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Azmath, Mrs Juvaria, and Ms Sushmitha Raj Nitta. "Recently Extinct Animals of the Indian Subcontinent." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-4 (June 30, 2018): 1859–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd14376.
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Oksanen, Markku, and Timo Vuorisalo. "De-extinct species as wildlife." TRACE ∴ Journal for Human-Animal Studies 3 (April 24, 2017): 4–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23984/fjhas.59487.
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The concept of wildlife embodies two sources of controversy regarding de-extinct animals. First, the multifaceted dependence of these animals on humans; and second, the property rights to de-extinct animals. Both provide reasons for not counting them as wildlife. A subsequent question is, however, whether we should maintain this divide or allow the boundaries to blur. If we aim to maintain it, we end up trying to stop a process that is evolving rapidly and difficult to curb by legal means. If we relinquish these boundaries, we give up customary cultural models and related cultural practices. In biology, the divide between domestic and wild species is usually considered arbitrary and the degree of synanthropy (degree of association with humans) to present a continuum. Still, wildlife is normally defined through the notion of domestication: those animals that are not domesticated are wildlife. De-extinction turns the setting upside down: the de-extinct animals would normally be classified as domesticated, since they are generated by human action and could be owned as private property, but the problem is that they are not intended as domestic – de-extinct animals are ultimately created to be wildlife. Thus the concept of wildlife calls for refinement so as to allow their inclusion. We present a classification of animal species based both on their degree of synanthropy and the complex ownership issues. It appears that de-extinct species would probably initially represent species with a low synanthropy index but a high need for human care, but might later evolve into “real” wildlife in the strict sense of the term.
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Diamond, Jared. "Extinct animals: The mammoths' last migration." Nature 319, no. 6051 (January 1986): 265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/319265a0.
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Alexander, R. McNeill. "Mechanics of fighting by extinct animals." Physics Education 36, no. 5 (August 17, 2001): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/36/5/308.
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Rieznykova, N. L. "EXTINCT FARM ANIMALS’ BREEDS OF UKRAINE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 64 (December 26, 2022): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.64.18.
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The industrialization since the beginning of the previous century led to the loss of a significant number of breeds. But it should be remembered, that the disappearance of a breed is not only the disappearance of an important unit that supplemented the uniqueness of a specific landscape, met the needs of a certain category of people who lived in this territory, performed certain rituals associated with traditions and territory, evolved with and complemented a certain culture and nation, but as well the breed – it is the genes, which were not revealed at that time, but in the future could provide people with the development of the latest technologies with new products, a new type of knowledge, skills and useful peculiarities.
The analysis of the literal source base of the past centuries confirms the disappearance of Polish, Red Smilyan, Ukrainian White-Backed, Black-and-White Podilian in cattle breeding, in sheep breeding – 9 breeds (Walahian, Pirni, Reshetilivska, Chushka, Mazayev Merino, Malich, Hutsulian, Chuntuk), in horse breeding – Streletsky, Germano-Bessarabian, Nogai breeds and Tarpan. 3 breeding populations have disappeared in pig breeding.
Disappeared in cattle breeding: the Polissian breed of cattle, which was widespread in the 19th and early 20th centuries on a large territory of Polissia (in 1926, on the right-bank Polissia, it numbered about 35.000 heads). By origin, the Polissian cattle were admitted a descendant of the ancient race that lived in Polissia since ancient times.
The animals were exceptionally hardy, resistant to diseases typical for the region, and had a certain productivity even in difficult conditions of unsatisfactory keeping.
The Red Smilyan breed of the beginning of the 20th century was spread in the area of the town of Smila, "from north to south along the railway through the town of Smila all the way to Horodyshche and Chhyrynsky district. This breed was "a branch of red steppe cattle, which, like Grey Ukrainian cattle, belonged to the group of steppe cattle." So, it would be interesting to investigate it as well.
At the beginning of the last century, the different varieties of spotted cattle of Podillia were spread over almost the entire territory of the Vinnytsia region (except for the northern part). Researchers estimate the presence of this livestock at the level of 100.000 heads at the beginning of the last century. This group included Black-and-White Podilian and Ukrainian White-Backed breeds.
Sheep breeding. Coarse-wool sheep have been bred on the territory of Ukraine for a long time, especially Reshetilivska and Sokilian sheep. In the literature, there is also information about the breeding of Wallahian sheep.
Horse breeding. Research in recent years suggests a high probability of domestication of horses in the territory of the steppes of Ukraine, so it would be especially interesting to study the behavior, characteristics, and variety of products of ancient horses of Ukrainian origin. However, this is no longer possible on at least 3 breeds of horses: Striletska, Germano-Bessarabian, Nogai and Tarpan. In addition, there is evidence that in Ukraine in the 17th century a breed of striped (tarantoid) horses was widespread. Ethnological studies also report on the existence of Steppe Ukrainian horse, bred in Zaporizhzhia, and Boykivian (boyki, perevinniki) horse breed in the Carpathians. The Ukrainian breed of horses became the basis for the formation of the Black Sea breed in the Kuban after the Cossacks of Zaporizhzhya Sich were resettled there in the 19th century.
Pig breeding. According to the National Coordinator of Genetic Resources from Ukraine in FAO until 2014, I.V. Guzev, three breed groups of pigs and one local population (European short-eared pig) have disappeared in Ukraine. According to ethnographers, Ukrainian black and brown breeds have long been predominant on the territory of Ukraine. So, it was the Ukrainian sub-population of European group of pigs. This group as well was characterized with yellowish, brown or white, mixed with black bristle color. There were as well individuals of gray or white color with black spots, small fangs were visible.
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Mufida, Mir'atul Khusna, and Muhammad Harun. "APLIKASI PENGENALAN HEWAN LINDUNG MENGGUNAKAN AUGMENTED REALITY DENGAN METODE MARKER BASED TRACKING." JOURNAL OF DIGITAL EDUCATION, COMMUNICATION, AND ARTS (DECA) 1, no. 1 (February 9, 2018): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/deca.v1i1.595.
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The existence of animals in Indonesia is now increasingly threatened along with the destruction of forest ecosystems and animal hunting. Many animals are now nearly extinct. Meanwhile, the introduction of Indonesian protected animals is only through the text media, images or video contained in the study book and internet. With limited knowledge about extinct animal many people still do not know about the animals and cause the lack of public awareness to help conserve protected animals in Indonesia. Augmented reality technology can be one of the media technologies that can be used for the introduction of animals to the community by benefitting from marker based tracking as the pattern of target identification. This article discusses an application development on how to bring animals’ 3D objects into smartphone in order to inform those which exist in Indonesia. From the results of questionnaires 30 respondents stated, the Application of Animal Protected Introduction has been very good in terms of display and 3D objects and has been good in terms of new information obtained.
