Academic literature on the topic 'External Tables'
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Journal articles on the topic "External Tables"
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Kanao, K., T. Shinojima, J. Nakashima, et al. "External validation of preoperative nomograms for predicting pathological stage of prostate cancer: Analysis of 716 Japanese cases." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (2009): e16078-e16078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e16078.
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e16078 Background: For the purpose of predicting pathological stage of prostate cancer, Partin et al have developed preoperative nomograms (Partin Tables). Partin tables were modified and updated twice to reflect a more contemporary condition of prostate cancer stage at diagnosis. Recently similar Tables using 1188 Japanese patients were also developed. Although the characteristics of prostate cancer are thought to vary between Asian and Western patients, there are few studies to validate the prognostic accuracy of Partin tables in Asian patients and there is no study to validate three Partin table simultaneously. In this study we evaluate the validity of thee Partin Tables and Japanese Tables for our 716 of Japanese cases. Methods: Seven hundred sixteen patients were analyzed retrospectively who underwent radical prostatectomy in our institute without neoadjvant endocrine therapy. In four Tables (Partin 97, 01, 07 and Japanese Tables) the patient's distributions were evaluated and the fitness for each models were also evaluated using AIC (Akaike's information criteria). The probabilities of organ confined disease for each case were calculated from four nomograms and external validation was performed using ROC analysis and calibration. Results: Preoperative clinical stage of our cases were 587 with T1c, 140 with T2a, 20 with T2b and 63 with T2c. PSA at diagnosis was 10.45±0.60 (mean±SE). AIC of each Tables was 975.0 in 97 Tables, 974.3 in 01 Tables, 975.4 in 07 Tables and 973.6 in Japanese Tables. The area under the ROC curve (AUC)of each Tables was 0.619 in 97 Tables, 0.623 in 01 Tables, 0.614 in 07 Tables and 0.614 in Japanese Tables. There were no difference of calibration plots in four Tables and in general actual probabilities of organ confined were lower than predicted probability. Conclusions: This study showed that four nomograms have no difference in discrimination and prediction ability to our cases, but when we use these nomograms it is necessary to estimate the probability to be low than predicted probability. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Pankaj, Dureja. "Leveraging Apache Hive External Tables for Efficient XML Data Processing." European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 6, no. 2 (2019): 83–87. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12770398.
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This document explores the utilization of Apache Hive external tables for efficient XML data processing. XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is a widely used format for data interchange, and processing XML data efficiently poses challenges, especially when dealing with large datasets. Apache Hive, a data warehousing infrastructure built on top of Hadoop, offers a solution for processing structured data by providing a SQL-like interface. By leveraging Apache Hive external tables, XML data can be efficiently processed and queried in a distributed environment. This paper discusses the benefits of using external tables for XML data processing, provides a step-by-step guide for setting up and querying XML data in Apache Hive, and presents performance benchmarks demonstrating the efficiency of this approach.
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Velychko, Lev, Oksana Petruchenko, Oksana Tereshchuk, and Roman Nanivskyi. "External ballistics howitzer projectile." Military Technical Collection, no. 24 (May 20, 2021): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33577/2312-4458.24.2021.13-20.
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In this scientific work, the team of authors presents a mathematical model for studying the dynamics of the motion of a projectile in the air, fired from cannon. One of the main problems of external ballistics is to determine the magnitude of the force of the air resistance to the movement of the projectile. Usually in studies, a discrete relationship between the magnitude of the force of resistance and projectile velocity has been established. However, to improve the accuracy of firing, it is necessary to determine the functional dependence of air resistance on projectile velocity, deterministic and non-deterministic factors. The authors, when processing the results of landfill studies, which are presented in the tables of firing, found that the magnitude of the force of air resistance to the movement of the projectile depends not only on its speed but also on acceleration Based on this, the functional dependence of the force of air resistance is described separately during the movement of the projectile with the following velocities: supersonic (stage I); subsonic - with negative acceleration (stage II); subsonic with positive acceleration (stage III). To determine the coefficients of functional dependences, it is proposed to use inverse dynamics problems. Boundary conditions were considered - the full horizontal range of the projectile, depending on the specific angle of impact, obtained from the results of landfill research and given in the firing tables. Under the condition of a certain functional dependence of the force of counter-air resistance, taking into account the weight of the projectile and the Carioles’ force, as a result of this work is obtained the system of differential equations, which describes the motion of the projectile in air. The initial conditions for the first stage were taken the initial velocity of the projectile and zero (original) coordinates; for the second stage - the value of the kinematic parameters of the projectile at a time when its speed became equal to the speed of sound in the air; for the third stage - the value of the kinematic parameters of the projectile at the time when its velocity began to increase. By solving the system of differential equations, using the appropriate software, can be determined the impact of projectile charge and air temperatures, atmospheric pressure, changes in projectile mass and its initial velocity on the kinematic parameters of projectile motion. In addition, it allows you to automate the process of determining the aiming angle (it is better to ask the gunners the correctness of this concept) depending on the firing range, taking into account the above factors. Also, in the work on the basis of the method proposed by the authors, the is carried out comparison of the kinematic parameters of the projectile with the results given in the firing tables. They indicate minor differences when shooting at short distances, but when shooting at long distances - these differences increase, as the results in the tables of shootings are quite approximate.
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Pankaj, Dureja. "Streamlined Data Queries: Integrating Fixed-Width and CSV Data into Apache Hive." European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 7, no. 1 (2020): 41–45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13353829.
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This paper discusses loading Fixed-Width and CSV Data along with External Tables Implementation to Efficiently Query It. While comparatively simple and ubiquitous, fixed-width as well as CSV formats are often challenging processing targets - a difficulty only compounded within large-scale data ecosystems. With Apache Hive, which is built on top of the Hadoop ecosystem, handling structural data through a SQL-like interface becomes possible. Hive external tables provide a way to have fixed-width or CSV data, ingested and saved in an organized fashion with an ability to query that from anywhere in the cluster. The benefits of using external tables to manage these data formats are pointed out and specifics about how to configure Hive do such for fixed-width file and CSV files.
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Pincevičius, Albertas, Vaclovas Jonevičius, and Romualdas Baušys. "EXTERNAL BALLISTICS TASK MODELLING FEATURES / IŠORINĖS BALISTIKOS UŽDAVINIO MODELIAVIMO YPATUMAI." Aviation 15, no. 4 (2012): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16487788.2011.648311.
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Based on the solutions of an external ballistics task, tables are made for firearms and tables or computer control programs for heavy weapons. If you shoot in a mountainous area where the height difference between gunner and target can be about a hundred meters, defined skills for firing are necessary. We can make specific tables of firing with firearms in mountainous areas. Mortars are relatively simple and inexpensive weapons, and therefore their management has never been computerised. We have shown that this deficiency can be corrected. The programs described above calculate the required parameters very quickly. Santrauka Remiantis išorinės balistikos uždavinio sprendimais, šaulių ginklams sudaromos lentelės, o sunkiesiems ginklams – lentelės arba kompiuterinės valdymo programos. Jeigu šaudoma kalnuotoje vietovėje, kur aukščių skirtumas tarp šaulio ir taikinio siekia net šimtą metrų, reikia konkrečių įgūdžių. Galima sudaryti specifines šaudymo šaulių ginklais kalnuose lenteles. Minosvaidis yra santykinai paprastas ginklas, todėl jo valdymas nebūna kompiuterizuotas. Parodyta, kad šį trūkumą galima pataisyti. Aprašytos programos per kelias dešimtis sekundžių suskaičiuoja reikiamus parametrus.
