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Journal articles on the topic 'Extracellular recording'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Du, Jiangang, Ingmar H. Riedel-Kruse, Janna C. Nawroth, Michael L. Roukes, Gilles Laurent, and Sotiris C. Masmanidis. "High-Resolution Three-Dimensional Extracellular Recording of Neuronal Activity With Microfabricated Electrode Arrays." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 3 (March 2009): 1671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90992.2008.

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Microelectrode array recordings of neuronal activity present significant opportunities for studying the brain with single-cell and spike-time precision. However, challenges in device manufacturing constrain dense multisite recordings to two spatial dimensions, whereas access to the three-dimensional (3D) structure of many brain regions appears to remain a challenge. To overcome this limitation, we present two novel recording modalities of silicon-based devices aimed at establishing 3D functionality. First, we fabricated a dual-side electrode array by patterning recording sites on both the front and back of an implantable microstructure. We found that the majority of single-unit spikes could not be simultaneously detected from both sides, suggesting that in addition to providing higher spatial resolution measurements than that of single-side devices, dual-side arrays also lead to increased recording yield. Second, we obtained recordings along three principal directions with a multilayer array and demonstrated 3D spike source localization within the enclosed measurement space. The large-scale integration of such dual-side and multilayer arrays is expected to provide massively parallel recording capabilities in the brain.

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2

Allen, Brian D., Caroline Moore-Kochlacs, Jacob G. Bernstein, Justin P. Kinney, Jorg Scholvin, Luís F. Seoane, Chris Chronopoulos, et al. "Automated in vivo patch-clamp evaluation of extracellular multielectrode array spike recording capability." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 5 (November 1, 2018): 2182–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00650.2017.

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Much innovation is currently aimed at improving the number, density, and geometry of electrodes on extracellular multielectrode arrays for in vivo recording of neural activity in the mammalian brain. To choose a multielectrode array configuration for a given neuroscience purpose, or to reveal design principles of future multielectrode arrays, it would be useful to have a systematic way of evaluating the spike recording capability of such arrays. We describe an automated system that performs robotic patch-clamp recording of a neuron being simultaneously recorded via an extracellular multielectrode array. By recording a patch-clamp data set from a neuron while acquiring extracellular recordings from the same neuron, we can evaluate how well the extracellular multielectrode array captures the spiking information from that neuron. To demonstrate the utility of our system, we show that it can provide data from the mammalian cortex to evaluate how the spike sorting performance of a close-packed extracellular multielectrode array is affected by bursting, which alters the shape and amplitude of spikes in a train. We also introduce an algorithmic framework to help evaluate how the number of electrodes in a multielectrode array affects spike sorting, examining how adding more electrodes yields data that can be spike sorted more easily. Our automated methodology may thus help with the evaluation of new electrode designs and configurations, providing empirical guidance on the kinds of electrodes that will be optimal for different brain regions, cell types, and species, for improving the accuracy of spike sorting. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We present an automated strategy for evaluating the spike recording performance of an extracellular multielectrode array, by enabling simultaneous recording of a neuron with both such an array and with patch clamp. We use our robot and accompanying algorithms to evaluate the performance of multielectrode arrays on supporting spike sorting.

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3

Piironen, Arto, Matti Weckström, and Mikko Vähäsöyrinki. "Ultrasmall and customizable multichannel electrodes for extracellular recordings." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 3 (March 2011): 1416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00790.2010.

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Increasing demand exists for smaller multichannel electrodes that enable simultaneous recordings of many neurons in a noninvasive manner. We report a novel method for manufacturing ultrasmall carbon fiber electrodes with up to seven closely spaced recording sites. The electrodes were designed to minimize damage to neuronal circuitry and to be fully customizable in three dimensions so that their dimensions can be optimally matched to those of the targeted neuron population.

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4

Huizinga, Jan D. "The powerful advantages of extracellular electrical recording." Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 14, no. 6 (March 30, 2017): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2017.16.

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5

Hai, Aviad, Joseph Shappir, and Micha E. Spira. "Long-Term, Multisite, Parallel, In-Cell Recording and Stimulation by an Array of Extracellular Microelectrodes." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 1 (July 2010): 559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00265.2010.

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Here we report on the development of a novel neuroelectronic interface consisting of an array of noninvasive gold-mushroom-shaped microelectrodes (gMμEs) that practically provide intracellular recordings and stimulation of many individual neurons, while the electrodes maintain an extracellular position. The development of this interface allows simultaneous, multisite, long-term recordings of action potentials and subthreshold potentials with matching quality and signal-to-noise ratio of conventional intracellular sharp glass microelectrodes or patch electrodes. We refer to the novel approach as “in-cell recording and stimulation by extracellular electrodes” to differentiate it from the classical intracellular recording and stimulation methods. This novel technique is expected to revolutionize the analysis of neuronal networks in relations to learning, information storage and can be used to develop novel drugs as well as high fidelity neural prosthetics and brain-machine systems.