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Manzanera, R. A. Jiménez, and H. Smith. "Flight in nature I: Take-off in animal flyers." Aeronautical Journal 119, no. 1213 (March 2015): 257–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000010472.
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AbstractIn this review paper, several take-off techniques of different species of animal flyers and gliders, both extinct and extant, are analysed. The methods they use vary according to animal group and size. Smaller animals, such as insects, rely on the use of transient aerodynamic techniques or the use of stored elastic energy. Medium-size flyers such as birds, bats, and other mammal gliders initiate flight by a jump which involves leg and wing movement coordination. The largest animals to fly, the extinct pterosaurs, are believed to have used a combination of aerodynamic and mechanic techniques in order to become airborne. The information presented here can be used as a resource for novel biomimetic unmanned aircraft design.
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Kapron, Benjamin J. "Storying Futures of the Always-Already Extinct." UnderCurrents: Journal of Critical Environmental Studies 21 (October 18, 2022): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2292-4736/40296.
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This paper contends that anthropogenic mass extinction cannot be overcome via discourses that only humans can prevent extinctions: such discourses uphold problematic assumptions of human exceptionalism. This paper takes up Gerald Vizenor’s concept of survivance, which upholds Indigenous futures and speaks of Indigenous peoples’ continuous agential survival against settler colonialism, to challenge human exceptionalism, assert animal agency, and envision transformative futures where all animals―human and nonhuman―might survive with ethics and justice.
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Gilang, Banon, and Sheila Mei Santi. "Design of Educational Media for Endangered Animals and Extinct Animals Endemic to Indonesia for Grade 4 Elementary School Students in Bandung district." ArtComm : Jurnal Komunikasi dan Desain 3, no. 2 (November 12, 2020): 158–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37278/artcomm.v3i2.356.
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Endemic Indonesian animals are native Indonesian animals that cannot be found in other countries, that’s why their existence must be protected and studied by children, especially those with endangered status. However, the population of these animals is decreasing and even extinct. Not many people know about endangered animals that are endemic in Indonesia and extinct animals in Indonesia, especially in grade 4 elementary school in Bandung who have started to studying these animals. The knowledge about endangered animals and Indonesian endemic animals in schools is still ineffective and boring because the media to used is school textbooks which are dominated by text. Children's illustration books are a solution for elementary school. Data collection techniques used are interviews and questionnaires. The main media for the illustration book is "Ayo!! Mengenal Dunia Hewan" with supporting media : bookmarks, stickers, key chains, puzzles, and posters. The design was made to increase the knowledge of 4th graders elementary school about endangered animals and Indonesian endemic animals.
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Dobson, Joanna C. "Book Review: Endlings: A Collection of Poems About Extinct Animals." Ecocene: Cappadocia Journal of Environmental Humanities, Cappadocia University 2, no. 2 (2) (December 25, 2021): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46863/ecocene.54.
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McCall, Sherman, Virginia Naples, and Larry Martin. "Assessing Behavior in Extinct Animals: Was Smilodon Social?" Brain, Behavior and Evolution 61, no. 3 (2003): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000069752.
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Leitze, Annette Ricks, Stephanie Hodge, Danielle Houser, and Clint Mathews. "Endangered species." Teaching Children Mathematics 25, no. 3 (November 2018): 142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/teacchilmath.25.3.0142.
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Animals that are at risk of becoming extinct are called endangered species. They can be very large animals, like a polar bear, or very small, like a monarch butterfly. Learn about several different endangered species by engaging in these math activities.
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Kania, Delila, Deni Zein Tarsidi, Darda Abdullah Sjam, and Zakki Abdillah Sjam. "PENTINGNYA PENGETAHUAN PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP HAK AZASI HEWAN PELIHARAAN BAGI WARGA NEGARA INDONESIA." Pro Patria: Jurnal Pendidikan, Kewarganegaraan, Hukum, Sosial, dan Politik 6, no. 1 (April 20, 2023): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47080/propatria.v6i1.2512.
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ABSTRACT
Pets are animals whose lives partially or completely depend on humans for certain purposes. Humans as animal owners who keep animals are obliged to fulfill the welfare of the animals they care for. The obligations of pet owners are contained in statutory regulations. The purpose of this study is to find out how the state through applicable legal provisions provides animal rights protection for pets. Knowledge of legal protection for pets must be known and implemented by all Indonesian citizens. This research uses literature study method. The results of the research show that the law in Indonesia stipulates that all matters related to animal welfare efforts are a joint obligation between the central government, regional governments, and the community. However, legal protection for animals that are not kept by humans and live on the streets or in an open environment is not specifically regulated in the legal provisions that apply in Indonesia. Legal protection that is subject to severe sanctions is more aimed at wild animals protected by the state because their habitat is almost extinct.
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Mishra, Sanjay, and Melissa L. Konthe Tate. "Comparative study of bone micro-architecture of some mammalian bones." Journal of Palaeosciences 57, no. (1-3) (December 31, 2008): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2008.247.
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In the present study, a comparison has been made on the size of osteon and Haversian canal from bone specimen of seven mammalian species (rat, rabbit, cat, dog, monkey, adult man and cow) with two extinct specimens from primitive land animals (Diadectes and Iguanodon). Furthermore, relationship between size or weight of animal with respect to the size of its osteon and Haversian canal has been explored by applying allometric scaling laws to the micro architecture data. The results indicate that in general, osteon and Haversian canal size increases with increasing body weight however, the relative size of the osteon and Haversian canal decreases per unit body weight, i.e. rat osteons are larger relative to human and dinosaurian osteon. Interestingly, the ratio of osteon to Haversian canal diameters were in the range of 4 to 6 for all the animals (excluding rat) investigated in the present study including the dinosaurs. This suggests firstly, a close resemblance of extinct bone micro-architecture to mammals and secondly that osteon and Haversian canal sizes were optimised for efficient transport of nutrients and metabolites from the animal body to the bone cells. It may be explained by the concept that outside the optimum ranges an increase in osteon diameter actually reduces the efficiency of transportation of nutrients and waste products.
