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Endri, Endri, Asti Marlina, and Hurriyaturrohman. "Impact of internal and external factors on the net interest margin of banks in Indonesia." Banks and Bank Systems 15, no. 4 (December 10, 2020): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.15(4).2020.09.
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This study aims to assess the impact of bank-specific factors and macroeconomic indicators on the net interest margin (NIM) of commercial banks in Indonesia. Data from Indonesian commercial banks are used. Data are collected from the banks’ annual reports and the Financial Services Authority (OJK) for the period 2008 to 2018. A panel data regression model is used to estimate the effect of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors. The results prove that the variables of Non-Performing Loans (NPL), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), Return on Assets (ROA), Interest Rate (SBI), and Exchange Rate (FOREX) affect NIM. The exchange rate variable has a predominant effect, while the NPL factor has a less strong influence on NIM. The empirical evidence from this research is important for commercial banks in Indonesia to improve operational efficiency through NIM performance. Internal and external factors of a bank should be subject of attention of bank managers.
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Bórawski, Piotr, Mariola Grzybowska-Brzezińska, James William Dunn, and Spiro E. Stefanou. "Factors Shaping Agri-food Product Trade in Poland." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, no. 4 (2015): 1221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563041221.
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The objective of the paper is to recognize the role of internal and external factors in the trade balance. The analysis of the trade balance is useful to help formulate goals and premises of economy policy to properly allocate production means to eliminate the negative effects of trade liberalization. The authors have studied data about trade of agricultural commodities in the years 2000–2010. To measure the impact of macroeconomic variables used a regression model. The macroeconomic factors included: X1 (inflation), X2 (investment in agriculture and hunting), X3 (GDP) and X4 (exchange rate) and X5 (FAO food price index). We wanted to recognize the impact of macroeconomic factors on: Y1 (total export), Y2 (total import), Y3 (trade balance).
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Bril, Mykhailo. "Research of macroeconomic disables of Ukraine." Economics of Development 17, no. 4 (December 12, 2018): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ed.17(4).2018.03.
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The crisis in the political and economic spheres in Ukraine has led to an aggravation of macroeconomic imbalances, which in turn worsen the socio-economic situation, complicate the moments of doing business, manifestation of violations and instability in the public administration sector and social tension in society. As the result is the accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances to a critical point that threatens the normal, gradual development of economic processes that should take place in the economic space of Ukraine. The article deals with the main imbalances indicators of the country's economy and their applicability under modern Ukrainian economic policy conditions. The interconnection of the main macro-instability factors in Ukraine economy and other countries of the world is considered, which allows to identity a number of endogenous (external) and exogenous (internal) factors that create imbalances. The mechanism of imbalances detection is proposed, which combines certain categories, methods, principles and methods of their research. The simulation model for identifying macroeconomic imbalances in the Ukrainian economy was developed, based on which the dynamic properties of the macroeconomic imbalances system were investigated, a short-term indicators forecast was constructed, and assessment of the imbalances probability in the future was implemented. Forecast macroeconomic indicators were estimated that fall into critical areas also the gross external debt, changes in the real effective exchange rate, changes in the share of the export market show that external imbalances and disproportion exist. Other macro indicators that form the imbalances table, according to projected calculations, show trends that are close to the ultimate limits and instability risks which confirms the vulnerability of the country's financial and economic system. The obtained forecasting results will allow to prevent new imbalances through the timely and appropriate rapid response management action.
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Mkrtychan, Zoya. "Assessment of macroeconomic factors and internal conditions of labor productivity growth in the functioning of economic entities." Russian Journal of Management 8, no. 4 (January 25, 2021): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-6024-2020-8-4-146-150.
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Changes in labor productivity in enterprises occur due to various factors that are external macroeconomic factors, as well as due to changes in internal conditions that could lead to changes within the enterprise itself. The article analyzes macroeconomic factors and internal conditions of labor productivity growth in the functioning of economic entities.
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Javid, Attiya Y., and Robina Iqbal. "External Financial Resource Management by Listed Pakistani Firms." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (December 1, 2007): 449–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.449-464.
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Enterprises need finance for investment and acquire it either by internally generated finance or externally generated finance, which are closely related to the ownership structure, financial market development and enforcement of law of a country. In underdeveloped companies with foreign owners have an advantage in their access to external finance as compare to domestically owned companies because their financial resources coming from abroad. Access to external finance is a key determinant of a firm’s ability to develop, operate, and expand. Economic researchers have studied how various macroeconomic and microeconomic factors influence such access; for example, it has been shown that the need of external finance to depend on the macroeconomic environment, since economic downturns tend to limit firms’ ability to borrow and banks’ willingness to lend. This “credit channel” research argues that corporate access to credit is the principal mechanism linking monetary policy and the real economy. At the micro level, research has shown that characteristics specific to a firm influence the degree to which macroeconomic changes affect its access to external financing; specifically, firms that are more vulnerable financially—such as smaller, younger, riskier, and more indebted firms—are found to be more affected by tighter monetary policy.
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Semenenko, T., and V. Domrachev. "MACROECONOMIC DYNAMICS FORECASTING." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 3 (2019): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2019.3-14.
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Steady economy growth is possible only after allocating a clear objective and building macroeconomic development model. Acquiring of accurate prognoses of future development is the primary objective of applying macroeconomic models. Before VAR methods emerged prognosis were made based on timeline of economic indicators that were acquired through singular spectrum prognosis methods and extrapolation. Applying SSA methods implied that an indicator under research was formed under the influence of a multitude of factors that were impossible to separate. In this case, indicator changes were connected with the time flow rather than with the influencing factors, which led to the creation of singular time series. Authors prove that Ukrainian economy faced steady developing as well shocks. That is why using simple regressions for prognosis of macroeconomic indicators is not sufficient. VAR models not only enable the accurate forecasting of macroeconomic indicators but also are very useful when building models of stress-testing of the economy and banks in case of external and internal shocks. Preventing the negative effects can be effective using a model of macroeconomic risk management that enables managing exogenous macroeconomic factors in order to attain the well-defined objectives. In this paper, authors present the dynamics analysis of yearly changes of the gross domestic product, consumer price level, USD/UAH exchange rate, M2 money supply indicator, assets and liabilities of the Ukrainian banks dynamics, Ukrainian deposits, banks capital dynamics. Keywords: macroeconomic model, VAR model, macroeconomic risks, timeline, inflation rate, money supply, gross domestic product.
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Hitka, Miloš, Jozef Ďurian, Silvia Lorincová, and Bianka Dúbravská. "INFLUENCE OF SELECTED MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION." E+M Ekonomie a Management 24, no. 3 (September 2021): 4–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2021-03-001.
