Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Extinction des espèces'
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Colas, Bruno. "Centaurea corymbosa : chronique d'une extinction annoncée." Tours, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOUR4028.
Full textDelord, Julien. "L'extinction d'espèce : histoire et enjeux éthiques d'un concept écologique." Paris 12, 2003. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002110850204611&vid=upec.
Full textGlobal biodiversity is presently falling victim to a major extinction crisis, which also implicates a moral crisis for the human species. In this work, we attempt to understand the extent to what the extinction of species is a legitimate subject of moral concern and we consider which philosophical arguments are formulated to justify the protection of species. We also investigate the historical causes behind this delayed awareness of the ecological significance of extinction. Both the slow intellectual development of the idea of extinction thoughout human history and the scientific emergence of the concept are explained. Finally, we investigate the notion of extinction through the idea of individual death. We employ a comparative phenomenological and epistemological approach towards death and extinction, which leads us to expound an original solution to the isuue of nature conservation
Delfour, Odile. "La conservation des espèces menacées d'extinction : étude de droit comparé : Espagne, Etats-Unis, France, Grande Bretagne, Suisse." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010284.
Full textIt is now obvious that fauna and flora are more and more threatened. To reverse this trend, governments have tried to develop legal mechanisms. It is nevertheless clear that the prohibition of the taking and trade of individuals animals and plants can not achieve this goal by its own. It's why it is clearly essential that legislator should adress all threats to a species. But, because, theses measures impose restrictions on public freedoms and private property and limits certain activities, they are not always very popular. Or, it is essential to facilitate the acceptance of conservation need by laying down a clear duty for the state and its citizens to preserve biological diversity or, at international level, by using the concept of common humankind which encompasses present and future generations
Novi, Kristanti Alfinda. "Etude phytochimique de plantes menacées de disparition." Mulhouse, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MULH0482.
Full textFontaine, Benoît. "La connaissance taxonomique des espèces rares : outil ou handicap pour la conservation de la biodiversité ?" Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MNHN0028.
Full textThe abundance of rare and small species is a characteristic of biodiversity, and these species are the least known. Moreover, ca. 1. 75 million species are known, but the global magnitude of biodiversity is probably over 10 million species, maybe many more. Last but not least, we are experiencing a major extinction crisis. Documenting biodiversity is thus a priority, if only to preserve it. Taxonomists are responsible for this documentation, as these are the ones who discover and describe species, but they suffer from a lack of manpower and infrastructure. Considering these facts (lack of knowledge on biodiversity, extinction crisis, taxonomic impediment), we examine the role taxonomists could play in conservation. The core of taxonomical work is double: discriminating species, and naming them. Discriminating species, before naming, gives data on species richness, rarity and size patterns, and could help the choice of conservation areas. When species are named, assessing endemism and threat status is possible, which also allows to orientate conservation actions. We illustrate these contributions to conservation with papers presenting results of terrestrial mollusc inventories in Gabon and French Polynesia. We then analyze the Fauna Europaea database, compiled by taxonomists, which shows that the indicators usually used to measure the state of biodiversity are missing most species and give a partial image of the situation. This thesis ends with an assessment of the interest and possibility of having a French scientific nomenclature for the molluscs of France, to facilitate conservation of poorly-known threatened species. Only taxonomists can deliver data on specific richness and patterns of endemism for the most numerous and least known species. Their contribution allows to take into account all biodiversity, and not only large vertebrates and flowering plants. In this framework, their role is crucial in conservation biology, together with population biologists, geneticists and ecologists
Pere, Anthony. "Déclin des populations de langouste rouge et baisse de la ressource halieutique en Corse : causes et perspectives." Corte, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CORT0004.