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Koehl, M. A. R., D. Evangelista, and K. Yang. "Using Physical Models to Study the Gliding Performance of Extinct Animals." Integrative and Comparative Biology 51, no. 6 (September 21, 2011): 1002–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icr112.
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Tekin, Nezaket. "The Photographs of Dead Animals." Instinct, Vol. 4, no. 1 (2019): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47659/m6.076.art.
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“Why look at animals?” asks art critic John Berger. I would like to address this question by paraprashing it and asking instead, “why look at dead animals?” Extinct or rare animals are the most interesting objects of the camera of curiosities and natural history museums. Hiroshi Sugimoto focuses on the dioramas where animals are shown in their habitats. Lynn Savarese revitalizes taxidermied animals as heroes of a story. Humans and animals have equal value in Michael Ackerman’s photographs. Nobuyoshi Araki’s visual diaries contain stories on life and death. Nezaket Tekin creates utopist scenes using insects. Her other work also involves documenting dead animals. Keywords: dead animals, dead people, photographs of dead animals, post-mortem photography, spirit photography
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Boyajian, George E. "Taxon age and selectivity of extinction." Paleobiology 17, no. 1 (1991): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300010344.
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Taxon-age distributions were compiled for families of marine animals surviving or becoming extinct in each stage of the Phanerozoic. I demonstrate, through the use of a modified bootstrap analysis, that there is no difference between the longevity of families becoming extinct during times of background extinction and times of mass extinction. In both mass and background extinction intervals the mean age of families that become extinct is 2 standard deviations below the geometric mean taxon age of families available for extinction. Young families are more susceptible to extinction, perhaps as the result of lower species richness or of occupying a smaller geographic range. There is no tendency during mass extinctions toward loss of families with different taxon ages other than those that become extinct during background times. Thus, in terms of family survival, mass extinction appears to be an exaggeration of processes of background extinction.
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Mizumoto, Nobuaki, Shinya Miyata, and Stephen C. Pratt. "Inferring collective behaviour from a fossilized fish shoal." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1903 (May 29, 2019): 20190891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0891.
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Collective motion by animal groups can emerge from simple rules that govern each individual's interactions with its neighbours. Studies of extant species have shown how such rules yield coordinated group behaviour, but little is known of their evolutionary origins or whether extinct group-living organisms used similar rules. Here, we report evidence consistent with coordinated collective motion in a fossilized group of the extinct fish Erismatopterus levatus , and we infer possible behavioural rules that underlie it. We found traces of two rules for social interaction similar to those used by extant fishes: repulsion from close individuals and attraction towards neighbours at a distance. Moreover, the fossilized fish showed group-level structures in the form of oblong shape and high polarization, both of which we successfully reproduced in simulations incorporating the inferred behavioural rules. Although it remains unclear how the fish shoal's structure was preserved in the fossil, these findings suggest that fishes have been forming shoals by combining sets of simple behavioural rules since at least the Eocene. Our study highlights the possibility of exploring the social communication of extinct animals, which has been thought to leave no fossil record.
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Enright, Kelly. "Exhibiting Extinction: Martha and the Monument, Two Modes of Remembering Nature." Cultural Studies Review 25, no. 1 (September 25, 2019): 154–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/csr.v25i1.6404.
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Whether stuffed remains in a museum case, inscribed tombstone, or stone wall perched on a cliff, memorials to extinct animals are timestamps representing human-animal relationships at particular moments in time. This essay analyzes the rhetoric and imagery of historical extinctions as seen in these memorials to understand the ways people struggled to understand the loss. Through examination of memorials to extinct species in U.S. museums, parks, and zoos my research has revealed a continuous struggle to identify the personhood of animals, define human-animal interactions, and locate human responsibility for environmental change.
While each memorial mimics remembrance practices used for humans and human events, they differ in their acknowledgement of the individuality and the agency of its extinction which, in turn, often denies agency to the animal. Steeped as they are in Romantic-era notions of wildness, these memorials can be read as parables of environmentalism, but in their conceptualization of the animal, they instruct us in the varieties of human-animal interactions and representations within the environmental movement at different times and places, making them more complex spaces than their simplicity suggests. While memorials present only a slice of the story, the memories they create and reinforce become part of the cultural ways of dealing with extinction that is often more popular and more poignant than historical narratives documenting their declines. At its core, my research adds to the literature on constructions of Nature in American culture by connecting 19th-century declension narratives with 20th-century extinctions, and problematizes the American ideology of abundance.
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Yeginbayeva, A. Ye, and K. T. Saparov. "FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF ZOOTONYMS OF THE SHET DISTRICT." Hydrometeorology and ecology 106, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54668/2789-6323-2022-106-3-40-48.
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The article considers the degree of reflection of the animal world in the toponyms of the Shet district of the Karaganda region. Patterns of spatial distribution of zoonyms, areas, and connections with the natural environment are revealed, which provide extensive information about changes in natural conditions and landscapes. The toponymic activity of animal names and their classification are grouped, and a map of the territory's zoonyms is compiled on the basis of actual data. It was found that some extinct animals (bear, antelope, deer, kulan, wild boar, etc.) lived in this territory, and the prerequisites for restoration were created.
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Fujihara, N., and Y. M. Xi. "Possible Application of Animal Reproductive Researches to the Restoration of Endangered and/or Extinct Wild Animals - Review -." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 13, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 1026–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2000.1026.
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Runnegar, Bruce. "Paleobiology of the Ediacara Fauna." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008169.
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Long regarded as the earliest evidence for animal life, the fossils of the Ediacara fauna have come under increasingly close scrutiny as the result of a proposal made by A. Seilacher in 1983. At that time Seilacher suggested that the Ediacara fauna represents an extinct line of animal life (the Vendozoa) which pioneered a body form and modes of nutrition not seen in the Phanerozoic. More recently, Seilacher and others have suggested that most typical members of the Ediacara fauna were not even animals but were extinct foliate creatures analogous to algae or fungi which relied on endogenous photosymbionts or chemosymbionts for food and energy.It would not be surprising if the Ediacaran organisms contained bacterial or eukaryotic endosymbionts as endosymbiosis at the organelle or unicell level is the norm rather than the exception for many protists and diploblastic metazoans. However, it is difficult to find the evidence to test this endosymbiont hypothesis because the Ediacaran fossils are merely impressions of soft bodies in sandstone or siltstone.As there are no clear modern homologs of most of the Ediacaran organisms it is necessary to resort to logic and experiment to understand them. This has proved to be a formidable task but some progress is being made with complex forms such as Dickinsonia and Phyllozoon. Although no core member of the Ediacara fauna is unequivocally an early animal, there are more similarities to animals than to algae or fungi. There is no evidence at all that the vendozoans are fourth form of eukaryotic multicellular life.