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Motivation is considered one of the most important prerequisites for the success and effectiveness of the resulting performances. Usually, we meet only with a perspective of employee motivation from inside the company. However, the external environment, i.e. macro-environment, also influences the motivation of employees. We decided to focus on exploring how macroeconomic indicators evolution affects employee motivation. By means of the research conducted in Slovakia during the period from 2008 to 2019 on a sample of more than 30,000 respondents, we define the dependence of selected macroeconomic indicators and employee motivation. The research focuses on the analysis of average annual wage and household debt influence on the most important employees’ motivational factors. Based on our findings, we can state that macroeconomic indicators affect the importance of motivational factors in Slovakia. Especially, the average annual wage strongly influences the six motivational factors (communication at the workplace, duties and type of work, working hours, working environment, superior approach, psychological burden). The results of the research also show that the seven motivational factors (atmosphere at the workplace, good team, communication at the workplace, working hours, working environment, superior approach, psychological burden) strongly depend on the macroeconomic indicator of household debt. Therefore, when creating incentive programs, business managers in Slovakia should take into account not only the effects of the company’s microenvironment on motivation but also the effects of the macro-environment and thus macroeconomic changes in the state. The role of a manager is to keep balance between external environment influence on employee motivation and internal actions. The paper presents inspiring ideas in a field of employee motivation and the influence of external environment on motivation.
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Николайчук, Ольга, Olga Nikolaychuk, Д. Кадырова, and D. Kadyrova. "Monetary Policy in the Conditions of Influence of Negative Factors of the World Economy." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 7, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5c5985015e1071.09731587.
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The article analyzes the monetary policy in the context of exogenous shocks of the external sector. The Bank of Russia and Rosstat use official statistics for 2000–2018. The parameters of the action of negative factors of the world economy apply the conditions of world trade and changes in the exchange rate of national currencies. The graphic form analyzes the susceptibility of macroeconomic indicators to changes in the external market and their dependence on fluctuations in energy prices. The influence of consumer prices and inflation on the monetary policy of the Central Bank is considered. The analysis allows us to conclude about the relationship of the effect of events from processes in the global market. It was concluded that, despite these risks, there are optimal ways of conducting monetary policy, which remain the targeting of inflation and the effect of the floating exchange rate regime of the national currency. For effective results in reducing the dependence of macroeconomic processes on the impact of external shocks, coordinated activities of all branches of economic power, and their effective macro-prudential and fiscal policies are important.
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Ma, Shibo. "Research on Non-Dividend Behavior of Listed Companies." Proceedings of Business and Economic Studies 4, no. 3 (June 18, 2021): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/pbes.v4i3.2186.
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The dividends of listed companies are related to external factors such as the macroeconomic situation and the industry level of these companies. They may also be related to internal factors such as the company’s financial status, equity structure, and their development cycle. This article analyzes the non-dividend listed companies in terms of the external and internal factors; focusing on industries with more non-dividend listed companies.
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Purba, Irwan Diko. "Pengaruh Variabel Ekonomi Makro terhadap Yield Spread Negara-negara di Asia Timur, Amerika Latin, dan Karibian." Indonesian Treasury Review Jurnal Perbendaharaan Keuangan Negara dan Kebijakan Publik 3, no. 1 (July 12, 2018): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33105/itrev.v3i1.24.
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A country’s credit worthiness decided by macroeconomic factors. This research aims to examine the impact of macroeconomic and external factor on yield spread of East Asia, Latin America, and Caribbean countries. Macroeconomic variables used in this research are classified as macroeconomic variables that influence liquidity and solvency, and macroeconomic variables that influence macroeconomic fundamental. This research is conducted by using quarterly yield spread data of 11 countries from 2000Q1 to 2015Q4 and analyzed panel data regression using Pooled Least Square (PLS), Fixed Effect Model (FEM) and Random Effect Model (REM). Study results show that macroeconomic variables that have impact on yield spread are external debt to GDP ratio, fiscal balance to GDP ratio, amortization to international reserve ratio, current account to GDP ratio, real effective exchange rate, and GDP per capita growth. External factors that have impact on yield spread are US Treasury Bond 10 year yield and Volatility Index. Abstrak Kelayakan utang (credit worthiness) sebuah negara ditentukan dari kondisi ekonomi makro negara tersebut dan faktor eksternal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh faktor ekonomi makro serta faktor eksternal terhadap yield spread negara-negara di Asia Timur, Amerika Latin dan Karibian. Variabel ekonomi makro yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini digolongkan dalam dua kelompok yakni yang memengaruhi likuiditas dan solvensi serta yang memengaruhi fundamental ekonomi makro. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan yield spread triwulanan dari 11 negara untuk periode 2000Q1:2015Q4 dan analisis regresi data panel menggunakan Pooled Least Square (PLS), Fixed Effect Model (FEM) dan Random Effect Model (REM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel ekonomi makro yang memengaruhi yield spread adalah rasio utang luar negeri terhadap PDB, rasio keseimbangan anggaran fiskal terhadap PDB, rasio amortisasi terhadap cadangan devisa, rasio transaksi berjalan terhadap PDB, nilai tukar riil (real effective exchange rate) dan pertumbuhan PDB per kapita. Faktor eksternal yang memengaruhi yield spread adalah yield US Treasury 10 tahun dan Volatility Index (VIX).
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Masik, Grzegorz, and Stanisław Rzyski. "Resilience of Pomorskie region to economic crisis." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 25, no. 25 (September 1, 2014): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2014-0034.
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Abstract Economic resilience is defined as the ability of the economy to overcome the negative external shocks. It depends on macroeconomic factors and internal conditions of the country or region. Macroeconomic factors include fiscal policy, economic and monetary policy. Among the internal factors economic structure, the level of restructuring and modernization of enterprises, competitiveness and innovation should be mentioned. Among the important soft internal factors level of human capital, including entrepreneurship can be distinguished. The aim of the paper is to present the issue of economic resilience and explain what are the main factors constituting resilience of Pomorskie region (voivodship) in Poland. To achieve this aim, authors first give a theoretical introduction regarding the economic resilience concept as well as describe the methods of economic resilience measurement. Secondly the macroeconomic, external factors affecting the analysed region are discussed. Next the authors measure resilience of Pomorskie region basing on statistical data and compare the resilience of Pomorskie region with other regions in Poland. At the and the authors, basing on extensive interviews with experts, representatives of regional business and administration, attempt to explain why Pomorskie region is more resilient to economic crises than other Polish regions. In this part Pomorskie economy structure is presented too.
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Bekeris, Rokas. "THE IMPACT OF MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS UPON SME’S PROFITABILITY." Ekonomika 91, no. 3 (January 1, 2012): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2012.0.883.
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Profitability is one of the most volatile company’s financial indicators: it is affected not only by internal but also by external, macro factors. Therefore, this research was aimed at evaluating the macroeconomic impact on SMEs’ profitability. The paper presents the model with the macroeconomic factors affecting the profitability of a SME, which includes the macroeconomic indicators such as population and firms’ number in a country, exports and imports, FDI, GDP, unemployment, inflation, taxes paid, average salary, and several others. The paper also deals with the dynamics of corporate profitability in Lithuania and shows a correlation between macro factors and corporate profitability. Most of the selected macroeconomic indicators such as inflation, average wages, the number of enterprises, the monetary base were found not to be statistically significant and had no strong correlation with corporate profitability. The VILIBOR interbank interest rate changes and the unemployment have the gretest impact on profitability.
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Durguti, Esat A. "Challenges of Banking Profitability in Eurozone Countries: Analysis of Specific and Macroeconomic Factors." Naše gospodarstvo/Our economy 66, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ngoe-2020-0019.