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6

Cohen, M. L., R. H. Hoyt, J. E. Saffitz, and P. B. Corr. "A high density in vitro extracellular electrode array: description and implementation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 257, no. 2 (August 1, 1989): H681—H689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1989.257.2.h681.

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The detailed activation sequence in myocardium provides information critical to the understanding of the mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias and the influence of interventions. Despite the pivotal role of activation mapping, the interpretation of isochronic maps and the correlation to detailed tissue morphology may be limited when the interelectrode distances are large with respect to cell dimensions. Additionally, dynamic beat-to-beat variations in the activation pattern or the effect of interventions such as single extra stimuli cannot be assessed adequately without recording from all sites simultaneously. To surmount these limitations, we have fabricated and tested an extracellular recording array consisting of 224 bipolar tungsten wire electrodes with a 350-microns interelectrode distance (140 microns edge-to-edge distance), and used signal processing equipment to record from all electrodes simultaneously at a 2-kHz sample rate. Stimulation can be performed sequentially from 12 different sites at 30 degree angles around the periphery of the recording array. Transarray bipoles can be recorded from any combination of eight radially oriented sites. Activation maps recorded in normal tissue after programmed stimulation and activation maps from an area of fixed anatomic block in the epicardial border zone of infarcted tissue are presented. The results demonstrate a lack of influence of the recording array on the electrophysiological properties of the tissue as verified with transmembrane action potential recordings and sequential extracellular maps. This electrode permits precise assessment of transient details of the activation sequence with unparalleled anatomic resolution.

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7

Liu, Xinyu, Hong Wan, and Li Shi. "Quality Metrics of Spike Sorting Using Neighborhood Components Analysis." Open Biomedical Engineering Journal 8, no. 1 (September 17, 2014): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874120701408010060.

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While an electrode has allowed for simultaneously recording the activity of many neurons in microelectrode extracellular recording techniques, quantitative metrics of cluster quality after sorting to identify clusters suited for single unit analysis are lacking. In this paper, an objective measure based on the idea of neighborhood component analysis was described for evaluating cluster quality of spikes. The proposed method was tested with experimental and simulated extracellular recordings as well as compared to isolation distance and Lratio. The results of simulation and real data from the rodent primary visual cortex have shown that values of the proposed method were related to the accuracy of spike sorting, which could discriminate well- and poorly-separated clusters. It can apply on any study based on the activity of single neurons.

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8

Camuñas-Mesa, Luis A., and Rodrigo Quian Quiroga. "A Detailed and Fast Model of Extracellular Recordings." Neural Computation 25, no. 5 (May 2013): 1191–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00433.

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We present a novel method to generate realistic simulations of extracellular recordings. The simulations were obtained by superimposing the activity of neurons placed randomly in a cube of brain tissue. Detailed models of individual neurons were used to reproduce the extracellular action potentials of close-by neurons. To reduce the computational load, the contributions of neurons further away were simulated using previously recorded spikes with their amplitude normalized by the distance to the recording electrode. For making the simulations more realistic, we also considered a model of a finite-size electrode by averaging the potential along the electrode surface and modeling the electrode-tissue interface with a capacitive filter. This model allowed studying the effect of the electrode diameter on the quality of the recordings and how it affects the number of identified neurons after spike sorting. Given that not all neurons are active at a time, we also generated simulations with different ratios of active neurons and estimated the ratio that matches the signal-to-noise values observed in real data. Finally, we used the model to simulate tetrode recordings.

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9

Ioffe, S., A. H. Jansen, and V. Chernick. "Technique for repetitive recording from fetal respiratory neurons." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 1057–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.3.1057.

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We developed a new method for repetitive recording of medullary neurons in fetal sheep in situ. The technique involves chronically fixing the fetal head to the flank of the ewe by way of a Teflon plate that has a removable window. This window allows direct access of a recording electrode to the floor of the fourth ventricle of the fetus. In four of six fetuses, repetitive recordings lasting 3-4 h were possible for up to 6 days. By operating on younger fetuses and with care, this time span could be extended. This novel method should be useful in the future for extracellular and intracellular recordings of neurons in the developing fetus without disturbing the fetal state and for the study of putative neurotransmitters during development with iontophoretic techniques.

