Relevant bibliographies by topics / Extinct languages

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Extinct languages'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Extinct languages"

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Nowak, Ethan. "Extinct Languages." Philosophers' Magazine, no. 94 (2021): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/tpm20219470.

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Ladd, Bob. "“Extinct” languages." New Scientist 199, no. 2664 (July 2008): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(08)61735-2.

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Rofik, Eka Nur. "Kronologi Bahasa Arab Semitik Perspektif Historis." Ngabari: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Sosial 14, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51772/njsis.v14i1.66.

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Arabic comes from the Semitic language family. it has a higher position than other Semitic languages ​​because it is not extinct even though it is thousands of years old. Arabic is one of the most widely spoken languages ​​today. Users are not only Muslims but also non-Muslims. Semitic is a language family associated with one of the sons of the Prophet Noah a.s. namely Sam son of Noah. In the narration, it is stated that Noah had three children, namely Sam (Semitic), Yafit (Aramiyah), and Ham (Hamiyah). Languages ​​belonging to the Semitic language family experience slow development. Some languages, such as Akkadian, have even become extinct. and other languages, although not extinct but the speakers are no longer a big nation. This language is only spoken by a small number of people, like Aramaic. Only Arabic, the only Semitic language, has survived thousands of years. Arabic users continue to grow even today. The final conclusion of this paper is that Arabic represents other Semitic languages, both in terms of their origin and in terms of their privilege.
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Castro, Damaris. "Brúnkahk Tek: An Extinct Language." LETRAS, no. 43 (February 1, 2008): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rl.1-43.4.

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En Costa Rica hay seis lenguas indígenas reconocidas oficialmente. Cada una de ellas disfruta de una condición diferente en cuanto a sus tradiciones y números de hablantes, entre otras. A pesar de los esfuerzos del gobierno de Costa Rica y otros investigadores desde 1995, las lenguas han enfrentado dificultades a nivel interno y externo, las cuales han resultado en el debilitamiento o inclusive pérdida de las mismas. Esto nos lleva al caso de boruca, una de las lenguas de Costa Rica que puede ahora ser considerada una lengua extinta. Este artículo presenta una descripción general del pueblo boruca, sus tradiciones y sus principales características, y a la vez ofrece al lector una descripción tipológica general de la lengua en la cual se discuten brevemente los rasgos generales de su gramática. In Costa Rica there are six officially recognized indigenous languages. Each enjoys a different condition in terms of its traditions and number of speakers, among others. Despite efforts of the Costa Rican government and other researchers since 1995, the languages have met endogenous and exogenous difficulties that have resulted in the weakening and even loss of the languages. This leads us to what happened to Boruca, one of the indigenous languages of Costa Rica which can now be considered an extinct language. This article presents a general description of the Boruca people, their traditions and main characteristics, and it also introduces the reader to a general typological description of the language where the main features of its grammar are briefly discussed.
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Nelson, Diane, Nhenety Kariri-Xocó, Idiane Kariri-Xocó, and Thea Pitman. "“We Most Certainly Do Have a Language”." Environmental Humanities 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/22011919-10216239.

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Abstract This article proposes that languages should be embraced by the field of extinction studies while at the same time being mindful of the imbrication of colonialism in both the assignation and terminology of extinction and attempts to revive or reclaim endangered and extinct languages. It thus argues for a decolonizing approach to discourses of both language extinction and reclamation. The article starts by contextualizing the complementary extinction crises facing both species and languages. It then moves on to explore the links between colonialism and the extinction crisis for languages as well as the colonialist underpinnings of many attempts to document and revive endangered and extinct languages. The article then looks to a particularly unique case of decolonial language reclamation, focusing on the work of members of the Kariri-Xocó Indigenous community in present-day Northeast Brazil. It concludes that, by reclaiming their language in a way that is both agentive and coconstructed, the Kariri-Xocó bring together language, culture, and spirituality as tools for resistance.
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Kibrik, Andrej A. "A Program for the Preservation and Revitalization of the Languages of Russia." Russian Journal of Linguistics 25, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 507–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-2-507-527.