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Abstract Numerous factors affect the rate of return that a financial institution earns. Some of these factors include external forces that shape earnings performance and internal elements found in each financial institution. Policy implications are determined by the type of explanation and should be taken seriously. This paper classifies determinants of bank profitability as well as reviews existing literature on bank performance. The second section of this study quantifies how external factors and internal determinants have influenced the profitability of EU banks. This paper constructs fixed-effect models and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), which sheds new light on understanding various factors influencing how the EU banking industry performs. The observation period was from 2012 to 2019, and the findings revealed that EU bank profitability is influenced by both external macroeconomic environment and management decisions. The results of this study suggest that equity to assets ratio (EA), Gap ratio, and GDP have a positive impact on bank profitability, while the loan to assets ratio (LA) and the provision for loan losses to total loans ratio (PLL/TL) hurt EU bank profitability. The empirical findings are consistent with the expected results, although, they are different from those of studies that investigated the structure-performance relationship of EU banks because they found that market share and concentration have a positive effect on bank profitability.
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Jeris, Saeed Sazzad. "Factors Influencing Bank Profitability in a Developing Economy." International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management 12, no. 3 (July 2021): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabim.20210701.oa20.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the bank-specific and macroeconomic determinants of commercial banks profitability operating in Bangladesh to explore the role of both internal and external factors in achieving high profitability. The fixed effect model is built on a balanced panel data set comprising 135 observations of 27 commercial banks over the period 2014-2018. Regression findings reveal that size and capital ratio are significant bank-specific determinants of bank profitability in Bangladesh where the effect of loans ratio is statistically insignificant. Findings also suggest that banks with higher deposits tend to be more profitable, and small banks have efficient management. The cost-to-income ratio and loan loss provisions are statistically insignificant on the performance of banks. On the other hand, macroeconomic variables such as GDP growth have a significant impact on profitability whereas the effects of inflation on profitability are statistically insignificant in some cases.
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Uzum, Paul, Ailemen Ochei Ikpefan, Alexander Ehimare Omankhanlen, Jeremiah Ogaga Ejemeyovwi, and Benjamin Ighodalo Ehikioya. "Enabling stock market development in Africa: A review of the macroeconomic drivers." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 18, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.18(1).2021.29.
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Africa has underdeveloped stock markets that have failed to meet the continent’s capital needs, such as rapid economic growth. This research analyzes the key drivers of stock market development in Africa from a macroeconomic perspective. The study examines several macroeconomic variables, including credit to the private sector, foreign direct investment, external reserves, money supply, external trade, per capita GDP, inflation, and lending rate to explain stock market development in Africa. The study builds a panel data consisting of eight African countries from 1994 to 2018 and applies the pooled mean group estimation technique. The analysis shows that in the long run, credit to the private sector, external reserves, and inflation are the most important factors that influence stock market development, while in the short run, income and trade openness are significant in explaining stock market development in Africa. The study recommends that policies to develop African stock markets should center on developing the private sector through access to credit, increased per capita income, and effective foreign reserve management to boost local and foreign investors’ confidence.
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Ha, Dao Thi Thieu, and Trinh Thi Tuyet Pham. "Vietnam’s macroeconomic instability from monetary policy perpecstive." Science and Technology Development Journal 16, no. 1 (March 31, 2013): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v16i1.1410.
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Macroeconomic instability Indices of Vietnam shows that Viet Nam actually falls in macroeconomic instability. In addition to the effect of external factors such as increased capital inflow fluctuation and global economic crisis, easy monetary and fiscal policy also lead to estate and stock price boom and finally expose Vietnam economy to instability. Among them, monetary policy is one of the main causes leading to this situation because of frequency change in policy, inconsistency of inflation targeting, lack of long-term policies and administrative measures. This paper also points out some policy recommendations for effectively controlling the instability.
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TRƯƠNG QUANG, THÔNG. "Factors Affecting Liquidity Risk in the System of Vietnamese Commercial Banks." Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies 219 (January 1, 2014): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24311/jabes/2014.219.1.08.
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The research tries to identify causes of liquidity risk for the system of Vietnamese commercial banks. Data for the research are collected from annual reports in the years 2002-2011 by 27 Vietnamese commercial banks. The liquidity risk examined in the research is financing gap; and independent variables, or factors affecting the liquidity risk, are divided into two groups: internal and external ones. The estimated results of the models show that the liquidity risk among banks depends not only on internal factors, such as total asset size, liquidity reserve, inter-bank loan, and ratio of equity to capital, but also on external ones, or macroeconomic factors, such as growth rate, inflation, and especially effects of policy lags.
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Javaid, Muhammad Ehsan. "Bank Specific and Macroeconomic Determinants of Bank Profitability." Journal of Management Info 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/jmi.v10i1.46.
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This study investigated the profitability of the banking sector in Pakistan. It evaluated the effects of both internal (bank-specific) and external (macroeconomic) factors on bank’s profitability from 2006 to 2013 period. The data of 34 commercial banks operating in Pakistan has collected. The data was balanced panel data and analyzed by random effect panel data regression analysis. Results confirmed that bank size and non-interest income had positive significant relationship on banking profitability. Deposit had negative significant relationship with banking profitability because of maintaining high liquidity, which increased cost of holding asset that ultimately, decrease profitability. As major participant, banks of Pakistan banking sector were small size banks so most important factor out of significant factors were income from non-interest facilities provided by these commercial banks. By increasing such facilities increased the bank’s customer base, which ultimately increased bank’s profitability. Macro-economic factors showed no significant effect on bank’s profitability.
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Jerinić, Marina. "ADAPTATION TO EXTERNAL SHOCKS WITHIN THE CURRENCY BOARD SYSTEM ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE BALTIC COUNTRIES AND BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA." DIEM: Dubrovnik International Economic Meeting 6, no. 1 (September 2021): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17818/diem/2021/1.17.
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One of the most important economic policy issues, especially in the post-transition countries, is exchange rate regime (ERR), i.e. the question of optimal exchange rate regime that would stimulate economic growth and propagate macroeconomic stability. For small and EU-oriented countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), the EU accession processes and character of countries' economic cycle phase are usually highlighted among many factors. The choice of the appropriate exchange rate system is determinated by the specific characteristics of individual countries, time moment and the characteristics of the external shock occurrence. It is generally accepted that monetary instabilities are treated by fixation and real economic shocks by exchange rate fluctuations. An important criterion for assessing the adequacy of the current exchange rate regime is its response to external shocks, such as the Great Recession in 2008. While flexible exchange rate regime is used as an automatic stabilizer, fixed exchange rates place certain restrictions. The process of macroeconomic adjustment in the Baltic States is an example of how large macroeconomic imbalances can be reduced without adjusting the nominal exchange rate and how the currency board can be successfully used as a stage in the euro introduction process. The aim of this paper is to give a comparative overview of the currency board introduction in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Baltic countries, results achieved and reactions to external shocks (Great Recession in 2008) within this exchange rate arrangement, so conclusions that could be valuable in post-COVID 19 recovery can be drawn. Key words: exchange rates, currency board, external shocks
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Abdullahi, Muhammad Mustapha, Nor Aznin Bt Abu Bakar, and Sallahuddin B. Hassan. "Determining the Macroeconomic Factors of External Debt Accumulation in Nigeria: An ARDL Bound Test Approach." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 211 (November 2015): 745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.098.
