Relevant bibliographies by topics / External payments

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'External payments'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "External payments"

1

Snider, Lewis W. "The Political Performance of Third World Governments and the Debt Crisis." American Political Science Review 84, no. 4 (1990): 1263–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1963263.

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The developing countries' suspension of payments on their external debt is as much a consequence of the political weakness of their governments and the excessive politicization of their economic policies as it is a result of unfavorable structural changes in the international economy. Differences in debtor governments' political performances are treated as an explicit variable rather than as residuals to an economic explanation in estimating the probability of developing countries' suspending their external debt service payments. Using a logit model, I analyze fifty-eight developing countries
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Susanto, Eko, Ikin Solikin, and Budi Supriatono Purnomo. "A REVIEW OF DIGITAL PAYMENT ADOPTION IN ASIA." Advanced International Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship and SMEs 4, no. 11 (2022): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/aijbes.411001.

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Digital payments have changed people's financial behavior, particularly in Asian countries. The expansion of the internet network and the intensification of gadget functions have grown digital payment systems in mobile payments, internet banking, QR Codes, and electronic payments. Using a Systematic Literature Review, the study examined various Scopus articles from Asian countries to obtain an overview of the factors that influence the adoption of digital payments. We analyzed 597 digital, electronic, and mobile payment articles. TAM and UTAUT were found to be the most widely found theories to
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Gigante, Patrizia, Liviana Picech, and Luciano Sigalotti. "A MIXTURE MODEL FOR PAYMENTS AND PAYMENT NUMBERS IN CLAIMS RESERVING." ASTIN Bulletin 48, no. 1 (2016): 25–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2016.30.

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AbstractWe consider a Tweedie's compound Poisson regression model with fixed and random effects, to describe the payment numbers and the incremental payments, jointly, in claims reserving. The parameter estimates are obtained within the framework of hierarchical generalized linear models, by applying the h-likelihood approach. Regression structures are allowed for the means and also for the dispersions. Predictions and prediction errors of the claims reserves are evaluated. Through the parameters of the distributions of the random effects, some external information (e.g. a development pattern
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Ashari, Imam Ahmad, Iis Setiawan Mangku Negara, and Raden Bagus Bambang Sumantri. "Evaluasi Pembayaran Keuangan Siswa berdasarkan Penghasilan Wali Siswa menggunakan Metode Clustering K-Means." Edumatic: Jurnal Pendidikan Informatika 6, no. 2 (2022): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29408/edumatic.v6i2.6395.

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One of the problems that often occurs in school administration is the late payment of tuition fees. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the education payment process so that in the future the payment process can run in an orderly and disciplined manner. This study aims to create a cluster model for grouping student administration payments. This type of research is quantitative using the K-Means Clustering method to classify payment data based on 2 variables, namely the time of payment and the income of students' guardians carried out in private elementary schools in Semarang. The data used
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Nuryyev, Guych, Anastasia Spyridou, Simon Yeh, and Chen-Chang Lo. "Factors of digital payment adoption in hospitality businesses: A conceptual approach." European Journal of Tourism Research 29 (July 2, 2021): 2905. http://dx.doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v29i.2416.

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Hospitality businesses might achieve a competitive advantage by adopting cryptocurrency payments. This study provides insight into the factors that influence hospitality businesses’ intention to use new digital payments based on a conceptual approach. One of the contributions to the literature is in integrating an external variable – perceived security – into the Technology Acceptance Model. Perceived security is considered a strong predictor for a new payment technology adoption. This study also contributes to the academic research by illuminating potential directions for future empirical res
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Rubio, Jeniffer, and Ana Belén Tulcanaza-Prieto. "Digital Payments Trust in Latin America and the Caribbean." Economies 13, no. 5 (2025): 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13050140.