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This article presents the Program for the Preservation and Revitalization of the Languages of Russia proposed by the Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences (the Program). The Program is based on knowledge accumulated in linguistics in domains such as linguistic diversity, language endangerment, and language preservation methods. According to a recent assessment, there are 150 to 160 languages of Russia. This number of languages, even though quite high, is manageable for a national language preservation Program. Languages are rapidly becoming extinct worldwide, and Russia is no exception to this trend. The following terms are used to categorize languages according to risk of extinction: safe languages, endangered languages, severely endangered languages, and nearly extinct languages. There are several important humanitarian and scientific reasons for engaging in language preservation. The central idea of the Program is to boost intergenerational language transmission wherever feasible. Various approaches to different language situations are envisaged, including enlightenment campaigns, language nests, and language documentation. Three necessary conditions for language revitalization include engaging local activists, administrative and financial support, and the scientific validity of the methodology. The Programs 12-year roadmap is split into three stages. There are a number of favorable factors making the Program feasible, as well as a number of potential obstacles. We have a historic opportunity to preserve languages spoken in Russia, and this is an opportunity that must be used.
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Holman, Eric W. "Do languages originate and become extinct at constant rates?" Diachronica 27, no. 2 (October 11, 2010): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.27.2.03hol.

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The shape of phylogenetic trees of language families is used to test the null hypothesis that languages throughout a family originate and go extinct at constant rates. Trees constructed either by hand or by computer prove to be more unbalanced than predicted, with many languages on some branches and few on others. The observed levels of imbalance are not explainable by errors in the trees or by the population sizes or geographic density of the languages. The results suggest changes in rates of origination or extinction on a time scale shorter than the time depth of currently recognized families.
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Patriarca, Marco, Els Heinsalu, and David Sánchez. "The physics of languages." Physics World 36, no. 8 (August 1, 2023): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/36/08/24.

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Much like biological species, languages spread, evolve, compete and even go extinct. To understand these mechanisms, physicists are applying their methods to linguistics, creating the interdisciplinary field of language dynamics, as Marco Patriarca, Els Heinsalu and David Sánchez explain.
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Collins, James T. "LANGUAGE DEATH IN INDONESIA: A SOCIOCULTURAL PANDEMIC." Linguistik Indonesia 40, no. 2 (August 2, 2022): 141–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v40i2.347.

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The number of languages in Indonesia exceeds seven hundred, but more than 70% of these languages are spoken in eastern Indonesia, where many speakers of heritage languages are shifting their allegiance to local dialects of Malay or to Indonesian. This essay focuses on the languages of Buru and Seram and the nearby islands of Maluku Province. Because parts of this region formed the earliest Dutch colony in Indonesia, historical documentation allows us to explore language use and language vitality since the sixteenth century. The essay is divided into two parts. In Part 1, materials available from the colonial period are examined and summarized. They reveal that as early as the nineteenth century many languages of this region, especially on the island of Ambon, were already extinct because villagers had become monolingual speakers of Ambonese Malay. In Part 2, reports and academic studies written after 1945 are reviewed. In this post-colonial era, language loss has continued, perhaps even accelerated; some socioeconomic factors are suggested. In the conclusion, the profiles of eight of the Maluku languages estimated in 1983 to have fewer than fifty speakers are compared to the most recent reports of language use and language shift. All eight of these languages are now extinct or on the verge of extinction. This essay, sketching language shift and language death, has implications for all the languages of Indonesia. How can local communities working with government officials and linguists act decisively to maintain and revitalize their ancestral languages?
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Kumari, Pratiksha, and Chandrakant Ragit. "Survey and Review of Parallel Glossary of Indian Languages." Technix International Journal for Engineering Research 9, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56975/tijer.v9i8.265.

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The research paper highlights the survey review of the parallel vocabulary of Indian languages, which are useful for today's education world. The purpose of this research paper is to broaden the natural language resource by storing words of different languages ??and strengthen the three-lingual formula in the education world, preserve extinct languages ??and facilitate machine translation, etc.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Extinct languages"

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Ashcheulova, T. V., and O. V. Honcharova. "Extinct languages." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/49158.