Full textNumerous studies have dealt with the decrease of marine resources across the world. This decrease started many years ago, and caused a currently observed major crisis in the fishing industry. On the coasts of the North-eastern Atlantic, notably in Brittany, Plinurus elephas has been traditionally exploited. However, the red spiny lobster is now a bycatch because of its excessive fishing. In Corsica, the small-scale fishing fleet is mostly composed of little artisanal boats. Of all caught species, Palinurus elephas is the most valuable one, and, as a result, it is targeted by most fishmen during the 7-months fishing season. Most recent fisheries management studies agre with the view that in Corsican the coastal fleet seems to be a model of sustainable exploitation. However, the red spiny lobsters populations seem to decrease since the 50's. In this context, the aim of this thesis is to understand if the decline of Plinurus elephas population is a consequence of overfishing. This population drop could indeed be caused by several biological, ecological or climatic reasons. To achieve this goal, we started with a thorough, in-deep examination of available literature. An important part of this study consisted in collection of past biological and ecological data about European spiny lobster species and, more generally, Plinuridae. We also looked for old data concerning fishing effort and captures, at different levels : official numbers, scientific articles, local institution reports or other confidential documents. Finally, since 2004, an on-board monitoring programme took place for collection of reliable information; Fleet characteristics, capture and fishing effort data, as well as lobster population structure were studied. We first used old and recent data to follow fleet evolution since the last century. These data were also used to reconstruct captures and fishing efforts from 1950 to 2011. Our results point out an important capture decrease during the 20 th century. This trend started during the 1950's and 1960s, when trammel nets were introduced and substitued to traditional wood traps. The fishing effort (i. E. , the number of lobster nets) nevertheless seemed to decrease accordingly. Results from this first step indicated that a micro-regional analysis was necessary for a correct perception of the Corsican spiny lobster fisheries. This analysis revealed that exploitation intensity widely varied among different areas around the island. Moreover, landings and catch rates showed an important spatial and temporal variability. This could be caused by changes in recruitement. However, recruitement processes of this species are still poorly understood. To fill this gap, several biological investigations were carried out. We focused on sexual maturity, hatching behaviours, and larval and post-larval stages. These results improve our understanding of population parameters, and open different perspectives for future research. Finally, all the data collected during this thesis are discussed from the management strategies point of view, with the double objective of 1) allowing spiny lobster populations to reach a sustainable level and 2) preserve the traditional fishing activity in Corsica
Comte, Lise. "Changements globaux et distribution spatiale des espèces de poisson d'eau douce : observations récentes et prédictions futures." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2258/.
Full textDespite increasing recognition that recent climate changes are influencing biodiversity, the specific impacts of those changes are still largely unknown. This thesis highlights systematic stream fish species shifts towards higher elevation and upstream habitats, consistent with the geographic variation associated with climate change. The results demonstrated, however, that patterns in climate-driven range shifts were less marked than those attributed to non-climatic drivers, suggesting more severe longer-term effects of climate warming on stream fish and profound consequences on the ability of species to cope with future climate modifications. Nevertheless, the results also provide evidence that several mechanisms are linked to species' evolutionary history and some key biological and ecological traits, allowing species to persist in situ or to track their climatic niche through space. These research findings improve our ability to anticipate future climate change-induced impacts and will assist with initiating effective conservation and management strategies, which can no longer be effectively designed without taking into account climate change
Bourahrouh, Ahmed. "Chitinozoaires et palynomorphes de l'ordovicien supérieur nord-Gondwanien : impact de la glaciation ashgillienne." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10051.
Full textGascuel, Fanny. "Processus d'émergence des patrons de diversité supra-spécifiques lors des radiations évolutives." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066124/document.
Full textEvolutionary radiations are phenomena of rapid diversification, and one of the major sources of biodiversity on Earth. Here, I explore the hypothesis that ecological and genetic mechanisms underpinning evolutionary radiations structure macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns of diversity. To this end, I analyse the predictions of several models in which radiations emerge from spatio-temporal dynamics at the scale of the individual. These analyses first show that spatial structure is a major driver of diversity and endemism on oceanic archipelagos due to interactions between dispersal and allopatric speciation. Second, by integrating landscape dynamics and the processes of competitive interactions, I reveal how these factors combine to shape phylogenetic trees, and in particular to beget trees that are unbalanced and exhibit a deceleration in branching tempo, which is often observed on molecular phylogenies. I then explore the mechanisms responsible for this deceleration. I show that it reflects a negative diversity-dependence of the speciation rate, itself linked to a reduction in the persistence and ecological differentiation of new populations. The extinction rate is, on the other hand, uninfluenced by species diversity, extinctions being here mainly caused by a combinaison of competitive exclusion and hybridization of incipient species. Finally, I show that during mass extinctions the ranked topology of phylogenetic trees and the distribution of extinctions among the tips have a strong impact on the loss of phylogenetic diversity, and hence on the potential for future evolution
Deschamps-Cottin, Magali. "Facteurs écologiques de la distribution de Parnassius Apollo L. (Lepidoptera : papillionidae), du maintien et de l'extinction des populations en France. Conséquences pour l'établissement d'une politique de conservation efficace." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11081.