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Ashirbekov, Nurzhan, and Zhyldyzbek Bazarbayev. "FEATURES OF INVESTMENT FACTORS OF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF SMALL BUSINESS IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC." Alatoo Academic Studies 19, no. 3 (October 30, 2019): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2019.193.25.
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This article discusses the role of small business and the characteristics of investment factors that affect the economy of Kyrgyzstan, as a factor in the sustainable development of the country. The development of small small businesses is the basis for the stability of the macroeconomic situation of the state. Officially, small and medium-sized businesses have been identified in Kyrgyzstan as the most important sector of the economy. An analysis of data on the production of small and medium-sized businesses in Kyrgyzstan shows that small business shows the most productive activity.
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Pucar, Emilija Beker, and Olgica Glavaški. "Macroeconomic Еxternal (Im)Balances within the Eurozone: Core Vs Periphery." Economic Themes 57, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ethemes-2019-0015.
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AbstractSince the foundation of the eurozone (EZ) until the crisis outbreak, the macroeconomic imbalances between EZ core and EZ periphery have been identified at the internal and external plan. Growing external divergence was evident in the precrisis period reflected in the chronic current account deficit of the periphery, and vice versa for the core EZ members. However, external imbalance within the EZ has been substantially narrowed in the postcrisis period. Based on the panel data framework, crucial factors of current account improvement/worsening are identified in the precrisis 1999-2007 period, as well as the postcrisis 2008-2017 period. Random effect model with standard errors robust to autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity is estimated, in which current account is analysed in dependence from economic growth, fiscal balance, EZ interest rate, real effective exchange rate, openness and dummy variable for the EZ core/periphery. Empirical findings for the precrisis period confirm macroeconomic overheating of the periphery as the main cause of current account worsening, while the postcrisis improvement has been achieved mainly through fiscal contraction and European Central Bank (ECB) loosened monetary stance.
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Dzikevičius, Audrius, and Svetlana Šaranda. "Establishing a Set of Macroeconomic Factors Explaining Variation Over Time of Performance in Business Sectors." Verslas: Teorija ir Praktika 17, no. 2 (June 20, 2016): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2016.629.
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With increasing competitiveness of companies and business sectors in the domestic markets of Lithuania, economic units are frequently confronted with the lack of methods for more detailed analysis of external factors explaining the variation over time of corporate financial indicators. The analysis or forecasting of financial indicators is usually linked with the development of a stock market or undertaken to estimate the probability of bankruptcy. However, there is a lack of studies aimed at identifying links between macroeconomic factors and financial performance indicators and explaining their variation over time. To serve that purpose, the factors of the macroeconomic environment that are most significant for certain economic activities have been identified and analysed to enable explaining the variation over time patterns of corporate financial indicators. The analysis covers economic performance, i.e. financial performance indicators and their links with macroeconomic factors, in 89 business sectors of Lithuania at a three-digit level of NACE 2 ed. The findings of the research indicate that the unemployment level in the country, the volume of export and import and the GDP are the most important macroeconomic factors that can be used to forecast different profitability, financial leverage, liquidity and other financial performance indicators of individual business sectors or companies. The research has not unfolded any significant differences between business sectors therefore the above factors are considered generic macroeconomic factors enabling to explain financial performance indicators of the 89 business sectors. Hence, special attention has to be paid to identifying and analysing specific factors and assessing the causal link. When established, the set of such factors provides a framework for building of a model to forecast business sector financial indicators.
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Yadav, Inder Sekhar, Phanindra Goyari, and Ram Kumar Mishra. "Financial integration and macroeconomic volatility: evidence from Asia." Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences 35, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 94–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeas-12-2017-0118.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the impact of financial integration on macroeconomic volatility for developing and emerging economies of Asia. Design/methodology/approach The effects of financial integration and dynamics of macroeconomic volatility over time and across different groups of Asian economies vis-à-vis advanced economies are investigated using four different variables such as consumption, output, income and the ratio of consumption to income. Further, an empirical link between the degree of international financial integration and macroeconomic volatility for Asian economies is econometrically investigated using generalized method of moments (GMM) system one-step estimator. Findings Macroeconomic volatilities of per capita output and consumption growth tend to be lower for advanced economies compared to Asian economies. The computed cross-sectional median of the volatility of consumption, output, income and the ratio of consumption volatility to income suggested that the volatility of advanced economies is lower compared to all the regions of Asia. GMM results suggested that the financial openness, trade openness and broad money are negatively and significantly associated with macroeconomic volatility whereas inflation is positively and significantly associated with macroeconomic volatility but the magnitude of trade openness is found to be negligible. Research limitations/implications The present study has not included the effects of other country-specific variables (such as fiscal policy volatility) and other external factors to understand macroeconomic volatility. Practical implications High integration of economies promote economic growth, reduce macroeconomic volatility and reduce vulnerability to external shocks. This implies that policy makers should thrive to reform and create institutional infrastructure to deepen the integration. Originality/value The paper is an important empirical contribution toward examining the effects of financial integration on dynamics of macroeconomic volatility for a large number of Asian developing and emerging economics over time and across different groups using recent data and latest analytical framework and techniques.
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Arikewuyo, Kareem Abidemi, Akeem Adekunle Adeyemi, Eunice Titilayo Omodara, and Lateef Adewale Yunusa. "Reconciling Macroeconomic Determinants with Stock Market Performance in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries: an ARDL Approach." Journal of Banking and Financial Economics 1/2020, no. 13 (August 30, 2020): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/2353-6845.jbfe.2020.1.2.
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Prior studies have adduced unstable macroeconomic factors to stock price movement overtime but the relationship between the duo remained unsettled. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique was used to reconcile the macroeconomic determinants with performance of stock markets in selected Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) covering the period of 1999:1–2017:4. It was found that macroeconomic indicators were essential in determining stock market performance in Nigeria while South African stock market did not show any predictable linkage but the contemporaneous effect of oil price changes on stock market performance in selected SSA. The study, therefore, recommended that countries in SSA should reduce overdependence on oil to minimize external influence in order to promote stability of the stock markets.
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Ngassam, Christopher. "Factors Affecting the External Debt-Servicing Capacity of African Nations: An Empirical Investigation." Review of Black Political Economy 20, no. 2 (December 1991): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02689926.
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While there have been a vast number of studies and international discussions on developing nations’ debt servicing capacity, not much attention has been focused on the African dimension. This article examines the determinants of debt reschedulings for forty-five African nations over the twelve-year period 1976 to 1987. A logit model of the macroeconomic variables affecting the probability of rescheduling is developed. The findings indicate that debt-service ratio, reserves to imports ratio, debt-service payments to capital inflow ratio, GDP growth rate, rate of domestic inflation, and net government deficit to GDP ratio are important indicators of debt servicing capacity. The overall results, while providing strong support for some of the often-mentioned causes of the African debt crisis, are seen to hold useful possibilities for both the debtor countries and international creditors.
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., Zia Ur Rehman. "Impact of Macroeconomic Variables on Capital Structure Choice: A Case of Textile Industry of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 55, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v55i3pp.227-239.
