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Books on the topic 'Externé osi'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Akyüz, Yilmaz. External Vulnerabilities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797173.003.0004.

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The deepened financial integration of EDEs has heightened their susceptibility to global financial shocks and increased the instability in their credit, assets, and currency markets. It has led to significant loss of autonomy over monetary policy and the entire spectrum of interest rates. At the same time, these countries are said to have become more resilient because they have adopted more flexible exchange rate regimes, accumulated large stocks of international reserves, and reduced their exposure to the exchange rate risk by shifting from foreign currency to local currency debt. This chapte

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2

McCleary, Richard, David McDowall, and Bradley J. Bartos. External Validity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661557.003.0009.

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A threat to external validity is any factor that limits the generalizability of an observed result. Unlike all threats to statistical conclusion and internal validities and some threats to construct validity, threats to external validity cannot ordinarily be controlled by design. Nor is there any disagreement on how threats to external validity should be controlled. In most instances, it can only be controlled by replication?—across subjects, situations and time frames. This seldom happens, unfortunately, because the academic incentive structure discourages replication. The contemporary “repro

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3

Slavin, Tanya. Verb stem formation and event composition in Oji-Cree. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778264.003.0012.

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This chapter investigates the structure of the verb stem in Oji-Cree, a dialect of the Algonquian language Ojibwe. It argues that a stem constitutes an independent semantic domain that corresponds to an event. This conception of stems explains why certain roots, called weak roots, must be preceded by modifiers, thereby satisfying a so-called left-edge requirement, while other roots, called strong roots, have no such requirement. Weak roots are semantically deficient and the obligatory pre-radical modifier is necessary to create a complete event. In contrast, an (optional) modifier before a str

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4

Metcalf, Michael, John Reid, and Malcolm Cohen. Operations on external files. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811893.003.0012.

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The means whereby an external file can be positioned or flushed are described, followed by full instructions on how to open or close a file, specifying as necessary any properties that are required. It is possible to inquire about these properties, and how this may be done is also described.

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5

Lopes, Dawisson Belém. Política externa na Nova República: os primeiros 30 anos. Editora UFMG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7476/9786558580881.

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Este livro é fruto de um investimento sistemático, feito no curso dos últimos seis anos, em uma agenda de pesquisa sobre política externa brasileira na Nova República. Os capítulos estão dispostos em três partes: na primeira, resgatam-se prefigurações sociais e condicionamentos históricos da redemocratização brasileira, do que resultou uma nova política externa, talhada, bem ou mal, para o contexto democrático; na segunda, monitoram-se variáveis de política exterior durante os processos eleitorais da Nova República, bem como a saliência assumida por partidos políticos na confecção dessa políti

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6

Tesón, Fernando R. Between Internal and External Threats. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190202903.003.0009.

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How should we think about the morality of intervention? Since the morality of intervention is about striking a balance between internal and external threats to people’s rights and safety, a theory of intervention must take into account the nature and imperfections of our world, military capabilities, and the state system. This rules out certain alternative—more abstract or “idealized”—ways of thinking about these questions.

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7

Wood, Jim, and Alec Marantz. The interpretation of external arguments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767886.003.0011.

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This chapter examines the syntactic and semantic properties of heads, e.g. Voice, Appl, and little p, that add participants to events. Instead of assuming that such heads exist as distinct primitives in the functional lexicon, it is proposed that there is one such head, which can get different interpretations depending on how it is merged into the structure. The chapter’s approach attributes the relative uniformity of the expression of argument structure to the principles that interpret syntactic structure semantically; thus, syntax is truly autonomous, with the atoms of syntactic representati

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8

Eckes, Christina. EU Powers Under External Pressure. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785545.001.0001.