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Scientists have identified languages, that are vulnerable to extinction. One of them is the Nivkh language. It has a very difficult pronunciation and numerals reading. For example, this language has 26 ways of counting, that depends on what we count – skis, boats or bunches of fish. That is why the Nivkhs speak Russian, and this fact has led to the Nivkh language being on the list of endangered languages. According to the census in 2010 only 198 people speak the Nivkh language nowadays.
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Wood, Daniel Cody. "An Initial Reconstruction of Proto-Boro-Garo." Thesis, Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9485.

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Raye, Lee. "The forgotten beasts in medieval Britain : a study of extinct fauna in medieval sources." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/93165/.

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This thesis identifies and discusses historical and literary sources describing four species in the process of reintroduction: lynx (Lynx lynx), large whale (esp. Eubalena glacialis), beaver (Castor fiber) and crane (Grus grus). The scope includes medieval and early modern texts in English, Latin, and Welsh written in Britain before the species went extinct. The aims for each species are: (i) to reconstruct the medieval cultural memory; (ii) to contribute a cohesive extinction narrative; and (iii) to catalogue and provide an eco-sensitive reading of the main historical and literary references. Each chapter focuses on a different species: 1. The chapter on lynxes examines some new early references to the lynx and argues that the species became extinct in south Britain c.900 AD. Some hard-to-reconcile seventeenth century Scottish accounts are also explored. 2. The chapter on whales attributes the beginning of whale hunting to the ninth century in Britain, corresponding with the fish event horizon; but suggests a professional whaling industry only existed from the late medieval period. 3. The chapter on beavers identifies extinction dates based on the increasingly confused literary references to the beaver after c.1300 in south Britain and after c.1600 in Scotland, and the increase in fur importation. 4. The chapter on cranes emphasises the mixed perception of the crane throughout the medieval and early modern period. Cranes were simultaneously depicted as courtly falconers’ birds, greedy gluttons, and vigilant soldiers. More generally, the thesis considers the levels of reliability between eyewitness accounts and animal metaphors. It examines the process of ‘redelimitation’ which is triggered by population decline, whereby nomenclature and concepts attached to one species become transferred to another. Finally, it emphasises geographical determinism: species generally become extinct in south Britain centuries before Scotland.
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Ahlstone, Daisy M. "Thylacine Dreams: The Vernacular Resurrection of an Extinct Marsupial." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7563.

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This thesis explores the folk resurrection of the thylacine through artwork and symbolic interaction. The thylacine, better known as the Tasmanian tiger, is a marsupial that suffered a government-sanctioned massacre leading to its extinction in 1936. The thylacine’s status as a hidden animal has inspired what folklorists call “ostensive practice”; people not only actively seek out the thylacine in the wilderness of Tasmania today and share their sightings online, but they have also incorporated the thylacine as a symbol of hope and perseverance into various forms of folk art. There have been upwards of five thousand documented sightings of the thylacine since its extinction. This documentation can take the form of amateur or phone-recorded films, or sightings described in interviews for local news agencies. Some people have even found alleged biological remains of the thylacine and have described hearing its unique call. In addition to these types of legend-tripping activities, the thylacine is also represented in a variety of folk-art forms, including digital, painted, and hand-drawn artwork, written fiction, fiber arts, and costuming. This content is shared widely across the internet. Keeping the thylacine alive through the creation of folk art and legend-tripping search parties helps thylacine enthusiasts cope with the guilt for having lost an ecologically important animal due directly to ignorance and financial gain. If the thylacine is resurrected, whether literally or figuratively, people can symbolically undo some of the damage they have caused the natural world. Thus, the vernacular resurrection of the thylacine, understood through a folklorist lens, offers a model for comparing some of the vernacular ways that people are presently dealing with the general loss of wildlife due to climate change.
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Rezende, Silva Alfredo Manoel de 1982. "Quarta pítica de Píndaro : tradução e comentário analítico." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/268980.