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Petráš, R., J. Mecko, and V. Nociar. "Models of assortment yield tables for poplar clones." Journal of Forest Science 54, No. 5 (2008): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3/2008-jfs.
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The results of research on the production of raw timber assortments for the stands of poplar clones Robusta and I-214 in Slovakia are presented in this paper. Models of assortment yield tables were constructed, separately for each clone, in dependence on the yield class and stand age. The construction was based on the models of yield tables, stand assortment tables, models of external quality and damage to stems. Robusta clone produces by about 15–20% higher proportions of the highest quality assortments than I-214 clone. I-214 clone produces faster and higher proportions of average- and below-average quality assortments.
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Filatotchev, Igor, Zhongfeng Su, and Garry D. Bruton. "Market Orientation, Growth Strategy, and Firm Performance: The Moderating Effects of External Connections—ADDENDUM." Management and Organization Review 13, no. 3 (2017): 603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mor.2017.35.
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Levitsky, О. I. "The using of morphometric indices in the identification of mosquito larvae of the genus Aedes Meigen, 1818 (Diptera, Culicidae) of fauna of Ukraine." Ukrainian Entomological Journal 16, no. 1 (2019): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/281901.
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As a result of the morphometric analysis on the mosquito larval structures of the genus Aedes Meigen, 1818 from our own collections and literature analyses, a wide variation in quantitative and qualitative indices was revealed. The morphological and metric indices of mosquito larvae are quite similar and vary under the influence of environmental factors, which must be taken into account when determining species. The tables for rapid determination of common mosquito species of Ukraine, with the use of external features that do not require the manufacture of permanent slide mounts, are given in the article. All modern keys for identification are based on dichotomous tables. This process is quite long, does not take into account the individual variability and does not allow the quick identification of species. After analyzing the literature and summing up the result, it can be confirmed that 35 species of bloodsucking mosquitoes of the genus Aedes occur within Ukraine, so there is a need to create a new regional key. The purpose of the study is to propose tables for determining the common mosquitoes of the genus Aedes in Ukraine using external morphometric characteristics. The material used for this study was collected by the author in March–October of 2017–2018 at the territory of Volyn Region. Over the entire study period, a total of 185 samples were collected, 1580 species of mosquito larvae of the genus Aedes were analyzed. During the work, 12 morphometric characters of bloodsucking mosquitoes were used and the results were tabulated to determine species of the genus Aedes. The proposed keys for definition are presented in the form of a tables and have certain advantages, such as, the ability not to take into account the characters lost in the process of collecting or storing and to complete the diagnostics on other features, that is quite problematic with the dichotomous keys, since they have a certain algorithms. The proposed tables are based on the using of quantitative and qualitative external characters and do not require the preparation of slide mounts in further work. There is also the possibility of creating an electronic key, which will greatly facilitate the work on the determination of the larvae in the genus Aedes.
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Cho, Whanhee, and Anna Fariha. "Utopia: Automatic Pivot Table Assistant." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 17, no. 12 (2024): 4305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3685800.3685861.
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Data summarization is required to comprehend large datasets, and aggregations are effective ways to summarize data. A pivot table is a mechanism to aggregate numerical attributes grouped by categorical attributes and spreadsheet pivot tables are particularly suitable for novices, where they can rearrange, group, and aggregate data using intuitive interfaces. However, real-world spreadsheet data is often disorganized, with attributes having multiple values and synonymous variants. For instance, in the IMDb data, multiple genres are stored as a comma-separated value ("Action, Comedy, Drama") and "Science Fiction" can be represented in various ways: "Sci-Fi", "scifi", "Technological Fiction", etc. Such data issues pose barriers for novices while constructing pivot tables, and result in noisy and incomprehensible summarization. Parsing multi-valued attributes forces users to resort to external tools (Power Query) or methods (Python), requiring additional expertise; and consolidating synonymous variants demand manual effort, which is a tedious task. We introduce Utopia, an a UTO matic PI vot table A ssistant that extends the functionality of spreadsheet pivot tables, overcoming data issues such as multi-valued attributes and synonymous variants. Utopia helps construct pivot tables without requiring additional expertise by (1) automatically detecting multi-valued attributes and organizing the values, achieving implicit data normalization , and (2) leveraging SimCSE embeddings and K-Means clustering to consolidate synonymous variants, enabling semantic aggregation. We will demonstrate how Utopia enables effective pivot table construction, relieving technical novices from tedious data preprocessing while allowing them to remain in their familiar spreadsheet environment, without requiring external tools or additional expertise.
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Lenoble-Pinson, Michèle. "The "Dictionary of the French Academy" digitized, open and free." XLinguae 14, no. 4 (2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2021.14.04.01.
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Few people are familiar with the Dictionary of the French Academy. However, it provides the official French spelling. Each edition introduces words and graphic modifications. Since 2020, a digital portal provides access to 9 editions, to the conjugation tables of 6,200 verbs and to 900 "Dire, ne pas dire" notices from the French Academy. The rectified forms in 1990 were incorporated at various stages. Hypertext links lead to external resources such as the France Terme database, which offers officially recommended scientific and technical terms, and the Base de données lexicographiques panfrancophone (B.D.L.P.), which brings together lexical varieties from twenty Francophone countries. The Dictionary of the Academy and its supplements, with direct and free access, can be consulted on any digital medium (tablet, mobile phone, computer). www.dictionnaire-academie.fr
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "External Tables"
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Semeria, Eric. "Le lambeau osteo-perioste de la region temporo-parietale : le lambeau pedicule de table externe de parietal." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX20195.
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GRIMALDI, Wilson. "A contribuição das trocas internas e externas na formação da oferta de bens e serviços do Estado de Pernambuco: uma avaliação através da tabela de recursos e usos." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2010. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/4678.
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Previous issue date: 2010-02-24<br>This paper aims at analyzing the contribution and importance of proper internal and external trade in the economy of Pernambuco, detailing the role of imports in supply and export demand, with an emphasis on interstate transactions.To achieve the objective, it was necessary to use basic sources of information from the Systems of National Accounts of Brazil and of the Regional Accounts for the year 2005 and above estimates of Supply and Uses Tables to Pernambuco. With the information from the Supply and Uses Tables to Pernambuco was possible to detail by economic activity values of imports and exports interstate, and this step of paramount importance for the completion of the work since it was developed a methodology of calculation using data from the Department of Finance of State of Pernambuco to estimate such values. It also exposed the methodology of calculation of Supply and Uses Tables to Pernambuco used to estimate the values of the components of supply and demand state describing each of its components. Similarly, weights are presented service sectors of agriculture and industry and the role of each in the economy of Pernambuco, both the supply and demand, especially the activity of processing industry and its genres Finishing the job, it was found that the state of Pernambuco imports and exports accounted for much of the demand and supply, especially the latter, since the weight of shopping on offer is greater than the share of sales in demand.<br>O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar a contribuição e a devida importância das trocas internas e externas na economia pernambucana, detalhando o papel das importações na oferta e das exportações na demanda, dando ênfase às transações interestaduais. Para atingir o objetivo, foi necessário o emprego de fontes básicas de informações dos Sistemas de Contas Nacionais do Brasil e das Contas Regionais para o ano de 2005 e principalmente das estimativas da Tabela de Recursos e Usos – TRU para Pernambuco. Com as informações da TRU-PE, foi possível detalhar por atividade econômica os valores das importações e exportações interestaduais, sendo essa etapa de suma importância para a realização do trabalho, já que foi elaborada uma metodologia de cálculo através dos dados da Secretaria da Fazenda do Estado de Pernambuco para estimar tais valores. É exposta também a metodologia de cálculo da TRU-PE utilizada para estimar os valores dos componentes da oferta e da demanda estadual descrevendo cada um de seus componentes. Do mesmo modo, são apresentados os pesos setores de serviços da agropecuária e da indústria e o papel de cada um na economia pernambucana, tanto na oferta como na demanda, sobretudo da atividade da indústria de transformação e seus gêneros Finalizando o trabalho, obteve-se que no estado de Pernambuco as importações e as exportações representam grande parte da demanda e da oferta, sobretudo desta última, já que o peso das compras é maior na oferta do que a participação das vendas na demanda.