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This book argues that external actions of the European Union result in an acceleration of national politics being locked into a tightening net of EU law. It brings to light the -hidden effects of EU external actions on, for example, the interpretation of organizational principles, pre-emption, and international obligations of the Member States. It then connects these effects to the broader debate on the democratic crisis, by engaging with the basic structures of the EU legal order and the Union’s relations with its citizens. The focus of this book is on the ‘outside-in’ effects of EU external

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9

Wouters, Jan, Frank Hoffmeister, Geert De Baere, and Thomas Ramopoulos. The Law of EU External Relations. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869481.001.0001.

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This unique compilation of materials, cases, and commentary on EU external relations law is both a valuable teaching tool for (post-)graduate courses and seminars on the foreign relations of the European Union, as well as an indispensable first initiation in the legal foundations of the external action of the Union for diplomats, civil servants, attorneys, and other practitioners. Apart from making accessible key primary materials such as EU Treaty provisions; judgments and opinions of the Court of Justice; legislation; agreements; and more obscure documents revealing the law in practice, the

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10

Allen, Cynthia L. Dative External Possessors in Early English. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832263.001.0001.

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This book presents the results of a corpus-based case study of diachronic English syntax. Present Day English is in a minority of European languages in not having a productive dative external possessor construction. This construction, in which the possessor is in the dative case and behaves like an element of the sentence rather than part of the possessive phrase, was in variation with internal possessors in the genitive case in Old English, especially in expressions of inalienable possession. In Middle English, internal possessors became the only productive possibility. Previous studies of th

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11

Stoneman, Paul, Eleonora Bartoloni, and Maurizio Baussola. The Extent of Product Innovation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816676.003.0004.

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This chapter analyses data on indicators of the prevalence of product innovation. Analysis of survey data indicated that, in the three years before the 2012 CIS survey, about 25 per cent of all firms in the twenty-seven EU member states undertook product innovation. New-to-firm was more frequent than new-to-market. Differences across sectors, regions, and firm size are analysed. Further international comparisons are made. This analysis is supplemented by consideration of the extent of new product launches in a series of different industries using other data. It is observed that many new produc

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12

Palmer, Fiona M. Cultural demand and supply in an imperial trading centre. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199352227.003.0002.

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The Liverpool Philharmonic Society lies fifth in line among the oldest concert-giving organisations in Europe. This chapter, tapping the Society’s archive, examines the fundamental internal and external hierarchies which governed and shaped the early development of the Society’s orchestra. To what extent were core values dictated by external supply and demand and to what extent by the personal interests of the leading figures in the Society? What conclusions can be reached about the elements of Liverpool’s activities that were independently governed by local demands? Probing the social expecta

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McDermid, Douglas. Reid and the Problem of the External World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789826.003.0004.

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The main purpose of this chapter is to understand how Thomas Reid (1710–96) understood what we now call ‘the problem of the external world’: the problem of whether we can have any knowledge of a material world if we have non-inferential knowledge of nothing but the subjective contents of our own minds. According to Reid, this sceptical problem is ill-posed: we do not need to prove the existence of the external world of matter any more than we need to prove the existence of the internal world of mind, since our belief in both is the direct effect of principles which we have by our very constitu

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Rinard, Susanna. External World Skepticism and Inference to the Best Explanation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746904.003.0013.

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The chapter presents three problems for IBE responses to skepticism. First, that the external world skeptic should also be a skeptic about the past. IBE responses that appeal to features of our experiences over time—such as their continuity or regularity—will be dialectically ineffective against such a skeptic, since they suspend judgment on propositions about their past experiences. Second, the chapter raises doubts about the claim that postulating external, mind-independent physical objects is the best way to explain our experiences. It is suggested that an idealist alternative may constitut

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Bátiz-Lazo, Bernardo. A Window to Internal and External Change in Banking. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782810.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 (‘A Window to Internal and External Change in Banking’) provides a wide-arch view of the themes in the book. It highlights how in spite of being deeply embedded in our culture as an object of everyday life, the interaction with ATMs is largely inconsequential for most people. This chapter also forwards a case to study the ATM to better understand the possibilities for technological change to bring about a cashless economy. Another argument put forward is that the ATM is essential to appreciate the technological and organizational challenges that gave rise to self-service banking. As

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Furst, Eric M., and Todd M. Squires. Active microrheology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199655205.003.0007.

