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Journal articles on the topic 'Extraction (Chemistry) Forensic toxicology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Fabris, André Luis, and Mauricio Yonamine. "Dried matrix spots in forensic toxicology." Bioanalysis 13, no. 18 (2021): 1441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio-2021-0135.

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Dried matrix spots (DMS) has gained the attention of different professionals in different fields, including toxicology. Investigations have been carried out in order to assess the potential of using DMS for the analysis of illicit substances, the main interest of forensic toxicologists. This technique uses minimal volumes of samples and solvents, resulting in simple and rapid extraction procedures. Furthermore, it has proved to increase analyte stability, improving storage and transportation. However, DMS presents some limitations: the hematocrit influencing accuracy and inconsistencies regard

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2

Linhares, Ana Luiza Freitas de Assis, and Mauricio Yonamine. "Analysis of biofluids by paper spray-MS in forensic toxicology." Bioanalysis 12, no. 15 (2020): 1087–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio-2020-0160.

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Direct ambient ionization techniques have been developed with the aim to reduce the complexity of mass spectrometry analysis by minimizing sample preparation and chromatographic separation. In this context, paper spray-MS (PS-MS) is an innovative approach that provides faster and cheaper analysis of biofluids by the addition of the sample directly to a paper. In forensic toxicology, the analytical workflow for the detection and quantification of drugs of abuse is onerous, including sample treatment, extraction and clean up, especially regarding complex biological matrices. PS-MS allows the det

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3

Osak, Marcin, Grzegorz Buszewicz, Jacek Baj, and Grzegorz Teresiński. "Determination of Cyanide in Blood for Forensic Toxicology Purposes—A Novel Nci Gc-Ms/Ms Technique." Molecules 26, no. 18 (2021): 5638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185638.

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One of the recently evolving methods for cyanide determination in body fluids is GC-MS, following extractive alkylation with pentafluorobenzyl bromide or pentafluorobenzyl p-toluenesulfonate. The aim of this study was to improve previous GC methods by utilizing a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, which could enhance selectivity and sensitivity allowing for the reliable confirmation of cyanide exposure in toxicological studies. Another purpose of this study was to facilitate a case investigation including a determination of cyanide in blood and to use the obtained data to confirm the ingesti

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Boumba, Vassiliki A., Kallirroe S. Ziavrou, and Theodore Vougiouklakis. "Hair as a Biological Indicator of Drug Use, Drug Abuse or Chronic Exposure to Environmental Toxicants." International Journal of Toxicology 25, no. 3 (2006): 143–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810600683028.

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In recent years hair has become a fundamental biological specimen, alternative to the usual samples blood and urine, for drug testing in the fields of forensic toxicology, clinical toxicology and clinical chemistry. Moreover, hair-testing is now extensively used in workplace testing, as well as, on legal cases, historical research etc. This article reviews methodological and practical issues related to the application of hair as a biological indicator of drug use/abuse or of chronic exposure to environmental toxicants. Hair structure and the mechanisms of drug incorporation into it are comment

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Lundegard, Paul D., Robert E. Sweeney, and Victoria Corona. "Supercritical Fluid Extraction for Forensic Analysis of Hydrocarbons in Soil." Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal 11, no. 3 (2002): 414–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20025891107393.

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6

Manousi, Natalia, and Victoria F. Samanidou. "Recent Advances in the HPLC Analysis of Tricyclic Antidepressants in Bio-Samples." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 20, no. 1 (2020): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557519666190617150518.

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: Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) are a group of the main category of antidepressant drugs, which are commonly prescribed to treat major depressive disorder. Determination of TCA drugs is very important for clinical and forensic toxicology, especially for therapeutic drug monitoring in various biofluids. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a well-established technique for this purpose. A lot of progress has been made in this field since the past 10 years. Novel extraction techniques, and novel materials for sample preparation, novel columns and novel applications of analysis of v

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7

Skillman, Britni, and Sarah Kerrigan. "Identification of Suvorexant in Blood Using LC–MS-MS: Important Considerations for Matrix Effects and Quantitative Interferences in Targeted Assays." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 3 (2019): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz083.