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FERGUSON, David. "“BEHIND THE TABLE” IN NEGOTIATION: BEHAVIORS AND FUNCTIONS OF EFFECTIVE EXTERNAL LEADERS." Thesis, 2017. https://doi.org/10.15057/28825.
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Hajizadehgashti, Sepinood. "Investigating the Impact of Table Size on External Cognition in Collaborative Problem-Solving Tabletop Activities." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6951.
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Tables have been used for working and studying for years, and people continue using tables to work
with digital artifacts. Collaborative tabletop activities such as planning, designing, and scheduling are
common on traditional tables, but digital tables still face a variety of design issues to facilitate doing
the same tasks. For example, due to the high cost of digital tables, it is unclear how large a digital
table must be to support collaborative problem solving.
This thesis examines the impact of physical features, in particular the table size, on collaborative
tasks. This research leverages findings of previous studies of traditional and digital tables, and
focuses on exploring the interaction of table size and users’ seating arrangement in collaborative
problem solving. An experimental study is used to observe the behaviors of two-member groups
while doing problem-solving tasks. Two tasks, storytelling and travel planning, were selected for this
study, and the experiments were performed on two traditional tables, one small and one large.
Although working on digital and traditional tables differs, investigating the impact of physical
features in traditional tables can help us better understand how these features interact with workspace
awareness and external cognition factors during taskwork.
In the empirical study, external cognitive behaviors of participants were deeply analyzed to
understand how physical settings of the table and seating arrangement affect the way people
manipulate artifacts in the table workspace. Collaborators passed through different stages of problem
solving using varied strategies, and the data analysis revealed that they manipulated material on the
tabletop for understanding, organizing and solution making through visual separation, cognitive
tracing and piling. Table size, task type and user seating arrangement showed strong effects on the
external cognition of collaborators. In particular, the accessibility of sufficient space on the table
influenced how much users could distribute their materials to improve workspace awareness and
cognitive tracing. On the other hand, lack of space or inaccessible space forced people to use the
space above the table—by holding materials in their hands—or to pile materials to compensate for
space limitations.
The insights gained from this research inform design decisions regarding size and seating
arrangement for tabletop workspaces. For cases in which there is insufficient space, design
alternatives are recommended to improve accessibility to artifacts to compensate for space
limitations. These solutions aim to enhance the external cognition of users when space is insufficient
to work with artifacts in problem-solving tasks.
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田湘能. "The Investigation Of Aerodynamic Interference Of Two Dimensional Airfoil With External Store By Using A Water Table." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15377483387093277587.
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碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>機械工程研究所<br>80<br>Combat aircraft carry external stores (bombs, rockets, fuel tanks, instrument pods, or containers) at various station on the wing. There are mutual aerodynamic interferences between the aircraft and the external stores. This condition can change the characteristics of aircraftoflow field that may result in a wing/store flutter phenomena, an instability of flight control, and external stores departing from the predicted separation trajectory behavior and possibly colliding with the aircraft。
An investigation is made, simplifying the aerodynamic interference to two-dimensions and using the hydraulic analogy analysis technique to simulate the flow field. Experiments in a water table provide qualitative observation and quantitative analysis of interference flow fields at subsonic and supersonic speed. The results show that different wing/store configurations and flight conditions have different aerodynanmic interferences. Thus, interference flow fields can analyze the force applied to the external store and lift distribution of the wing before store separating from the aircraft.
Books on the topic "External Tables"
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Bank, World, ed. World debt tables: External finance for developing countries. World Bank, 1996.
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Bank, World, ed. World debt tables: External finance for developing countries. World Bank, 1996.
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World Bank. External Debt Division., ed. World debt tables: External debt of developing countries. World Bank, 1986.
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Bank, World, ed. World debt tables: External finance for developing countries. World Bank, 1993.
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World Bank. External Debt Division., ed. World debt tables: External debt of developing countries. World Bank, 1986.
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Pepijn, Nicolas, and EuropeanNetwork on Debt and Development., eds. World credit tables: Creditors' claims on debtors exposed. EURODAD, 1996.
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International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) / World Bank. World debt tables: external finance for developing countries, 1993-94. The World Bank, 1993.
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Eurostat, ed. Commerce exte rieur: Tableaux analytiques = External trade : analytical tables. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities., 1990.
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World Bank. World debt tables: External debt of developing countries : 1989-1990 : Analysis and summary tables. The World Bank, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "External Tables"
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Kuhn, Darl. "External Tables." In Pro Oracle Database 12c Administration. Apress, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-5729-5_14.
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Malcher, Michelle, and Darl Kuhn. "External Tables." In Pro Oracle Database 18c Administration. Apress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4424-1_14.
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Malcher, Michelle, and Darl Kuhn. "External Tables." In Pro Oracle Database 23c Administration. Apress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9899-2_15.
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Malcher, Michelle, and Darl Kuhn. "External Tables." In Pro Oracle Database 23ai Administration. Apress, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/979-8-8688-1038-1_15.
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Kuhn, Darl. "Chapter 14 External Tables." In Pro Oracle Database 11g Administration. Apress, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-2971-1_14.
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Ehrenberg, H., M. Hinterstein, A. Senyshyn, and H. Fuess. "Powder diffraction in external electric and magnetic fields." In International Tables for Crystallography. International Union of Crystallography, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/97809553602060000943.
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Woelfel, Philipp. "Maintaining External Memory Efficient Hash Tables." In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11830924_46.
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Avoine, Gildas, Xavier Carpent, Barbara Kordy, and Florent Tardif. "How to Handle Rainbow Tables with External Memory." In Information Security and Privacy. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60055-0_16.
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(Mary) Tai, Hsueh-Yung. "Applications of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence." In Digital Health Care in Taiwan. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05160-9_11.
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AbstractThis chapter introduces the application of National Health Insurance (NHI) big data in creating digital claim review tools and artificial intelligence (AI) training to improve review efficacy. By analyzing big data in the NHI medical information system, the National Health Insurance Administration (NHIA) can detect abnormal or unusual claims and efficiently reduce medical waste. AI models are further generated with the NHI big data to identify duplicated medical images and monitor the quality of uploaded images and test results from medical institutions.The NHIA also seeks external resources to explore the possibilities of diverse AI applications. Its big data have been applied to create an AI-based COVID-19 detection platform used by medical centers. Within it, high-risk patients’ X-ray images can be detected automatically and then an alert message is sent to doctors, thus preventing nosocomial COVID-19 infections.Besides a convenient digital claims system, the NHIA also provides contracted institutions with useful reminders, references, and graphic functions with figures and/or tables to help the quality of their self-management.