Full textAlbert, Sébastien. "Rupture des interactions mutualistes plantes à fruits charnus-vertébrés frugivores, et conséquences sur la régénération des forêts tropicales dans les Mascareignes." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0035.
Full textTropical forests are mostly dominated by fleshy-fruited plants, which are dispersed by frugivorous vertebrates. The global collapse of large vertebrates therefore raises questions about the resilience of these ecosystems, particularly on islands, which concentrate the bulk of extinctions. The Mascarenes are a remarkable system to study disruption of frugivory interactions because the pristine fauna, plethoric until human colonization in the 17th century and now largely extinct, is well known as well as its diverse flora which is particularly at risk. La Réunion is still home to indigenous forests along strong environmental gradients and active volcanism that offers the opportunity to explore the long-term consequences of defaunation. In addition, the varying levels of vertebrate extinctions between La Réunion (main extant frugivore, mass=55 g) and Mauritius (450 g) makes itpossible to use these islands as pseudo-replicates to test various hypotheses. This thesis is organised in three parts which aim to (1) describe the spatial distribution patterns of dispersal traits on La Réunion and Mauritius, and understand the implications for vertebrate extinctions which have been particularly rapid on La Réunion; (2) evaluate the consequences of frugivory disruption on the reconstruction of forest ecosystems on the lava flows of the Piton de la Fournaise; (3) assess the consequences of frugivory disruption on the maintenance of diversity in forests established before human colonisation. (1) Proportions of fleshy-fruited plants strongly decrease with elevation and this decrease is all the more pronounced the larger the fruit are. By comparing the main factors of vertebrate extinctions between La Réunion and Mauritius, we show that the early destruction of favorable lowland habitats on La Réunion probably played a central role in the rapidity of frugivore extinctions. (2) After expanding the chronosequence of the Piton de la Fournaise flows, we show thatfrugivore extinctions have profoundly altered the capacity of lowland forests to rebuild since the 18th century and that the refaunation of ecosystems with alien frugivores mainly benefits alien fleshy-fruited plants. Reinstating dispersal, native large-seeded plants are nevertheless capable of settling on historical flows where recruitment is overwhelmingly dominated by invasive plants. (3) By comparing two reference forests of La Réunion and Mauritius, we show that the Mauritian flying fox allows a much better recruitment of many plant species at Brise-Fer than the Réunion bulbul at Mare-Longue, except for large-seeded plants which regenerate poorly in both islands. An experiment finally shows how the persistence of fruit flesh alone can strongly limit tree recruitment, but that the latter can be modulated by introduced fauna. Our overall worrying results show the urgency to protect large native frugivores wherever they still exist and of encouraging their return where they had disappeared. At the same time, large-scale sowing should be envisaged in protected areas where the maintenance or even the return of native forest dynamics are imperative
Louchart, Antoine. "Oiseaux insulaires : le cas du pléistocène de Corse et son contexte, écologie, évolution, biogéographie et extinctions." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10209.
Full textGaillot, Jérémie. "The late Permian-early Triassic Khuff formation in the Middle-East : sequence biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironments by means of calcareous algae and foraminifers." Lille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL10162.