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10

Tokuno, Hironobu, Yoko Ikeuchi, Atsushi Nambu, Toshikazu Akazawa, Michiko Imanishi, Ikuma Hamada, and Naomi Hasegawa. "A modified microsyringe for extracellular recording of neuronal activity." Neuroscience Research 31, no. 3 (July 1998): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0102(98)00041-8.

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11

Flachs, Dennis, Tim Köhler, and Christiane Thielemann. "Transparent poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-based microelectrodes for extracellular recording." Biointerphases 13, no. 4 (August 2018): 041008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.5041957.

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12

Dankerl, Markus, Stefan Eick, Boris Hofmann, Moritz Hauf, Sven Ingebrandt, Andreas Offenhäusser, Martin Stutzmann, and Jose A. Garrido. "Diamond Transistor Array for Extracellular Recording From Electrogenic Cells." Advanced Functional Materials 19, no. 18 (September 23, 2009): 2915–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200900590.

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13

Brüggemann, D., B. Wolfrum, V. Maybeck, Y. Mourzina, M. Jansen, and A. Offenhäusser. "Nanostructured gold microelectrodes for extracellular recording from electrogenic cells." Nanotechnology 22, no. 26 (May 18, 2011): 265104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/22/26/265104.

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14

Barthó, Péter. "Extracellular recording of axonal spikes in the visual cortex." Journal of Physiology 599, no. 8 (March 18, 2021): 2131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jp281404.

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15

Csicsvari, Jozsef, Darrell A. Henze, Brian Jamieson, Kenneth D. Harris, Anton Sirota, Péter Barthó, Kensall D. Wise, and György Buzsáki. "Massively Parallel Recording of Unit and Local Field Potentials With Silicon-Based Electrodes." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 2 (August 2003): 1314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00116.2003.

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Parallel recording of neuronal activity in the behaving animal is a prerequisite for our understanding of neuronal representation and storage of information. Here we describe the development of micro-machined silicon microelectrode arrays for unit and local field recordings. The two-dimensional probes with 96 or 64 recording sites provided high-density recording of unit and field activity with minimal tissue displacement or damage. The on-chip active circuit eliminated movement and other artifacts and greatly reduced the weight of the headgear. The precise geometry of the recording tips allowed for the estimation of the spatial location of the recorded neurons and for high-resolution estimation of extracellular current source density. Action potentials could be simultaneously recorded from the soma and dendrites of the same neurons. Silicon technology is a promising approach for high-density, high-resolution sampling of neuronal activity in both basic research and prosthetic devices.

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16

Nelson, Matthew J., Silvana Valtcheva, and Laurent Venance. "Magnitude and behavior of cross-talk effects in multichannel electrophysiology experiments." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 574–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00877.2016.

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Modern neurophysiological experiments frequently involve multiple channels separated by very small distances. A unique methodological concern for multiple-electrode experiments is that of capacitive coupling (cross-talk) between channels. Yet the nature of the cross-talk recording circuit is not well known in the field, and the extent to which it practically affects neurophysiology experiments has never been fully investigated. Here we describe a simple electrical circuit model of simultaneous recording and stimulation with two or more channels and experimentally verify the model using ex vivo brain slice and in vivo whole-brain preparations. In agreement with the model, we find that cross-talk amplitudes increase nearly linearly with the impedance of a recording electrode and are larger for higher frequencies. We demonstrate cross-talk contamination of action potential waveforms from intracellular to extracellular channels, which is observable in part because of the different orders of magnitude between the channels. This contamination is electrode impedance-dependent and matches predictions from the model. We use recently published parameters to simulate cross-talk in high-density multichannel extracellular recordings. Cross-talk effectively spatially smooths current source density (CSD) estimates in these recordings and induces artefactual phase shifts where underlying voltage gradients occur; however, these effects are modest. We show that the effects of cross-talk are unlikely to affect most conclusions inferred from neurophysiology experiments when both originating and receiving electrode record signals of similar magnitudes. We discuss other types of experiments and analyses that may be susceptible to cross-talk, techniques for detecting and experimentally reducing cross-talk, and implications for high-density probe design. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We develop and experimentally verify an electrical circuit model describing cross-talk that necessarily occurs between two channels. Recorded cross-talk increased with electrode impedance and signal frequency. We recorded cross-talk contamination of spike waveforms from intracellular to extracellular channels. We simulated high-density multichannel extracellular recordings and demonstrate spatial smoothing and phase shifts that cross-talk enacts on CSD measurements. However, when channels record similar-magnitude signals, effects are modest and unlikely to affect most conclusions.