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Feasel, Kevin. "External Tables." In Microsoft PolyBase Concepts and Configuration. Apress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6191-0_8.
Full textConference papers on the topic "External Tables"
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Carroll, James, Dale Lindemuth l, Olagoke Olabisi, David Kroon, Marlane Miller, and Larry Rankin. "PHMSA-Sponsored Research: Improvements to ECDA Process-Severity Ranking." In CORROSION 2010. NACE International, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2010-10054.
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Abstract This paper highlights a PHMSA-sponsored research project directed toward enhancing external corrosion direct assessment (ECDA) classification and prioritization for effective direct examinations. With ECDA, indirect inspections (IDI) techniques are used at grade to identify areas where external corrosion activity may have occurred , may be occurring or may occur on pipelines below grade. To objectively enhance classification and prioritization methodologies as outlined in NACE SP0502-2008, we developed improved self-consistent classification and prioritization tables. Suitable metrics are identified to accurately characterize external corrosion and IDI data in relation to operational environments, such as soils data, normally collected during the pre-assessment step of ECDA. Specifically, empirical relationships are identified involving rupture and leak failure threats due to external corrosion activity below grade, discovered by either in-line inspection (ILI) or direct examination (DE). The empirical models plus the classification and prioritization tables provide accurate classification and prioritization methodologies aimed at enabling pipeline operators to effectively, economically, efficiently and safely address the external corrosion threat to pipeline integrity.
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Jain, Swati, Andrea N. Sánchez, Shan Guan, et al. "Probabilistic Assessment of External Corrosion Rates in Buried Oil and Gas Pipelines." In CORROSION 2015. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-05529.
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Abstract Quantitative risk assessment due to external corrosion requires an estimation of corrosion rates which is a challenging task for pipeline engineers because of the uncertainty in data related to environmental and physical variables such as soil type, drainage, soil chemistry, CP effectiveness, coating type and coating properties. Unfortunately, the research into quantitative assessment of external corrosion rates and the probability of failure of a buried pipeline is limited and has not progressed significantly. The reason is the complex mechanism of external corrosion, numerous factors affecting it, and the uncertainty in the knowledge of the variables. There is the need of a probabilistic external corrosion methodology that compiles in one framework field data, multiple analytical methods (i.e. mechanistic models from various sources and multiple risk modelling methods are combined in one unified method) and expert knowledge. In this paper a novel model for quantitative assessment of corrosion rates using Bayesian network method is proposed. Bayesian Networks are graphical models based on cause-consequence relationships that are quantified through conditional probability tables based on a combination of information available from subject matter experts, mechanistic models, and field data. A case study is presented to assess the probability of failure due to external corrosion in a crude oil buried pipeline located in Eastern China. The model was validated using in-line inspection data.
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Tsaprailis, Haralampos, and Jiajun Liang. "Fitness for Purpose of Low Temperature Cure Liquid-Applied Coating Systems for Pipeline Maintenance." In CORROSION 2017. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-09602.
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Abstract In Canada, CSA Z245.30-14 covers the application of shop and field applied external coating systems for below ground steel pipelines. CSA Z245.30-14 was enacted in 2015 when the latest version of CSA Z662 was published. Similar to ISO 28109-3, the CSA Z245.30-14 outlines the testing criteria that liquid applied epoxy and fusion bonded epoxy coatings shall satisfy (Table 1 in CSA Z245.30-14). Pipeline maintenance and repair work can occur during the winter season in certain northern regions in Canada due to the geographical restrictions placed by the local soil condition (e.g., permafrost). Additional, pipelines transporting compressed or liquid natural gas commodities also have operation temperatures below 10 °C. Subsequently, low temperature cure liquid epoxy coating systems are often used to allow for curing on an operating (i.e., flowing) line. These coating systems allow advertised curing down to as low as -20 degrees Celsius. Many low temperature cure liquid-applied coating products do not comply with the CSA Z245.30-14 standard when tested at the Manufacturer’s advertised maximum rated service temperatures. This paper will discuss the fitness for purpose of low temperature cure liquid-applied coating systems for pipeline maintenance and repair on existing pipelines. Potential revisions to incorporate low temperature cure liquid-applied coating products into Table 1 of CSA Z245.30-14 will be presented along with commentary related to the deviations from the standard.
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Horton, A. M. (Mike). "Metallized Zinc Coating on Ductile Iron Pipe – Results of 50 Years of Corrosion Testing in One of the Most Aggressive Soil Environments Found in the United States." In CONFERENCE 2025. AMPP, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00160.
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Abstract Zinc metallizing with a high purity zinc wire plus a topcoat has been utilized in Europe for external corrosion control of iron pipe for over 65 years and in the United States for over 35 years. This method of external corrosion protection for ductile iron pipe has been under evaluation by the Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association and by North American ductile iron pipe manufacturers since 1975. This paper summarizes 50 years of testing and research of metallic zinc coating on ductile iron pipe (DIP) in one of the most corrosive soils found in the United States – the Florida Everglades. The soil environments in these studies are described as “swampy organic muck” and classified as “uniquely severe” by AWWA(1) Standard C105. They have a resistivity between 80 and 240 ohm-cm, a very high potential for MIC (microbiologically influenced corrosion), and a fluctuating tidal salt/brackish water table. In this severely corrosive environment unprotected DIP with a wall thickness of 0.25” experienced complete wall penetration in less than 3 years and zinc coated DIP in less than 15 years. By comparison, pipe with the combination of metallic zinc used in combination with polyethylene encasement did not experience any penetrations during the studies and indicated an average time to a single penetration of 200+ years.
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Johnson, Myles, and Casey Whalen. "Long-Lasting Repairs in Salt Flat Environments." In CORROSION 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2019-13139.
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Abstract Pipeline coatings operating in salt flats have a tremendous responsibility to protect the pipe in a very aggressive environment. When the coating shows a weak spot and fails, the carbon steel pipe will corrode until a repair is performed. However (in the past/historically), many repairs in salt flat regions have seen disbonding or other issues due to the high salt concentration and shallow water table that is typical to this region. Whether a serious repair is needed or just an aggressive re-coat is wanted, it is vital to ensure that the repair lasts a long time. A composite repair system is one method for repairing a pipeline suffering from critical defects including but not limited to external corrosion. The composite system functions as both a protective coating and structural reinforcement to provide a permanent/long-lasting repair. Three composite repair systems were designed to address the primary causes for composite failure: damage resistance, adhesion strength, resistance to cathodic disbondment, and proper installation. The three composite repair systems successfully completed a 14-month field trial in a coastal sabkha area. The following paper highlights the ability of a composite system to handle harsh conditions when properly designed.