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The financing decision of a firm is influenced by both internal (firm specific) and external (macroeconomic) factors. However, most of the empirical investigations have focus on internal factors whereas the impact of macroeconomic variables on capital structure decisions is somewhat under researched particularly in the context of developing countries. The aim of the study is to analyse the impact of macroeconomic variables on the capital structure decisions of all listed textile firms in Pakistan for the period 2004-2013. Panel data regression (fixed effects model) was used to estimate the effect of macroeconomic variables on capital structure. The findings of the study reveal that public debt, exchange rates and interest rates are negatively related whereas corporate taxes, stock market development, inflation rate and GDP growth rate are positively related with economic leverage. Moreover, the relationship of corporate taxes, stock market development and exchange rates is significant with the economic leverage. JEL Classification: E44, E52, E62, F31, G32 Keywords: Capital Structure, Interest Rates, Inflation, Public Debt, Exchange Rates, GDP Growth Rate, Stock Market Development, Pakistan
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Sheresheva, Marina, Lilia Valitova, Maria Tsenzharik, and Matvey Oborin. "Industrial Life-Cycle and the Development of the Russian Tourism Industry." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13060113.
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The purpose of the study presented in the paper is to highlight the influence of the microeconomic factors related to the evolutionary stage of the industry’s life cycle on the industry dynamics. The authors use the example of the Russian tourism industry to show that microeconomic factors are important, along with the macroeconomic, market, and demand characteristics external to the industry. Data mining was applied to obtain data from the industrial enterprise database and Rostourism official documents since there are no regular Russian statistics on firms’ exit and new entry. The authors used annual ranked listing of firms by their revenues to determine the structural indicators of the industry. The results confirm that it is important to consider not only the demand and macroeconomic indicators, which are external risks in relation to the industry, but also the internal processes at the different stages of the product cycle. In a sufficiently long period, the influence of microeconomic indicators may be no less strong than the business factors of financial risk. One should take this into consideration in econometric modeling on long time-series.
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Kryeziu, Nexhat, and Egzon Hoxha. "Factors affecting on bank’s profitability: the case of 19 Euro-Area countries." Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah 9, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v9i1.12165.
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The paper has addressed as the main objective the assessment of productivity performance in euro-area nations, observing a combination of factors both in terms of the internal environment and external factors, or known as macroeconomic factors. The analysis includes 19 euro-area countries with 323 observations, including the period 2003-2019. The dynamic approach, the fixed-effect model, and the Arellano / Bond estimator were applied using the panel data to evaluate the study's factors. The analysis shows that the factors under the competence of their internal supervision impact the degree of profitability on the one hand. Macroeconomic factors also show an impact on the degree of profitability for euro-area countries. Five of the seven factors applied in the analysis turned out to significantly impact, while two turned out to be non-significant. For further studies, it would be beneficial to apply other dynamic models by using other specific factors, which will be considered a useful input to the financial industry and financial policy-making.
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Fakhrunnas, Faaza, and Mochamad Ali Imron. "Assessing Financial Risk and Regional Macroeconomic Influence to Islamic Rural Bank Performance." Global Review of Islamic Economics and Business 7, no. 1 (September 15, 2019): 049. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/grieb.2019.071-05.
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Islamic Rural Bank must deal with internal and external risks which will affect to the performance of the bank. This paper aims to assess the internal and external risks that influence to the bank performance. By adopting panel data analysis, the paper analyzes 21 biggest Islamic rural bank which as a representative of 21 provinces around Indonesia during 2013-2017 which result 420 observation period. Furthermore, Return on Asset (ROA) are utilized as dependent variable which represents Islamic rural bank’s performance. As independent variables, Non-Performing Financing (NPF) and Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) are applied as internal risk in Islamic rural bank. To analyze external risk, regional macroeconomic factors, Regional Economic Growth (REG) and Regional Inflation (RInf) are employed then Total Asset of Islamic rural bank (Size) is also used as complementary variable. Based on the analysis, this study finds that SRB has robust risk management through internal and external risk. However, REG has significant ROA that explains the performance of Islamic rural bank will depend on regional economic growth in each province.
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Mohsin Jadah, Hamid, Manar Hayder Ali Alghanimi, Noor Sabah Hameed Al-Dahaan, and Noor Hashim Mohammed Al-Husainy. "Internal and external determinants of Iraqi bank profitability." Banks and Bank Systems 15, no. 2 (May 13, 2020): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.15(2).2020.08.
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The determinants of bank profitability are very important, as bank profitability significantly affects the economies of countries. This study aims to examine the internal determinants (bank-specific characteristics) and external determinants (macroeconomic factors and government variables) of bank profitability in Iraq. The study uses unbalanced panel data from 18 banks in Iraq for thirteen years, from 2005 to 2017. The relationship is estimated using a fixed effects approach. The study selected 18 conventional banks considering their data availability in the period from 2005 to 2017. Based on the panel data method, the results show that bank size, the equity to total assets and total loans to total assets ratios, GDP growth, and government effectiveness have a significant and positive impact on the profitability of Iraqi banks. Meanwhile, credit risk, inflation, interest rate, unemployment, and political instability have a significant negative influence on bank profitability. To the authors’ knowledge, this study is considered one of the earliest studies of its kind, in which the main factors affecting Iraqi bank profitability are determined. That said, this paper makes a significant contribution to the theoretical literature, the industry, and policymakers, so that the performance of Iraqi conventional banks can be improved. Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the support from Ministry of Higher Education in Iraq, University of Kerbala, AL-Furat AL-Awsat Technical University, and Imam AL-Kadhum College for Islamic Studies. Furthermore, we appreciate the support by Prof. Dr. Sivarajasingham Selliah, Assistant Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abrar Ul Haq, and Dr. Mohammed Hasan.
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Ozturk, Huseyin. "The shape of sovereign yield curve in an emerging economy: Do macroeconomic or external factors matter?" Empirica 47, no. 1 (May 10, 2018): 83–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10663-018-9405-y.
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Tkalenko, Svitlana, Tetyana Melnyk, and Liudmyla Kudyrko. "MACROECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE’S FOREIGN TRADE." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, no. 3 (August 5, 2020): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-3-143-155.
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The purpose of the study is to assess the relationship between Ukraine's foreign trade and its major macroeconomic indicators in the context of deepening globalization processes and increasing dependence of national economic development on exogenous determinants. In order to achieve this goal, the most important factors of influence of macro level on the scale of foreign trade turnover have been selected, the interval of observations has covered 1999-2018. Authors used the method of economic and mathematical modeling based on the E-Views software. A multifactor regression model has been constructed, tested for autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity; causal effects have been identified between foreign trade and the main macroeconomic indicators of combinatorial nature (both exogenous and endogenous), Ukraine’s foreign trade volumes has been forecasted up to 2023. Methodology. The study is based on the analyzed macroeconomic indicators for the period of 1999-2018, which made it possible to select those that showed up greatest impact on foreign trade. The results of the conducted modeling showed: high level achievement of foreign trade dynamics of Ukraine over the mentioned years, which exceeded similar indicators of dynamics of global trade; strong link between foreign trade, foreign direct investment and employment; revealing of a significant influence upon foreign trade of innovative activity of national business in industry as a dominant segment of the foreign sector of the country. As conclusions, the authors formulated a thesis on the need to strengthen institutional support for innovation and investment activities of national enterprises as a driver for scale-up and improvement of quality of Ukraine's trade relations with the entire world. It is determined that the multiplicative interaction of innovation and investment would diversify and complicate the commodity structure of exports, increase the level of its technological and innovative nature, and thus it is to allow to get rid of the established attitude to Ukraine on the trading map of the world as a supplier of low-tech raw materials. Practical implications. The main theoretical propositions, the authors’ conclusions presented in the article, are supposed to form a methodological basis for expert evaluation in substantiating the priorities of the state policy modernization regarding conditions and factors promoting the export-oriented sectors of the national economy. Value/originality. Prospects for further research in this sphere may be to assumed onto making an assess on risks (threats) and macroeconomic effects of foreign trade deterioration in the context of declining economic activity regarding importing countries of their domestic products, especially in the EU and the PRC, further weakening of external channels of investment and reducing the ability of businesses to innovate in deepening recessionary processes on the global and national levels.