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17

Chorev, Edith, and Michael Brecht. "In vivo dual intra- and extracellular recordings suggest bidirectional coupling between CA1 pyramidal neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 6 (September 15, 2012): 1584–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01115.2011.

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Spikelets, small spikelike membrane potential deflections, are prominent in the activity of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in vivo. The origin of spikelets is still a source of much controversy. Somatically recorded spikelets have been postulated to originate from dendritic spikes, ectopic spikes, or spikes in an electrically coupled neuron. To differentiate between the different proposed mechanisms we used a dual recording approach in which we simultaneously recorded the intracellular activity of one CA1 pyramidal neuron and the extracellular activity in its vicinity, thus monitoring extracellularly the activity of both the intracellularly recorded cell as well as other units in its surroundings. Spikelets were observed in a quarter of our recordings ( n = 36). In eight of these nine recordings a second extracellular unit fired in correlation with spikelet occurrences. This observation is consistent with the idea that the spikelets reflect action potentials of electrically coupled nearby neurons. The extracellular spikes of these secondary units preceded the onset of spikelets. While the intracellular spikelet amplitude was voltage dependent, the simultaneously recorded extracellular unit remained unchanged. Spikelets often triggered action potentials in neurons, resulting in a characteristic 1- to 2-ms delay between spikelet onset and firing. Here we show that this relationship is bidirectional, with spikes being triggered by and also triggering spikelets. Secondary units, coupled to pyramidal neurons, showed discharge patterns similar to the recorded pyramidal neuron. These findings suggest that spikelets reflect spikes in an electrically coupled neighboring neuron, most likely of pyramidal cell type. Such coupling might contribute to the synchronization of pyramidal neurons with millisecond precision.

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18

Buccino, Alessio Paolo, and Gaute Tomas Einevoll. "MEArec: A Fast and Customizable Testbench Simulator for Ground-truth Extracellular Spiking Activity." Neuroinformatics 19, no. 1 (July 9, 2020): 185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12021-020-09467-7.

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AbstractWhen recording neural activity from extracellular electrodes, both in vivo and in vitro, spike sorting is a required and very important processing step that allows for identification of single neurons’ activity. Spike sorting is a complex algorithmic procedure, and in recent years many groups have attempted to tackle this problem, resulting in numerous methods and software packages. However, validation of spike sorting techniques is complicated. It is an inherently unsupervised problem and it is hard to find universal metrics to evaluate performance. Simultaneous recordings that combine extracellular and patch-clamp or juxtacellular techniques can provide ground-truth data to evaluate spike sorting methods. However, their utility is limited by the fact that only a few cells can be measured at the same time. Simulated ground-truth recordings can provide a powerful alternative mean to rank the performance of spike sorters. We present here , a Python-based software which permits flexible and fast simulation of extracellular recordings. allows users to generate extracellular signals on various customizable electrode designs and can replicate various problematic aspects for spike sorting, such as bursting, spatio-temporal overlapping events, and drifts. We expect will provide a common testbench for spike sorting development and evaluation, in which spike sorting developers can rapidly generate and evaluate the performance of their algorithms.

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19

Gold, Carl, Darrell A. Henze, Christof Koch, and György Buzsáki. "On the Origin of the Extracellular Action Potential Waveform: A Modeling Study." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 5 (May 2006): 3113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00979.2005.

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Although extracellular unit recording is typically used for the detection of spike occurrences, it also has the theoretical ability to report about what are typically considered intracellular features of the action potential. We address this theoretical ability by developing a model system that captures features of experimentally recorded simultaneous intracellular and extracellular recordings of CA1 pyramidal neurons. We use the line source approximation method of Holt and Koch to model the extracellular action potential (EAP) voltage resulting from the spiking activity of individual neurons. We compare the simultaneous intracellular and extracellular recordings of CA1 pyramidal neurons recorded in vivo with model predictions for the same cells reconstructed and simulated with compartmental models. The model accurately reproduces both the waveform and the amplitude of the EAPs, although it was difficult to achieve simultaneous good matches on both the intracellular and extracellular waveforms. This suggests that accounting for the EAP waveform provides a considerable constraint on the overall model. The developed model explains how and why the waveform varies with electrode position relative to the recorded cell. Interestingly, each cell's dendritic morphology had very little impact on the EAP waveform. The model also demonstrates that the varied composition of ionic currents in different cells is reflected in the features of the EAP.

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20

Ide, Hideto. "Microdrive for Extracellular Recording of Single Neurons Using Fine Wires." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 4, no. 6 (December 20, 1992): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1992.p0505.