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Active microrheology uses external forces (most typically magnetic or optical) to force microrheological probes into motion. These techniques short-circuit the Einstein component of passive microrheology. Active microrheology provides an additional handle to probe material properties, and has been used both to extend the range of materials amenable to microrheological analysis, and to examine material properties that are inaccessible to passive microrheology. Three main topics are presented: the use of active microrheology to extend the range of passive microrheology, while maintaining many of

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Kelemen, R. Daniel. The Court of Justice of the European Union. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795582.003.0010.

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This chapter focuses on the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Like any court, the ECJ has faced constraints in its external context, including constraints imposed by national governments and national courts. But overall, the ECJ has benefitted from a remarkably benign external environment. The ECJ has found much support from key actors including national governments, national courts, and members of the European legal field. In recent years the ECJ faces contextual challenges in its relationship with member governments, national courts, and the European legal field. New member governments with f

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Dubber, Markus D. America’s Internal Penal Exceptionalism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744290.003.0006.

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Part III of Dual Penal State uses dual penal state analysis to generate a comparative-historical account of American penality. With comparative glimpses at Germany and, to a lesser extent, England, it distinguishes between two responses to the shared challenge of legitimating state penal power in a modern liberal democratic state: (1) the failure to appreciate the legitimatory challenge of modern state penal power in particular (United States) and of modern state power in general (England); and (2) the failure to address the legitimatory challenge of modern state penal power as an ongoing exis

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Ichikawa, Jonathan Jenkins. Evidence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199682706.003.0004.

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This chapter offers a contextualist interpretation of Timothy Williamson's identification of evidence and knowledge (E=K); the result is a contextualist approach to “evidence” that matches the book's contextualist approach to “knows”. The resultant view is an attractive version of E=K that is resistant to many challenges in the literature. Evidence itself also has an important role to play in the book's relevant alternatives approach to knowledge; substantive questions about the nature and extent of basic evidence are foregrounded. The chapter departs from previous contextualist theories in em

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20

Thurner, Paul W., and Wolfgang C. Müller, eds. Comparative Policy Indicators on Nuclear Energy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747031.003.0003.

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This chapter provides an overview of the relevance of nuclear energy worldwide and especially in Europe (EU-27 + Switzerland) in the most recent decades. It presents the number of reactors currently connected to the grid and under construction as well as their capacities. It differentiates between nuclear energy’s contribution to gross inland energy consumption and to electricity production. These patterns are contrasted with the import dependency of countries. Counter-intuitively, it can be shown that import dependency does not explain the observed extent of the usage of nuclear energy. Rathe

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Mizrahi, Vivian. Perceptual Media, Glass and Mirrors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198722304.003.0012.

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In this chapter, I argue that perceptual media like air or water are imperceptible. I show that, despite their lack of phenomenological features, perceptual media crucially affect what we see by selecting what is perceptually available to the perceiver. In the second part of the chapter, I argue that mirrors are visual media like air, water, and glass. According to this account, mirrors are transparent and invisible and cannot therefore have a distinctive look or appearance. In the last part of the chapter, I extend the general account of perceptual media to the sense organs themselves by show

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Orentlicher, Diane. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190882273.003.0001.

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This chapter previews the book’s recurring themes, highlighting the dynamic nature of an international court’s impact in countries directly affected by its work. The ICTY’s local impact has been a function not only of its own performance, but also of evolving social and political conditions in Bosnia and Serbia. Those conditions have, in turn, have been influenced by the policies of external actors, including the European Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The introduction also highlights the book’s contributions to two related questions: (1) What goals should be ascribed to

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Relatório Financeiro do Diretor e Relatório do Auditor Externo. 1º de janeiro de 2020 a 31 de dezembro de 2020. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275723982.