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Abstract Suvorexant (Belsomra®) is a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of insomnia. The prevalence of suvorexant in forensic samples is relatively unknown, which demonstrates the need for robust analytical assays for the detection of this sedative hypnotic in forensic toxicology laboratories. In this study, suvorexant was isolated from whole blood using a simple acidic/neutral liquid–liquid extraction followed by analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Matrix effects were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively using various extracti

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8

Ferreira, Elisa, Francisco Corte Real, Teresa Pinho e Melo, and Cláudia Margalho. "A Novel Bioanalytical Method for the Determination of Opioids in Blood and Pericardial Fluid." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 8 (2020): 754–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaa064.

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Abstract Opioids are the drugs most commonly detected in overdose deaths and the second most consumed worldwide. An analytical methodology has been optimized and fully validated for the determination of codeine, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, 6-acetylcodeine, oxycodone, oxymorphone and fentanyl in whole blood and pericardial fluid. The internal standards used were codeine-d3, morphine-d3, 6-acetylmorphine-d3 and fentanyl-d5. Before solid-phase extraction, volumes of 250 μL of blood and pericardial fluid were subjected to a protein precipitation (with 750 μL of ice-cold acetonitrile) and a microwa

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9

Wang, Le-le, Xin-xin Ren, Yi He, Guan-feng Cui, Zhi-wen Wei, and Ke-ming Yun. "An Experimental Pharmacokinetics Study of Diazepam and Its Metabolites in Oral Fluid of Chinese Population." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 4 (2020): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz101.

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Abstract Diazepam abuse is widespread all over the word, leading to an increasing number of forensic cases such as suicide, drug-driving and robbery, but relevant studies are limited regarding the extraction of diazepam and its metabolites in oral fluid. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of diazepam and its metabolites in oral fluid after a single oral dose in healthy volunteers. There was a total of 28 volunteers, and each ingested 5 mg diazepam orally, then ~2 mL oral fluid were collected from each participant at post-consumption time-points of prior (zero), 1, 2, 4, 8, 12

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10

De Giovanni, Nadia, and Daniela Marchetti. "A Systematic Review of Solid-Phase Microextraction Applications in the Forensic Context." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 3 (2019): 268–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz077.

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Abstract Since the introduction in 1990, the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technology has brought significant progress in many fields of forensic sciences due to the versatility of this fast and solventless alternative to conventional extraction techniques. A systematic review about SPME applications in forensic context from January 1995 to June 2018 was carried out according to systematic review guidelines. The majority of the reviewed articles (40/133) aimed to identify drugs (cannabinoids, cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, simultaneous detection of different drugs of abuse, prescribed dr

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11

Al-Asmari, Ahmed I. "Method for Postmortem Quantification of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Metabolites Using LC–MS–MS". Journal of Analytical Toxicology 43, № 9 (2019): 703–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz065.

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Abstract A specific, sensitive, fast and simple method for analysis of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-Δ9-THC (THC-OH) and 11-nor-Δ9-THC-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) in routine postmortem cases using LC–MS–MS was developed and validated. Prior to solid phase extraction, urine, stomach contents and bile were pretreated using alkaline hydrolysis, while blood and vitreous humor were pretreated with protein precipitation. The distribution of THC, THC-OH and THC-COOH were investigated in 31 postmortem cases that tested positive for cannabinoids. This revealed new information regarding the

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Al-Asmari, Ahmed I. "Method for Postmortem Tissue Quantification of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Metabolites Using LC–MS-MS". Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, № 7 (2020): 718–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaa087.