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Naha, Prantosh, Nadeem J. Sait, Y. M. Salim, and Vaseem J. Sait. "Case Study on Caisson & Piston Cylinder Protection Failure." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19340.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to discuss the existing design, develop & install a reliability improvement & monitoring system for the special casting facility (caisson and cylinder) equipped with a large size buried cylinder structure (approx. 12 m stroke length 1.1 m rod diameter) which is used for the movement of the entire casting table at the facility of one of the major producers of aluminum in the world. In order to protect the structural integrity as well as to prevent corrosion from electrolytes, the protective shell, called caisson, around the underground part of the cylinder was built which is made of a 30mm thick steel plate. The corrosion protection to caisson (hydraulic jack casing) was by 400 micron coal tar epoxy paint to all external & internal faces, applied to steel blast cleaned to Swedish standard. No Cathodic Protection (CP) system was considered during design phase. A structural failure due to corrosion of this protective shell (caisson) led sea water to enter the casting facility. Water has started to accumulate around the cylinder resulting substantial corrosion on the cylinder itself. Over the period, this water mixed with hydraulic oil which resulted in the stoppage of production. Our work will include the initial design of corrosion protection and monitoring activities, evidence of corrosion that led to leak on the caisson, study at the site to identify probable causes, design of additional corrosion protection and its implementation, and post commissioning monitoring data and analysis and conclusion as a minimum. Our work will highlight initial design failure. An ICCP system was implemented to protect external surface of the caisson. Also SACP ribbon anode was provided between caisson & cylinder to protect cylinder in case of any electrolyte present in future.
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Castanheira, Luana Yasmim Fernández Avelaneda, Isabela Caldeira Rosolen, Francisco José Germano Hennermann, Daniela Santos Liu, and Laila Ramos Hasegawa. "MORBIDADE HOSPITALAR DO SUS POR CAUSAS EXTERNAS NO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO: PERFIL EPIDEMIOLÓGICO." In XIII Congresso Internacional de Ciência, Tecnologia e Desenvolvimento. Even3, 2024. https://doi.org/10.29327/1518805.13-1.
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As causas externas de morbidade possibilitam a classificação de ocorrências e circunstâncias ambientais. No Brasil, essas causas têm sido responsáveis por uma parcela significativa das internações hospitalares, evidenciando a necessidade de intervenções mais eficazes para otimizar o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) que exerce um papel importante na administração de cuidados às pessoas, bem como os recursos aplicados nele a fim de melhorar os resultados em saúde. Diante do exposto, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo traçar o perfil epidemiológico das internações hospitalares paulistas por meio dos dados de morbidade hospitalar no Estado de São Paulo entre os anos de 2013 a 2023. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico retrospectivo exploratório de caráter descritivo em que foram utilizados os dados obtidos pelo dado de Morbidade Hospitalar do SUS (SIH/SUS) e disponibilizados no site do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS). Foram realizadas análises descritivas e analíticas dos dados e organização dos resultados em tabelas. As variáveis estudadas foram divisão administrativa estadual, carácter de atendimento, regime, grande grupo de causas, faixa etária, sexo, cor/raça e ano de atendimento. Em face dos resultados analisados entre 2013 e 2023, é possível analisar que o estado de São Paulo teve um total de 2.625.261 casos de morbidade hospitalar do SUS por causas externas, com um aumento de 19,08%. Sendo destaque no período estudado a divisão administrativa da Grande São Paulo com 1.191.017 casos (45,37%), seguido pelas regiões de Campinas 223.850 casos (8,53%), Taubaté 144.254 casos (5,49%), Bauru 141.517 casos (5,39%), e São José do Rio Preto 132.510 casos (5,05%). Acerca do regime de internação, não foi possível determinar com precisão a prevalência em relação ao meio público ou privado pois os dados foram tidos como em maioria ignorados. Ao abordarmos as internações por sexo, houve um predomínio do sexo masculino com o total de 1.756.049 casos (66,89%) no período de 2013 a 2023, em relação ao sexo feminino com o total de 869.212 casos (33,11%). Sendo o pico de internações no ano de 2023 com 271.673 casos (10,35%). De acordo com a faixa etária, observa-se que a prevalência ocorre em adultos de 20 a 59 anos com 1.590.338 casos (60,58%); com destaque para a faixa etária de adultos jovens de 20 a 29 anos com 464.496 casos (17,69%). No que se refere às internações por cor/raça, há a predominância da branca com 1.413.075 casos (53,83%), seguida pela parda com 718.232 casos (27,36%), preta com 126.915 casos (4,83%), amarela com 19.387 casos (0,74%), e indígena com 264 casos (0,01%); ainda 347.388 casos (13,23%) foram declarados como sem informação. Por fim, ao analisar o grupo de causas houve um predomínio de 1.519.469 casos (57,88%) por outras causas externas de lesões acidente, seguido por 462.993 casos (17,64%) devido acidentes de transporte, e 192.071 casos (7,32%) em face de eventos cuja intenção é indeterminada. Dessa forma, esse estudo aponta uma necessidade de pesquisas adicionais sobre segurança no trabalho, violência urbana e tráfego nas regiões mais acometidas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Sistema Único de Saúde; Epidemiologia; Morbidade; Causas externas
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Marshall, Orange S., Sean W. Morefield, Philip G. Malone, and Charles A. Weiss. "Soil Moisture Control Using Intelligent Single-Well Electro-Osmotic Dewatering Systems." In CORROSION 2011. NACE International, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2011-11335.
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Abstract Preventing water intrusion into basements and other subgrade structures has always an engineering challenge. During periods of heavy rain or snow runoff, the water table rises and water can seep through the concrete walls and floors of basements, damaging or destroying building contents, corroding metal fixtures and equipment, and rotting wood. Normally a system involving drains at the foundation would be considered; but in the case of historic buildings, the structure must be preserved in its original condition without altering the foundation. Army researchers have developed dewatering points that are external to the structure and can be used in both existing and new construction. Each soil dewatering well is a separate unit that uses a controller and a casing equipped with an electro-osmotic pulse (EOP) array that has been designed to act independently on the soil moisture volume adjacent to the well. The self-contained design minimizes any eddy currents that might interfere with electronics in the protected structure. Each structure can be targeted with the number of de-watering points needed to stabilize soil moisture. The intelligent single-well design provides an economic advantage that allows electro-osmotic pulse technology to be used on facilities where it might not have been considered cost-effective.
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Gül, Zafer Barış. "The Structural Transformation of Turkish Economy: Exploring Key Sectors using Traditional and Hypothetical Extraction Linkages." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c15.02760.
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Türkiye has experienced a vast number of financial instabilities and exposed to several real sector shocks since 1970’s. Seven input-output tables have been released since 1970’s. These tables can be used to analyze each of Turkish economy’s decades from 1970’s to 2000’s. In this regard, Turkish economy can be divided into four decades. The first decade from 1970 to 1980 is characterized by the import-substitution growth strategy, represented by input-output tables of 1973 and 1979. The second decade known as the export-oriented growth period which is represented by the 1985 input-output table. The third one is 1990’s. This period is called the financial liberalization and represented by 1990 and 1998 input-output tables. The last period is 2000’s, considered as the growth model on external financing. These four periods, as mentioned above, describe Turkish economy with different features. Seven input-output tables are employed to analyze the structure of the corresponding periods of Turkish economy. The main purpose of this study is to determine the key sectors with seven input-output tables within the frame of four decades of Turkish economy using traditional and hypothetical linkage measures. The point to be investigated is to consider the structural transformation of the Turkish economy in the 42-year period from 1970 to 2012, it is desired to observe the transformations of key sectors throughout the 42 years via the input-output analysis with seven input-output tables.
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Fischer, Shannon, Tao Shen, Carl Nelson, and Dmitry Oleynikov. "Design of an Adjustable Table Mount for Multifunctional NOTES Robot." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3329.