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Manafzadeh, Armita R., and Kevin Padian. "ROM mapping of ligamentous constraints on avian hip mobility: implications for extinct ornithodirans." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1879 (May 23, 2018): 20180727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0727.
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Studies of soft tissue effects on joint mobility in extant animals can help to constrain hypotheses about joint mobility in extinct animals. However, joint mobility must be considered in three dimensions simultaneously, and applications of mobility data to extinct taxa require both a phylogenetically informed reconstruction of articular morphology and justifications for why specific structures' effects on mobility are inferred to be similar. We manipulated cadaveric hip joints of common quail and recorded biplanar fluoroscopic videos to measure a ‘ligamentous’ range of motion (ROM), which was then compared to an ‘osteological’ ROM on a ROM map. Nearly 95% of the joint poses predicted to be possible at the hip based on osteological manipulation were rendered impossible by ligamentous constraints. Because the hip joint capsule reliably includes a ventral ligamentous thickening in extant diapsids, the hip abduction of extinct ornithodirans with an offset femoral head and thin articular cartilage was probably similarly constrained by ligaments as that of birds. Consequently, in the absence of extraordinary evidence to the contrary, our analysis casts doubt on the ‘batlike’ hip pose traditionally inferred for pterosaurs and basal maniraptorans, and underscores that reconstructions of joint mobility based on manipulations of bones alone can be misleading.
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de Renzi, M., E. Manzanares, M. D. Marin-Monfort, and H. Botella. "Comments on “Dental lessons from past to present: ultrastructure and composition of teeth from plesiosaurs, dinosaurs, extinct and recent sharks” by A. Lübke, J. Enax, K. Loza, O. Prymak, P. Gaengler, H.-O. Fabritius, D. Raabe and M. Epple, RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 61612." RSC Advances 6, no. 78 (2016): 74384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra16316e.
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The noted paper suggested that high fluoride levels in teeth of extinct animals proves the use of fluoroapatite when alive, but it is well-know that F− increases during fossilization due to diagenetic passage of hydroxy to more stable fluoroapatite.
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Almeida-Porada, Graça, Jyoti Desai, Charles Long, Mark Westhusin, Vladimir Pliska, Gerald Stranzinger, Hannes Joerg, et al. "Re-Establishment and Characterization of an Extinct Line of Sheep with a Spontaneous Bleeding Disorder That Closely Recapitulates Human Hemophilia A." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.1144.1144.
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Abstract Hemophilia A, or Factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency, is the most common severe hereditary coagulation disorder, affecting 1 in 5000 male live births. Animal models in dog, mouse, and rabbit have been developed and used to study FVIII function and to evaluate new methods of treatment and prevention of inhibitor formation. Unfortunately, for unknown reasons, results obtained using these models didn’t always result in successful therapies when applied to humans. For new treatments to be safely and successfully translated from surrogate models to clinical trials, it is critical to develop an animal model that simultaneously and accurately parallels normal human physiology while mimicking human hemophilia’s physiopathological process. Due to its striking physiological and anatomical similarities to humans, sheep are considered an ideal model to study a vast array of pathologies. The aim of these studies was to re-establish, study, and characterize an extinct line of sheep with a spontaneous bleeding disorder that closely recapitulated human hemophilia A (ThrombHaemost68:618,1992). Thus, we used frozen semen from an affected male to generate hemophilia A carriers. We obtained 20 females that when compared to pooled control sheep plasma, exhibited slightly increased PTT levels (38.1±1.1; N=30s), normal PT and platelet number, and slightly decreased FVIII:C (70±3%). Levels of Fibrinogen, FIX, vWF activity and vWF:ag were also normal. A second round of reproductive manipulations using the carriers’ oocytes and the affected semen produced 23 more animals, 16 of which were obligate carriers with a similar phenotype. The other 8 animals exhibited prolonged bleeding from the umbilical cord that promptly stopped upon administration of purified human FVIII concentrate using recommended dosing. Due to the unfeasibility of clamping the umbilical cord, therapy with human FVIII was continued each 12 hours until the umbilical cord dropped off. Blood collected prior to the administration of FVIII showed that these animals had almost non-existent levels of FVIIIc, and an extremely prolonged PTT (91.5±2.9, N=30.3) with normal levels of platelets, fibrinogen, FVII, FIX, and vWF. 2 of the animals died shortly after birth due to extensive hematomas related to lambing trauma. The other 6 animals, now 5 months old (maturity 6–9 months), developed clinical symptomatology closely mimicking that of human patients with severe hemophilia A. Each of these animals had between 2–6 episodes of severe bleeding including hemarthroses of the elbow, shoulder, hip, and knee, multiple muscle hematomas, including 1 hematoma of the tongue and 1 episode of mild hematuria. All of the bleeding episodes resolved upon administration of 1–2 treatments with human FVIII. Animals have thus far received between 964-4546U of human FVIII. Of interest is that low-titer inhibitors (1.3; 2.6; 3 BU) were detected in 3 of the animals showing that the nature of the mutation present in these sheep renders them prone to inhibitor development. Characterization of the mutation is currently underway. We hope that this large animal model will contribute to a better understanding of hemophilia and the development of novel treatments that can directly translate to human patients, such as stem cell transplantation and gene therapy-based approaches.
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Kasprzycka, Eva, Charlotte Wrigley, Adam Searle, and Richard Twine. "Rhetorics of Species Revivalism and Biotechnology – A Roundtable Dialogue." Animal Studies Journal 12, no. 2 (2023): 190–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.14453/asj/v12i2.9.
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This informal dialogue contextualises and explores contemporary practices of nonhuman animal gene-modification in de-extinction projects. Looking at recent developments in biotechnology’s role in de-extinction sciences and industries, these interdisciplinary scholars scrutinise the neoliberal impetus driving ‘species revivalism’ in the wake of the Capitalocene. Critical examinations of species integrity, cryo-preservation, techno-optimism, rewilding initiatives and projects aimed at restoring extinct animals such as the woolly mammoth and bucardo are used to map some of the necessary restructuring of conservation policies and enterprises that could secure viably sustainable – and just – futures for nonhuman animals at risk of extinction. The authors question what alternatives are being ignored in the wake of technoscientific responses to the climate emergency, and interpret the motivations, tactics and tools responsible for commodifying nonhuman animals down to the cellular level. Our conversation on the messy relations within endangered ecologies offers alternative approaches to environmental governance and strategies for addressing the climate and biodiversity crises today.