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Shi, Ji. "MACRO-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF SINO-US TRADE IMBALANCET." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2020-3-39-57.
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China is one of the developing countries with the most rapid development and the U.S. is de-veloped country with the strongest economic strength, economic development of the two coun-tries has become main impetus of the world economic growth. Sino-US bilateral trade has be-come the most important constituent part of global trade. With the rapid development of Sino-US bilateral trade, trade imbalance also lead great concern of the two governments and academic circles, especially after China entered into WTO, the problem of Sino-US trade imbalance be-come even more serious. This paper mainly analyzes the influence of macroeconomic factors on China-US trade deficit, as economists generally believe that savings and exchange rates are closely related to trade balance. Undervalued exchange rate can keep relatively low prices for products made in China, while the booming domestic demand in the United States provides China with a wide variety of external market opportunities. This paper points out that difference in saving rates between the two countries is an important macroeconomic reason for the contin-ued growth of China’s trade surplus with the United States in international trade. The RMB exchange rate is an influencing factor, but not a fundamental one.
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KYRYLENKO, Olha, and Olena STASHCHUK. "EVALUATION OF MACROECONOMIC FACTORS FORMATION OF FINANCIAL SECURITY OF UKRAINE." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 2(51) (2017): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2017.02.007.
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Introduction. The financial security of the state is one of the most important components of economic security in general and in terms of its individual functional elements. The financial security of the country determines the level of attractiveness, competitive position in world markets and creates conditions for economic development of certain entities in prospective periods. The purpose of the paper is to determine the place of financial security in the economic security of the country, the main theoretical approaches to the interpretation of the concept of “financial security” and display its main components. The article is isolating the main factors in the formation of financial security in Ukraine, studies of trends and characteristics impact on the economy. Results. The study highlighted the threat of financial security, such as threats to publicsector debt policy threat, the threat of the insurance market, the threat of monetary economy, the threat of the currency market, the stock market threats and other threats. Based on statistical and other information, the analysis of safety parameters for each of the proposed components. This analysis allowed to conclude that for any of the indicators Ukraine's economy has not reached the threshold of financial security. Conclusion. Research essence of the concept of financial security allowed the state to distinguish two main approaches to its treatment: 1) emphasis on the protection of the financial interests of businesses due to the influence of internal and external factors; 2) highlights the availability of sufficient funds to meet the needs of the state, region and individual entities. The primary measures that can be used to enhance the financial security of Ukraine's economy as a whole, should be aimed at: reducing the budget deficit, lower inflation, increase in lending business structures, reducing the proportion of cash sales, increased foreign investment in the economy stabilizing the national currency, increasing the volume of financial resources for sustainable development of the economy in the long run.
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Iqbal, Zafar, and Ghulam Mustafa Zahid. "Macroeconomic Determinants of Economic Growth in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i2pp.125-148.
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The main purpose of this paper has been to examine the effects of some of the key macroeconomic variables on Pakistan’s economic growth. Multiple regression framework is used to separate out the effects of key macroeconomic factors on growth over the period 1959-60 to 1996-97. The quantitative evidence shows that primary education to be an important prerequisite for accelerating growth. Similarly, increasing the stock of physical capital would help to contribute to growth. The empirical results also suggest that openness of Pakistan’s economy promotes economic growth. Alternatively, the budget deficit is negatively related to both output growth variables. The external debt is also negatively related to growth, suggesting that relying on domestic resources is the best alternative to finance growth. However, the results presented in this study reinforce the importance of sensible long-run growth-oriented policies to obtain sustainable growth.
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Kale, Süleyman, Mehmet Hasan Eken, and Hüseyin Selimler. "The Effects of Regulations on the Performance of Banks: Evidence from the Turkish Banking Industry." Journal of Centrum Cathedra: The Business and Economics Research Journal 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 109–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcc-08-02-2015-b003.
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Purpose To investigate the effects of regulations, macroeconomic changes, and political events on the efficiency of the Turkish banks during the period 1997-2013, when crucial changes were experienced. To analyze the effects of an extensive set of bank-specific and environmental factors on the efficiency, since the diversions could not only be related to new regulations. Design/methodology/approach A two-stage procedure is employed. First, the productivity changes of each bank and of the whole sector are measured by a DEA-based Malmquist Productivity Index (DEA-MPI). Second, the effects of selected internal and external factors on productivity are analyzed with regression analysis. The sector is especially handled before and after 2001, when one of the most catastrophic crises is observed and moment after which a series of new regulations are implemented. Findings During the period 1997-2001, the efficiency deteriorated due to the 2001 crisis; after the crisis, an improvement was observed. All models indicate the source of improvements as efficiency instead of technological changes. Rather than external, internal factors seem to be more effective on productivity. Therefore, the importance of regulations for the soundness of banks, management quality and monitoring may be more crucial than what is thought. In general, a new macroeconomic environment, particularly new regulations, have positive effects on productivity. Tighter regulations, monitoring, restrictions, strong supervision, more capital, and new reforms have a positive impact on efficiency. Originality/value The study spans a wide period to analyze the sector using three different perspectives. It analyzes the effect of the 2001 financial crisis and subsequent regulations. It handles an extensive set of internal and external factors; and it tests each factor with nine different DEA-MPI models for consistency. Turkey's unique environmental factors, such as the unstable macroeconomic conditions, high inflation and a subsequent disinflation period, high interest rates, new regulations and crisis experience, among others, also make the study distinctive.
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Utama, Cynthia, and Meiti Sulistika. "Determinants of Investment Opportunity Set (Degree of Internationalization and Macroeconomic Variables)." Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business 17, no. 2 (August 20, 2015): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.6905.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of internal factors (i.e. the degree of internationalization, profitability, firm size, and financial leverage) and external factors (i.e. GNP growth and the inflation rate) on firms’ growth opportunities or their Investment Opportunity Set (IOS). The IOS is measured by the market-to-book assets ratio. The result shows that profitability and firms’ size have a positive impact on the IOS whereas the degree of internationalization and financial leverage has a negative influence on the IOS. Finally, the IOS is positively affected by GNP growth while the inflation rate has a negative impact on IOS.
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Gevorkyan, Aleksandr V. "The foreign exchange regime in a small open economy: Armenia and beyond." Journal of Economic Studies 44, no. 5 (October 9, 2017): 781–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-08-2016-0155.