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Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is a method in which tools are passed through a natural orifice to the surgical site. This removes the need for external incisions, which can allow patients to recover more quickly without any visible abdominal scarring. This surgical method also has several limitations including limited space, complex lumen geography, and difficult visualization [1]. To address these problems, researchers have developed various tools, including endoscope-based robots [2], and insertable bimanual robots [3]. However, some of the aforementioned constraints/limitations remain, and consideration of accessories for use with these tools remains relevant. Our lab designed a multifunctional NOTES robot, which consists of a snakelike linkage driven by cables that are attached to motors in an external housing to navigate through the lumen geometry; it also includes a bimanual end effector with interchangeable tool tips [4]. This paper introduces the design of an adjustable table mount to address the limitations related to transluminal insertion. It provides four passive degrees of freedom (DOFs) to grossly place the robot, and enables the robot to be fixed on surgical tables with different sizes. Benchtop testing on a surgical table with a patient mannequin demonstrates its functionality.
Reports on the topic "External Tables"
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Powell. L52196 Practical Guidelines for Conducting an External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA) Program. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011369.
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The purpose of integrity assessments of gas transmission or liquids pipelines is to minimize hazards to the general public, minimize pipeline leaks and spills, ensure continuous operations of the pipelines, optimize expenditures for reducing risk, and satisfying governmental regulatory requirements. The purpose of this document is to provide a bridge to help pipeline professionals follow NACE RP 0502-2002 (Standard Recommended Practice Pipeline External Corrosion Direct Assessment Methodology) and conduct pipeline integrity assessments for their pipeline systems. This document presents the four-step ECDA process, with an appropriate level of details to facilitate pipeline professionals in conducting integrity assessments using the ECDA process. Numerous figures and tables are presented to emphasize salient points related to integrity assessments for pipelines, using the ECDA process. Attachments include a questionnaire for collecting relevant data as part of the pre-assessment step and a worksheet to be used during direct examinations.
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Winkler-Portmann, Simon. Umsetzung einer wirksamen Compliance in globalen Lieferketten am Beispiel der Anforderungen aus der europäischen Chemikalien-Regulierung an die Automobilindustrie. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627796.
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This publication based on a master thesis explores the challenges of the automotive industry regarding the European chemical regulations REACH and CLP, as well as potential improvements of the current compliance activities and the related incentives and barriers. It answers the research question: "To what extent should the compliance activities of actors in the automotive supply chain be extended in order to meet the requirements of European chemicals regulation; and where would it help to strengthen incentives in enforcement and the legal framework?“. The study’s structure is based on the transdisciplinary delta analysis of the Society for Institutional Analysis at the Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences. It compares the target state of the legal requirements and the requirements for corresponding compliance with the actual state of the actual compliance measures of the automotive players and attempts to identify their weak points (the delta). The main sources for the analysis are the legal texts and relevant court decisions as well as guideline-based expert interviews with automotive players based on Gläser & Laudel. As objects of the analysis, there are in addition answers to random enquiries according to Article 33 (2) REACH as well as the recommendations and guidelines of the industry associations. The analysis identifies the transmission of material information in the supply chain as a key problem. The global database system used for this purpose, the IMDS, shows gaps in the framework conditions. This results in compliance risk due to the dynamically developing regulation. In addition, the study identifies an incompliance of the investigated automobile manufacturers with regard to Art. 33 REACH. In answering the research question, the study recommends solutions to the automotive players that extend the current compliance activities. In addition, it offers tables and process flow diagrams, which structure the duties and required compliance measures and may serve as basic audit criteria. The analysis is carried out from an external perspective and looks at the entire industry. It therefore cannot cover all the individual peculiarities of each automotive player. As a result, the identified gaps serve only as indications for possible further compliance risks.
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Lichter, Amnon, Joseph L. Smilanick, Dennis A. Margosan, and Susan Lurie. Ethanol for postharvest decay control of table grapes: application and mode of action. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587217.bard.
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Original objectives: Dipping of table grapes in ethanol was determined to be an effective measure to control postharvest gray mold infection caused by Botrytis cinerea. Our objectives were to study the effects of ethanol on B.cinerea and table grapes and to conduct research that will facilitate the implementation of this treatment. Background: Botrytis cinerea is known as the major pathogen of table grapes in cold storage. To date, the only commercial technology to control it relied on sulfur dioxide (SO₂) implemented by either fumigation of storage facilities or from slow release generator pads which are positioned directly over the fruits. This treatment is very effective but it has several drawbacks such as aftertaste, bleaching and hypersensitivity to humans which took it out of the GRAS list of compounds and warranted further seek for alternatives. Prior to this research ethanol was shown to control several pathogens in different commodities including table grapes and B. cinerea. Hence it seemed to be a simple and promising technology which could offer a true alternative for storage of table grapes. Further research was however required to answer some practical and theoretical questions which remained unanswered. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: In this research project we have shown convincingly that 30% ethanol is sufficient to prevent germination of B. cinerea and kill the spores. In a comparative study it was shown that Alternaria alternata is also rather sensitive but Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger are less sensitive to ethanol. Consequently, ethanol protected the grapes from decay but did not have a significant effect on occurrence of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species which are present on the surface of the berry. B. cinerea responded to ethanol or heat treatments by inducing sporulation and transient expression of the heat shock protein HSP104. Similar responses were not detected in grape berries. It was also shown that application of ethanol to berries did not induce subsequent resistance and actually the berries were slightly more susceptible to infection. The heat dose required to kill the spores was determined and it was proven that a combination of heat and ethanol allowed reduction of both the ethanol and heat dose. Ethanol and heat did not reduce the amount or appearance of the wax layers which are an essential component of the external protection of the berry. The ethanol and acetaldehyde content increased after treatment and during storage but the content was much lower than the natural ethanol content in other fruits. The efficacy of ethanol applied before harvest was similar to that of the biological control agent, Metschnikowia fructicola, Finally, the performance of ethanol could be improved synergistically by packaging the bunches in modified atmosphere films which prevent the accumulation of free water. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: It was shown that the major mode of action of ethanol is mediated by its lethal effect on fungal inoculum. Because ethanol acts mainly on the cell membranes, it was possible to enhance its effect by lowering the concentration and elevating the temperature of the treatment. Another important development was the continuous protection of the treated bunches by modified atmosphere that can solve the problem of secondary or internal infection. From the practical standpoint, a variety of means were offered to enhance the effect of the treatment and to offer a viable alternative to SO2 which could be instantly adopted by the industry with a special benefit to growers of organic grapes.
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Ffrench-Davis, Ricardo, and Robert Devlin. Towards an Evaluation of Regional Integration in Latin America in the 1990s. Inter-American Development Bank, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011085.
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The decade of the 1990s has witnessed a wave of regional integration initiatives in Latin America: more than 14 agreements -free trade areas or customs unions- since 1990 with a handful more in varying degrees of negotiation (see Table 1). However, this was not just a Latin American phenomenon, as regionalism has more than ever become a global trend (Mistry [1996]). Indeed, now Japan, South Korea and Hong Kong are the only World Trade Organization (WTO) members which are not signatories to at least one preferential trade agreement (WTO [1995]). Regional integration is not new to Latin America. Economic integration played an important role in the region¿s early Post-War economic history. The 1960s and 1970s saw a number of very ambitious initiatives inspired by the successful Western European experience (Ffrench-Davis, Muñoz and Palma [1994]). Indeed, at its peak in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the topic of integration was hard to avoid in the discussion of Latin American development. However, disillusionment with integration processes had clearly set in by the late 1970s and the discussion of regional integration was all but silenced by the external crisis of the early 1980s.