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Abstract A method for analyzing Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-Δ9-THC (THC-OH) and 11-nor-Δ9-THC-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) in postmortem solid specimens using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated. A Stomacher instrument was used to prepare these tissues before extraction. Prior to solid phase extraction, liver, kidney, stomach, lung, brain, muscle, bladder and intestine tissues were pretreated with alkaline hydrolysis. All calibration curves were found to be linear with coefficients of determination greater than 0.99. The limit of quantificat

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13

Legg, Kevin M., Laura M. Labay, Sally S. Aiken, and Barry K. Logan. "Validation of a Fully Automated Immunoaffinity Workflow for the Detection and Quantification of Insulin Analogs by LC–MS-MS in Postmortem Vitreous Humor." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 43, no. 7 (2019): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz014.

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Abstract The analysis of biological specimens collected at autopsy for the presence of exogenous insulin(s) is of special interest in select death investigations as they may be suspected in the cause of a death. Technical challenges include the limited stability of insulin, and the forensic requirement of differentiating endogenous insulin from pharmaceutical analogs. A novel method was developed for the detection and quantification of human insulin, Glulisine, Lispro, Aspart, Glargine and Detemir in vitreous fluid. An immunoaffinity extraction procedure is performed followed by separation of

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14

Stout, P. R., C. K. Horn, and K. L. Klette. "Solid-Phase Extraction and GC-MS Analysis of THC-COOH Method Optimized for a High-Throughput Forensic Drug-Testing Laboratory." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 25, no. 7 (2001): 550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/25.7.550.

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15

Stout, P. R., J. M. Gehlhausen, C. K. Horn, and K. L. Klette. "Evaluation of a Solid-Phase Extraction Method for Benzoylecgonine Urine Analysis in a High-Throughput Forensic Urine Drug-Testing Laboratory." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 26, no. 7 (2002): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/26.7.401.

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16

Tikhomirov, Marta, Tomasz Śniegocki, and Błażej Poźniak. "Lipemia in the Plasma Sample Affects Fentanyl Measurements by Means of HPLC-MS2 after Liquid-Liquid Extraction." Molecules 26, no. 15 (2021): 4514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154514.

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Examination of fentanyl levels is frequently performed in certain scientific evaluations and forensic toxicology. It often involves the collection of very variable blood samples, including lipemic plasma or serum. To date, many works have reported the methods for fentanyl detection, but none of them have provided information about the impact on the assay performance caused by an excessive amount of lipids. This aspect may be, however, very important for highly lipophilic drugs like fentanyl. To address this issue, we developed the liquid chromatography method with mass spectrometry detection a

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17

Karampela, Sevasti, Jessica Smith, and Irene Panderi. "Determination of 19 Psychoactive Substances in Premortem and Postmortem Whole Blood Samples Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Separations 8, no. 6 (2021): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations8060078.

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An ever-increasing need exists within the forensic laboratories to develop analytical processes for the qualitative and quantitative determination of a broad spectrum of new psychoactive substances. Phenylethylamine derivatives are among the major classes of psychoactive substances available on the global market and include both amphetamine analogues and synthetic cathinones. In this work, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-positive ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) has been developed and fully validated for the determination of 19 psyc

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18

Rubin, Katie M., Bruce A. Goldberger, and Timothy J. Garrett. "Detection of Chemical Weapon Nerve Agents in Bone by Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 4 (2020): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz118.

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Abstract A recently proposed model for the incorporation of xenobiotics of forensic interest into the human skeleton suggests nerve agent metabolites may incorporate into bone at relatively elevated concentrations based on their unique chemical properties. To test the hypothesis that nerve agent metabolites interact with bone, methods for the extraction, isolation and semi-quantitative detection of nerve agent metabolites (MPA, EMPA, IMPA, iBuMPA, CMPA and PMPA, corresponding to the nerve agents VX, Russian VX, sarin, cyclosarin and soman, respectively) from osseous tissue were developed using

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19

Vaiano, Fabio, and Federica Umani Ronchi. "Evidence of Natural GHB Presence in Energy Drinks: Caution in Data Interpretation in Suspected DFSA Cases." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 8 (2020): 811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaa025.