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Magelssen, Scott. "Resuscitating the Extinct: The Backbreeding of Historic Animals at U.S. Living History Museums." TDR/The Drama Review 47, no. 4 (December 2003): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105420403322764052.
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The shift to “living interpretation” in the second half of the 20th century redirected the trajectory of museum work. Living bodies were said to give a more real experience of the past than could historic objects. But what about those pigs, cows, chickens, and sheep found at every major living history museum? Nowadays museums seek rare breeds or they breed contemporary animals to bring them closer to descriptions found in historic documents. What are the ethical and political implications of “backbreeding”? Will museums determine that some backbreeding is legitimate, while others are the stuff of mad-scientist films?
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Loomes, Robyn. "Tasmania's Threatened Fauna Handbook: What, Where and How to Protect Tasmania's Threatened Animals." Pacific Conservation Biology 6, no. 2 (2000): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000175.
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Australia already has a long list of native species that have become extinct since the arrival of humans in this country. Even longer, however, is the list of flora and fauna currently under threat from human activity. Ongoing clearing, degradation and replacement of native vegetation combined with the invasion of exotic species, not only threatens the survival of endemic flora, but the animals clinging to existence in these vanishing habitats.
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Hasegawa, Motohiro, Shinji Sugiura, Masamichi T. Ito, Aska Yamaki, Keiko Hamaguchi, Toshio Kishimoto, and Isamu Okochi. "Community structures of soil animals and survival of land snails on an island of the Ogasawara Archipelago." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 44, no. 8 (August 2009): 896–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2009000800014.
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On Chichijima, one of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands located in the Western Pacific Ocean, land snails have declined, the suggested cause being predation pressure by an invasive flatworm (Platydemus manokwari). Soil fauna were investigated in areas where the snail survives, and where it has become extinct. Much of the fauna, dominated by introduced earthworms and ants, was undiminished, however, one undescribed but endemic carabid (Badister sp.), which selectively feeds on land snails, was absent in snail-extinct areas. The invasive flatworm P. manokwari has been reported to feed also on the carcasses of earthworms, as well as on live snails, and is therefore expected to occur in most parts of Chichijima Island. Among other groups, the density of isopods (also dominated by exotic species) was very low, in comparison with the reported ones 30 years ago. Community structure is currently reflected by dominance of earthworms and ants, decline of endemic isopods, and a high frequency of introduced or alien species.
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Tanentzap, Andrew J., and Bethany R. Smith. "Unintentional rewilding: lessons for trophic rewilding from other forms of species introductions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1761 (October 22, 2018): 20170445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0445.
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Trophic rewilding involves adding species into ecosystems to restore extinct, top-down interactions, but limited quantitative data have prevented a systematic attempt to quantify its outcomes. Here, we exploit species introductions that have occurred for purposes other than restoration to inform trophic rewilding. We compiled 51 studies with 158 different responses of lower trophic levels to a species introduction that restored an extinct interaction, whether it intended to do so or not. Unintentional introductions were compared with checklists of extinct animals to identify potential analogues. Using the latest meta-analysis techniques, we found that the few cases of intentional rewilding had similar effects to unintentional rewilding, though there were large taxonomic and geographical biases. We also tested predictions from studies on trophic cascades about the factors that should influence rewilding. Unintentional rewilding was stronger where introduced consumers were non-invasive, but there was no effect of time that compared sites differed in introduction status, latitude or coevolution of responses with a taxonomically related analogue. Our study now shows that rewilding can reinstate extinct trophic interactions and highlights remaining data gaps that need closure to restore ecosystems across larger scales than has been previously possible. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Trophic rewilding: consequences for ecosystems under global change’.
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Molnar, Julia L., and Rui Diogo. "Evolution, Homology, and Development of Tetrapod Limb Muscles." Diversity 13, no. 8 (August 21, 2021): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13080393.
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Since the early 1900s, researchers have attempted to unravel the origin and evolution of tetrapod limb muscles using a combination of comparative anatomy, phylogeny, and development. The methods for reconstructing soft tissues in extinct animals have been refined over time as our ability to determine muscle homology and phylogenetic relationships between tetrapods has improved. Since many muscles do not leave osteological correlates, muscle reconstruction in extinct animals is largely based on anatomy and development in extant animals. While muscle anatomy in extant tetrapods is quite conservative, the homologies of certain muscles between taxonomic groups are still uncertain. Comparative developmental studies can help to resolve these controversies, as well as revealing general patterns of muscle morphogenesis across tetrapod groups. We review the methods, results, and controversies in the muscle reconstructions of early members of the amniote, mammalian, and lissamphibian lineages, including recent attempts to reconstruct limb muscles in members of the tetrapod stem group. We also review the contribution of recent comparative developmental studies toward understanding the evolution of tetrapod limb muscles, including morphogenic gradients, the origin of paired fins, and the evolution of morphological complexity. Finally, we discuss the role of broad, comparative myological studies as part of an integrative research program on vertebrate evolutionary biology.
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Manafzadeh, Armita R., Robert E. Kambic, and Stephen M. Gatesy. "A new role for joint mobility in reconstructing vertebrate locomotor evolution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 7 (February 8, 2021): e2023513118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023513118.
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Reconstructions of movement in extinct animals are critical to our understanding of major transformations in vertebrate locomotor evolution. Estimates of joint range of motion (ROM) have long been used to exclude anatomically impossible joint poses from hypothesized gait cycles. Here we demonstrate how comparative ROM data can be harnessed in a different way to better constrain locomotor reconstructions. As a case study, we measured nearly 600,000 poses from the hindlimb joints of the Helmeted Guineafowl and American alligator, which represent an extant phylogenetic bracket for the archosaurian ancestor and its pseudosuchian (crocodilian line) and ornithodiran (bird line) descendants. We then used joint mobility mapping to search for a consistent relationship between full potential joint mobility and the subset of joint poses used during locomotion. We found that walking and running poses are predictably located within full mobility, revealing additional constraints for reconstructions of extinct archosaurs. The inferential framework that we develop here can be expanded to identify ROM-based constraints for other animals and, in turn, will help to unravel the history of vertebrate locomotor evolution.
