Academic literature on the topic 'Extracellular matrix Physiology'

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Journal articles on the topic "Extracellular matrix Physiology"

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Roman, Jesse, Andrew H. Limper, and John A. McDonald. "Lung Extracellular Matrix: Physiology and Pathophysiology." Hospital Practice 25, no. 11 (November 15, 1990): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1990.11704038.

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Bloksgaard, Maria, Merry Lindsey, and Luis A. Martinez-Lemus. "Extracellular matrix in cardiovascular pathophysiology." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 315, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): H1687—H1690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00631.2018.

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The extracellular matrix (ECM) actively participates in diverse aspects of cardiovascular development and physiology as well as during disease development and progression. ECM roles are determined by its physical and mechanical properties and by its capacity to both release bioactive signals and activate cell signaling pathways. The ECM serves as a storage depot for a wide variety of molecules released in response to injury or with aging. Indeed, there is a plethora of examples describing how cells react to or modify ECM stiffness, how cells initiate intracellular signaling pathways, and how c
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Wijsman, Pieta C., Lisa H. van Smoorenburg, Daniël M. de Bruin, Jouke T. Annema, Huib AM Kerstjens, Onno M. Mets, Maarten van den Berge, Peter I. Bonta, and Janette K. Burgess. "Imaging the pulmonary extracellular matrix." Current Opinion in Physiology 22 (August 2021): 100444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2021.05.007.

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Rienks, Marieke, Anna-Pia Papageorgiou, Nikolaos G. Frangogiannis, and Stephane Heymans. "Myocardial Extracellular Matrix." Circulation Research 114, no. 5 (February 28, 2014): 872–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.114.302533.

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Davis, George E., and Donald R. Senger. "Endothelial Extracellular Matrix." Circulation Research 97, no. 11 (November 25, 2005): 1093–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.res.0000191547.64391.e3.

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Tayebjee, Muzahir H., Robert J. MacFadyen, and Gregory YH Lip. "Extracellular matrix biology." Journal of Hypertension 21, no. 12 (December 2003): 2211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200312000-00002.

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Ramirez, Francesco, Lynn Y. Sakai, Harry C. Dietz, and Daniel B. Rifkin. "Fibrillin microfibrils: multipurpose extracellular networks in organismal physiology." Physiological Genomics 19, no. 2 (October 4, 2004): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00092.2004.

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Organismal physiology depends significantly on the proper assembly of extracellular matrix (ECM) macroaggregates that impart structural integrity to the connective tissue. Recent genetic studies in mice have unraveled unsuspected new functions of architectural matrix components in regulating signaling events that modulate patterning, morphogenesis, and growth of several organ systems. As a result, a new paradigm has emerged whereby tissue-specific organization of the ECM dictates not only the physical properties of the connective tissue, but also the ability of the matrix to direct a broad spe
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Vogel, Viola. "Unraveling the Mechanobiology of Extracellular Matrix." Annual Review of Physiology 80, no. 1 (February 10, 2018): 353–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021317-121312.

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Brown, Lindsay. "Cardiac extracellular matrix: a dynamic entity." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 289, no. 3 (September 2005): H973—H974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00443.2005.

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Ma, Zihan, Chenfeng Mao, Yiting Jia, Yi Fu, and Wei Kong. "Extracellular matrix dynamics in vascular remodeling." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 319, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): C481—C499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00147.2020.

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Vascular remodeling is the adaptive response to various physiological and pathophysiological alterations that are closely related to aging and vascular diseases. Understanding the mechanistic regulation of vascular remodeling may be favorable for discovering potential therapeutic targets and strategies. The extracellular matrix (ECM), including matrix proteins and their degradative metalloproteases, serves as the main component of the microenvironment and exhibits dynamic changes during vascular remodeling. This process involves mainly the altered composition of matrix proteins, metalloproteas
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Extracellular matrix Physiology"

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Hipps, Deborah Sally. "Characterisation of gelatinase, a metalloproteinase involved in extracellular matrix degradation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315125.

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Al-Jamal, Rehab. "The interaction between dynamic lung physiology, the extracellular matrix and mechanical strain /." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37861.