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Abstract Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), usually reported as rape drug in drug-facilitated sexual assaults (DFSA), is an endogenous substance in human body and is also found in many beverages. This may lead to data misinterpretation in forensic cases. Herein, we aimed to collect evidence about natural GHB presence in 13 energy drinks (ED). After a liquid–liquid extraction with acidic ethyl acetate, samples were derivatized with BSTFA 1% TMCS. Analyses were carried out by a GC–MS system in SIM mode (GHB, 233, 234, 143 and 147 m/z; GHB-d6, 239, 240, 120 and 206 m/z). GHB was present in all the

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20

Meneses, Vanessa, and Dani Mata. "Cannabinoid Stability in Antemortem and Postmortem Blood." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 2 (2019): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz073.

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Abstract In toxicological testing, drug stability is important when providing quantitative results and interpretation of findings, as well as when collecting correlation data. The goal of this study was to expand on previous stability studies and to evaluate other cannabinoids encountered in forensic toxicology. In this 6-month study, the stability of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC, 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC, Cannabinol and Cannabidiol in antemortem and postmortem blood was evaluated in refrigerated (4°C) and frozen (−4°C) storage conditions. Pooled antemortem and postmortem bloods

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21

López-Rabuñal, A., E. Lendoiro, M. Concheiro, M. López-Rivadulla, A. Cruz, and A. de-Castro-Ríos. "LC–MS-MS Method for the Determination of Antidepressants and Benzodiazepines in Meconium." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 6 (2020): 580–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaa012.

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Abstract An LC–MS-MS method for the determination of 14 benzodiazepines (BZDs) (alprazolam, α-hydroxyalprazolam, clonazepam, bromazepam, diazepam, nordiazepam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, oxazepam, flunitrazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, triazolam, midazolam and zolpidem) and 15 antidepressants (ADs) (amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, clomipramine, norclomipramine, fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, sertraline, norsertraline, paroxetine, venlafaxine, desmethylvenlafaxine, citalopram and desmethylcitalopram) in meconium was developed and validated. Meconium samples (0.25 ± 0.02 g) were h

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22

Joye, Timothée, Christèle Widmer, Bernard Favrat, Marc Augsburger, and Aurélien Thomas. "Parallel Reaction Monitoring-Based Quantification of Cannabinoids in Whole Blood." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 6 (2020): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz113.

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Abstract Cannabis is the most consumed drug of abuse, making it the primary target for identification and quantification in human whole blood regarding forensic and clinical toxicology analyses. Among biological matrices, blood is the reference for toxicological interpretation. A highly sensitive and selective liquid chromatography (LC) hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was developed for the quantification of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol (THC-OH), 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) and cannabidiol (CBD). Those cannabinoids w

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23

Lyu, Lihong, Rui Chen, Lu Li, et al. "Alpha-Methylfentanyl and Beta-Hydroxyfentanyl LC–MS-MS Quantification in Rat Plasma after Long-Term Ethanol Exposure." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 8 (2020): 896–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaa114.

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Abstract Fentanyl and its analogues are highly abused drugs that dominate the illicit drug trade. alpha-Methylfentanyl (A-F) and beta-hydroxyfentanyl (B-F) are two fentanyl analogues that require the development of rapid detection technologies. The current study established and validated a rapid and high-sensitivity liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS) method to measure A-F and B-F concentrations in rat plasma following intravenous drug administration (20 μg/kg). Because fentanyl is primarily metabolized by the liver, we evaluated the concentrations of A-F and B-F in vivo

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Breivik, Håvard, Trine N. Løkken, Lars Slørdal, and Joachim Frost. "A Validated Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Quetiapine, Clozapine and Mirtazapine in Postmortem Blood and Tissue Samples." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 5 (2020): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaa002.