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Humphries, Stuart, and Graeme D. Ruxton. "Why did some ichthyosaurs have such large eyes?" Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 4 (February 15, 2002): 439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.4.439.
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SUMMARY Many species of extinct marine ichthyosaurs had much larger eyes for their body size than would be expected of extant marine mammals and reptiles. Sensitivity to low light at great depth for the deep-diving genus Ophthalmosaurus has recently been suggested as the reason for the large eyes of these animals. Here, we discuss the implications for vision at such depths and consider other optical factors determining eye size. We suggest that the large eyes of ichthyosaurs are more likely to be the result of simultaneous selection for both sensitivity to low light and visual acuity. The importance of the evolutionary history of extant marine mammals and extinct ichthyosaurs is discussed, as are ecological factors driving both acuity and sensitivity.
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Varajão de Latorre, Daniel. "Fossil bacula of five species of Borophaginae (Family: Canidae): Implications for their reproductive biology." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): e0280327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280327.
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The baculum of mammals offers the opportunity to study the reproductive biology of extinct species given that it is a fossilizable part of the male genitalia and that its size and shape correlate with several aspects of the reproductive biology of extant mammals. Fossil bacula, however, are rare. Currently, bacula have been described from only two extinct species of canids, one from the subfamily Caninae and the other from the extinct subfamily Hesperocyoninae. Here, I describe the bacula of five extinct species of Borophaginae, each of which was found with other skeletal elements that have enabled identification to the species level. Two specimens (Aelurodon ferox and Aelurodon stirtoni) are largely complete, while the baculum from Carpocyon compressus is complete but still embedded in matrix that obscures some of its features. The bacula of Paratomarctus euthos and Desmocyon thomsoni are incomplete, but they provide useful information nonetheless. These borophagine bacula are similar to extant canines in being robust, having a urethral groove, and a simple distal end. These features suggest that the Borophaginae had long-lasting copulation and possibly spontaneous ovulation, similar to the extant canines. However, unlike the straight baculum of extant canines, borophagine bacula are ventrally curved (arched), which is also observed in the hesperocyonine baculum. The implication of this curvature for the reproductive biology of these animals remains unknown.
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Nguyen, Duc Hanh, and Thi Mai Dinh. "Impacts of wildlife trade and sustainable development in Vietnam." E3S Web of Conferences 157 (2020): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015703001.
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Viet Nam harbors a high level of biological diversity in the world. However, Viet Nam is also known as one of the countries having a high demand of biological resource use in Asia. The illegal trade and consumption of wildlife products have become a major threat to the biodiversity. The consequences of unsustainable use in recent decades have led to a rapid population decline many animal and plant species particularly endangered species and many species are now facing extinction. A total of 179 species of animals and 94 species of plants was listed in the governmental decree as endangered and with a high priority of conservation concern.. A number of large mammals or flagship species have become extinct or their populations have been severely declined due to overexploitation and illegal collecting, for example: Javan Rhinoceros (extinct), Indochinese Tiger, Gray Gaur, Wild Buffalo, Golden Deer, and Eld’s Deer. Viet Nam has also known as an important hub and hotspot in Southeast Asia for the consumption of plant and wildlife products, and transit point for the illegal wildlife trade in Asia. Thousands of wildlife animals (more than 20, 000 tons per year) have been exploited and consumed for traditional medicine or trade purposes in Viet Nam. This article focuses on the challenges of prosecution and crimes relating to wildlife trade in Viet Nam. It also provides an analytical framework for assessing the impact of wildlife trade and criminal status relating to wildlife in Viet Nam on conservation and local livelihoods.
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Folch, J., M. J. Cocero, P. Chesné, J. L. Alabart, V. Domínguez, Y. Cognié, A. Roche, et al. "First birth of an animal from an extinct subspecies (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica) by cloning." Theriogenology 71, no. 6 (April 2009): 1026–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.11.005.
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Pakhnevich, Alexey, Andrey Kurkin, Alexander Lavrov, Konstantin Tarasenko, Ekaterina Kovalenko, Alexander Kaloyan, and Konstantin Podurets. "Synchrotron and Neutron Tomography of Paleontological Objects on the Facilities of the Kurchatov Institute." Journal of Imaging 4, no. 8 (August 15, 2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging4080103.
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The most important results of tomographic studies of paleontological objects on the facilities of the National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute” are described. It is shown that the use of the synchrotron and neutron tomography makes it possible to obtain new information on the structure of fossil animals, which is of fundamental importance for taxonomy and morphological analysis of extinct fauna.
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Brochu, Christopher A. "Progress and future directions in archosaur phylogenetics." Journal of Paleontology 75, no. 6 (November 2001): 1185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000017236.
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The basic structure of archosaurian phylogeny is understood to include two primary crown-group lineages—one leading to living crocodiles and including a broad diversity of Triassic animals (e.g., phytosaurs, rauisuchians, aetosaurs), and another leading to dinosaurs (living and extinct). These lineages were established by the middle Triassic. A few extinct groups remain controversial, such as the pterosaurs, and debate persists over the phylogenetic relationships among extant bird lineages, which have proved difficult to resolve, and divergence timing estimates within Aves and Crocodylia remain the source of contention. A few analyses support a close relationship between archosaurs and turtles, or even a nesting of turtles within Archosauria. All sources of information used to resolve these issues have weaknesses, and these problems all involve highly derived lineages when they first appear in the fossil record.
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Fallon, Richard. "Decadent Dinosaurs: Directed Evolution in British and North American Literature, 1890s–1970s." Twentieth Century Literature 70, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 55–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0041462x-11098327.
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Despite paying concerted attention to evolutionary mechanisms, literary scholars have rarely focused on forms of “directed evolution” like orthogenesis (evolution along a linear track) and phylogeronty—the parallel between the lifespan of an animal group and the lifespan of an aging individual—analogical concepts reflecting a paleontological manifestation of a wider interest in human decadence. This essay analyzes how these concepts are explored in three areas: popular adventure fiction, social reform novels by Marie Stopes and H. G. Wells, and writings by paleontologists. Across these texts, the essay argues that directed evolution offered a recognizable trajectory with which to render the complexity and strangeness of prehistoric and modern life alike into a familiar linear shape by reading certain extinct animals as moral exemplars of evolutionary failure. While reformers hoped that humans could escape the orthogenetic grooves confining nonhuman animals to extinction, this optimism was shadowed both with fears that humans might inevitably face decadence and with a sense that survival meant mediocrity.