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Recently, various proteoglycans (PGs) have been identified in the lung. The first objective of this thesis was to test the hypothesis that matrix glycosaminoglycans contribute to lung tissue viscoelasticity. Lung parenchymal strips were exposed to specific glycosaminoglycans-degradating enzymes to determine whether the mechanical properties of the tissue were affected. The degradation of heparan sulphate and chondroitin/dermatan sulphate glycosaminoglycans caused significant increases in energy dissipation and dynamic resistance relative to control strips. Hyaluronidase treatment did not alter
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Pasternyk, Stephanie Marika 1983. "Effect of extracellular matrix and mechanical strain on airway smooth muscle." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111560.

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Airway remodeling in asthma includes alterations in extracellular matrix and airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass. For this study, ASM cells were obtained from rats that were challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) or saline (SAL) as control. OVA and SAL cells were seeded on plastic control (PC) or on plates coated with decorin or biglycan. OVA cell number was significantly increased versus SAL cells, for cells seeded on PC (48 h). A significant decrease in cell number was observed for both OVA and SAL cells seeded on decorin compared to PC cells (48 h). OVA cells, however, showed a more modest reduction i
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Kidd, Kameha Rae. "Angiogenesis and neovascularization in association with extracellular matrix protein modified biomaterials." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279992.

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Synthetic biomedical implants are used to replace diseased tissues and organs. Unfortunately, these implants often fail due to a lack of biocompatibility and poor integration by the recipient. This implant failure is associated with the formation of an avascular fibrous capsule and chronic inflammatory response. Additionally, small diameter vascular grafts have complications associated with surface thrombogenenicity and intimal hyperplasia. Porous polymers are often incorporated in the construction of biomedical devices because they permit tissue integration and improved biocompatibility. Whil
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Cambell, Stephen Sean. "Morphology and histochemistry of the extracellular matrix of embryos following freeze substitution of the starfish Pisaster ochraceus." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28938.

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All developing embryos contain an extracellular matrix (ECM) consisting of proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. These components are important for morphogenetic processes such as cell migration, cell differentiation and cell death. The ECM of the starfish, Pisaster ochraceus, consists of three major components: A hyaline layer which coats the external surface of the embryo; a basal lamina which lines the basal surfaces of the epithelia; and a blastocoelic component which fills the embryonic cavity or blastocoel. Observations of chemically fixed asteroid embryos have revealed the hyalin
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Yu, Xuefeng. "Mechanism of osteoclast migration : effect of chemoattractant cytokines, extracellular matrix proteins, and proteinase inhibitors." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287659.

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Nieves, Daniel. "Probing the structure of the extracellular matrix using gold nanoparticle based single molecule microscopy." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/16533/.

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The observation of single biomolecules via optical microscopy eliminates all the implicit averaging of ensemble techniques and thereby provides access to the heterogeneity of molecular systems that will be the key to at least some biological functions. The implementation of photothermal microscopy at the University of Liverpool to achieve the detection of single gold nanoparticles over long times at high signal-to-noise-ratio is presented here, along with the development of Photothermal Raster Image Correlation Spectroscopy, PhRICS. PhRICS was shown to be equally effective as Photothermal Abso
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Roy, Joy. "Extracellular matrix-mediated signaling in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype and function /." Stockholm, 2001. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2001/91-628-4877-1/.

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McGuire, Vincent Michael. "Assembly and function of the PsB multiprotein complex during spore differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9737858.

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Saban, Melissa. "The effect of extracellular matrix on airway smooth muscle cell contractile protein expression and calcium response to serotonin." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103604.

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The asthmatic airway wall is characterized by airway remodeling, including changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell mass. Further, asthmatic ASM has been shown to demonstrate enhanced contractility. Recently, we and others have shown that alterations in the matrix upon which ASM cells are grown in culture, can affect the degree of ASM cell proliferation and apoptosis. Whether changes in matrix can affect ASM cell contractility is less clear. ASM cells were isolated from the trachea of Brown Norway (BN) rats sensitized subcutaneously with ovalbumi
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Books on the topic "Extracellular matrix Physiology"

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Extracellular matrix biology. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2012.

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Karamanos, Nikos K. Extracellular matrix: Pathobiology and signaling. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2012.

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A, Zderic Stephen, ed. Muscle, matrix, and bladder function. New York: Plenum Press, 1995.