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Purpose Offering an example of a small open developing economy, the purpose of this paper is to explore the reasons for relative stability in Armenia’s foreign exchange market. Relying on a single currency and derived cross-currency exchange rates, the paper models short-term effects between exchange market pressure and financial and macroeconomic factors. Design/methodology/approach Following a literature review, the paper sets the macroeconomic context with an initial variance comparison of standard currency pairs and derived cross-currency exchange rates. Then, the core analysis is carried out with a vector error correction model, focusing on short-term cross-dynamics in monthly data. The orthogonal impulse response function analyses help solidify and further inform relevant conclusions. Findings Three broad factors influence Armenia’s foreign exchange market: external push factors; domestic banking sector competition, and foreign currency risk perceptions; and domestic macroeconomic and dual, cross-pair, exchange rate target priorities. The central bank’s implicit management of the foreign exchange market’s expectations, pull factor, is consistent with trader market power’s contribution to lower volatility. Yet, the risk of financial and real-sector decoupling remains. Originality/value The results are relevant for emerging markets attempting to leverage the global liquidity and low interest rates, while being exposed to external pressures in the post-crisis environment, in which international reserves may be scarce while currency stability is an implied priority. This study can be further adapted to a more comprehensive structural short-term analysis of currency determination or similar dynamics in other small open economies.
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Akber, S. M. "Influential Factors Responsible for Profitability: A Technical Study on Commercial Banks in Bangladesh." International Journal of Accounting & Finance Review 4, no. 2 (November 6, 2019): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijafr.v4i2.418.
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This paper explores how many internal and external factors from 2007-2017 affect the competitiveness of commercial banks in Bangladesh. Many bank-specific variables are used to achieve the goals as internal factors, and macroeconomic variables are used as external factors. A sample of seven commercial banks will be used for this purpose. Return on equity is used as a proxy for profitability and capital adequacy, the size of asset quality banks, investment control, liquidity, resource structure, and economic indicators are used as proxies for the independent variable. The paper's overview findings show that asset structure, capital adequacy, and asset quality are the key factors in Bangladesh's profitability for the commercial bank. The paper's outcome indicates that if commercial banks are more worried about these factors, they could produce a better return on the competitive market.
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Paunović, Slađana, Borka Popović, and Dajana Kovačević. "PROFITABILITY OF BANKS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: PANEL ANALYSIS." ЗБОРНИК РАДОВА ЕКОНОМСКОГ ФАКУЛТЕТА У ИСТОЧНОМ САРАЈЕВУ 1, no. 13 (May 3, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/zrefis1613011p.
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This paper examines the factors that determine the profitability of the banking sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina, measured by return on assets and net interest margin in the period 2008-2014. As the independent variables we used internal variables specific to the operations of banks, as well as external variables that represent the most important macroeconomic indicators. The analysis showed that the most significant impact of internal variables includes: cost-assets ratio of permanent and total assets, and the scope of the bank. When it comes to macroeconomic variables, inflation shows a significant effect on the movement of profitability of the banking sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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MA, YUE, Y. Y. KUEH, and RAYMOND C. W. NG. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES AND MACRO-INSTABILITIES IN THE TWIN ECONOMIES OF SINGAPORE AND HONG KONG." Singapore Economic Review 52, no. 01 (April 2007): 93–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590807002580.
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Based on a small, open-economy IS-LM prototype model, this paper examines the sources of macroeconomic instabilities in Hong Kong and Singapore operating under two different currency board arrangements. The empirical findings suggest that in general, both external and internal factors contribute to the macroeconomic volatilities observed in the two economies. There is evidence of a tradeoff between exchange rate and interest rate targeting for the stability of money supply in Singapore. Our findings have important implications for Mainland China's monetary authorities in the transition from a hard-peg exchange rate regime like Hong Kong to a basket-link system like the one in Singapore.
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Waqas, Muhammad, Nudrat Fatima, Aryan Khan, and Muhammad Arif. "Determinants of Non-performing Loans." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 6, no. 1 (July 21, 2019): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v6i1.617.
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The aim of the empirical study is to investigate credit risk determinants in banking sectors across three kinds of South Asian economies. An accumulated sample of 105 unbalanced panel data of financial firms over the period of 2000-2015, by applying General Method of Moment (GMM) estimation techniques one-step at the difference in order to identify factors influencing credit risk. This study is inspired by two broad categories of explanatory variables which are bank-specific and macroeconomic. Bank-specific factors influencing unsystematic risk, while macroeconomic factors promoting systematic risk. The study uses a proxy of non-performing loans for credit risk in banking sectors of Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. The empirical results have been found aligned with theoretical arguments and literature as expected. In comparison, NPLs in Pakistan is greater than India and Bangladesh, while India has the lowest ratio of non-performing loans. The study documents that bank-specific factors (inefficiency, profitability, capital ratio and leverage) have a significant contribution towards credit risk. Further, the study also finds a significant impact of macroeconomic variables on non-performing loans. While, the result in the case of Bangladesh predicts contradictions that have no significant effect on non-performing loans at various levels. The overall results indicate that credit risk is not influenced by only external factors but also affect by internal factors like bad management and skimping etc.
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Vieira, Elisabete Simões, Maria Elisabete Neves, and António Gomes Dias. "Determinants of Portuguese firms’ financial performance: panel data evidence." International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 68, no. 7 (September 9, 2019): 1323–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-06-2018-0210.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the determinants of Portuguese firms’ performance. Design/methodology/approach To achieve this aim, the authors used data from 37 non-financial firms in the period between 2010 and 2015. Three dependent variables were tested and the estimation of the model using the Generalised Method of Moments shows that internal, external and institutional factors are important to explain the performance of firms listed in Euronext Lisbon. Findings The determinants of firm performance vary depending on the variable used to measure the performance. Specifically, the results show that when the authors use a market variable of performance, the firm-specific variables are not so important to explain performance. The macroeconomic factors, including the investor’s sentiment and insider ownership, more effectively explain the firm’s performance. The evidence suggests that the determinants of firm performance change according to the way in which different stakeholders appreciate firm performance. Originality/value The main contribution of such approach is to show that internal and external factors influence performance measures in distinct ways, thus helping managers who are expected to make decisions according to the investors’ expectations. It provides initial guidelines for policy makers to understand how to improve the performance of their firms using firm-specific factors. Additionally, this work also demonstrates that the firm’s characteristics, macroeconomics and governance factors could affect the Portuguese firms’ performance, conveying a valuable contribution for investors.
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Haryo, Mercky, Amzul Rifin, and Bunasor Sanim. "Factors Affecting Profitability on Animal Feed Companies in Indonesia." Agro Ekonomi 28, no. 2 (December 17, 2017): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jae.26034.
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The animal feed industry is essential as it supports livestock industry in meeting the need of protein of a country. Feed contribution reaching at 70 percent of livestock production cost makes feed becomes an pivotal factor which could boost its sales. Unfortunately net income of animal feed companies for the last five years tent to decrease and emerged problems. The aim of this study were to examine internal and external factors affecting profitability represented by ROA and formulate recommendations in improving them. The results showed that internal factors affecting ROA significantly are Sales, COGS, and TATO, while for the external factor is exchange rate. DAR, inflation and international corn prices do not influence ROA significantly. The implications for companies and animal feed industries in improving profitability generally is by increasing sales and TATO value. Also, the company must be able to press COGS especially raw material cost which is more sensitive to profitability when its price is higher. Companies have to conduct risk management in order to anticipate exchange rate volatility followed by government’s action as regulator in maintaining macroeconomic and trade stability.