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Larkin, Nigel R., and Laura B. Porro. "Three legs good, four legs better: Making a quagga whole again with 3D printing." Collection Forum 30, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2016): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14351/0831-4985-30.1.73.
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Abstract Specimens of extinct animals are among the most precious items in a museum’s collection. They are vital for research and education, especially those that have become extinct relatively recently due to human activity. Only seven skeletons of the extinct subspecies of plains zebra Equus quagga quagga are known to exist in museum collections worldwide, including a specimen on display at the Grant Museum of Zoology, London. However, the left hind leg and right scapula of this specimen have been missing for many years. As part of a recent project to conserve and remount this skeleton, the left scapula and articulated right hind limb were scanned using computed tomography (CT) so that mirrored data could be used to 3D print the missing bones. The 3D-printed models installed on the original specimen do more than provide an anatomically complete skeleton and improve the physical stability of the specimen; the black 3D printed bones contrast with the rest of the skeleton, which highlights the work undertaken and provides a more engaging exhibit. The CT scans are also available for research and as an interactive 3D model within the display.
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Droser, Mary L., and James G. Gehling. "The advent of animals: The view from the Ediacaran." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 16 (April 20, 2015): 4865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1403669112.
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Patterns of origination and evolution of early complex life on this planet are largely interpreted from the fossils of the Precambrian soft-bodied Ediacara Biota. These fossils occur globally and represent a diverse suite of organisms living in marine environments. Although these exceptionally preserved fossil assemblages are typically difficult to reconcile with modern phyla, examination of the morphology, ecology, and taphonomy of these taxa provides keys to their relationships with modern taxa. Within the more than 30 million y range of the Ediacara Biota, fossils of these multicellular organisms demonstrate the advent of mobility, heterotrophy by multicellular animals, skeletonization, sexual reproduction, and the assembly of complex ecosystems, all of which are attributes of modern animals. This approach to these fossils, without the constraint of attempting phylogenetic reconstructions, provides a mechanism for comparing these taxa with both living and extinct animals.
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Robinson, John G., and Kent H. Redford. "Measuring the sustainability of hunting in tropical forests." Oryx 28, no. 4 (October 1994): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300028647.
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Wild animals are an important source of protein for the rural peoples living in or near tropical forests. However, the resource can easily be overexploited and game species can become locally depleted, or even extinct. This paper discusses attempts to measure the sustainability of hunting in tropical forests. It examines five indices of sustainability in current use and two models that attempt to model sustainability.
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Mizuno, Fumihiro, and Naoki Kohno. "New genicular joint angle criteria for flexor muscle (Musculus Semimembranosus) during the terrestrial mammals walking." PeerJ 11 (May 16, 2023): e15379. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15379.
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Background The genicular or knee joint angles of terrestrial mammals remain constant during the stance phase of walking; however, the angles differ among taxa. The knee joint angle is known to correlate with taxa and body mass among extant mammals, yet several extinct mammals, such as desmostylians, do not have closely related descendants. Furthermore, fossils lose their soft tissues by the time they are unearthed, making body mass estimates difficult. These factors cause significant problems when reconstructing the proper postures of extinct mammals. Terrestrial mammals use potential and kinetic energy for locomotion; particularly, an inverted pendulum mechanism is used for walking. This mechanism requires maintaining the rod length constant, therefore, terrestrial mammals maintain their joint angle in a small range. A muscle reaction referred to as co-contraction is known to increase joint stiffness; both the agonist and antagonist muscles work simultaneously on the same joint at the same time. The musculus semimembranosus flexes the knee joint and acts as an antagonist to muscles that extend it. Methods Twenty-one species of terrestrial mammals were examined to identify the elements that constitute the angle between the m. semimembranosus and the tibia based on the period between the hindlimb touching down and taking off from the ground. Measurements were captured from videos in high-speed mode (420 fps), selecting 13 pictures from the first 75% of each video while the animals were walking. The angles between the main force line of the m. semimembranosus and the tibia, which were defined as θsm−t, were measured. Results The maximum and minimum angles between the m. semimembranosus and the tibia (θsm−t) of the stance instance (SI) were successfully determined for more than 80% of the target animals (17 out of 21 species) during SI-1 to SI-13 within ±10° from the mean. The difference between each successive SI was small and, therefore, the θsm−t transition was smooth. According to the results of the total stance differences among the target animals, θsm−t was relatively constant during a stance and, therefore, average θsm−t (θave) can represent each animal. Only Carnivora had a significant difference in the correlation between body mass and θave. In addition, there were significant differences in θave between plantigrade and unguligrade locomotion. Conclusion Our measurements show that θave was 100 ± 10° regardless taxon, body mass, and locomotor mode. Thus, only three points on skeletons need to be measured to determine θave. This offers a new approximation approach for understanding hindlimb posture that could be applied to the study of the hindlimbs of extinct mammals with no closely related extant descendants.
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Mirhosseini, S. Z., and S. M. F. Vahidi. "Genetic characterization of three Iranian native buffalo populations (Khozestani, Azari and Mazandarani) using microsatellite markers." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200010395.
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Biodiversity among domesticated animals in developing countries is enormous. However, due to introduction of superior animal breeds with excellent performance, the native animal resources with good adaptability but lower productivity are in great danger. The list of extinct local breeds and deteriorated remaining ones are becoming longer every year. Erosion of genetic diversity in a breed may cause increase in the rate of inbreeding and genetic abnormalities thereby decrease in animal performance, particularly for reproductive traits. These will virtually reduce the global gene pool for future development and can be considered as a serious threat for universal food security. Therefore the urgency and need to conservation of genetic resources in animal biodiversity is clear particularly for those in the developing countries (Hall, et al. 1995). Buffalo play an important role in animal production in some province of Iran. Present study follow to evaluate the genetic diversity and existing relationship among three Iranian native buffalo populations by using microsatellite markers.
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Mikulic, Donald G. "Giant Lizards: A Brief History of Early Dinosaur Reconstruction." Paleontological Society Special Publications 7 (1994): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200009394.