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Orientador: Trajano Augusto Ricca Vieira
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T01:57:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RezendeSilva_AlfredoManoelde_M.pdf: 3151313 bytes, checksum: f040c0ee0a1a7d2be9517825555328e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: A Quarta Pítica de Pindaro é um epinício de estrutura formal particular. A dissertação oferece seu texto e tradução, além de dedicar um comentário analítico a sua seção mítica. Como introdução, foram compilados excertos e fragmentos poéticos que antecipam a Quarta Pítica no ciclo argonáutico. Em seguida, o comentário à narrativa mítica do epinício propõe a distinção de dois grandes blocos, separados não só pelo aspecto temático, como a tradição observa, mas também pelo aspecto formal, revelado pela análise de suas estruturas constituintes e, pontualmente, pelo método comparativo. O trabalho demonstra, no primeiro bloco, o procedimento de composição anelar, e compara o segundo a uma gesta heroica. Por fim, sugere em análise uma nova interpretação da colometria deste epinício
Abstract: The Fourth Pythian Ode of Pindar is an epinicion of peculiar formal structure. The dissertation provides its text and a translation into Brazilian Portuguese, as well as an analytical commentary on the mythical section. The introduction is composed by a compilation of poetic excerpts and fragments prior to the Fourth Pythian in the argonautic cycle. Next, a commentary on the Pindar's mythic narrative proposes the distinction of the two major blocks, separated not only by thematic aspects, as evidenced by the tradition, but also by formal aspects, revealed by an analysis of their structures and, sporadically, by comparative method. This work demonstrates the procedure for ring-composition in the first block and compares the second to a heroic balladry. Finally, the dissertation suggests a new interpretation of this epinicions colometry
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestre em Linguística
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Scouflaire, Marie-France A. "L'institution des nipûtum dans les royaumes paléo-babyloniens, 2000-1600 av. J.-C." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210539.

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Les deux codes de lois de l'époque babylonienne ancienne consacrent plusieurs rubriques à la nipûtum, elles ont été transcrites, traduites et commentées à de multiples reprises. D’autre part, des dizaines de textes éparpillés, auxquels il n'est fait que de vagues allusions dans les commentaires, abordent le même sujet; chaque fois qu'ils sont cités, ils ne le sont que parce qu'ils peuvent éclairer un peu le sens des codes .

Nous avons décidé d'agir en sens contraire de la recherche traditionnelle et de proposer une définition de la nipûtum grâce aux textes de la pratique .Les codes semblent en effet traiter de l'anormal plutôt que du normal .La nipûtum n'y est définie qu'en termes d'abus :saisie non justifiée ou mauvais traitements pouvant entraîner la mort de la personne saisie .De plus, ils ne parlent de la nipûtum qu'en cas de dettes et seulement pour des opérations entre particuliers, mettant face à face un banquier tout puissant et un citoyen pauvre en difficulté .

L'institution des nipûtum se met tout d'abord en valeur par sa grande extension chronologique, elle est présente dès le début des dynasties amorrites jusqu’au dernier roi de Babylone, soit pendant trois siècles .En ce qui concerne la répartition géographique, elle est en usage dans l'ensemble de la Mésopotamie, du nord au sud, de Sippar à Ur, et d'est en ouest, même dans des zones tout à fait éloignées, comme Mari .

\
Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Vanderroost, Nicolas. "Organisation administrative du bureau de l'agriculture d'Umma à l'époque de la Troisième Dynastie d'Ur." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209602.

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L’objectif de l’étude consiste en l’analyse de l’organisation administrative du bureau de l’agriculture de la province d’Umma à l’époque de la Troisième Dynastie d’Ur. La comparaison avec la situation qui prévaut dans la province méridionale de Girsu-Lagaš montre que le secteur agricole d’Umma est environ cinq fois moins important que de sa voisine.

L’étude identifie les districts agricoles de la province d’Umma et leurs responsables. Elle définit en outre le nombre de charrues utilisées pour cultiver les terres arables de l’état ainsi que leur répartition par district.