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The adoption of electronic payments has increased globally, driving economic growth by enabling smoother transactions. Digital payments enhance speed, security, trust, and efficiency, prompting governments to implement policies that promote financial inclusion through new payment technologies. However, trust in the financial system is crucial for adoption, given concerns about security, fraud, and data breaches. In Latin America and the Caribbean, where economies are vulnerable to external financial shocks, and trust in financial institutions is low, digital payment adoption presents both fina
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Bublyk, Yevhen, Svitlana Brus, and Oleksii Shpanel-Yukhta. "Prospects and obstacles to the restructuring of Ukraine’s external state obligations in the conditions of war." Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2022, no. 2 (2022): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2022.02.007.

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The article analyzes the structure of Ukraine’s external debt liabilities for the period from 2011 to 2021 and in the period since the beginning of the full-scale invasion. It is determined that the amount of state external liabilities, taking into account projected data, may exceed 70% of this country’s GDP, which will become the dominant form of both attracting financial resources to the state budget and threatening the state security. The authors provide an assessment of the difficulties of restructuring the external debt in terms of the specific weight of the creditor and the weight of sho
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Bublyk, Yevhen, Svitlana Brus, and Oleksii Shpanel-Yukhta. "Prospects and obstacles to the restructuring of Ukraine’s external state obligations in the conditions of war." Economy and forecasting 2022, no. 2 (2022): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2022.02.005.

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The article analyzes the structure of Ukraine’s external debt liabilities for the period from 2011 to 2021 and in the period since the beginning of the full-scale invasion. It is determined that the amount of state external liabilities, taking into account projected data, may exceed 70% of this country’s GDP, which will become the dominant form of both attracting financial resources to the state budget and threatening the state security. The authors provide an assessment of the difficulties of restructuring the external debt in terms of the specific weight of the creditor and the weight of sho
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Utami, Dyah Puspita Sari Nilam, and Mochamad Ikbal Arifyanto. "Digital Transformation of Electricity Bill Collection: Predicting Delays Using Machine Learning." sinkron 9, no. 1 (2025): 314–28. https://doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v9i1.14340.

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Delays in electricity bill payments pose a significant challenge for PLN in maintaining financial stability and delivering equitable service quality to the public. This study aims to develop a payment delay prediction system to assist PLN UP3 Makassar Utara in prioritizing invoice distribution to customers with a high likelihood of late payments. The Random Forest algorithm was chosen for its ability to handle complex data and produce reliable predictions. This research analyses historical electricity customer data from 2018 to 2023, encompassing 227,163 entries. The data is processed using va
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Kukla-Gryz, Anna, and Katarzyna Zagórska. "The effects of individual internal versus external reference prices on consumer decisions for pay-what-you-want payments." Central European Economic Journal 4, no. 51 (2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceej-2018-0001.

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Abstract We empirically investigate the interaction between internal and external reference prices on stated payments in a Pay-What-You-Want (PWYW) scheme. Using results of a vignette experiment with e-books, we show that when an external reference price provided is lower than respondents’ internal reference prices, the average of PWYW payments significantly decreases compared with a situation in which the external reference price is not provided. The relationship is the opposite when the external reference price provided to respondents is higher than their internal reference prices. In such a
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "External payments"

1

Marbet, Luzius Kaspar. "The External Balance of China." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262029.

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Паньків, Надія, and Nadiia Pankiv. "Cooperation of Ukraine and IMF: pros and cons." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/43561.

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Today, Ukraine is facing huge challenges not only with the COVID-19 pan-demic, but also the slowdown in the global economy, the escalation of trade, econom-ic and price wars, and the unfolding global financial and economic crisis. If in January of this year the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine attracted 1.25 billion euros of credit at just under 4.375% per annum, then a month later foreign investors started to leave Ukraine. Currently, our country can receive loans from the IMF, the World Bank and the European Union.
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Gu, Dapeng. "External imbalances and international transmission mechanisms." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609763.