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Matrix Metalloproteinase Conference (1989 Sandestin Beach, Fla.). Matrix metalloproteinases and inhibitors: Proceedings of the Matrix Metalloproteinase Conference held at Sandestin Beach, FL, September 11-15, 1989. Edited by Birkedal-Hansen Henning. Stuttgart: G. Fischer Verlag, 1992.

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Shrestha, Prashanta. Tenascin: An extracellular matrix protein in cell growth, adhesion and cancer. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1997.

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Alta, Smit, ed. Introduction to bioregulatory medicine. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2009.

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Johnson, A. Wagoner. Mechanobiology of Cell-Cell and Cell-Matrix Interactions. Boston, MA: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2011.

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Hikaru, Koide, and Hayashi T, eds. Extracellular matrix in the kidney: 6th International Symposium on Basement Membrane, Shizuoka, May 29-June 1, 1993. Basel: Karger, 1994.

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Mueller, Margareta M. Tumor-Associated Fibroblasts and their Matrix: Tumor Stroma. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2011.

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F, Cserr Helen, New York Academy of Sciences., and Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory., eds. The Neuronal microenvironment. New York, N.Y: New York Academy of Sciences, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Extracellular matrix Physiology"

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Nguyen, David H. "Macrophages, Extracellular Matrix, and Estrogens in Breast Cancer Risk." In Systems Biology of Tumor Physiology, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25601-6_1.

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Nag, Sukriti, Dan Kilty, and Shruti Dev. "Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Cerebral Vessels in Chronic Hypertension." In Biology and Physiology of the Blood-Brain Barrier, 327–31. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9489-2_53.

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Rajesh, Y., and Mahitosh Mandal. "Regulation of Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition by Matrix Metalloproteinases: Decisive Candidates in Tumor Progression." In Proteases in Physiology and Pathology, 159–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2513-6_9.

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Kramer, M. D., R. Batrla, G. M. Hänsch, and J. Reinartz. "Plasmin-Mediated Pericellular Proteolysis by Keratinocytes: Extracellular Matrix Reorganization vs Tissue Damage." In Wound Healing and Skin Physiology, 201–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77882-7_17.

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Yamamoto, Kei, Sophie Fischer-Holzhausen, Maria P. Fjeldstad, and Mary M. Maleckar. "Ordinary Differential Equation-based Modeling of Cells in Human Cartilage." In Computational Physiology, 25–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05164-7_3.

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AbstractChondrocytes produce the extracellular cartilage matrix required for smooth joint mobility. As cartilage is not vascularised, and chondrocytes are not innervated by the nervous system, chondrocytes are therefore generally considered non-excitable. However, chondrocytes do express a range of ion channels, ion pumps, and receptors involved in cell homeostasis and cartilage maintenance. Dysfunction in these ion channels and pumps has been linked to degenerative disorders such as arthritis. Because the electrophysiological properties of chondrocytes are difficult to measure experimentally, mathematical modelling can instead be used to investigate the regulation of ionic currents. Such models can provide insight into the finely tuned parameters underlying fluctuations in membrane potential and cell behaviour in healthy and pathological conditions. Here, we introduce an open-source, intuitive, and extendable mathematical model of chondrocyte electrophysiology, implementing key proteins involved in regulating the membrane potential. Because of the inherent biological variability of cells and their physiological ranges of ionic concentrations, we describe a population of models that provides a robust computational representation of the biological data. This permits parameter variability in a manner mimicking biological variation, and we present a selection of parameter sets that suitably represent experimental data. Our mathematical model can be used to efficiently investigate the ionic currents underlying chondrocyte behaviour.
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Lei, Hanqin, Violetta Delgado, Emma E. Furth, Laurie G. Paavola, Felipe Vadillo-Ortega, and Jerome F. Strauss. "A Program of Cell Death and Extracellular Matrix Degradation in Fetal Membranes Prior to Labor." In Cell Death in Reproductive Physiology, 74–77. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1944-6_7.

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Mienaltowski, Michael J., Nicole L. Gonzales, Jessica M. Beall, and Monica Y. Pechanec. "Basic Structure, Physiology, and Biochemistry of Connective Tissues and Extracellular Matrix Collagens." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 5–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80614-9_2.