Elle propose enfin dans un deuxième volume une prosopographie des administrateurs de domaines agricoles et des laboureurs.
Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Clemens, David M. "A study of the sacrificial terminology at Ugarit : a collection and analysis of the Ugaritic and Akkadian textual data /." 1999. http://books.google.com/books?id=QvBiAAAAMAAJ.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, June 1999.
UMI copy contains all five volumes, divided between two parts. Includes bibliographical references (p. 977-1028). Also issued in print.
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O'Brien, Alexandra A. "Private tradition, public state : women in demotic business and administrative texts from Ptolemaic and Roman Thebes /." 1999. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9951822.

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Hawley, Robert. "Studies in Ugaritic Epistolography." Phd thesis, 2003. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3088741.

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Books on the topic "Extinct languages"

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Johannes, Friedrich. Extinct languages. New York: Dorset Press, 1989.

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Traill, A. Extinct South African Khoisan languages. [South Africa]: Dept. of Linguistics, University of the Witwatersrand, 1997.

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D, Woodard Roger, ed. The ancient languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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Kicsi, Sándor András. Kihalt nyelvek, eltűnt népek: 100 nyelv halála. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2013.

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Donohue, Mark. Wulguru: A salvage study of a North-Eastern Australian language from Townsville. München: Lincom, 2007.

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V, Knorozov I͡U︡, and Institut ėtnografii imeni N.N. Miklukho-Maklai͡a︡., eds. Древние системы письма. Этническая семиотика. Moskva: Izd-vo "Nauka," Glav. red. vostochnoĭ lit-ry, 1986.

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Breen, Gavan. Salvage studies of western Queensland Aboriginal languages. Canberra, Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1990.

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Marak, Caroline R. The Ruga language. Guwahati: Anundoram Borooah Institute of Language, Art and Culture (ABILAC), Assam, 2016.

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Blake, Barry J. The Warrnambool language: A consolidated account of the Aboriginal language of the Warrnambool area of the Western District of Victoria based on nineteenth-century sciences. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2003.

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Robinson, Andrew. Lost languages: The enigma of the world's great undeciphered scripts. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Extinct languages"

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Holman, Eric W. "Do languages originate and become extinct at constant rates?" In Benjamins Current Topics, 23–34. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bct.46.03hol.

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Arono, Wisma Yunita, and Irma Diani. "Conditions for Learning Regional Languages that are Almost Extinct in the Outer Islands of Indonesia." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Educational Science and Teacher Profession (ICETeP 2021), 3–14. Paris: Atlantis Press SARL, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-19-0_2.

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Williams, Kyle, Sanvir Manilal, Lebogang Molwantoa, and Hussein Suleman. "A Visual Dictionary for an Extinct Language." In The Role of Digital Libraries in a Time of Global Change, 1–4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13654-2_1.

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Eloranta, Rita, and Angela Bartens. "Chapter 11. New Mochica and the challenge of reviving an extinct language." In Variation and Evolution, 254–73. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ihll.29.11bar.

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Aguilera, Oscar E. "Fuegian Languages." In The Vanishing Languages Of The Pacific Rim, 206–20. Oxford University PressOxford, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199266623.003.0011.

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Abstract country, but only six native language groups survive today: Aymara and Quechuan (mentioned in § 10.2.4), Mapuche, two Fuegian languages— Kawesqar and Yahgan—and Rapanui (or Pascuense; a Malayo-Polynesian language, cf. Ch. 14) in Easter Island. At least five other languages are known to have existed, some of them with little documentation, that is, Chango, Atacameno (below), Diaguita, Selk ‘nam, and Chono. See n. 4 for Ona, an extinct Fuegian language. The Mapuche or Mapudungu(n) (also known as Araucanian) family is the most vital group of Amerindian languages in Chile (also spoken in Argentina). While some of the languages are still not endangered (though threatened), others are considered moribund or seriously endangered.
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"Appendix 2: Highly Endangered and Extinct or Nearly Extinct Languages of Africa, by Country." In Language Decline and Death in Africa, 145–52. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781853598104-014.

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Klumpp, Gerson. "Kamas." In The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, 816–44. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767664.003.0039.