Full textThe carbonates and evaporites of the late Permian Khuff formation form widespread reservoirs across the Arabian plate and concentrate the biggest gas resources in the world. The material studied includes 6000 samples from subsurface and outcrops in the Persian gulf, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and South China. The objectives of the study were (1) to build a robust biostratigraphic framework based on a detailed description of algal-foraminiferal biotic content, (2) to characterize the depositional environments and their temporal successions during the late Permian and early Triassic. By comparison of fossils distribution, the middle/late Permian Khuff deposits are divided into 8 units limited at their tops by turnovers levels, corresponding to significant reshapings of biotic assemblages. During the late Permian, Zagros (Iran), Taurus (Turkey), South China and even Japan share similar foraminiferal assemblages and represent intermittently connected palaeobiogeographic provinces. Palaeoecological results show that the structurally controlled palaeohighs are successively drowned and that the system evolves progressively from a rimmed platform towards an almost uniformly flat ramp. The major oolitic units (reservoirs) developed within high-subsiding areas by sediment volume funneling, mainly during the late Wuchiapingian (upper k4 reservoir) and early Triassic (k2 reservoir). The thermal subsidence during the Neotethyan spreading is likely the main factor that drove the Khuff deposition on the Arabian platform and can be related to the demise of the regional Permian fauna
Berquier, Cyril. "Etude écologique et patrimoniale du peuplement des odonates de Corse appliquée à la conservation des espèces et des zones humides à enjeux." Thesis, Corte, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CORT0011/document.
Full textCorsica is home to a great diversity of wetland subject to anthropogenic pressures and threats which have continued to grow and diversify in recent decades. The conservation of these environments with high heritage value and of the original Odonata community that develops in it, today represents significant environmental and societal challenges in order to preserve essential ecological services provided by these key elements of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The applied research project developed as part of this thesis is focused on improving the knowledge available on the corsican dragonfly’s community, to propose concrete conservation and management measures for this group and its main insular natural habitats.In this objective, the first part of this work has sought to fill principal knowledge gaps identified by previous studies on the situation of listed species, including by greatly intensifying exploration effort at the regional level. The special features, distribution, habitat requirements and ecological of many dragonflies growing in Corsica have been described with great precision. The information available on some taxa with high heritage value increased as illustrated by the comprehensive definition of eco-bio-geographical situation of Chalcolestes parvidens.The second part of this work has sought to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of the main sampling methods commonly used for the study of dragonfly’s populations. In this context, the informations collected on the spatial organization and dynamics of the populations studied were especially used to propose appropriate methods for evaluation and monitoring the species to high conservation issue to main managers of natural areas of the island (County Councils, PNRC, municipalities ...), including the emblematic and threatened Lestes macrostigma.The third part of this work is devoted to the development of tools for monitoring the quality of the main Odonata habitats. It lead to the development of a new biological index adapted to assess the ecological status of corsican rivers: "Odonata Community Index - Corsica '(OCIC). This innovative tool, based on the study of characteristics of Odonata community of watercourses, was particularly effective during its confrontation with other biological indicators currently used on the island. The OCIC index today appear clearly as an alternative solution to improve the efficiency of the ecological quality assessment system of the Corsican rivers, given the representativeness vulnerabilities which have been highlighted by the tests performed.The final part of this thesis, based on heritage and environmental assessments of the insular dragonfly’s community made with all the information produced, ended with the development and the proposal of several regional conservation devices whose implementation is encouraged by the state services: a first regional actions plan, a first red list of threatened species and an updated list of species determinative for natural areas of ecological, flora and fauna interest. These important features are intended to contribute to improve the overall state of conservation of Corsican dragonflies and main wetlands that support them. They should enable the implementation of truly operational management actions and ensure better consideration of the main regional conservation and valuation issues identified.In the end, the thesis work that increased more than triple the previously available data on dragonflies of Corsica, will provide a new framework to developpe the isular odonatology
Maillet, Sébastien. "Les ostracodes du Givétien (Dévonien moyen) de l’Ardenne. Paléobiodiversité, paléoécologie et bioévénements : réponse biotique aux changements environnementaux d’une plate-forme carbonatée." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10097/document.