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Winram, Scott B., Glen S. Tamura, and Craig E. Rubens. "In vitro systems for investigating group B streptococcal: host cell and extracellular matrix interactions." In Methods for studying the genetics, molecular biology, physiology, and pathogenesis of the streptococci, 191–201. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2258-2_21.

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Mardal, Kent-André, Marie E. Rognes, Travis B. Thompson, and Lars Magnus Valnes. "Introduction." In Mathematical Modeling of the Human Brain, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95136-8_1.

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AbstractOur brain is our most precious yet most mysterious organ. It consists of nearly 100 billion neurons, of which typically has 10,000 connections that extend up to a meter. As such, it is an intricate web that enable us to experience the world. In addition to neurons, the brain consists of about the same number of glial cells, around 700 kilometers of blood vessels, the extracellular matrix, and is surrounded by clear water-like cerebrospinal fluid, which together all work to maintain the delicate neurons' environment in a healthy state. At the whole-organ level, this is already incredibly complex, yet this is only part of the story; at any given time, various processes are happening in the brain, such as the electrical impulses between neurons and the complex chemical signaling that helps to maintain homeostasis. Due to the innate micro-scale complexity of the brain, a natural approach, in attempting to understand the brain's physiology and function, is offered by homogenized, continuum-based modeling; here, the focus is on modeling the large-scale behavior arising from the aggregate of small-scale contributions.
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Jones, Peter Lloyd, and Lawrence S. (Lance) Prince. "The Extracellular Matrix in Development." In Fetal and Neonatal Physiology, 59–64. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4160-3479-7.10006-0.

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Conference papers on the topic "Extracellular matrix Physiology"

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Riley, Graham. "MMP and Matrix Degradation in Tendon." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53233.

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Tendons are often affected by chronic pain and rupture, particularly in the middle-aged and elderly, but also in the sporting and physically active younger population. Although not life threatening, these conditions (‘tendinopathy’) are major causes of morbidity, and estimated to cost tens of millions of pounds every year in lost productivity. I have previously shown that the organisation and composition of the tendon extracellular matrix (ECM) are substantially altered in tendinopathy, and that these changes may predispose to tendon pain and rupture. I have also shown that most tendinopathy i
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Lee, Sheng-Lin, Ali Nekouzadeh, Kenneth M. Pryse, Elliot L. Elson, and Guy M. Genin. "Dynamics of Stretch-Induced Stress Fiber Remodeling in 3D Cell Culture." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53954.

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The responses of living cells to mechanical stimuli are believed to underlie diseases such as fibrotic cardiomyopathy [1] and asthma [2]. Emerging evidence suggests that mechanical signals transduced through the actin cytoskeleton and its connections to the extracellular matrix (ECM) have important effects on cell physiology and tissue development [13]. Understanding the responses of cells in realistic mechanical environments to mechanical stimuli is therefore of great importance to understanding development and disease.
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Zhang, Dajun, Sheldon Weinbaum, and Stephen C. Cowin. "Electrical Signal Transmission in a Bone Cell Network: The Influence of a Discrete Gap Junction." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0288.

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Abstract Live bone is a very dynamic tissue under constant remodeling in response to the mechanical loading it sustains. However, the exact load-sensing mechanism of bone tissue is not yet clear. Recent studies suggest that the electrical aspect of bone physiology, especially the streaming potential, may play an important role in relaying the mechanical signal to the effector bone cells in bone remodeling [1] [2] [3]. In this paper, we use cable theory to calculate the intracellular potential and current in the bone cell network induced by the extracellular strain generated streaming potential
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Marshall, Lauren, Andra Frost, Tim Fee, and Joel Berry. "Assembly and Characterization of 3D, Vascularized Breast Cancer Tissue Mimics." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14199.

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Drug development platforms such as two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture systems and in vivo animal studies do not accurately predict human in vivo effectiveness of candidate therapeutics [1]. Cell culture systems have limited similarities to primary human cells and tissues as only one cell type is employed and animal studies have a generally limited ability to recapitulate human drug response as different species have differences in metabolism, physiology, and behavior. Mike Leavitt, a former U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services, has stated that “currently, nine out of ten experim
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Bhatnagar, Rajendra S., Jing Jing Qian, Anna Wedrychowska, and Nancy Smith. "An Experimental Model for Investigating Mechanotransduction in Cells: Formation of 3-D Colonies and Differentiation of Cells in the Presence of a Force-Conducting Ligand." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0802.

