, Sung-Don, and Virginia Gray. "External Limits and Internal Determinants of State Public Policy." Western Political Quarterly 44, no. 2 (1991): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/448779.

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BELOKRENITSKY, V. Y. "Foreign Policy Process in Pakistan: Internal and External Determinants." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(10) (February 28, 2010): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2010-1-10-177-188.

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Journal articles on the topic 'External determinants'

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