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Abstract Psychotropic drugs are regularly present in cases of sudden, unexpected death. Such drugs also tend to express significant postmortem redistribution. To facilitate further investigation of this phenomenon, reliable quantitative methods applicable to multiple biological matrices are needed. We present a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of quetiapine, clozapine and mirtazapine in postmortem whole blood, skeletal muscle, brain tissue and liver tissue using high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem ma

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25

Churley, M. M., T. P. Lyons, P. V. Robandt, and M. R. Bruins. "Evaluation of a Solid-Phase Extraction Method for Codeine and Morphine in Urine Using Cerex Polycrom Clin II Columns and the Speedisk 48 Pressure Processor at a High-Throughput Forensic Drug-Testing Laboratory." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 27, no. 7 (2003): 530–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/27.7.530.

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26

Shin, Sanghee Sarah, Damon Borg, and Richard Stripp. "Developing and Validating a Fast and Accurate Method to Quantify 18 Antidepressants in Oral Fluid Samples Using SPE and LC–MS-MS." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 6 (2020): 610–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz117.

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Abstract Antidepressant drugs are one of the most widely used medicines for treating major depressive disorders for long time periods. Oral fluid (OF) testing offers an easy and non-invasive sample collection. Detection of antidepressants in OF is important in clinical and forensic settings, such as therapeutic drug monitoring and roadside testing for driving under influence. We developed and validated a comprehensive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for 18 antidepressants (amitriptyline, bupropion, citalopram, clomipramine, cyclobenzaprine, desipramine, desvenlafaxine, do

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27

Castro, André L., Sónia Tarelho, Dina Almeida, Lara Sousa, João Miguel Franco, and Helena M. Teixeira. "MDMA Intoxication in a Potential Organ Donor with Cardiac Arrest." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 8 (2020): 923–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaa042.

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Abstract Amphetamine and its derivatives’ consumption is still an important public health issue, namely in terms of compounds variability and disposition to consumers. However, some of them, like 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), still live in the illicit market, with continuous success. Nevertheless, there is always new information and data on MDMA intoxication, both in vivo and in postmortem context. The authors report an intoxication case with MDMA, in an 18-year-old male, considered a potential organ donor after a cardiac arrest. Whole blood samples were collected in vivo, at the e

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Mei, Victoria, Marta Concheiro, Justine Pardi, and Gail Cooper. "Validation of an LC-MS/MS Method for the Quantification of 13 Designer Benzodiazepines in Blood." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 43, no. 9 (2019): 688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz063.

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Abstract The misuse of designer benzodiazepines, as an alternative to prescription benzodiazepines and for drug-facilitated sexual assaults, has emerged as a growing threat, due in part to the ease of purchasing these drugs on the internet at low prices. Causing concern for safety is the lack of dosage information resulting in users self-medicating, often leading to unintended overdoses, coma or death at higher doses. With limited published data regarding the quantification of designer benzodiazepines in forensic cases, a method was validated for the determination of 13 designer benzodiazepine

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29

Watanabe, Kazuhito, and Satoshi Chinaka. "Forensic toxicology." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 405, no. 12 (2013): 3919–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-6773-9.

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Peters, Frank T., Hans H. Maurer, and Frank Musshoff. "Forensic toxicology." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 400, no. 1 (2011): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-4711-2.

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Jain, Rajeev, and Ritu Singh. "Applications of dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction in forensic toxicology." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 75 (January 2016): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.07.007.

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Ferreira, Carla, Cathy Paulino, and Alexandre Quintas. "Extraction Procedures for Hair Forensic Toxicological Analysis: A Mini-Review." Chemical Research in Toxicology 32, no. 12 (2019): 2367–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00301.

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Kimura, K., T. Nagata, K. Hara, and M. Kageura. "Gasoline and Kerosene Components in Blood - A Forensic Analysis." Human Toxicology 7, no. 4 (1988): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718800700401.