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Abstract Microgravity profoundly affects the physiology of cells. The formation of 3-D arrays by cells in microgravity environments has provided novel approaches to tissue engineering. In order fully to understand the relationship between cells and their mechanical environment, it is crucial to replicate the physiological pathways involved in the transduction of mechanical energy to chemical work. Cell behavior is modulated by exogenous and biogenic mechanical forces. One of the major mechanisms that couple mechanical signals in these tissues to an intracellular apparatus for the regulation of
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Pryse, Kenneth M., Teresa M. Abney, Guy M. Genin, and Elliot L. Elson. "Probing Cytoskeletal Mechanics Using Biochemical Inhibitors." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19451.

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Quantifying the mechanics of the cytoskeletons of living cells is important for understanding several physiologic and pathologic cellular functions, such as wound healing and cellular migration in cancer. Our laboratory develops three-dimensional tissue constructs for assaying cytoskeletal mechanics in controlled conditions. These tissue constructs consist of defined components such as chick embryo fibroblasts and reconstituted rat tail collagen; fibroblasts remodel the collagen extracellular matrix (ECM) and develop a structural environment representative of that which would exist in a natura
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Kang, John, Robert L. Steward, YongTae Kim, Russell Schwartz, Kathleen M. Puskar, and Philip R. LeDuc. "Response of an Actin Filament Network Model Under Cyclic Stretching Through a Coarse Grained Monte Carlo Approach." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19337.

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The cytoskeleton is a dynamic system linked to the cell’s environment through sites of potential mechanical interaction such as focal adhesions, integrins, cellular junctions, and the extracellular matrix. The physiologic mechanical stimulation experienced by cells such as endothelial cells is comprised of multiple mechanical modes (e.g., stretching and shear), thus presenting a challenge to characterize their influence on cell structure.
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Kugler, Lindsay E., Kenneth W. Ng, Christopher J. O’Conor, Gerard A. Ateshian, and Clark T. Hung. "Scaffold Properties Play a Critical Role in the Retention of Synthesized Glycosaminoglycans in Tissue Engineered Cartilage." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176558.

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Agarose has been used as a model scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering research due to its maintenance of chondrocyte phenotype, support of cartilage tissue development, and ability to transmit mechanical stimuli [1–4]. In a previous study, the temporal application of TGF-β3 for only 2 weeks resulted in explosive growth in the functional properties of tissue engineered cartilage [5]. The role of scaffolds in tissue engineering includes providing a physiologic three-dimensional environment for cells, decreased path lengths for diffusion and retention of cell elaborated matrix. In past studi
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Bell, Brett J., and Sherry L. Voytik-Harbin. "Multiaxial Study of Fibroblast Biomechanics in a 3D Collagen Matrix." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206722.

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It is becoming increasingly evident, that of the signaling modalities relevant to the cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment, the mechanical component is a very important mediator of cell behavior (reviewed in [1, 2]). Indeed, proliferation, ECM protein expression (collagen), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) levels, migration, and stem cell differentiation, have all been shown to be affected by mechanical environmental cues [3, 4]. Although the importance of physical signaling mechanisms has been well established, the bulk of this work has yet to be translated to a more physiologic 3D
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Erickson, Geoffrey R., and Farshid Guilak. "Osmotic Stress Initiates Intracellular Calcium Waves in Chondrocytes Through Extracellular Influx and the Inositol Phosphate Pathway." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0580.

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Abstract The biophysical environment of the chondrocytes plays an important role in the health, turnover, and homeostasis of articular cartilage. Under normal physiologic loading, chondrocytes are exposed to a complex and diverse array of biophysical signals, including mechanical and osmotic stresses, fluid flow, and fluid pressures [4]. Due to the charged and hydrated nature of the extracellular matrix, mechanical compression causes exudation of interstitial fluid in cartilage, which alters the osmotic environment of the chondrocytes. Confocal microscopy studies have shown that chondrocytes l
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