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Although they have been extinct for more than 60 million years, dinosaurs are a familiar part of our culture. Featured regularly in entertainment, advertising and the news, they are recognized more readily in today's society than many living animals. Dinosaurs also function as a powerful educational tool, stimulating the interest of children and adults in the natural world. Moreover, they serve as a primary symbol of evolution, extinction and the long history of life on Earth. Yet, few people realize how radically our understanding of dinosaurs has changed since their discovery 170 years ago.The initial recognition of dinosaurs as a distinct group of extinct animals was one of the major accomplishments of nineteenth century science. When first discovered, dinosaurs were an unexpected and almost alien life form whose interpretation was inhibited by a scarcity of good fossils and absence of close living relatives. For this reason, early nineteenth century dinosaur reconstructions, which were later ridiculed for their inaccuracies, may seem simplistic and conservative. In reality, they were quite innovative. Examination of this early work reveals just how profound these ideas actually were in light of the limited evidence available and demonstrates how interpretations changed as new fossil discoveries were made.
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Coatham, Samuel J., William I. Sellers, and Thomas A. Püschel. "Convex hull estimation of mammalian body segment parameters." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 6 (June 2021): 210836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210836.
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Obtaining accurate values for body segment parameters (BSPs) is fundamental in many biomechanical studies, particularly for gait analysis. Convex hulling, where the smallest-possible convex object that surrounds a set of points is calculated, has been suggested as an effective and time-efficient method to estimate these parameters in extinct animals, where soft tissues are rarely preserved. We investigated the effectiveness of convex hull BSP estimation in a range of extant mammals, to inform the potential future usage of this technique with extinct taxa. Computed tomography scans of both the skeleton and skin of every species investigated were virtually segmented. BSPs (the mass, position of the centre of mass and inertial tensors of each segment) were calculated from the resultant soft tissue segments, while the bone segments were used as the basis for convex hull reconstructions. We performed phylogenetic generalized least squares and ordinary least squares regressions to compare the BSPs calculated from soft tissue segments with those estimated using convex hulls, finding consistent predictive relationships for each body segment. The resultant regression equations can, therefore, be used with confidence in future volumetric reconstruction and biomechanical analyses of mammals, in both extinct and extant species where such data may not be available.
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Shanmugasundaram, R., and T. Manickavasagan. "Construction and Validation of Zoomorphic Naming Ability Test in Zoology." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 9, no. 1 (January 16, 2024): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2024.v09.n01.016.
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Zoology is the branch of biology concerned with the study animals and animal kingdom. It is also known as animal biology. The study zoology includes the interaction of animal kingdom in their ecosystems such as classification, habits, structure, embryology, distribution, evolution, and extinct species. Zoology is the division of biology that deals with the animals kingdom. It is the scientific study related to construct and validate the tool to measure the higher secondary science stream students in Zoomorphic naming ability it means that the science of naming, describing and classify organism and includes all animals and microorganism of the world. Therefore, this work is an attempt to construct and validate a tool for assessing the zoomorphic naming ability of higher secondary students who are studying in science stream. For this purpose, a collection of 50 zoomorphic naming ability questions from the content of zoology book materials prescribed for higher secondary students. These gathered 50 questions were undergone pilot study with 100 higher secondary science stream students in Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu State in India and on the basis of index of difficulty and index of discrimination values 40 questions have been chosen. The reliability and validity have also been found for this test tool. Hence, a complete and fully fledged Zoomorphic Naming Ability Test has been constructed and validated through this study and it will be an enough tool to measure the Zoomorphic Naming Ability of the higher secondary science stream students.
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Chelomina, G. I. "Paleogenomics (short review)." Biota and Environment of Natural Areas 10, no. 4 (December 12, 2022): 64–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25221/2782-1978_2022_4_7.
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Paleogenomics is known as the whole genome analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA). This paper provides a brief overview of the achievements of paleogenomics, including its history and research methods. In particular, issues of human evolution, hominid (Neanderthal, Denisovans) and modern morphological type humans hybridization, transcontinental migrations of ancient humans from Siberia to America, migrations of peoples of the Yamnaya culture in the vast Eurasian steppes, the origin both of the extinct (Etruscans, Scythians) and of the modern (Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau populations, Avars) peoples are discussed from the perspective of paleogenomic data, domestication of animals and plants, impacts of climate change on biodiversity, conservation biology and taxonomy, and evolution of pathogens. The prospects of evolutionary medicine, aDNA methylation, the use of aDNA from sediments and ephippial eggs, as well as the possibility of restoring extinct species are discussed as directions for the future development of paleogenomics.
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Wakild, Emily. "Saving the Vicuña: The Political, Biophysical, and Cultural History of Wild Animal Conservation in Peru, 1964–2000." American Historical Review 125, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 54–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz939.
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Abstract This article examines national efforts to protect wildlife in the twentieth century. Its focus is the vicuña, a small llama-like species native to the Andes, which nearly went extinct due to the high economic value of its wool. Instead, the Peruvian national government—despite significant regime shifts—intervened to put in place and then perpetuate a series of conservation measures, including trade restrictions and a territorial reserve, that protected the population and allowed it to rebound. Using a combination of cultural, economic, political, and biological methods to understand the animals and people concerned about them, this article argues that conservation reoriented relationships among people and wild animals. Cultural affinities led to ethical claims about the animal’s value as well as utilitarian arguments about its potential economic worth for community and economic development. Moreover, the vicuña themselves shaped both the landscapes and the conservation programs with their biological habits. Saving the vicuña proved to be a complex social process that challenged facile assumptions about past environmental actions of politically volatile, economically marginalized, and socially divided nations.
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Foxon, Floe. "The Moa the Merrier: Resolving when the Dinornithiformes went extinct." Belgian Journal of Zoology 154 (January 12, 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26496/bjz.2024.114.
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The Moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) are an extinct group of the ratite clade from New Zealand. The overkill hypothesis asserts that the first New Zealand settlers hunted the Moa to extinction by 1450 CE, whereas the staggered survival hypothesis allows for Moa survival until after Europeans began to arrive on New Zealand. Alleged Moa sightings post-1450 CE may shed light on these competing hypotheses. A dataset of 97 alleged Moa sightings from circa 1675 CE to 1993 CE was constructed, with sightings given subjective quality ratings corresponding to various statistical probabilities. Cumulative probabilities of Moa persistence were calculated with a conservative survival model using these probabilistic sighting-records; a method recently applied to sightings of the Thylacine. Cumulative persistence probability fell sharply after 1408 CE, and across pessimistic and optimistic variations of the model, it was more likely than not that the Moa were extinct by 1770 CE. Probabilistic sighting-record models favour the overkill hypothesis, and give very low probabilities of Moa persistence around the time of European arrival. Eyewitness data on Moa sightings are amenable to scientific study, and these methods may be applied to similar animals.