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Em 2020, a OPAS continuou a ser uma voz que representa a autoridade em termos de saúde na Região, oferecendo orientação política, estratégica e técnica para responder à pandemia da COVID‐19 entre os mais altos níveis de governo, agentes não estatais e a ONU e os Sistemas Interamericanos. Em linha com seus princípios de solidariedade e equidade, a OPAS instou pela unidade ao abordar o impacto da pandemia e ao oferecer acesso equitativo às ferramentas de resposta à COVID‐19, ao mesmo tempo em que defendeu a continuidade dos serviços de saúde essenciais para salvar vidas e mitigar os efeitos deva

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Bongini, Paola, Annalisa Ferrando, Emanuele Rossi, and Monica Rossolini. The Capital Markets Union and Firms’ Access to External Market-Based Finance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0013.

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Firms’ access to capital markets among Eurozone countries is a challenging issue for the EU Capital Markets Union (CMU) agenda. We contribute to the current debate on the CMU by identifying the characteristics of firms that can be deemed ‘suitable’ for market-based finance. Using survey-based research, we show which firm-specific attributes and country-specific features foster a firm’s likelihood of accessing non-bank sources of finance. Our results reveal that a few Eurozone countries appear to have achieved high access to capital market financing, but there is substantial unexploited potenti

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Stoneman, Paul, Eleonora Bartoloni, and Maurizio Baussola. Empirical Evidence on the Determination of the Extent of Product Innovation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816676.003.0008.

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This chapter considers determinants of product innovation across and within firms. Firms that are innovative in one dimension are also innovative in others; thus both what distinguishes the innovating firm and the literature based upon the analysis of various innovation indicators can give insight into the determinants of product innovation. It is concluded that (i) technological characteristics of industries matter; (ii) firm and market characteristics are related, but not linearly, to innovation; (iii) the two most important firm characteristics are internal finance and sales; (iv) there is

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Benvenisti, Eyal, and Georg Nolte. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825210.003.0001.

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The Introduction describes the term “community interests” for the purpose of exploring the extent to which states owe duties toward those who are affected by their actions and omissions. It argues that the relevant “communities” which are envisaged by the book extend beyond the “international community of states” to cover individuals and groups, even when their interests were not taken into account at the negotiation table or in policymaking bodies. The community can also be humanity at large, as reflected in the concept of crimes against humanity. As far as “community interests” are concerned

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Griller, Stefan, Walter Obwexer, and Erich Vranes. Mega-Regional Trade Agreements. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808893.003.0001.

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This chapter examines the extent to which mega-regional agreements constitute new orientations for EU external relations. It focuses on CETA, TTIP, and TiSA, which are the most important instruments in the context of mega-regional initiatives from the viewpoint of the EU, placing them, however, in the broader context of other mega-regional initiatives such as TPP and the RCEP. This chapter explains the main motivations underlying the worldwide move to regional agreements in the course of the last ten to fifteen years and expounds the main functions of mega-regional agreements. Furthermore, it

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Brunsson, Nils. Reform and Power. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198296706.003.0007.

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The essential idea behind organizational reform is that reformers are powerful — that they can freely choose and create new forms that improve operations and lead to better results. Drawing on observations in previous chapters, this chapter examines the extent to which this idea is a realistic one. It begins by examining the assumption of the reformers’ power over organizational forms and operations, discussing the causes of reforms, their contents, and their consequences. It then considers the role of reforms in image building, and questions the assumption that reforms are primarily a matter

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Kenny, Neil. Relevance Theory and the Effect of Literature on Beliefs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794776.003.0005.

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To what extent does literature affect our beliefs about the real world? Relevance theory offers new ways of exploring that old question. That is partly because relevance theory embraces the whole communications circuit: it tracks the communication of meaning from author via text to reader, rather than focusing on just one of those phases. It can also describe how unintended meaning can be inferred by readers. The question of the effect of literature upon beliefs is explored through one case study (Adventures of Tom Sawyer) and through various notions drawn from relevance theory: cognitive envi

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MacNaughton, Gillian, and Mariah McGill. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672676.003.0022.