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21

Heredia-López, Francisco J., José L. Bata-García, José L. Góngora-Alfaro, Fernando J. Alvarez-Cervera, and Joaquín Azpiroz-Leehan. "A digital programmable telemetric system for recording extracellular action potentials." Behavior Research Methods 41, no. 2 (May 2009): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/brm.41.2.352.

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22

Zhao, Dong-Jie, Zhong-Yi Wang, Jun Li, Xing Wen, An Liu, Lan Huang, Xiao-Dong Wang, Rui-Feng Hou, and Cheng Wang. "Recording extracellular signals in plants: A modeling and experimental study." Mathematical and Computer Modelling 58, no. 3-4 (August 2013): 556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2011.10.065.

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23

Ingebrandt, S., C. K. Yeung, W. Staab, T. Zetterer, and A. Offenhäusser. "Backside contacted field effect transistor array for extracellular signal recording." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 18, no. 4 (April 2003): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0956-5663(02)00155-0.

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24

Robertson, R. M. "Sensory adaptation: extracellular recording from locust wing hinge stretch receptor." Advances in Physiology Education 263, no. 6 (December 1992): S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advances.1992.263.6.s7.

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Good student laboratory exercises that do not require much manipulative or technical expertise of the student and that have minor equipment demands are hard to find. One experiment that has these desirable characteristics is the description of adaptation of the firing frequency of the locust forewing stretch receptor after elevation of the wing. Unambiguous recordings of the activity of the stretch receptor can be made using a simple monopolar hook electrode inserted into the thoracic cavity of a decapitated locust. Elevation movements of the forewing are simple to perform and measure. The response of the stretch receptor as a function of time and the stimulus history is monitored. Within a relatively short time it is possible to collect enough data to characterize thoroughly the adequate stimulus of a single sensory neuron. There is considerable scope for student innovation, and several important concepts of sensory physiology can be discussed.

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25

Grattarola, M., and S. Martinoia. "Modeling the neuron-microtransducer junction: from extracellular to patch recording." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 40, no. 1 (1993): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.204769.

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26

Ecken, H., S. Ingebrandt, M. Krause, D. Richter, M. Hara, and A. Offenhäusser. "64-Channel extended gate electrode arrays for extracellular signal recording." Electrochimica Acta 48, no. 20-22 (September 2003): 3355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4686(03)00405-5.

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27

Sanders, Kenton M., Sean M. Ward, and Grant W. Hennig. "Problems with extracellular recording of electrical activity in gastrointestinal muscle." Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 13, no. 12 (October 19, 2016): 731–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2016.161.

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28

Wayne Aldridge, J., Sid Gilman, and Igor Levin. "A signal generator for testing extracellular recording amplifiers and probes." Brain Research Bulletin 21, no. 4 (October 1988): 711–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(88)90212-2.

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29

Hämmerle, H., U. Egert, A. Mohr, and W. Nisch. "Extracellular recording in neuronal networks with substrate integrated microelectrode arrays." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 9, no. 9-10 (1994): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-5663(94)80067-7.

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Neto, Joana P., Gonçalo Lopes, João Frazão, Joana Nogueira, Pedro Lacerda, Pedro Baião, Arno Aarts, et al. "Validating silicon polytrodes with paired juxtacellular recordings: method and dataset." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 892–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00103.2016.

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Cross-validating new methods for recording neural activity is necessary to accurately interpret and compare the signals they measure. Here we describe a procedure for precisely aligning two probes for in vivo “paired-recordings” such that the spiking activity of a single neuron is monitored with both a dense extracellular silicon polytrode and a juxtacellular micropipette. Our new method allows for efficient, reliable, and automated guidance of both probes to the same neural structure with micrometer resolution. We also describe a new dataset of paired-recordings, which is available online. We propose that our novel targeting system, and ever expanding cross-validation dataset, will be vital to the development of new algorithms for automatically detecting/sorting single-units, characterizing new electrode materials/designs, and resolving nagging questions regarding the origin and nature of extracellular neural signals.

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Grob, Leroy, Philipp Rinklin, Sabine Zips, Dirk Mayer, Sabrina Weidlich, Korkut Terkan, Lennart J. K. Weiß, Nouran Adly, Andreas Offenhäusser, and Bernhard Wolfrum. "Inkjet-Printed and Electroplated 3D Electrodes for Recording Extracellular Signals in Cell Culture." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 3981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21123981.