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A reliable method to analyse small amounts of fuel components in biological materials, using two simultaneous procedures, head space and solvent extraction methods has been developed. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for qualitative and quantitative determinations. The aliphatic hydrocarbons with carbon numbers of 5 to 8 and aromatics such as benzene, toluene and xylenes were detected in laboratory animals, following exposure to gasoline vapour, using the head space method. Aliphatic hydrocarbons with carbon numbers over 9 as well as the aromatics with carbon number 9 grou

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GOROG, S. "Fundamentals of forensic toxicology." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 28, no. 1 (2009): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.11.003.

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UKAI, SHIGEO, and SHOZI KAWASE. "Paraquat poisoning and forensic chemistry." Eisei kagaku 31, no. 5 (1985): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/jhs1956.31.283.

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Jones, Graham R., and Michael A. Peat. "Forensic Toxicology Laboratory Guidelines." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 23, no. 7 (1999): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/23.7.636.

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Mueller, Daniel M. "The current role of on-line extraction approaches in clinical and forensic toxicology." Bioanalysis 6, no. 17 (2014): 2261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio.14.179.

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Plaut, Olivier, and Christian Staub. "Capillary Electrophoresis in Forensic Toxicology." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 56, no. 3 (2002): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/000942902777680694.

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Szeremeta, Michal, Karolina Pietrowska, Anna Niemcunowicz-Janica, Adam Kretowski, and Michal Ciborowski. "Applications of Metabolomics in Forensic Toxicology and Forensic Medicine." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (2021): 3010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063010.

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Forensic toxicology and forensic medicine are unique among all other medical fields because of their essential legal impact, especially in civil and criminal cases. New high-throughput technologies, borrowed from chemistry and physics, have proven that metabolomics, the youngest of the “omics sciences”, could be one of the most powerful tools for monitoring changes in forensic disciplines. Metabolomics is a particular method that allows for the measurement of metabolic changes in a multicellular system using two different approaches: targeted and untargeted. Targeted studies are focused on a k

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Kerrigan, S. "Deuterated Therapeutics: Forensic Toxicology Consequences." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 33, no. 7 (2009): 393–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/33.7.393.

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Raisys, Vidmantas. "The toxicology laboratory: An application of forensic chemistry." Journal of Chemical Education 62, no. 12 (1985): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed062p1050.

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Nishikawa, Mayumi, and Hitoshi Tsuchihashi. "Applications of Lc/Ms in Forensic Chemistry." Journal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews 17, no. 1 (1998): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569549809006487.

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Bogusz, M. J. "Hyphenated liquid chromatographic techniques in forensic toxicology." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 733, no. 1-2 (1999): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00520-9.

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Kaushik, R., T. Chauhan, K. Kushwaha, and C. Behera. "Quantification of touch dnarecovered from fingerprintsby three extraction methods." International Journal of Medical Toxicology & Legal Medicine 22, no. 1and2 (2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-4614.2019.00018.4.

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KISHI, TOHRU. "Application of neutron activation analysis to forensic chemistry." Eisei kagaku 32, no. 5 (1986): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/jhs1956.32.335.

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Smith, M. L., S. P. Vorce, J. M. Holler, et al. "Modern Instrumental Methods in Forensic Toxicology." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 31, no. 5 (2007): 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/31.5.237.

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Chaturvedi, A. K. "Postmortem Aviation Forensic Toxicology: An Overview." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 34, no. 4 (2010): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/34.4.169.

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Wille, Sarah M. R., and Willy E. E. Lambert. "Recent developments in extraction procedures relevant to analytical toxicology." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 388, no. 7 (2007): 1381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-007-1294-z.

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Barbosa, Alan F., Mário G. de Carvalho, Robert E. Smith, and Armando U. O. Sabaa-Srur. "Spilanthol: occurrence, extraction, chemistry and biological activities." Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 26, no. 1 (2016): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2015.07.024.

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Toft, H.-I. "Biological Assay of Strychnine in Forensic Chemistry." Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 2, no. 2 (2009): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1946.tb02607.x.

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