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Mwau, Geoffrey. "Government and private sector responses to external shocks and their effects on the current account : evidence from Kenya, 1973-1988." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28497.

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This thesis analyzes the effects of external shocks and government policy responses on the current account in Kenya. We attempt to isolate two effects on the current account which arise from the impact of external shocks to the economy. The first one is attributed to a direct response by private agents to the shock. The second arises from the optimal response by the government to counteract the effects of the shock on the economy and depends on the government's objectives. It is hypothesized that these two effects can explain the behavior of the current account in many developing countries.<br
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Beran, Michal. "Vnější ekonomická rovnováha České republiky." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-74433.

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The thesis analyses the trend in external economic balance of the Czech Republic since 2000. The main instruments for the analysis were found in level of balance of payments and external debt statistics. The emphasis is also placed on exchange rate of Czech currency which is considered to be one of the leading determinants of external economic relations. The main goal of this paper lies in examination of past, present and also expected future trend in external balance with respect to various indicators and to comparison with other EU members, especially with Central Europe region (Poland, Slov
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Whyte, Sashana. "Essays on the impact of export earnings instability on growth, investment, the balance of payments and external debt in the Caribbean." Thesis, University of Kent, 2017. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/66355/.

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This thesis contains four essays that investigate export earnings instability in the Caribbean. The investigation of this topic begins by exploring the causes of export earnings instability and extends to the impact this has on key macroeconomic variables in the economies of Caribbean countries, namely growth; investment; the balance of payments, and external debt. The first essay focuses on calculating the level of export earnings instability, exploring which group of exports contribute most to the level of instability and investigating the causes of export earnings instability for 15 Caribbe
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Gorbacheva, Olga. "Vnější ekonomická rovnováha Ruské federace." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75386.

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Diploma thesis deals with the Russian external economic balance, particularly with the balance of payments, indebtness and the rubl exchange rate. The first chapter introduces the theory of balance of payments. The second chapter includes a theoretical approach to exchange rate and development of the ruble exchange rate. Furthermore, I focus on the status of current and financial account of Russian balance of payments in the years 2000-2010. The fifth chapter is focused on analysis of Russian indebtness.
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Pařilová, Martina. "Analýza vnější ekonomické rovnováhy ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76793.

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Diploma thesis focuses on the development of external economic balance of the Czech Republic in the years 2000-2009. The first chapter introduces the theory of the external economic balance. The second chapter describes the development of balance of payments of the Czech republic in the years 2000-2009. The third chapter analyzes the factors affecting the evolution of the balance of payments of the Czech Republic.
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Gajdušková, Kateřina. "Vývoj vnější ekonomické rovnováhy ČR a analýza ovlivňujících faktorů." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-149966.

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The thesis deals with the development of the external economic balance and the influencing factors. It describes the development of individual accounts of the balance of payments from 1993 to 2010 and it mainly focuses on last years and on the time of financial and economic crisis. Consequently in accordance to the basic theoretical concepts, it defines factors which can influence the individual parts of the balance of payments, and it analyzes the mutual relations. On the basis of analysis of the trade balance, current account, basic balance and total balance it was confirmed that the Czech R
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Kudličková, Anna. "Vnější ekonomická rovnováha České republiky." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-114116.

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The thesis analyses the external economic balance of the Czech Republic from 2000 till 2011 based on the balance of payments, investment positions and the external debt statistics. in conjunction with the exchange rate development. The main evaluation indicators used in the thesis are the current account balance, the basic balance and external debt. The thesis explains the causes of the development of these indicators and their consequences, considers the trend and then assess whether we can speak about a sustainable form of the external economic balance in the case of the Czech Republic.
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Books on the topic "External payments"

1

Williamson, John. Trade and payments after Soviet disintegration. Institute for International Economics, 1992.

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Eurostat, ed. External trade and balance of payments: Glossarium. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities., 1992.

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Kilian, Lutz. Oil shocks and external balances. International Monetary Fund, Research Dept., 2007.