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Recent investigations into cardiac or nervous tissues call for systems that are able to electrically record in 3D as opposed to 2D. Typically, challenging microfabrication steps are required to produce 3D microelectrode arrays capable of recording at the desired position within the tissue of interest. As an alternative, additive manufacturing is becoming a versatile platform for rapidly prototyping novel sensors with flexible geometric design. In this work, 3D MEAs for cell-culture applications were fabricated using a piezoelectric inkjet printer. The aspect ratio and height of the printed 3D electrodes were user-defined by adjusting the number of deposited droplets of silver nanoparticle ink along with a continuous printing method and an appropriate drop-to-drop delay. The Ag 3D MEAs were later electroplated with Au and Pt in order to reduce leakage of potentially cytotoxic silver ions into the cellular medium. The functionality of the array was confirmed using impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and recordings of extracellular potentials from cardiomyocyte-like HL-1 cells.

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Katz, Yonatan, Michael Sokoletsky, and Ilan Lampl. "Stereotactic system for accurately targeting deep brain structures in awake head-fixed mice." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00218.2019.

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Deep brain nuclei, such as the amygdala, nucleus basalis, and locus coeruleus, play a crucial role in cognition and behavior. Nonetheless, acutely recording electrical activity from these structures in head-fixed awake rodents has been very challenging due to the fact that head-fixed preparations are not designed for stereotactic accuracy. We overcome this issue by designing the DeepTarget, a system for stereotactic head fixation and recording, which allows for accurately directing recording electrodes or other probes into any desired location in the brain. We then validated it by performing intracellular recordings from optogenetically tagged amygdalar neurons followed by histological reconstruction, which revealed that it is accurate and precise to within ~100 μm. Moreover, in another group of mice we were able to target both the mammillothalamic tract and subthalamic nucleus. This approach can be adapted to any type of extracellular electrode, fiber optic, or other probe in cases where high accuracy is needed in awake, head-fixed rodents. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Accurate targeting of recording electrodes in awake head-restrained rodents is currently beyond our reach. We developed a device for stereotactic implantation of a custom head bar and a recording system that together allow the accurate and precise targeting of any brain structure, including deep and small nuclei. We demonstrated this by performing histology and intracellular recordings in the amygdala of awake mice. The system enables the targeting of any probe to any location in the awake brain.

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Anastassiou, Costas A., Rodrigo Perin, György Buzsáki, Henry Markram, and Christof Koch. "Cell type- and activity-dependent extracellular correlates of intracellular spiking." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 1 (July 2015): 608–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00628.2014.

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Despite decades of extracellular action potential (EAP) recordings monitoring brain activity, the biophysical origin and inherent variability of these signals remain enigmatic. We performed whole cell patch recordings of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in rat somatosensory cortex slice while positioning a silicon probe in their vicinity to concurrently record intra- and extracellular voltages for spike frequencies under 20 Hz. We characterize biophysical events and properties (intracellular spiking, extracellular resistivity, temporal jitter, etc.) related to EAP recordings at the single-neuron level in a layer-specific manner. Notably, EAP amplitude was found to decay as the inverse of distance between the soma and the recording electrode with similar (but not identical) resistivity across layers. Furthermore, we assessed a number of EAP features and their variability with spike activity: amplitude (but not temporal) features varied substantially (∼30–50% compared with mean) and nonmonotonically as a function of spike frequency and spike order. Such EAP variation only partly reflects intracellular somatic spike variability and points to the plethora of processes contributing to the EAP. Also, we show that the shape of the EAP waveform is qualitatively similar to the negative of the temporal derivative to the intracellular somatic voltage, as expected from theory. Finally, we tested to what extent EAPs can impact the lowpass-filtered part of extracellular recordings, the local field potential (LFP), typically associated with synaptic activity. We found that spiking of excitatory neurons can significantly impact the LFP at frequencies as low as 20 Hz. Our results question the common assertion that the LFP acts as proxy for synaptic activity.

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34

Fried, Itzhak, Charles L. Wilson, Nigel T. Maidment, Jerome Engel, Eric Behnke, Tony A. Fields, Katherine A. Macdonald, Jack W. Morrow, and Larry Ackerson. "Cerebral microdialysis combined with single-neuron and electroencephalographic recording in neurosurgical patients." Journal of Neurosurgery 91, no. 4 (October 1999): 697–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1999.91.4.0697.