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For over two decades, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) has taken a leading role in promoting human rights globally by building the capacity of people to claim their rights and governments to fulfill their obligations. This chapter examines the extent to which the right to health has evolved in the work of the OHCHR since 1994, drawing on archival records of OHCHR publications and initiatives, as well as interviews with OHCHR staff and external experts on the right to health. Analyzing this history, the chapter then points to factors that have facilitated or inhib

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Bobzien, Susanne. Determinism, Freedom, and Moral Responsibility. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866732.001.0001.

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This volume assembles nine of the author’s essays on determinism, freedom, and moral responsibility in Western antiquity, ranging from Aristotle via the Epicureans and Stoics to the third century. It is representative of the author’s overall scholarship on the topic, much of which emphasizes that what commonly counts as ‘the problem of free will and determinism’ is noticeably distinct from the issues the ancients discussed. It is true that one main component of the ancient discourse concerned the question how moral accountability can be consistently combined with certain causal factors that im

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and, Bruno. Attention and Learning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198725022.003.0009.

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Attention can be defined as a multifaceted gateway to consciousness. We use attention to focus on specific sensory signals (selective attention), to allocate resources to concurrent relevant sources (divided attention), to switch between tasks (alternate attention), to maintain focus on a task for a prolonged period (sustained attention), to ready ourselves for a quick response to sudden novel information (alertness); and all these processes, to some extent, control what sensory signals are processed up to the level of conscious awareness. The multifarious functions of attention often involve

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Aase, Tor H., ed. Climate Change and the Future of Himalayan Farming. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199475476.001.0001.

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The book asks to what extent Himalayan farmers and their institutions are prepared to face a future when external production conditions change. Because farming is particularly sensitive to climate, the main aim here is to relate present farming practices to projected future climate changes. Intensive, coordinated studies of six farming communities along the Himalayan range, from China in the east to Pakistan in the west, focus on their potentiality to adapt to climate changes that are projected for 2030, 2050, and 2100. But since climate projections are just projections, and since the context

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Reich, Arie, and Hans-W. Micklitz, eds. The Impact of the European Court of Justice on Neighbouring Countries. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855934.001.0001.

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This book explores the impact of the judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) outside the borders of the EU on the legal systems of countries in the European neighbourhood. Considering that ‘export’ of some of the acquis communautaire to neighbouring countries appears to be an EU policy objective, and that legal approximation provisions are included in all of the EU’s agreements with these countries, one must ask whether this objective applies also to EU case law, or only to written laws and regulations. If actual harmonization of rules and standards is desired, the rules

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Silva, Sandra Célia Coelho Gomes da. Dupla quarentena: (Re)signific(ação). Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-036-6.

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Essa obra é o resultado de duas fases de distanciamento social sem isolamento social de vida, emergidas por questões de doença(acidente) e manutenção da saúde.. Daí o nome Dupla Quarentena, instigando uma reflexão a partir de situações experienciadas e ressignificadas, abordando um processo de reabilitação interno e externo, resultante de uma caminhada nesses dois âmbitos. Não perdendo os parâmetros acadêmicos, esse livro é um pouco de minha trajetória de distanciamento social, durante essas duas fases de vida que me trouxeram muitas inquietações, reflexões, ressignificações materializadas em

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Munro, James. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828709.003.0010.

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Chapter 10 summarizes the main conclusion of this book that the objects traded within emissions trading schemes—namely, carbon units—are subject to the disciplines of international economic law in a series of complex and asymmetrical ways. The significance of this conclusion is underlined by the volume and extent of prima facie inconsistencies exhibited by emissions trading schemes with international economic law and identified in this book. While the evidence available and justifications in respect of some of these inconsistencies suggests that they might be saved by certain public policy-rel

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Weir, Richard D., Trevor A. Kinley, Richard W. Klafki, and Clayton D. Apps. Ecotypic variation affects the conservation of North American badgers endangered along their northern range extent. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0019.