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Eurostat, ed. External trade and balance of payments: Monthly statistics. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities., 1992.

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Eurostat, ed. External trade and balance of payments statistical yearbook. Office des publications officielles des Communaute s europe ennees., 1992.

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New Zealand. Statistics New Zealand. Balance of payments: Sources and methods. 2nd ed. Statistics New Zealand, 2001.

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Salvat, Oscar A. Echevarría. Deuda-- crísis cambiaria: Causas y correctivos. 2nd ed. Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, 1986.

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Richardson, Pete. Tracking the U.S. external deficit, 1980-85: Experience with the OECD Interlink model. OECD, 1987.

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Section, Caribbean Community Statistics, ed. External public debt and balance of payments of CARICOM member states, 1980-1996. Caribbean Community Secretariat, 1998.

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Benazzou, Chaouki. Le Maroc face à l'endettement extérieur: Balance des paiements et dette publique extérieure, 1973-1983. s.n.], 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "External payments"

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Herzberg, Angélique. "Digression on balance of payments accounting identities." In Sustainability of External Imbalances. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-07091-5_2.

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Thirlwall, A. P., and Heather D. Gibson. "Simultaneous Internal and External Balance." In Balance-of-Payments Theory and the United Kingdom Experience. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21806-6_8.

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Thirlwall, A. P. "Simultaneous Internal and External Balance." In Balance-of-Payments Theory and the United Kingdom Experience. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18390-6_6.

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Britton, Andrew, and Robert Anderton. "The Balance of Payments and Economic Policy in Britain." In External Imbalances and Policy Constraints in the 1990s. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22453-1_4.

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Jones, Stuart, and André Müller. "External Trade and the Balance of Payments, 1933–61." In The South African Economy, 1910–90. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22031-1_15.

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Jones, Stuart, and André Müller. "External Trade and the Balance of Payments since 1961." In The South African Economy, 1910–90. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22031-1_22.

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Jones, Stuart, and André Müller. "External Trade and the Balance of Payments, 1910–33." In The South African Economy, 1910–90. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22031-1_8.

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Soukiazis, Elias, Pedro André Cerqueira, and Micaela Antunes. "Growth Rates Constrained by Internal and External Imbalances: A Demand-Orientated Approach." In Models of Balance of Payments Constrained Growth. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137023957_6.

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Proske, Dieter. "Austria’s Balance of Payments under Changing Domestic and External Conditions." In Contributions to Economics. Physica-Verlag HD, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51170-7_13.

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Mbata, L. O. "Nigeria's Balance of Payments and External Liquidity in the Seventies." In The Foundations of Nigeria's Financial Infrastructure. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003227915-24.

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Conference papers on the topic "External payments"

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Azgün, Sabri. "Implications of Intertemporal External Budget Deficits in Euroasian Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01213.

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Economies should pay attention to the deficits of the balance of payments in order to achieve a sustainable economic growth and development within the process of globalisation. A country having risks in terms of current account deficits can be evaluated as the current economic policy is having problems at present and will have in days to come in the point of sustainability. The sustainability of the current account deficits are defined by the intertemporal budget constraint. According to the budget constraints, the path of outlays to the external world with revenues obtained from abroad determ
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Erkan, Çisil, Erdinç Tutar, Filiz Tutar, and Mehmet Vahit Eren. "An Analysis of External Debts of Turkey (1980–2012)." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00483.

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One of the most important goals of developing countries is to materialize sustainable economic growth and development. Foreign external debts play a key role in accelerating economic growth, investment and exports. Insufficient level of domestic capital accumulation generally forces developing countries to source finances by means of debts from foreign countries, banks and international organizations. External debt is also important resource for Turkey. In Turkish economy, external debt is taken generally in order to counter the saving deficit and foreign Exchange deficit and reach the high gr
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Birmpas, Georgios, Andrea Celli, Riccardo Colini-Baldeschi, and Stefano Leonardi. "Fair Equilibria in Sponsored Search Auctions: The Advertisers’ Perspective." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/14.