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Khan, Qaisar Maqbool, Rehana Kauser, and Ulfat Abbas. "Impact of Bank Specific and Macroeconomic Factors on Banks Profitability: A Study on Banking Sector of Pakistan." Journal of Accounting and Finance in Emerging Economies 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jafee.v1i2.100.
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This research focuses and examines the association among profitability of banks, along with bank specific and macroeconomic factors of Pakistan. With the help of financial data of thirty-two Pakistani banks over the period of 2011-2015. Pooled OLS (POLS)/Random Effect, Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian Multiplier Test for Random Effects estimations and Hausman Test for Fixed vs Random effects estimations used for further empirical analysis and interpretations. Further to explore the relationship of profitability indicator ROA along with Earning per Share (EPS), SIZE, Cash Equivalents, Spread Ratio and Capital Ratio as bank specific (banking/microeconomic indicators), while on the other hand Inflation, Interest Rate and GDP as external macroeconomic factors. Statistical results to this study established confirmation that EPS, SIZE, Capital Ratio and GDP have a significant impact on the ROA of banking sector in Pakistan. The calculated results of the study are of worthy to mutually academics and banking financial policy makers.
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Ahwireng-Obeng, Asabea Shirley, and Frederick Ahwireng-Obeng. "Macroeconomic determinants of sovereign bond market development in African emerging economies." International Journal of Emerging Markets 15, no. 4 (November 5, 2019): 651–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-07-2018-0400.
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Purpose Despite being a viable source of funds, African sovereign bond markets are relatively underexplored. The empirical literature fails to consider the impact of exclusively macroeconomic factors and the volatile contexts in which African markets operate. The purpose of this paper is to fill the vacuum by proposing a context-sensitive theoretical framework. The study targets, specifically, macroeconomic factors and assesses the extent to which they affect bond market development. Design/methodology/approach Using panel data on sovereign bond markets from 26 African economies, the study extends previous methodologies used in similar studies by accounting for downside risk in a generalized method of moments (GMM) framework and employing tighter robustness measures. Findings This study finds that inflation, domestic debt, external debt, GDP at PPP, fiscal balance and exports are important macroeconomic drivers of sovereign bond market development in African emerging economies. Research limitations/implications While GMM estimation is beneficial in the presence of endogeneity between the dependent variables that are instrumented with lagged independent variables, it guarantees consistency but, not unbiased estimations. Practical implications Market-oriented government funding with well-defined debt management strategies must be implemented to support the development of sovereign bond markets. External debt must be set at a sustainable level, and government should be dedicated to the confirmation of this. Furthermore, inflation rates must be kept low and stable. Social implications If policymakers are to take this study seriously, bond markets may begin to be viable sources of funds for African emerging economies. Originality/value This study introduces a methodology for measuring bond market development that considers the systemic volatility in emerging markets and proposes a theoretical framework for African emerging economies. In addition, the authors identify a new macroeconomic determinant of bond market development in the region.
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Yang, Dennis Tao. "Aggregate Savings and External Imbalances in China." Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, no. 4 (November 1, 2012): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.4.125.
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Over the last decade, the internal and external macroeconomic imbalances in China have risen to unprecedented levels. In 2008, China's national savings rate soared to over 53 percent of its GDP, whereas its current account surplus exceeded 9 percent of GDP. This paper presents a unified framework for understanding the structural causes of these imbalances. I argue that the imbalances are attributable to a set of policies and institutions embedded in the economy. I propose a unified framework for understanding the joint causes of the high savings rate and external imbalances in China. My explanations first focus on an array of factors that encouraged saving across the corporate, government, and household sectors, such as policies that affected sectoral income distribution, along with factors like incomplete social welfare reforms, and population control policies. I then turn to policies that limited investment in China, thus preventing the high savings from being used domestically. Finally, I will examine how trade policies, such as export tax rebates, special economic zones, and exchange rate policies, strongly promote exports. Moreover, the accession of China to the World Trade Organization has dramatically amplified the effects of these structural distortions. In conclusion, I recommend some policy reforms for rebalancing the Chinese economy.
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Domańska, Agnieszka, and Dobromił Serwa. "Factors of the European Economies' Vulnerability to External Shocks - An Empirical Analysis. The Example of 2008-2009 Crisis Costs." International Journal of Management and Economics 40, no. 1 (October 17, 2014): 72–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2014-0029.
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Abstract The article analyses the factors determining the vulnerability of the European countries to external shocks taking the example of the global 2008-2009 economic slowdown (also called the subprime crisis2) and its impact on economies in Europe. The particular attention is attached to factors related to the fundamentals of the economy, i.e. the GDP growth, fiscal and monetary stability and external stability. Attempting to level of the gap existing in the Polish literature in the empirical research on that problem, the hereby article also refers to wider problems of the macroeconomic factors enhancing economies' capabilities to meet the challenges of global crises and strengthening their competitiveness afterwards. The special attention in the paper was attached to the role of financial and trade openness. In the empirical study we have assessed the macroeconomic “outside” of the crisis in the European economies and then we have run the regression model process to estimate the factors determining the exposure to those costs in cross-country perspective. The above mentioned macroeconomic costs are the relative falls (“gaps”) in GDP, i.e. the difference between the hypothetical GDP (resulting from the average mid-term trend) in 2008-2009 and actual GDP incurred in those two “crisis years”. In the regression model (crisis costs as the explained variable) we used the chosen data and indicators denoting the potential factors of the European countries' exposure to 2007-2009 crisis shock as explanatory variables. As the calculation results show, the variables that contributed to higher 2008-2009 crisis effects in the European countries were among others: high unemployment and high real interest rates, considerable government sector debt before the crisis, high economic development level, high share of nonperforming credit portfolio and high share of equity in the banking sector's assets (signifying a relatively poorly developed banking system), as well as good quality of law. Greater costs of the 2007-2009 crisis were (on average) incurred by countries experiencing high inflation, rapid GDP growth (as compared to the other sample countries), and considerable share of investment in GDP before crisis, and the economies which were characterized by above-average industry concentration and high development of stock exchange and bank market. The study leads to a general conclusion that in case of the European countries, the recession only highlighted and enhanced many problems and unfavorable tendencies which had existed before.
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Kidane, Shibiru Tade. "Credit risk management and profitability: empirical evidence on Ethiopian commercial banks." Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah 8, no. 4 (November 7, 2020): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v8i4.10225.
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The aim of the study was to assess the impact of credit risk management on the profitability commercial banks in Ethiopia. Secondary data was gathered from National Bank of Ethiopia for ten year periods (2010-2019). The study adopted Correlation analysis and fixed effect Model. Return on Asset was used to measure profitability of commercial banks, bank specific factors(Capital adequacy, Loan and Advances to total deposit, Non- Performing Loans, Bank size and Liquidity and macroeconomic factors (Inflation and Gross Domestic Product) as indicators of credit risk management. The findings showed that Credit Risk Management in terms of bank specific and macroeconomic factors has significant impact on profitability of commercial banks in Ethiopia. Also the result displayed that profitability of commercial banks is not affected by the amount of non- performing loans during the study. The study recommended that banks’ credit risk management should not give due devotion only to the internal factors but also to external factors exclusively (Gross Domestic Product and Inflation) in order to minimize their negative impact on profitability of commercial banks in Ethiopia