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Havrlant, David, and Abdulelah Darandary. Economic Diversification under Saudi Vision 2030. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-dp06.
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The last decade has brought a row of substantial changes that have profound implications for the traditional hydrocarbon resource-rich economies. Economic conditions may change radically either throughout a decade or within months. The question is whether there is no other option for a hydrocarbon resource-rich economy than to be held hostage to the fluctuations in global oil prices. The general answer to a changing environment is: Adapt! From the macroeconomic perspective, this means diversifying the economy to broaden the income base and significantly reduce the dependence on oil revenues. The Saudi Vision 2030 represents a complex plan for substantial socioeconomic adjustments that are about to move the economy toward a more diversified and sustainable one. This discussion paper examines the preferred diversification paths for the Saudi economy in more detail, with a focus on the foreseen adjustments in the sectoral composition of the economy along with broader macroeconomic shifts. The evaluation of the foreseen diversification impacts is based on the updated Vision 2030 Input-Output Table that maps the changing structure of the Saudi economy over the coming decade. We discuss the assumed expansion of the diversification frontrunners, their changing contribution to the overall economic activity and identify the preferred diversification paths for the Saudi economy. The advances in economic diversification are measured by applying the Shannon-Weaver index to sectoral GDP and household income. The expected sectoral changes are wide-reaching, so the basic macroeconomic relations are also subject to adjustments. We also conduct a sensitivity analysis to examine the effects of the foreseen diversification on the resilience of the Saudi economy to external shocks.
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Gerena, Luis, and Alexander Sabogal Rueda. Análisis de información de dispositivos loT en la Escuela Tecnológica Instituto Técnico Central recursos utilizados formas de uso tecnologías y como mejorar la infraestructura de la academia con el fin de proveer mejor servicio de acuerdo con el crecimiento de la tecnología actual. Escuela Tecnológica Instituto Técnico Central, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55411/2023.28.
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A nivel mundial, en los últimos años se ha observado un incremento en la cantidad de información que se transporta, se almacena y se procesa en Internet, esto debido no sólo a la cantidad de usuarios es también por el uso de diferentes dispositivos de cada individuo (1] Hoy se cuenta con diferentes componentes conectados a Internet que generan entregan y/o reciben 1nformac1on para hacer nuestras vidas mas fáciles (2) Información como la del GPS de nuestros celulares (para ayudarnos a tomar me1ores decisiones para viajar de un punto a otro). El ritmo cardiaco que detectan los relojes inteligentes para estar pendientes de a salud. Esta información es entregada a internet a servidores que almacenan la información, realizan análisis matemat1cos y devuelven j información relevante para cada usuario [3] La información crece tanto como los dispositivos conectados a Internet. sin embargo se ha observado que las capacidades de transportar esta información no crece al mismo ritmo que crecen los dispositivos y su información La institución no está exenta a este crecimiento y esto se puede percibir en los problemas de red que en ocasiones se presentan y que se aprecian como demora al navegar o fallas en las comunicaciones hacia algunas aplicaciones [4]. El proyecto tiene varios objetivos, tanto para la institución como para el desarrollo del presente proyecto El principal objetivo es aprovechar la información que generan y/o reciben los dispositivos loT (Internet de las cosas, por sus siglas en inglés) desde y hacia Internet, encontrar la utilización de los recursos de los dispositivos loT que hacen uso de los recursos de red en la Institución (cámaras web, sensores, accesos a la institución, etc.), desarrollar y llevar a cabo una encuesta en la Institución que permita hacer una muestra de la cantidad de dispositivos (smartphones, tablets smartwatches. gafas, portátiles. etc.) que utilizan los alumnos docentes y administrativos Obtener información de los dispositivos loT externos (que no se encuentren dentro de las instalaciones de la institución) pero que sean utilizados desde la red interna del Instituto.
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Lichter, Amnon, David Obenland, Nirit Bernstein, Jennifer Hashim, and Joseph Smilanick. The role of potassium in quality of grapes after harvest. United States Department of Agriculture, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7597914.bard.
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Objectives: The objectives of the proposal were to study how potassium (K) enters the berry and in what tissues it accumulates, to determine what is the sensitive phenological stage that is responsive to K, to study the influence of K on sugar translocation, to determine if K has effects on expression of genes in source and sink organs and to study applied aspects of the responses to K at the vineyard level. During the research it was realized that K acts externally so a major part of the original objectives had to be deserted and new ones, i.e. the role of K in enhancing water loss from the berry, had to be developed. In addition, the US partners developed practical objectives of understanding the interaction of K application and water deficit as well as application of growth regulators. Background: In our preliminary data we showed that application of K at mid-ripening enhanced sugar accumulation of table grapes. This finding is of major implications to both early and late harvested grapes and it was essential to understand the mode of action of this treatment. Our major hypothesis was that K enters the berry and by that increases sugar translocation into the berry. In addition it was important to cover practical issues of the application which may influence its efficacy and its reproducibility. Conclusions: The major conclusion from the research was that our initial hypothesis was wrong. Mineral analysis of pulp tissue indicated that upon application of K there was a significant increase in most of the major minerals. Subsequently, we developed a new hypothesis that K acts by increasing the water loss from the berry. In vitro studies of K-treated berries corroborated this hypothesis showing greater weight-loss of treated berries. This was not necessarily expressed in the vineyard as in some experiments berry weight remained unchanged, suggesting that the vine compensated for the enhanced water loss. Importantly, we also discovered that the efficacy of different K salts was strongly correlated to the pH of the salt solution: basic K salts had better efficacy than neutral or acidic salts and modifying the pH of the same salt changed its efficacy. It was therefore suggested that K changes the properties of the cuticle making it more susceptible to water loss. Of the practical aspects it was found that application of K to the clusters was sufficient to trigger its affect and that dual application of K had a stronger effect than single application. With regard to timing, it was realized that application of K after veraison was affective and the berries responded also when ripe. While the effect of K application was significant at harvest, it was mostly insignificant one week after application, suggesting that prolonged exposure to K was required. Implications: The scientific implications of the study are that the external mineral composition of the berry may have a significant role in sugar accumulation and that water loss may have an important role in sugar accumulation in grapes. It is not entirely clear how K modulates the cuticle but according to the literature its incorporation into the cuticle may increase its polarity and facilitate generation of "water bridges" between the flesh and the environment. The practical implications of this study are very significant because realizing the mode of action of K can facilitate a much more efficient application strategy. For example, it can be understood that sprays must be directed to the clusters rather than the whole vines and it can be predicted that the length of exposure is important. Also, by increasing the pH of simple K salts, the efficacy of the treatment can be enhanced, saving in the costs of the treatment. Finally, the ability of grape growers to apply K in a safe and knowledgeable way can have significant impact on the length of the season of early grape cultivars and improve the flavor of high grape yields which may otherwise have compromised sugar levels.
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McKinnon. PR-454-134505-R01 Strain-based Design and Assessment - Integrity Management. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010866.