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In this work we introduce a new class of mechanisms composed of a traditional Generalized Second Price (GSP) auction, and a fair division scheme in order to achieve some desired level of fairness between groups of Bayesian strategic advertisers. We propose two mechanisms, beta-Fair GSP and GSP-EFX, that compose GSP with, respectively, an envy-free up to one item, and an envy-free up to any item fair division scheme. The payments of GSP are adjusted in order to compensate advertisers that suffer a loss of efficiency due the fair division stage. We investigate the strategic learning implications
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Kaya, Zekayi, Erkan Tokucu, Murat Aykırı, and Cahit Durmuş. "Middle Income Trap and Balance of Payments Constraint in the Turkish Economy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01251.

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Since the 1980’s, the growth rates have been continuously fluctuating because of internal and external economic and politic developments. These fluctuating - low growth rates led to a discussion on the middle income trap which is an outcome of low growth rates in Turkey. &#x0D; According to the some indicators, there is a middle income trap in the Turkish economy and the competitiveness of the economy has been decreasing in the international area because of the trap. It is seen that especially technology and innovations are the prominents factors that the governments have to take into account.
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Tonovska, Jasna. "Breaking the Barriers to Services Trade in Central and Eastern Europe." In 7th International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.2023.193.

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Rapid technological advancements have caused profound shifts in the global economy, establishing services and their trade as pivotal com­ponents within the framework of economic transformation. The study inves­tigates developments in international trade in services within five CEE coun­tries over the last two decades, using various data sources – the Balance of Payments (BOP), the overall and the digital services trade restrictiveness in­dex (STRI) and trade in value added. Despite CEE countries being net-export­ers of services, the share of services in total external trade remains limited. Al
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Čakajac, Božidar, and Nenad Janković. "SERBIA`S TRADE DEFICIT: MADE IN CHINA?" In Eighth International Scientific Conference Contemporary Issues in Economics, Business and Management [EBM 2024]. Faculty of Economics, Kragujevac, 2025. https://doi.org/10.46793/ebm24.239c.

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The trade deficit is one of the most consistent macroeconomic constraints of the Serbian economy, simultaneously reflecting negatively on the country’s external position. Despite the fact that during the observed period (2007-2023) the average export growth rate was higher than the import growth rate, the trade balance deficit has remained an unsolvable enigma for Serbian economic policymakers. The trend of decreasing the trade balance deficit, established after the global economic crisis, was interrupted in 2016 when it began to rise again. Simultaneously, since 2016, there has been more inte
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Silova, Elena, Irina Belova, and Daria Bents. "Model of Growth of the Russian Corporations: Impaction of Institutional Factors." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00932.

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In modern conditions corporations are a core of economic system and many macroeconomic indicators depend on growth of corporations. Quality and intensity of growth of corporations depend on many factors, both internal, and external. Institutional factors, including efficiency of the contract relations, level of tax burden, quality of corporate institutes have huge impact on growth of corporations. The purpose of this work – to reveal factors of growth of the Russian corporations and to construct models of the Russian corporations’ growth in a branch section. In research the assessment influenc
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Abdulqadir Mustafa, Sanna. "The Kingdom of Norway's experience in monetary reform and exchange rate change and Iraq's access to it." In 11th International Conference of Economic and Administrative Reform: Necessities and Challenges. University of Human Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/icearnc/1.

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The Kingdom of Norway is a welfare state based on principles such as equality and security for all and has a responsibility to raise the living, health and economic level of the people regardless of the social status and class affiliation of the people through the existence of economic and financial institutions such as the Central Bank, which monitors the process of monetary reform and exchange rate change in terms of its legality based on the country's constitution, judiciary and finance. Monetary reform is a key pillar of the economic reform program in any country in the world, as well as i
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Abdulqadir Mustafa, Sanna. ""The Kingdom of Norway's experience in monetary reform and exchange rate change and Iraq's access to it "." In 11th International Conference of Economic and Administrative Reform: Necessities and Challenges. University of Human Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicearnc/1.