Full textThis study deals with the ostracodes of the Givetian of the Ardenne. During this period, the Ardenne was a wide reefal carbonate platform in tropical realm, extending along the south-laurrusian margin (Rheno-Hercynian Ocean). The fauna from three areas of the Ardenne (Aisemont, Givet and Aisne), representing three different places on the givetien platform, are characterized. Other faunas from three farther areas (Asturias, Mouthoumet Massif and Saoura) which belong to other carbonate platforms during the Givetian are also analyzed to compare with the Ardenne. About 50,000 ostracodes were extracted by the hot acetolysis method. In all, 376 taxa belonging to 91 genera have been identified. In the Givetian of the Ardenne, 245 taxa have been recognized, of which 1 new genus and 5 new species. Analyses of the stratigraphical distribution and the biodiversity of ostracodes show a relatively rich and stable fauna from the Early to the Middle Givetian. For all the studied areas, the abundance and the biodiversity of ostracodes decrease in the late Middle Givetian. It is followed by a time interval where faunas are rare. Then, a faunal renewal occurs, with the appearance of new taxa in the Late Givetian. This supraregional phenomenon is a consequence of the global Taghanic Biocrisis. This crisis deepdly disturb the neritic benthic ostracodes communities. Ne arly 90% of the species know in the Early and the Middle Givetian are no longer found in the Late Givetian. In the Saoura, another bioevent is recognized: the pumilio events. Ostracodes communities are not affected by this bioevent. Finally, in the Ardenne, some biostratigraphical markers are proposed in the Givetian. Ecological groups of ostracodes on the ardennean platform are characterized in regards to environment. Ecological affinities of the species are analysed and allow recognizing both valuable environmental markers and ubiquists taxa. Among these ubiquists taxa, polymorphic species are present. Quantitative analyses performed on the species Cavellina rhenana Krömmelbein, 1954 put forwards that the environment strongly influences the carapace morphology. Such ecomorphs may be useful to refine paleoenvironmental reconstructions. A database on givetian ostracodes has been compiled. It includes 920 species from 18 areas. Analyses of this database evidence that a Rheno-Hercynian faunal province existed during Givetian. During this period, faunal exchanges were favoured with the more southern areas. The last part focuses on the finding of two microspherules layers in the Givetian of the Ardenne. The characteristics of these levels suggest that they are distal ejectas deposited following two asteroid impacts during the Givetian
Lawson, Laté Ayao. "Essays on economic growth energy use and biodiversity loss." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAB011.
Full textThe impact of economic activities and increasing population on the environment raise profound interrogations towards the future of human societies and environmental resources. In this, the "Limits to Growth" (Meadows, Meadows, Behrens and Randers, 1974) warn human societies about the possibility of social collapse if current trends of exploitation of natural resources and environmental degradation remain unchanged. The wealth of nature being essential to the wealth of nations, this thesis in economics through four theoretical and empirical contributions addresses the possibility of a peaceful cohabitation between human and nature and discusses conservation policies of nature. Our theoretical and empirical results show on the one hand that human habitat is being expanded to the detriment of other biological species (animal and plant). On the other hand, we show that current efforts to conserve biological species are strongly oriented towards forests whose richness in biodiversity is doubtful. Finally, we show that an increasingly growing consumption of primary energies, therefore with strong ecological impacts, is still to be expected from developing countries. In terms of environmental policies, our work advocates for a reduction of the ecological footprint of human societies. This includes policies promoting forest regeneration and not the reduction of covered areas, expansion of protected areas, especially in developing countries and incentives for individuals to orient preferences towards the demand for goods with low ecological impacts
Chassaing, Olivier. "Organisation génétique des populations d'esturgeon européen Acipenser sturio : passé, présent, futur." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20252/document.