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✓ Monitoring physiological changes in the brain parenchyma has important applications in the care of neurosurgical patients. A technique is described for measuring extracellular neurochemicals by cerebral microdialysis with simultaneous recording of electroencephalographic (EEG) and single-unit (neuron) activity in selected targets in the human brain. Forty-two patients with medically intractable epilepsy underwent stereotactically guided implantation of a total of 423 intracranial depth electrodes to delineate potentially resectable seizure foci. The electrodes had platinum alloy contacts for EEG recordings and four to nine 40-µm microwires for recording single-unit neuron activity. Eighty-six electrodes also included microdialysis probes introduced via the electrode lumens. During monitoring on the neurosurgical ward, electrophysiological recording and cerebral microdialysis sampling were performed during seizures, cognitive tasks, and sleep—waking cycles. The technique described here could be used in developing novel approaches for evaluation and treatment in a variety of neurological conditions such as head injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, epilepsy, and movement disorders.

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35

Wu, S. H., and J. B. Kelly. "Binaural interaction in the lateral superior olive: time difference sensitivity studied in mouse brain slice." Journal of Neurophysiology 68, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 1151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.68.4.1151.

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1. The sensitivity of lateral superior olive (LSO) neurons to interaural time differences was examined in an in vitro brain slice preparation. Brain slices, 400-500 microns, were taken through the superior olivary complex of C57 BL/6J mice and were maintained in an oxygenated saline solution for single-unit recording. Both extracellular and intracellular recordings were made with glass pipettes filled with 4 M potassium acetate. Responses were elicited by applying current pulses to the trapezoid body through bipolar stimulating electrodes located ipsilateral or contralateral to the olivary complex. Binaural interactions were studied by manipulating the timing and intensity of paired ipsilateral and contralateral pulses. 2. In extracellular recordings, stimulation of the ipsilateral trapezoid body usually elicited a single action potential, whereas stimulation of the contralateral trapezoid body failed to produce a spike response. Bilateral stimulation resulted in the complete suppression of the evoked spike, indicating the presence of a contralateral inhibitory effect. The degree of inhibition depended on the interpulse interval between ipsilateral and contralateral stimulation. With sufficiently large ipsilateral lead times, the probability of eliciting an extracellular spike was 1.0. As the interpulse interval was gradually shifted to reduce the ipsilateral lead time, the response probability precipitously dropped to 0.0. Most neurons could be completely suppressed by simultaneous stimulation. The dynamic range, defined as the range of interpulse intervals over which response probability changed from 0.9 to 0.1, was between 125 and 225 microseconds for most cells tested. 3. With increasing contralateral lead times, the extracellularly recorded spike was eventually released from inhibition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Kita, Yuto, Shuhei Tsuruhara, Hiroshi Kubo, Koji Yamashita, Yu Seikoba, Shinnosuke Idogawa, Hirohito Sawahata, et al. "Three-micrometer-diameter needle electrode with an amplifier for extracellular in vivo recordings." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 16 (April 12, 2021): e2008233118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008233118.

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Microscale needle-electrode devices offer neuronal signal recording capability in brain tissue; however, using needles of smaller geometry to minimize tissue damage causes degradation of electrical properties, including high electrical impedance and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) recording. We overcome these limitations using a device assembly technique that uses a single needle-topped amplifier package, called STACK, within a device of ∼1 × 1 mm2. Based on silicon (Si) growth technology, a <3-µm-tip-diameter, 400-µm-length needle electrode was fabricated on a Si block as the module. The high electrical impedance characteristics of the needle electrode were improved by stacking it on the other module of the amplifier. The STACK device exhibited a voltage gain of >0.98 (−0.175 dB), enabling recording of the local field potential and action potentials from the mouse brain in vivo with an improved SNR of 6.2. Additionally, the device allowed us to use a Bluetooth module to demonstrate wireless recording of these neuronal signals; the chronic experiment was also conducted using STACK-implanted mice.

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37

Hasselmo, M. E., and J. M. Bower. "Cholinergic suppression specific to intrinsic not afferent fiber synapses in rat piriform (olfactory) cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 1222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.67.5.1222.

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1. Differences in the cholinergic suppression of afferent and intrinsic fiber synaptic transmission were studied in the rat piriform cortex. Extracellular and intracellular recording techniques were applied in an in vitro transverse slice preparation. Afferent and intrinsic fiber systems were differentially stimulated with electrodes placed in layer Ia or layer Ib, respectively. Synaptic responses were monitored in the presence of cholinergic agonists and antagonists. 2. Afferent and intrinsic fiber synaptic potentials measured extracellularly showed large differences in sensitivity to micromolar concentrations of the cholinergic agonists carbachol or (+/-)-muscarine, or to acetylcholine combined with neostigmine. Intrinsic fiber synaptic responses in layer Ib were strongly reduced in the presence of cholinergic agonists, whereas afferent fiber synaptic responses in layer Ia were largely unaffected. At a concentration of 100 microM, all three agonists caused a greater than 60% decrease in the height of the intrinsic fiber synaptic potential but less than 15% reduction in the afferent fiber synaptic potential. 3. Intracellular recordings confirmed that the cholinergic agonist carbachol selectively suppresses intrinsic fiber synaptic potentials but not afferent fiber synaptic potentials recorded from the same pyramidal cell. 4. Dose-response curves to carbachol were obtained for both fiber systems using extracellular recording of evoked field potentials. Carbachol suppressed intrinsic fiber synaptic potentials with a coefficient of dissociation (KD) estimated at 2.9 microM and an inhibitory concentration for 50% response estimated at 6.6 microM. 5. Carbachol produced a proportionately greater suppression of the first pulse than the second pulse of a pulse pair. This increase in the level of facilitation accompanying suppression suggests a presynaptic mechanism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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38