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The Kingdom of Norway is a welfare state based on principles such as equality and security for all and has a responsibility to raise the living, health and economic level of the people regardless of the social status and class affiliation of the people through the existence of economic and financial institutions such as the Central Bank, which monitors the process of monetary reform and exchange rate change in terms of its legality based on the country's constitution, judiciary and finance. Monetary reform is a key pillar of the economic reform program in any country in the world, as well as i
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Mîndru, Iraida, and Valeria Mîndru. "The impact of overlapping crises on fiscal variables in some European Union member states." In International student scientific conference "Challenges of accounting for young researchers", 8th Edition. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2024. https://doi.org/10.53486/issc2024.81.

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The European Union currently faces a confluence of unprecedented crises – COVID-19, the Ukraine war, the climate crisis, and the energy crisis. These crises significantly strain the fiscal stability of member states. By understanding how overlapping crises affect fiscal variables, countries can orient their long-term economic strategies. The research method used in my analysis is a comparative one, looking at the macroeconomic situation and public finances of EU member countries such as Croatia and Lithuania. For the analysis I used the Macroeconomic Stabilization Pentagon method which is cons
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Reports on the topic "External payments"

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Moreno-Brid, Juan Carlos, Lorenzo Nalin, and Edgar Pérez-Medina. Current External Challenges to the Economic Expansion of Emerging Markets: A Balance-of-Payments Constrained Growth Perspective. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp201.

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We present a small analytical framework, built in the Balance of Payments Constrained Growth (BPCG) tradition, tailored to identify how specific financial and structural vulnerabilities of emerging economies (EMEs) restrict their expansion. This framework is applied to shed light on the impact of global shocks and of major macro policy changes in developed countries on the growth path of six economies. As we show, this impact is conditioned by the vulnerabilities and dynamics of their insertion on international trade and capital markets and their exposure to policy changes in the developed cen
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Ruprah, Inder J. The Question is Not Whether "To Devalue or Not to Devalue?" But Rather "What to Devalue?". Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008431.

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In this policy brief, we review the problem of a lack of competitiveness and the policy options to improve competitiveness and hence promote economic growth. Inadequate competitiveness can be measured as a sustained current account deficit of the balance of payments. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of three devaluation policy options: an external devaluation, an internal devaluation, and a fiscal devaluation. We conclude that the latest fashionable option, fiscal devaluation, offers gain with no pain but detailed country-specific simulations are needed to determine which option is
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Valencia, Oscar, Luis Alberto Rodriguez, and Juan Pablo Siachoque. Fiscal Rules and Optimal Currency Composition of Sovereign Debt in Emerging Economies. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004723.

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Total public debt in most emerging markets grew before and after the pandemic with a sizable share in foreign currency. Along this trend, interest payments increased even in the presence of active fiscal rules in some countries. How should debt management of public debt be set under a fiscal rule? This document studies how optimal currency composition reduces the cost of debt and facilitates fiscal rule compliance but increases budget risk. Using a small open economy model, we provide evidence that optimal foreign currency holdings in Chile, Colombia, and Mexico depart considerably from observ
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Agudelo-Rivera, Camila, Clark Granger-Castaño, and Andrés Sánchez-Jabba. The Expected Effects of Climate Change on Colombia’s Current Account. Banco de la República Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1214.

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This study analyzes the expected effects of climate change on Colombia’s current account. To this end, we present a literature review that outlines how climate-related risks could impact the balance of payments, complemented with an analysis that illustrates how the 2014-2015 oil shock affected the country's external sector. Subsequently, we show a projection of the current account balance through 2050 under different climate scenarios in order to establish whether the incidence of these risks would affect the country’s long-run current account. Our results indicate that achieving net-zero emi
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Guzmán, Eduardo Alonso. Central American Report No. 1 (2000). Inter-American Development Bank, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008590.