Full textThe European sturgeon Acipenser sturio (Linnaeus, 1758) was a common fish of our rivers until the beginning of the 20th century. All populations are now extinct except one which survives in the Gironde-Garonne-Dordogne basin in France. Data available on this species are only partial because they only stem from this relictual population. During this thesis, more than one hundred ancient sturgeon samples archaeological remains or naturalized museum specimens were analysed by paleogenetics means. These genetics anlyses were carried out on mitochondrial DNA (mainly the Dloop) and five microsatellites loci which were adapted to ancient DNA methodologies. Paleogenetics data that we obtained were used to study : 1) A. sturio interactions with other sturgeon species which live or lived in Europe, especially the Adriatic sturgeon A. naccarii and the atlantic sturgeon A. oxyrinchus. 2) the genetic diversity of A. sturio all over its former geographical range. 3) genetic diversity of a population of the European sturgeon through time the Rhone River population from a period it was flourishing until its extinction. All these data were considered in the light of the species conservation, since A. sturio is now critically endangered
Burst, Maxime. "Les communautés végétales des interfaces forêt-prairie et leur environnement face aux cas d'afforestation et de déforestation." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0078/document.
Full textIn temperate Europe, landscapes are dominated by a mosaic of forests, grasslands and crops since several centuries. This long period of time allowed the specialization of species within the habitats and their interfaces thanks to strong environmental contrasts. However, there have been frequent land-use changes in the past, which have accelerated in recent decades, challenging the stability of plant communities and their environment. The afforestation of former grasslands and the extension of grasslands by deforestation, mostly resulting from the progression and regression of the edges, have been poorly studied. In the forest-grassland interfaces, in addition to an edge effect induced in each habitat by the proximity to the adjacent habitat, a history effect can be added in recent habitats, i.e. an environmental and/or floristic legacy (extinction debt, colonization credit). In the recent habitat edges, an interaction between edge effect and history effect can also be encountered. In this thesis, the objectives were to evaluate the relative abundance of the edge effect and the history effect along forest-grassland interfaces stable, from afforestation process and from deforestation process, by studying (i) environmental conditions, (ii) the richness and floristic composition of plant communities, and (iii) trait values within communities. Our results showed increasing gradients of light intensity and soil nutrients ranging from grassland edges to grassland cores. In response to these gradients, a strong edge effect on the composition of plant communities was found in grasslands. These floristic differences between grassland edges and grassland cores are explained by the presence of a large number of transgressive species among the forest specialist species, which have trait values favoring their transgression in grasslands. Besides this, an extinction debt of grassland specialist species has been found in recent forests, which is responsible for a higher vegetative height compared to ancient forests. These results can be explained by the fact that light intensity remained higher in recent forests, even after several decades. An extinction debt of forest specialist species has also been demonstrated in the recent grassland edges, which is the result of an interaction between edge effect and history effect. In recent grasslands, the edge effect favors the maintenance of forest species. According to our findings, forest and grassland edges, most of which have been displaced over the past two centuries, are home to many plant species that are habitat specialists, sometimes in extinction debt. A re-evaluation of the distribution of species within forest and grassland plant communities then seems necessary, taking into account the history of habitats. In a context of increasing forests and grasslands instability, the identification of species in extinction debt represents an opportunity for the conservation and restoration of plant biodiversity
Carvajal-Quintero, Juan. "Évaluation des déterminants de l'aire de répartition des poissons d'eau douce pour éclairer leur écologie et conservation." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30090.
Full textUnderstanding the geographic distribution of species across space and time is one of the long-standing challenges in ecology and evolution. Among the major components of species distribution, the species' geographic range size has been studied across several taxonomic groups and has been related to multiple ecological and evolutionary factors. The geographic range size of species is also of paramount importance in conservation strategies because it consistently emerges as a key correlate of extinction risk, where species occupying smaller geographic ranges are assumed to have a higher risk of extinction. Results concerning these fundamental and applied aspects of geographic range size have largely neglected freshwater fish, commonly focusing on the usual vertebrate groups (e.g. mammals, birds). However, freshwater fish, the most diverse vertebrate group, can provide novel insights about the geographic range size determinants and threats because of the unique dendritic shape and reduced amount of their habitat (i.e. river networks) compared to other terrestrial and marine ecosystems. In this PhD work, we analyzed for the first time the global patterns of geographic range size in freshwater fish species and tested previous hypotheses proposed to explain the variation of geographic range size in other taxonomic groups. Our findings showed that current and historical connectivity are the most important factors driving the geographic range size of freshwater fishes, contrasting with the main determinants reported for terrestrial and marine taxa. From an applied point of view, we focused on the usually observed macroecological relationship between the species' geographic range size and body size. This relationship would allow estimating the minimum geographic range size needed by species for long-term persistence. Based on ecological theory of species temporal fluctuations of abundances, we provide a mechanistic validation of this relationship, supporting its use to identify vulnerable species and their changes in extinction risk through reduced geographic ranges induced by anthropogenic factors. Using a tropical river basin as a case study, we used this macroecological relationship to quantify changes in species extinction risk due to the fragmentation of their ranges caused by hydropower development. The results and the data compiled in this thesis represent useful information to guide and inform conservation in freshwater fish and give the opportunity to continue filling theoretical gaps
Crosmary, William Georges. "La chasse aux trophées : conséquences comportementales, démographiques, et évolutives chez les populations d'ongulés : l’exemple des ongulés des savanes africaines." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10065/document.