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Kamas is an extinct Samoyed language of Southern Siberia, most closely related to Selkup. In the extinct Sayan Samoyedic group it is the only language of which proper documentation survives. Its last speaker, Klavdia Plotnikova, died in 1989. Kamas was documented starting from the eighteenth century. Over centuries it had been in close contact with South Siberian Turkic languages, from the nineteenth century on also with Russian. There are two main dialects, Kamas proper and Koybal. The chapter provides an introduction into the grammar of Kamas, based on the main sources from the mid-nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. The chapter also addresses morphosyntactic parallels with Siberian Turkic, as well as the differences between traditional Kamas as documented until 1914 and terminal Kamas, documented in the 1960s and 1970s.
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Yasugi, Yoshiho. "Languages of Middle America." In The Vanishing Languages Of The Pacific Rim, 165–82. Oxford University PressOxford, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199266623.003.0009.

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Abstract Many indigenous languages of Middle America (from Mexico to Panama) have disappeared since the conquest in the sixteenth century. During the last 500 years, 244 out of 365 languages, which include languages and dialects known only by name, were lost according to McQuown (1955), while B. Garza Cuaron and Y. Lastra (1991: 120–8) give a substantial list of 167 extinct languages in Mexico and Guatemala, and now only ninety-two languages are spoken by over nine million people (Yasugi 1995: 5–10).
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Yigezu, Moges. "Ethiopian languages and their demographic distribution." In The Oxford Handbook of Ethiopian Languages, 3—C1P55. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728542.013.1.

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Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the sociolinguistic status of Ethiopian languages according to the four major language families in Ethiopia: Cushitic, Omotic, Semitic, and Nilo-Saharan. The authors classify Ethiopia languages into three groups: (i) large languages; (ii) sizeable languages; and (iii) small languages. They argue that there is an ongoing language shift from small to large and sizeable languages, which implies that small languages are being steadily marginalized. This chapter then also discusses the vitality of Ethiopian languages by dividing them into the following types: living vernacular languages, extinct (or dormant) languages, sign languages, and foreign languages. The current state of languages in Ethiopia is a result of socio-historical developments. Ethiopia is a multilingual society, in which Amharic became the de facto Ethiopian lingua franca, and functions as the working language of central and local government.
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Amha, Azeb, and Zelealem Leyew. "Language endangerment in Ethiopia." In The Oxford Handbook of Ethiopian Languages, 45—C4P85. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728542.013.4.

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Abstract This chapter discusses language vitality and language loss and speakers’ attitude towards their language. It analyzes how the loss of little-known and under-studied languages creates gaps in our understanding of human language and cognition. The chapter examines social and scholarly efforts to curb language loss or at least keep proper documentation of the languages and cultures of minority groups for future generations. It engages with literature that deal with various types of extinct and endangered languages, and with criteria for assessing the status of endangered languages, and diverse risk-assessment factors. The chapter addresses language diversity and endangerment as reflected in Ethiopian national censuses. It recounts the inconsistencies in census results, with focus on the two most recent censuses (conducted in 1994 and 2007) because of their impact on current educational and language development efforts. The chapter illustrates how official language and educational policies affect language vitality, and it emphasizes on the need for curbing language endangerment.
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Conference papers on the topic "Extinct languages"

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Bandyopadhyay, Sumahan, and Doyel Chatterjee. "A Salvage Linguistic Anthropological Study of the Endangered Māṅgtā Language of West Bengal, India." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.15-2.