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This chapter is based on ecological information on 82 radio-tagged badgers (39 F, 43 M) among three study populations in British Columbia, Canada between 1996 and 2010, data that were collected to learn more about the ecology of badgers and consider how variation in their ecology might inform regional conservation strategies. The widely spaced, lower density prey and distribution of soil deposits suitable for digging in British Columbia likely required badgers to use substantially larger areas, relative to the core range, in which to acquire sufficient energy to survive and reproduce. Strikes

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Andrade, Gabriel Mateus Moura de. O poder público municipal e as irregularidades recorrentes na aquisição de medicamentos: Uma análise pela ótica dos órgãos de controle externo. Brazilian Journals Editora, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35587/brj.ed.0001363.

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O lastro sob o qual se assenta a presente obra é uma análise das dificuldades encontradas pelos servidores públicos municipais, que geram uma série de irregularidades, de níveis e graus diferentes, maculando de vícios os processos licitatórios que tenham por objetivo a aquisição de medicamentos. Com efeito, a pesquisa desenvolveu-se a partir de uma verdadeira imersão nas principais decisões, súmulas e orientações do Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU) e dos Tribunais de Contas Estaduais, passando também pela análise doutrinária e de outros documentos exarados pelos demais órgãos de controle exte

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Fields, Keota. Berkeley’s Semiotic Idealism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755685.003.0005.

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This chapter proposes an interpretation of Berkeley as a semiotic idealist. According to semiotic idealism internal ideas are signs for external divine ideas, and sensible objects are composite entities with external divine ideas as their essential parts and internal ideas of the imagination and (where applicable) sensations as their contingent parts. Signification is the ontological glue that unifies these parts into individuals. Divinely instituted normative linguistic rules govern the use of internal ideas as signs for external divine ideas. This semiotic relation gives objective form and m

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Wallin, Martin W., Georg von Krogh, and Jan Henrik Sieg. A Problem in the Making: How Firms Formulate Sharable Problems for Open Innovation Contests. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816225.003.0006.

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Crowdsourcing in the form of innovation contests stimulates knowledge creation external to the firm by distributing technical, innovation-related problems to external solvers and by proposing a fixed monetary reward for solutions. While prior work demonstrates that innovation contests can generate solutions of value to the firm, little is known about how problems are formulated for such contests. We investigate problem formulation in a multiple exploratory case study of seven firms and inductively develop a theoretical framework that explains the mechanisms of formulating sharable problems for

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Archibugi, Daniele, and Marco Cellini. Democracy and Global Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793342.003.0004.

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The chapter explores the methods to introduce democratic devices in global governance. The first part makes an attempt to define what a democratic deficit is. The second part provides some benchmark to identify when and how international organizations, the most important and visible part of global governance, correspond to the values of democracy. The third part presents the internal and external levers. The internal lever is defined as the ways in which democratization within countries helps to foster more transparent, accountable, and participatory forms of global governance. The external le

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Akyüz, Yilmaz. Deepening Integration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797173.003.0003.

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After recurrent crises with severe consequences in the 1990s and early 2000s EDEs have become even more closely integrated into what is now widely recognized as an inherently unstable international financial system. This chapter discusses the factors accelerating global financial integration of EDEs, including monetary policies in major advanced economies, notably the United States. It examines capital inflows and outflows, external balance sheets, the size and composition of gross external assets and liabilities, distinguishing between equity and debt, private and public sectors, local curren

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Akyüz, Yilmaz. Crisis Management and Resolution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797173.003.0005.

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This chapter argues that the conventional approach to the management and resolution of external financial crises in emerging economies is inefficient and inequitable and needs to be reformed. Such reforms need to account for increased complexities arising from deepened integration, notably the difficulties in differentiating between external and domestic debt in terms of their holders, currency denomination, and governing laws. Effective debt resolution mechanisms would be needed to bail-in creditors whether the crisis is one of liquidity or solvency, or due to private or sovereign debt, or lo

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Wedgwood, Ralph. Why Does Rationality Matter? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802693.003.0009.