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The Central American Common Market (CACM) comprises Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua, the signatories of the General Treaty on Economic Integration in 1960. The basic pattern of economic integration in Central America was based on a free trade area, with a common external tariff and standardized customs rules, a preferential payments system that operated until the start of the 1980s, and a scheme for the subregional coordination of economic policy. This annual report aims to facilitate access to information for a broad potential readership interested in the Central Am
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Chong, Alberto E., and Florencio López-de-Silanes. Corporate Governance in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010872.

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This paper analyzes recent trends in Latin Americas institutional development regarding to investor protection. In spite of the underdevelopment of the regions financial markets, there is slow movement towards legal reforms intended to protect investors and make regional markets more attractive to investors; current inadequacies in the regions legal institutions generate high levels of ownership concentration, poor access to external equity financing, and narrow equity markets. The evidence in this paper, based on firm-level data for six countries, shows that, like legal protection of investor
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Guevara-Castañeda, Diego Alejandro, Leonardo Villar-Gómez, Olga Lucía Acosta-Navarro, et al. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia, February 2025. Banco de la República, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.01-2025.

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In 2024, the macroeconomic adjustment process continued, characterized by a sustained reduction in inflation that began in 2023 and a decline in the current account deficit of the balance of payments. This adjustment took place in the context of a contractionary monetary policy, with a gradual reduction in the monetary policy interest rate. GDP grew by 1.7%, driven by investment and consumption, while employment increased by 2.2%. Foreign reserves remained at adequate levels, and Banco de la República recorded a profit of COP 10,041 billion, benefiting from the returns on foreign reserves. Mac
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Chandrasekhar, C. P. The Long Search for Stability: Financial Cooperation to Address Global Risks in the East Asian Region. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp153.

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Forced by the 1997 Southeast Asian crisis to recognize the external vulnerabilities that openness to volatile capital flows result in and upset over the post-crisis policy responses imposed by the IMF, countries in the sub-region saw the need for a regional financial safety net that can pre-empt or mitigate future crises. At the outset, the aim of the initiative, then led by Japan, was to create a facility or design a mechanism that was independent of the United States and the IMF, since the former was less concerned with vulnerabilities in Asia than it was in Latin America and that the latter
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Bonilla-González, Ricardo, Olga Lucía Acosta-Navarro, Roberto Steiner-Sampedro, et al. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia, March 2024. Banco de la República, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.03-2024.

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In 2023, the Colombian economy made progress in the macroeconomic adjustment required to achieve growth compatible with its productive capacity and external and price stability. This adjustment was reflected in the beginning of the convergence of inflation towards the target, which closed the year at 9.3%. This adjustment is an important step forward in the Board of Directors’ (BDBR) intention to drive inflation toward its target by mid-2025. Net foreign reserves increased and at the end of 2023 reached USD 59,608.3 million, and Banco de la República’s (the Central Bank of Colombia, Banrep) pr
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Hinfelaar, Marja. Political Economy Analysis of Pro-poor Policies in Zambia. Institute of Development Studies, 2025. https://doi.org/10.19088/cpan.2025.004.

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In 2024, Zambia experienced the driest agricultural season in over 40 years, with significant crop losses, increased livestock deaths and, consequently, worsening poverty. Over 9 million people in 84 out of 116 districts were affected. Rising inflation impeded access to food for vulnerable households Being dependent on hydropower, the drought resulted in an enormous power deficit. In 2024 and early 2025 Zambia experienced power cuts of 21 hours a day, disproportionately affecting small and medium-sized enterprises that cannot afford solar power or generators. A debt crisis has exacerbated thes
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