Full textLike predation, trophy hunting may constrain ungulates to adjust their behaviour todecrease mortality risk. Moreover, because this removal is size selective and male-biased, itmay induce morphological changes towards individuals with smaller traits, alter populationstructure and dynamics. Trophy hunting is one of the conservation modes of naturalhabitats, particularly in Africa. However, its conservation potential is still unclear becausethere are few studies outside National Parks. This thesis aimed to investigate the subtleeffects of trophy hunting on African ungulates, i.e. on their behaviour, horn length ofharvested males, proportion of adult males, group size, and population densities. I workedfrom behavioural observations, and from population data of long-term surveys. For severalspecies (mainly impala Aepyceros melampus, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, andsable antelope Hippotragus niger), I compared behaviour, population structure, anddensities between Hwange National Park and adjacent hunting areas, Zimbabwe. In huntingareas, I analysed trends in horn length of harvested males over the past 30 years. This thesisshows that ungulates drank more often at night, and were more vigilant in hunting areasthan in the national park. However, the amplitude of these adjustments was constrained bythe need of surface water, and by natural predation risk. Trophy hunting caused a decline inhorn length, particularly for species that experienced high hunting pressure and were ofhigh value for hunters. Trophy hunting tended to decrease proportion of adult males,though not significantly, and did not affect group size. Moreover, during the last 30 years,ungulate densities generally declined more in the national park than in neighbouringhunting areas. This suggests that trophy hunting played a minor role on densities comparedto other factors, i.e. rainfall, and possibly natural predation and elephant densities. Despitebehavioural adjustments induced by hunting risk, decline of horn length, and harvestskewed towards adult males, ungulate densities in hunting areas adjacent to HwangeNational Park remained comparable to densities within the national park. This studyillustrates how trophy hunting areas, when rigorously managed, may play a significant rolein the conservation of ungulates in Africa
Clausen, Sébastien. "Les communautés non-récifales à échinodermes et éponges de la transition Cambrien inférieur-moyen dans la région méditerranéenne occidentale." Lille 1, 2004. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/ed9c87e5-6d12-4f44-8228-591235859704.
Full textEd-Darraz, Abdelkarim. "Modèles de dynamique des populations dans un environnement aléatoire." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066591/document.
Full textThis thesis addresses some issues associated with population dynamics in random environment. Random environment is described by a Markov process with values in a finite space and which, involve certain forces on the choice of vital rates, will lead the population dynamics. When the dynamic is modeled by a birth and death process, we will answer the question : When almost surely extinction settled ? (Bacaër and Ed-Darraz, 2014). In (Ed-Darraz and Khaladi, 2015) we are interested to the final size of an epidemic in random environment. J Math Biol. 69 (1) :73-90 Ed-Darraz A, Khaladi M (2015) On the final epidemic size in random environnement, Math. Biosc 266 : 10-14
Moreau, Angélique. "Vivacité de la question du déclin des abeilles sauvages : étude de la médiation par l'exposition et analyse des contributions d'acteurs lors de sa conception. Le cas du projet européen UrbanBees." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01073369.
Full textGosselin, Frédéric. "Modèles stochastiques d'extinction de population : propriétés mathématiques et leurs applications." Paris 6, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA066358.
Full text