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Internalism implies that rationality requires nothing more than what in the broadest sense counts as ‘coherence’. The earlier chapters of this book argue that rationality is in a strong sense normative. But why does coherence matter? The interpretation of this question is clarified. An answer to the question would involve a general characterization of rationality that makes it intuitively less puzzling why rationality is in this strong sense normative. Various approaches to this question are explored: a deflationary approach, the appeal to ‘Dutch book’ theorems, the idea that rationality is co

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Green, Lawrence W., and Mona Nasser. Furthering Dissemination and Implementation Research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683214.003.0018.

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This chapter raises questions about the reliability of much “evidence-based practice” disseminated from the original studies and systematic reviews of those studies, insofar as they were often conducted and reviewed with inadequate attention to external validity. Important issues are raised for dissemination and implementation researchers. Indeed, the pressure on investigators to provide for increasingly rigorous controls on threats to internal validity, and to exclude studies that fall below standards for internal validity, has made many such sources of evidence more suspect in their external

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Adelstein, Richard. Externality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694272.003.0006.

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This chapter identifies the environmental conditions favorable to voluntary exchange and those susceptible to external cost imposition, and the consequences of each for efficiency. When someone takes a legally recognized right from another without consent or compensation, an external cost is imposed. Externality is theft. There’s no externality until the law gives the cost bearer a right to be free of the costs imposed, so imposing an external cost means stealing this right, or entitlement, which always creates an injustice for the law that requires a liability proceeding to force the cost imp

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Ramchand, Gillian. The event domain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767886.003.0010.

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This chapter focuses on the phrase structural representation of the most embedded portion of a natural language sentence. It is argued that this corresponds to the core event building domain, and that it has both syntactic and semantic integrity within the sentence. However, the little v label across frameworks and research programs has also been used as the locus for the external argument, as well as for the first cyclic domain for syntactic locality. However, empirical evidence points clearly to a separation of the different functions often ascribed to “little v.” Specifically, it is argued

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Bierma, Lyle D. Font of Pardon and New Life. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197553879.001.0001.

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This book is a study of the historical development and impact of John Calvin’s doctrine of baptismal efficacy. The primary questions it addresses are (1) whether Calvin taught an “instrumental” doctrine of baptism, according to which the external sign of the sacrament serves as a means or instrument to convey the spiritual realities it signifies, and (2) whether Calvin’s teaching on baptismal efficacy remained constant throughout his lifetime or underwent significant change. Secondarily, the work also examines whether such spiritual blessings, in Calvin’s view, are conferred only in adult (bel

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Hodin, Jason, Matthew C. Ferner, Andreas Heyland, and Brian Gaylord, eds. I Feel That! Fluid Dynamics and Sensory Aspects of Larval Settlement across Scales. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0013.

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A commonality among oceanic life cycles is a process known as settlement, where dispersing propagules transition to the sea floor. For many marine invertebrates, this transition is irreversible, and therefore involves a crucial decision-making process through which larvae evaluate their juvenile habitat-to-be. In this chapter, we consider aspects of the external environment that could influence successful settlement. Specifically, we discuss water flow across scales, and how larvae can engage behaviors to influence where ocean currents take them, and enhance the likelihood of their being carri

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Cremona, Marise, and Joanne Scott, eds. EU Law Beyond EU Borders. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842170.001.0001.

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This book addresses the impact of EU law beyond its own borders, the use of law as a powerful instrument of EU external action, and some of the normative challenges this poses. The phenomenon of EU law operating beyond its borders, which may be termed its ‘global reach’, includes the extraterritorial application of EU law, territorial extension, and the so-called ‘Brussels Effect’ resulting from unilateral legislative and regulatory action. It also includes the impact of the EU’s bilateral relationships, and its engagement with multilateral fora and the negotiation of international legal instr

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