Goto, Miho, Hiroyuki Moriguchi, Yuzo Takayama, Aki Saito, Kiyoshi Kotani, and Yasuhiko Jimbo. "Extracellular Recording from Neuronal Networks Cultured on Hydrogel-coated Microelectrode Array." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 131, no. 1 (2011): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss.131.29.

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39

Nick, Christoph, Ravi Joshi, Jörg J. Schneider, and Christiane Thielemann. "Three-Dimensional Carbon Nanotube Electrodes for Extracellular Recording of Cardiac Myocytes." Biointerphases 7, no. 1 (December 2012): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13758-012-0058-2.

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Abbott, Jeffrey, Tianyang Ye, Keith Krenek, Rona S. Gertner, Wenxuan Wu, Han Sae Jung, Donhee Ham, and Hongkun Park. "Extracellular recording of direct synaptic signals with a CMOS-nanoelectrode array." Lab on a Chip 20, no. 17 (2020): 3239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0lc00553c.

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41

Korshunov, Victor A., and Robert G. Averkin. "A method of extracellular recording of neuronal activity in swimming mice." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 165, no. 2 (September 2007): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.06.014.

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Kubota, Yoshihiro, Shota Yamagiwa, Hirohito Sawahata, Shinnosuke Idogawa, Shuhei Tsuruhara, Rika Numano, Kowa Koida, Makoto Ishida, and Takeshi Kawano. "Long nanoneedle-electrode devices for extracellular and intracellular recording in vivo." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 258 (April 2018): 1287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.11.152.

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43

Breckenridge, L. J., R. J. A. Wilson, P. Connolly, A. S. G. Curtis, J. A. T. Dow, S. E. Blackshaw, and C. D. W. Wilkinson. "Advantages of using microfabricated extracellular electrodes for in vitro neuronal recording." Journal of Neuroscience Research 42, no. 2 (October 1, 1995): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490420215.

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44

Pearce, T. M., J. J. Williams, S. P. Kruzel, M. J. Gidden, and J. C. Williams. "Dynamic Control of Extracellular Environment in In Vitro Neural Recording Systems." IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 13, no. 2 (June 2005): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnsre.2005.848685.

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45

Akaoka, Hideo, Claude-François Saunier, Karima Chergui, Paul Charléty, Michel Buda, and Guy Chouvet. "Combining in vivo volume-controlled pressure microejection with extracellular unit recording." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 42, no. 1-2 (April 1992): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(92)90142-z.

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46

Wolf, Michael T., Jorge G. Cham, Edward A. Branchaud, Grant H. Mulliken, Joel W. Burdick, and Richard A. Andersen. "A Robotic Neural Interface for Autonomous Positioning of Extracellular Recording Electrodes." International Journal of Robotics Research 28, no. 9 (June 8, 2009): 1240–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0278364908103788.

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47

Ho, Meng-Han, Hsin Chen, Fouriers Tseng, Shih-Rung Yeh, and Michael S.-C. Lu. "CMOS micromachined probes by die-level fabrication for extracellular neural recording." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 17, no. 2 (January 9, 2007): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/17/2/014.

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48

Gopal, Kamakshi V., and Guenter W. Gross. "Auditory Cortical Neurons in Vitro: Cell Culture and Multichannel Extracellular Recording." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 116, no. 5 (January 1996): 690–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489609137908.

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49

Sato, Chihiro, Yukihisa Matsumoto, Hidehiro Watanabe, and Makoto Mizunami. "Contextual learning in cockroaches monitored by extracellular recording of salivary neurons." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 148, no. 3 (November 2007): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.07.037.

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50

Kuras, Antanas, and Nijol≐ Gutmanien≐. "Preparation of carbon-fibre microelectrode for extracellular recording of synaptic potentials." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 62, no. 1-2 (November 1995): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(95)00078-x.

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