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The objective is to develop an integrity management approach that would meet industry needs and could be the basis for codes and standards development by relevant pipeline code commit-tees. The approach is to collaborate with the PRCI SBDA committee to come up with a frame-work that could meet industry�s needs to ensure the safe and reliable operation of pipelines that may be subjected to significant ground deformations. This report contains a detailed review of existing integrity management codes and pipeline design codes to establish the guidance that is available for the integrity management of pipelines that have been designed using strain-based design methods. It covers integrity management of high strains in new and existing onshore and offshore pipelines. This report presents a review of the main causes of high strains and describes the critical limit states considered in strain-based design, which may also be used to evaluate a pipelines continu-ing fitness for service after a high strain event. It describes the tasks that can be performed dur-ing each phase of a project to ensure the integrity of a new Strain Based design (SBD) pipeline. The additional integrity challenges associated with a high strain event in an existing non-SBD pipeline are presented. A detailed review of the capability of existing in-line tools to measure axial and bending strain is presented. Preliminary reviews of available external tools and technology that can be used to es-tablish the material properties of the line pipe and weld material, which are needed to establish the fitness for service of an existing non-strain-based design pipeline, is presented. A preliminary review of the methods used to detect and measure defects in girth welds and confirm that the allowable defect size has not been exceeded, is also presented. A flowchart covering the key actions and decisions to be made by a pipeline operator in the event of a high strain event is also included. This report presents recommendations for future study and development work based on the guidance and technology gaps identified during the study.
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Ayers, Dotson, and Alexander. L52332 Offshore Pipeline Damage Emergency Response Guidelines. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010016.
Full textAbstract:
Subsea pipelines and flow lines are periodically subjected to damaging events such as anchor impacts that result in massive pipeline movements, dropped object damage, internal/external corrosion damage, etc. Knowing how to assess these damage events is often challenging, especially considering the potential for product release. The cost of production shut-ins can be significant and avoiding un-necessary shut-ins is desirable. While most pipeline operators have company-level procedures and programs in place for responding to pipeline emergencies, at the current time there is no single resource for providing guidance for the pipeline industry. Development of emergency response guidelines for operators to respond to offshore pipeline damage emergencies in an effective and timely manner. One unique feature of this project is that SES utilized a series of workshops spaced over a years to collectively build the Decision/Task Tree, which is the key feature of this work. Further, a collaborative effort was continued to develop detailed input for the report. This Collaborative Workshop Model of conducting project work combines the best minds available on the subject, rather than having our customers merely serve as observers and evaluators, as is done traditionally. A second unique feature is that this report is formatted as a computer-based entry portal a "front door"� to existing proprietary documents that each company has assembled for use in responding to an offshore pipeline damage incident. Often the treasured company documents are in dusty notebooks that should be scanned for incorporation with this front door document. This guideline document in its final form can provide live links to the proprietary company documents in an Adobe Acrobat format, along with the materials we have developed for the project. This front door is intended for use on a computer that is linked to the internet. The contents of this report are organized to place traditional introductory topics that would detract from operational use of this report for actual offshore emergencies in appendices near the back of the report. This report provides insights on the critical elements required for effectively responding to pipeline emergencies. PART A of this report contains the traditional introductory material, while PART B is named the Field Manual - for offshore emergency use. PART B can be used alone as an emergency response field manual without the introductory material PART A contains the Executive Summary, Introduction and Background, while PART B Contains the Preface to the Field Manual, How to Use This Report, the Detailed Task/Decision Matrix, the Resource Sheets referred to in the Matrix, In-House Company Processes Needed, Table of Preferred Consultants and Service Providers, and the SPIM 3-1 Detailed Repair Investigation Checklist.
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Larramendy, Peter, Linnea Hall, and Annie Little. Landbird trends 2016–2021, and 2021 annual report: Channel Islands National Park. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299629.
Full textAbstract:
The National Park Service (NPS) began monitoring landbirds at Channel Islands National Park in 1993 as part of its long-term inventory and monitoring program. The park’s landbird monitoring later became part of the NPS Inventory and Monitoring Division’s Mediterranean Coast Network long-term monitoring programs. Consequently, landbird monitoring has been conducted during every breeding season since 1993. In this report, we summarize data collected during the 2021 breeding season and we analyze trends in a select number of species. Landbird monitoring was conducted between 10 March and 22 May 2021. Using distance-based sampling methods in a standardized protocol, birds were counted on 334 of 338 permanent point count stations (99%) across the Channel Islands monitored for landbirds. These surveys were conducted at 29 of 33 points on Santa Barbara Island, 8 of 8 on East Anacapa Islet, 112 of 112 on Santa Cruz Island, 40 of 40 on San Miguel Island, and 145 of 145 on Santa Rosa Island. Four points on Santa Barbara Island were not counted due to nesting California Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) and Western Gulls (Larus occidentalis); 3 of 4 points (i.e., 17, 19, and 20) were also not counted in 2016–2021 to avoid disturbing breeding pelicans. This was the first monitoring season that the permanent line transects on Santa Barbara, East Anacapa, and San Miguel Islands were not surveyed. During the 2021 monitoring season, Channel Islands National Park decided to stop using line transects and focus on point count stations only, based on an external review of the landbird monitoring program. Fifty-six bird species were counted at point count stations across all of the islands in 2021. Parkwide, 40 of these species are breeders in Channel Islands National Park. Parkwide, the 10 most detected breeding landbirds in 2021 were, in descending order: Spotted Towhee, Song Sparrow, Bewick’s Wren, Orange-crowned Warbler, House Finch, Western Meadowlark, Horned Lark, Common Raven, Island Scrub-Jay, and Pacific-slope Flycatcher (scientific names in Table 2 and Appendix A). On East Anacapa Islet, 26 landbird species have been counted since 1993; 7 species were counted in 2021. No new transient species were detected in 2021; 6 transient or visiting species have been counted on the island overall since 1993. On Santa Barbara Island, 50 landbird species have been counted since 1993; 13 species were counted in 2021. Lincoln’s Sparrow was a new transient species counted in 2021 on Santa Barbara; 23 transient or visiting species have been counted on the island since 1993. On Santa Cruz Island, 78 landbird species have been counted since 2013; 45 species were counted in 2021. Hermit Warbler, Lawrence’s Goldfinch and Warbling Vireo were new transient species counted in 2021 on Santa Cruz Island; 21 transient or visiting species have been counted on this island since 2013. On San Miguel Island, 70 landbird species have been counted since 1993; 10 were counted in 2021. No transient species were counted in 2021; 32 transient or visiting species have been counted on the island since 1993. On Santa Rosa Island, 78 landbird species have been counted since 1994; 39 were detected in 2021. No new transient species were counted in 2021 on Santa Rosa; 21 transient or visiting species have been counted on the island since 1994. Nonnative and invasive birds were counted on only 1 of the 5 islands in 2021: 23 European Starlings on Santa Rosa Island. However, anecdotal sightings of nonnative species occurred more frequently (i.e., outside of survey times) on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands in 2021. The highest numbers of nonnative species detections occurred on Santa Rosa Island, with 25 detections of Eurasian Collared Dove (primarily at the Historic Ranch), 18 detections of European Starling (Historic Ranch), 2 detections of Brown-headed Cowbird, and 1 Rock Pigeon detection (Historic Ranch). Other species were not reported by Channel Islands National Park landbird monitors or in eBird in 2021. This was the first annual monitoring report since the Coonan and Dye (2016) trend report to incorporate density estimates for particular species across Channel Islands National Park. Parkwide, 13 species were analyzed using the Distance Package in R. Of the 13 species analyzed, 5 had either increasing or decreasing densities from 2016 to 2021. All park islands except for Santa Barbara had a species that showed an increasing or decreasing trend from 2016 to 2021. Horned Lark and House Finch on San Miguel Island were the only species to show decreasing trends from 2016 to 2021, which is opposite from the trend presented by Coonan and Dye (2016).