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The present paper is a salvage Linguistic Anthropology, in which attempt has been made to document a nearly-extinct language known as māṅgtā bhāsā, and to suggest appropriate measures for saving it from complete extinction. The word māṅgtā is said to have been derived from māṅā, which means ‘to ask for’ or ‘to beg’. The language is spoken by a few groups of the Bedia, which is a Scheduled Tribe (ST) in India with a population of 88,772 as per Census of India, 2011(Risley [1891]1981; Bandyopadhyay 2012, 2016, 2017). Bedia is a generic name for a number of vagrant gypsy like groups which Risley has divided into seven types. They live by a number of professions such as snake-charming, selling of medicinal herbs, showing chameleon art or multi-forming. Almost all of them have become speakers of more than one language for interacting with speakers of different languages in the neighbourhood for the sake of their survival. Even the present generation has almost forgotten their native speech, and their unawareness of the language becoming extinct is of concern to us. Elders still remember it and use it sometimes in conversations with the fellow members of their community. The ability to speak this language is construed with regard to the origin of this particular group of Bedia. In fact, the language had given them the identity of a separate tribal community while they demanded the status of ST in the recent past. Thus, socio-historically, the māṅgtā language has a special significance. In spite of being a distinct speech, there has been almost no study conducted on this language. This is one of the major motives for taking up the present endeavour. This project conducts morphological, phonological, syntactical and semantic studies on the māṅgtā language. Sociolinguistic aspects of this language have also been considered. The language has its roots in the Indo-European language family with affinity to the Austro-Asiatic family. The paper interrogates whether māṅgtā can be called language or speech. The study required ethnographic field work, audio-visual archiving, and revitalization, along with sustainable livelihood protection of speakers of the language.
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A., KOVALEV. "NEW DISCOVERIES OF BRONZE AGE DAGGERS: AGAIN ON THE “NORTHERN” ROUTES OF INTERACTION BETWEEN ANCIENT CHINA AND STEPPE ZONE CULTURES." In MODERN SOLUTIONS TO CURRENT PROBLEMS OF EURASIAN ARCHEOLOGY. Altai State Univercity, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/msapea.2023.3.22.

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Finds of bronze dagger with a guard in the form of a transverse bar with two balls at the ends, and a “spearshaped” blade in the elite grave of Houshi M32 (Shanxi Province) as well of copies of this type daggers in elite tomb Panlongcheng PYWM11 and in the ritual pit of Panlongcheng PWZ85H6, indicate direct contacts between the Chinese and the “northern peoples” in the middle Shang period (Upper Erligan, the 14th century BC) (Fig.-4-6). The tribes that used such daggers lived in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia and in Manchuria, as evidenced by analogies from Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang province and Yakutia (Fig.-1-3). Due to these contacts, the word “dagger” (modern шУ “jian”), which belongs to the extinct language of the Altaic family, could have entered into the ancient Chinese language. At an earlier stage, the route of transmission of cultural innovations ran from Altai to the Central Plain through Mongolia. A dagger of the “Sopka-Karakol type” recently found in Inner Mongolia (Fig.-9) also marks this route.
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BRÂNZILĂ, Carina. "Modern international approaches to English as a foreign language." In Ştiință și educație: noi abordări și perspective. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46727/c.v3.24-25-03-2023.p197-203.

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Tendințele moderne de predare la nivel mondial au schimbat literalmente perspectivele privind predarea limbii engleze ca limbă străină, la toate nivelurile de educație, de la învățământul preșcolar la cel terțiar. Aceste noi abordări didactice au fost adoptate de mult timp de instituțiile de învățământ private, al căror scop principal este de a oferi rezultate bune în cât mai puțin timp posibil. De acolo se extind treptat la toate instituțiile de învățământ. De exemplu, abordarea comunicativă, adoptată pentru prima dată de școlile de limbi străine din întreaga lume, a devenit încet normă în predarea limbilor străine, în special a limbii engleze. Tendințele noi interferează mereu cu cele mai vechi, și poate că există ceva bun în ambele, care trebuie păstrat și folosit în beneficiul studenților. Pandemia Covid a reprezentat o schimbare semnificativă în raport cu predarea online, iar acest lucru a dus, de asemenea, la schimbări importante în didactica limbii engleze. Ca rezultat, tehnologia și dispozitivele electronice au inundat sistemele didactice în lume și se pare că nu vor dispărea curând. În acest context, ne putem întreba care este cea mai bună abordare didactică, și dacă există o asemenea abordare? Această comunicare va încerca să facă lumină cu privire la aspectul dat și poate să ofere câteva răspunsuri.
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